%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% File : SPASS-SCL---0.1
% Problem : CSR080+4 : TPTP v9.2.1. Bugfixed v7.3.0.
% Transfm : none
% Format : tptp
% Command : /export/starexec/sandbox/solver/bin/execute.py 300 /export/starexec/sandbox/benchmark/theBenchmark.p
% Computer : n005.cluster.edu
% Model : x86_64 x86_64
% CPU : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2620 v4 2.10GHz
% Memory : 8042.1875MB
% OS : Linux 3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
% CPULimit : 300s
% WCLimit : 300s
% DateTime : Thu May 7 07:20:15 PM UTC 2026
% Result : Unknown 1.22s 0.82s
% Output : None
% Verified :
% SZS Type : -
% Comments :
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%----No solution output by system
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%----ORIGINAL SYSTEM OUTPUT
% 0.11/0.13 % Problem : CSR080+4 : TPTP v9.2.1. Bugfixed v7.3.0.
% 0.11/0.14 % Command : /export/starexec/sandbox/solver/bin/execute.py 300 /export/starexec/sandbox/benchmark/theBenchmark.p
% 0.15/0.33 % Computer : n005.cluster.edu
% 0.15/0.33 % Model : x86_64 x86_64
% 0.15/0.33 % CPU : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2620 v4 @ 2.10GHz
% 0.15/0.33 % Memory : 8042.1875MB
% 0.15/0.33 % OS : Linux 3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
% 0.15/0.33 % CPULimit : 300
% 0.15/0.34 % WCLimit : 300
% 0.15/0.34 % DateTime : Thu May 7 11:42:17 EDT 2026
% 0.15/0.34 % CPUTime :
% 0.15/0.34 SPASS-SCL-FOL version:
% 0.19/0.43 SPASS-SCL-FOL 0.1 (595c0c7b1) [parallel mode]
% 0.36/0.79 Starting: ./SPASS-SCL-FOL --heuristics_normal -t 300 /export/starexec/sandbox/benchmark/theBenchmark.p
% 0.36/0.79 Starting: ./SPASS-SCL-FOL --heuristics_resolution_1 -t 300 /export/starexec/sandbox/benchmark/theBenchmark.p
% 0.36/0.79 Starting: ./SPASS-SCL-FOL --heuristics_resolution_2 -t 300 /export/starexec/sandbox/benchmark/theBenchmark.p
% 0.36/0.79 Starting: ./SPASS-SCL-FOL --heuristics_resolution_3 -t 300 /export/starexec/sandbox/benchmark/theBenchmark.p
% 0.36/0.79 Starting: ./SPASS-SCL-FOL --heuristics_lmodel_grow -t 300 /export/starexec/sandbox/benchmark/theBenchmark.p
% 0.36/0.79 Execution normal ended with status: gaveup
% 0.36/0.79 Execution resolution_1 ended with status: gaveup
% 0.36/0.79 Execution resolution_2 ended with status: gaveup
% 0.36/0.79 Execution resolution_3 ended with status: gaveup
% 0.36/0.79 Execution lmodel_grow ended with status: gaveup
% 0.36/0.79 No successful execution.
% 0.36/0.79
% 0.36/0.79 Input Clauses:
% 1.22/0.81
% 1.22/0.81 Predicates: s__instance s__domain s__documentation s__subrelation s__immediateInstance s__subclass = s__husband s__wife greater less greatereq lesseq s__smaller s__larger s__immediateSubclass s__valence s__bottom s__superficialPart s__spouse s__relative s__daughter s__parent s__overlapsPartially s__overlapsSpatially s__synonymousExternalConcept s__relatedExternalConcept s__moves s__involvedInEvent s__geographicSubregion s__properPart s__depth s__distance s__component s__part s__desires s__inScopeOfInterest s__names s__refers s__date s__time s__manner s__property s__before s__beforeOrEqual s__connectedEngineeringComponents s__connected s__located s__mutualAcquaintance s__acquaintance s__equivalentContentInstance s__subsumesContentInstance s__home s__inhabits s__engineeringSubcomponent s__resource s__patient s__crosses s__traverses s__subCollection s__partiallyFills s__grasps s__meetsSpatially s__attends s__experiencer s__sister s__sibling s__height s__linearExtent s__mother s__partlyLocated s__during s__temporalPart s__member s__fills s__properlyFills s__knows s__geopoliticalSubdivision s__truth s__abstractCounterpart s__represents s__interiorPart s__instrument s__father s__containsInformation s__initialList s__subList s__monetaryValue s__measure s__causes s__relatedEvent s__equivalentContentClass s__subsumesContentClass s__temporallyBetween s__temporallyBetweenOrEqual s__top s__completelyFills s__contains s__legalRelation s__ancestor s__familyRelation s__exactlyLocated s__path s__eventPartlyLocated s__brother s__piece s__direction s__uniqueIdentifier s__subOrganization s__changesLocation s__surface s__origin s__starts s__altitude s__result s__subsumedExternalConcept s__width s__penetrates s__agent s__angleOfFigure s__geometricPart s__subsumingExternalConcept s__weight s__overlapsTemporally s__length s__son s__realization s__destination s__age s__barometricPressure s__diameter s__connectsEngineeringComponents s__connects s__subPlan s__subProposition s__element s__needs s__considers s__modalAttribute s__finishes s__attribute s__subset s__eventLocated s__stays s__wants s__believes s__developmentalForm s__side s__pointOfFigure s__domainSubclass s__range s__rangeSubclass s__disjoint s__relatedInternalConcept s__disjointRelation s__increasesLikelihood s__independentProbability s__decreasesLikelihood s__subAttribute s__successorAttribute s__deprivesNorm s__confersNorm s__contraryAttribute_1 s__inList s__contraryAttribute_2 s__contraryAttribute_3 s__contraryAttribute_4 s__contraryAttribute_5 s__contraryAttribute_6 s__contraryAttribute_7 s__identicalListItems s__exhaustiveAttribute_2 s__exhaustiveAttribute_3 s__exhaustiveAttribute_4 s__exhaustiveAttribute_5 s__exhaustiveAttribute_6 s__exhaustiveAttribute_7 s__exhaustiveAttribute_8 s__exhaustiveDecomposition_1 s__exhaustiveDecomposition_2 s__exhaustiveDecomposition_3 s__exhaustiveDecomposition_4 s__exhaustiveDecomposition_5 s__exhaustiveDecomposition_6 s__exhaustiveDecomposition_7 s__disjointDecomposition_1 s__disjointDecomposition_2 s__disjointDecomposition_3 s__disjointDecomposition_4 s__disjointDecomposition_5 s__disjointDecomposition_6 s__disjointDecomposition_7 s__partition_1 s__partition_2 s__partition_3 s__partition_4 s__partition_5 s__partition_6 s__partition_7 s__successorAttributeClosure s__greaterThanByQuality s__hole s__material s__trichotomizingOn s__inverse s__leader s__radius s__geometricDistance s__arcWeight s__conclusion s__transactionAmount s__average s__lineMeasure s__premise s__angularMeasure s__duration s__subGraph s__copy s__cooccur s__subProcess s__authors s__reflexiveOn s__causesSubclass s__closedOn s__holdsObligation s__irreflexiveOn s__causesProposition s__precondition s__earlier s__editor s__atomicNumber s__holdsRight s__possesses s__publishes s__holdsDuring s__hasSkill s__exploits s__uses s__pathLength s__frequency s__citizen s__equivalenceRelationOn s__expressedInLanguage s__totalOrderingOn s__prevents s__hasPurpose s__graphPart s__partialOrderingOn s__identityElement s__meetsTemporally s__inhibits s__version s__consistent s__multiplicativeFactor s__conditionalProbability s__prefers s__hasPurposeForAgent s__exhaustiveDecomposition_8 s__disjointDecomposition_8 s__betweenOnPath s__meltingPoint s__confersRight s__graphMeasure s__format s__pointOfIntersection s__orientation s__employs s__subSystem s__termFormat s__representsInLanguage s__confersObligation s__occupiesPosition s__parallel s__entails s__links s__comment s__distributes s__faces s__between s__wears s__representsForAgent s__externalImage s__capability s__boilingPoint s__systemPart s__exhaustiveAttribute_1 s__equals s__typicalPart s__typicallyContainsPart s__initialPart ren1 ren2 ren3 ren4 ren5 ren6 ren7 ren8 ren9 ren10 ren11 ren12 ren13 ren14 ren15 ren16 ren17 ren18 ren19 ren20 ren21 ren22 ren23 ren24 ren25 ren26 ren27 ren28 ren29 ren30 ren31 ren32 ren33 ren34 ren35 ren36 ren37 ren38 ren39 ren40 ren41 ren42 ren43 ren44 ren45 ren46 ren47 ren48 ren49 ren50 ren51 ren52 ren53 ren54 ren55 ren56 ren57 ren58 ren59 ren60 ren61 ren62 ren63 ren64 ren65 ren66 ren67 ren68 ren69 ren70 ren71 ren72 ren73 ren74 ren75 ren76 ren77 ren78 ren79 ren80 ren81 ren82 ren83 ren84 ren85 ren86 ren87 ren88 ren89 ren90 ren91 ren92 ren93 ren94 ren95 ren96 ren97 ren98 ren99 ren100 ren101 ren102 ren103 ren104 ren105 ren106 ren107 ren108 ren109 ren110 ren111 ren112 ren113 ren114 ren115 ren116 ren117 ren118 ren119 ren120 ren121 ren122 ren123 ren124 ren125 ren126 ren127 ren128 ren129 ren130 ren131 ren132 ren133 ren134 ren135 ren136 ren137 ren138 ren139 ren140 ren141 ren142 ren143 ren144 ren145 ren146 ren147 ren148 ren149 ren150 ren151 ren152 ren153 ren154 ren155 ren156 ren157 ren158 ren159 ren160 ren161 ren162 ren163 ren164 ren165 ren166 ren167 ren168 ren169 ren170 ren171 ren172 ren173 ren174 ren175 ren176 ren177 ren178 ren179 ren180 ren181 ren182 ren183 ren184 ren185 ren186 ren187 ren188 ren189 ren190 ren191 ren192 ren193 ren194 ren195 ren196 ren197 ren198 ren199 ren200 ren201 ren202 ren203 ren204 ren205 ren206 ren207 ren208 ren209 ren210 ren211 ren212 ren213 ren214 ren215 ren216 ren217 ren218 ren219 ren220 ren221 ren222 ren223 ren224 ren225 ren226 ren227 ren228 ren229 ren230 ren231 ren232 ren233 ren234 ren235 ren236 ren237 ren238 ren239 ren240 ren241 ren242 ren243 ren244 ren245 ren246 ren247 ren248 ren249 ren250 ren251 ren252 ren253 ren254 ren255 ren256 ren257 ren258 ren259 ren260 ren261 ren262 ren263 ren264 ren265 ren266 ren267 ren268 ren269 ren270 ren271 ren272 ren273 ren274 ren275 ren276 ren277 ren278 ren279 ren280 ren281 ren282 ren283 ren284 ren285 ren286 ren287 ren288 ren289 ren290 ren291 ren292 ren293 ren294 ren295 ren296 ren297 ren298 ren299 ren300 ren301 ren302 ren303 ren304 ren305 ren306 ren307 ren308 ren309 ren310 ren311 ren312 ren313 ren314 ren315 ren316 ren317 ren318 ren319 ren320 ren321 ren322 ren323 ren324 ren325 ren326 ren327 ren328 ren329 ren330 ren331 ren332 ren333 ren334 ren335 ren336 ren337 ren338 ren339 ren340 ren341 ren342 ren343 ren344 ren345 ren346 ren347 ren348 ren349 ren350 ren351 ren352 ren353 ren354 ren355 ren356 ren357 ren358 ren359 ren360 ren361 ren362 ren363 ren364 ren365 ren366 ren367 ren368 ren369 ren370 ren371 ren372 ren373 ren374 ren375 ren376 ren377 ren378 ren379 ren380 ren381 ren382 ren383 ren384 ren385 ren386 ren387 ren388 ren389 ren390 ren391 ren392 ren393 ren394 ren395 ren396 ren397 ren398 ren399 ren400 ren401 ren402 ren403 ren404 ren405 ren406 ren407 ren408 ren409 ren410 ren411 ren412 ren413 ren414 ren415 ren416 ren417 ren418 ren419 ren420 ren421 ren422 ren423 ren424 ren425 ren426 ren427 ren428 ren429 ren430 ren431 ren432 ren433 ren434 ren435 ren436 ren437 ren438 ren439 ren440 ren441 ren442 ren443 ren444 ren445 ren446 ren447 ren448 ren449 ren450 ren451 ren452 ren453 ren454 ren455 ren456 ren457 ren458 ren459 ren460 ren461 ren462 ren463 ren464 ren465 ren466 ren467 ren468 ren469 ren470 ren471 ren472 ren473 ren474 ren475 ren476 ren477 ren478 ren479 ren480 ren481 ren482 ren483 ren484 ren485 ren486 ren487 ren488 ren489 ren490 ren491 ren492 ren493 ren494 ren495 ren496 ren497 ren498 ren499 ren500 ren501 ren502 ren503 ren504 ren505 ren506 ren507 ren508 ren509 ren510 ren511 ren512 ren513 ren514 ren515 ren516
% 1.22/0.81 Fol Constants: s__instance__m s__BinaryPredicate "1" s__Entity "2" s__SetOrClass s__EnglishLanguage 'An object is an &%instance of a &%SetOrClass if it is included in that &%SetOrClass. An individual may be an instance of many classes, some of which may be subclasses of others. Thus, there is no assumption in the meaning of &%instance about specificity or uniqueness.' s__immediateInstance__m s__AsymmetricRelation s__IntransitiveRelation 'An object is an &%immediateInstance of a &%SetOrClass if it is an instance of the &%SetOrClass and it is not an instance of a proper subclass of &%SetOrClass.' s__inverse__m s__IrreflexiveRelation s__SymmetricRelation s__BinaryRelation 'The inverse of a &%BinaryRelation is a relation in which all the tuples of the original relation are reversed. In other words, one &%BinaryRelation is the inverse of another if they are equivalent when their arguments are swapped.' s__Woman s__Man s__Quantity s__Object s__subclass__m s__PartialOrderingRelation '(&%subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2, i.e. every instance of ?CLASS1 is also an instance of ?CLASS2. A class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses.' s__immediateSubclass__m s__IntransitiveRelation__t 'A &%SetOrClass ?CLASS1 is an &%immediateSubclass of another &%SetOrClass ?CLASS2 just in case ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2 and there is no other subclass of ?CLASS2 such that ?CLASS1 is also a subclass of it.' s__subrelation__m s__Relation '(&%subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2) means that every tuple of ?REL1 is also a tuple of ?REL2. In other words, if the &%Relation ?REL1 holds for some arguments arg_1, arg_2, ... arg_n, then the &%Relation ?REL2 holds for the same arguments. A consequence of this is that a &%Relation and its subrelations must have the same &%valence.' s__PositiveInteger s__SelfConnectedObject s__Human s__Organism s__Language s__SymbolicString s__Motion s__GeographicArea s__LengthMeasure s__Physical s__CorpuscularObject s__Formula s__CognitiveAgent s__Day s__Attribute s__Process s__TimePoint s__EngineeringComponent s__ContentBearingPhysical s__PermanentResidence s__Collection s__Hole s__Animal s__Demonstrating s__Agent s__TimeInterval s__GeopoliticalArea s__TruthValue s__Sentence s__Abstract s__Proposition s__List s__CurrencyMeasure s__Substance s__DirectionalAttribute s__Organization s__Translocation s__GeometricFigure s__TwoDimensionalAngle s__MassMeasure s__TimeDuration s__UnitOfAtmosphericPressure s__Circle s__EngineeringConnection s__Plan s__Set s__NormativeAttribute s__TemporaryResidence s__DevelopmentalAttribute s__OrganicObject s__GeometricPoint s__InheritableRelation s__domain__m s__TernaryPredicate "3" 'Provides a computationally and heuristically convenient mechanism for declaring the argument types of a given relation. The formula (&%domain ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INTth element of each tuple in the relation ?REL must be an instance of ?CLASS. Specifying argument types is very helpful in maintaining ontologies. Representation systems can use these specifications to classify terms and check integrity constraints. If the restriction on the argument type of a &%Relation is not captured by a &%SetOrClass already defined in the ontology, one can specify a &%SetOrClass compositionally with the functions &%UnionFn, &%IntersectionFn, etc.' s__domainSubclass__m '&%Predicate used to specify argument type restrictions of &%Predicates. The formula (&%domainSubclass ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INTth element of each tuple in the relation ?REL must be a subclass of ?CLASS.' s__range__m s__Function 'Gives the range of a function. In other words, (&%range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are &%instances of ?CLASS.' s__rangeSubclass__m '(&%rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are &%subclasses of ?CLASS.' s__valence__m s__SingleValuedRelation 'Specifies the number of arguments that a relation can take. If a relation does not have a fixed number of arguments, it does not have a valence and it is an instance of &%VariableArityRelation.' s__documentation__m s__HumanLanguage 'A relation between objects in the domain of discourse and strings of natural language text stated in a particular &%HumanLanguage. The domain of &%documentation is not constants (names), but the objects themselves. This means that one does not quote the names when associating them with their documentation.' s__format__m 'A relation that specifies how to present an expression in a natural language format.' s__termFormat__m 'A relation that specifies how to present a term in a natural language format.' s__disjoint__m '&%Classes are &%disjoint only if they share no instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying &%IntersectionFn to them is empty.' s__disjointRelation__m 'This predicate relates two &%Relations. (&%disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2) means that the two relations have no tuples in common.' s__resource__m s__result__m s__subsumedExternalConcept__m s__subsumingExternalConcept__m s__crosses__m s__connected__m s__synonymousExternalConcept__m s__increasesLikelihood__m s__independentProbability__m s__instrument__m s__decreasesLikelihood__m s__manner__m s__attribute__m s__subAttribute__m s__successorAttribute__m s__meetsSpatially__m s__overlapsSpatially__m s__ObjectiveNorm s__deprivesNorm__m s__confersNorm__m s__stays__m s__home__m s__contraryAttribute__m s__Predicate s__Predicate__t s__VariableArityRelation s__VariableArityRelation__t 'A &%contraryAttribute is a set of &%Attributes such that something can not simultaneously have more than one of these &%Attributes. For example, (&%contraryAttribute &%Pliable &%Rigid) means that nothing can be both &%Pliable and &%Rigid.' s__exhaustiveAttribute__m 'This predicate relates a &%Class to a set of &%Attributes, and it means that the elements of this set exhaust the instances of the &%Class. For example, (&%exhaustiveAttribute &%PhysicalState &%Solid &%Fluid &%Liquid &%Gas &%Plasma) means that there are only five instances of the class &%PhysicalState, viz. &%Solid, &%Fluid, &%Liquid, &%Gas and &%Plasma.' s__exhaustiveDecomposition__m s__Class s__partition__m 'An &%exhaustiveDecomposition of a &%Class C is a set of subclasses of C such that every instance of C is an instance of one of the subclasses in the set. Note: this does not necessarily mean that the elements of the set are disjoint (see &%partition - a &%partition is a disjoint exhaustive decomposition).' s__disjointDecomposition__m 'A &%disjointDecomposition of a &%Class C is a set of subclasses of C that are mutually &%disjoint.' 'A &%partition of a class C is a set of mutually &%disjoint classes (a subclass partition) which covers C. Every instance of C is an instance of exactly one of the subclasses in the partition.' s__relatedInternalConcept__m s__EquivalenceRelation 'Means that the two arguments are related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity of meaning between them. To indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO concept and a concept from another source, use the Predicate &%relatedExternalConcept.' s__relatedExternalConcept__m 'Used to signify a three-place relation between a concept in an external knowledge source, a concept in the SUMO, and the name of the other knowledge source.' '(&%synonymousExternalConcept ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING has the same meaning as ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE.' '(&%subsumingExternalConcept ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING subsumes the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is broader in meaning than ?STRING.' '(&%subsumedExternalConcept ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING is subsumed by the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is narrower in meaning than ?STRING.' s__externalImage__m 'A link between an Entity and a URL that represents or exemplifies the term in some way.' 'Means that the second argument can be ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it.' '(&%successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that ?ATTR2 is the &%Attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1 on the scale that they share.' s__successorAttributeClosure__m s__TransitiveRelation 'The transitive closure of &%successorAttribute. (&%successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that there is a chain of &%successorAttribute assertions connecting ?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2.' s__greaterThanByQuality__m '(greaterThanByQuality ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2 ?ATT) means that ?ENTITY1 has more of the given quality ?ATT than ?ENTITY2)' s__entails__m 'The operator of logical entailment. (&%entails ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 can be derived from ?FORMULA1 by means of the proof theory of SUO-KIF.' s__AssignmentFn__m s__Function__t 'If F is a &%Function with a value for the objects denoted by N1,..., NK, then (&%AssignmentFn F N1 ... NK) is the value of applying F to the objects denoted by N1,..., NK. Otherwise, the value is undefined.' s__PowerSetFn__m s__UnaryFunction s__TotalValuedRelation '(&%PowerSetFn ?CLASS) maps the &%SetOrClass ?CLASS to the &%SetOrClass of all &%subclasses of ?CLASS.' 'The universal class of individuals. This is the root node of the ontology.' s__Physical__t 'An entity that has a location in space-time. Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in space-time.' s__TimePosition 'Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary objects. Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions, and locations of &%Processes, the complement of &%Objects in the &%Physical class. In a 4D ontology, an &%Object is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the time-axis.' s__SelfConnectedObject__t 'A &%SelfConnectedObject is any &%Object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts.' s__OrganicThing 'A &%SelfConnectedObject that is produced by a non-intentional process from an &%Organism. Note that this refers only to the primary cause. That is, a &%PlantAgriculturalProduct is firstly produced by a &%Plant, and only secondarily by a &%Human that is tending the plant.' s__FrontFn__m s__SpatialRelation s__SpatialRelation__t s__PartialValuedRelation 'A &%Function that maps an &%Object to the side that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the direction in which the &%Object moves. Note that this is a partial function, since some &%Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the &%range of this &%Function is indefinite in much the way that &%ImmediateFutureFn and &%ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases.' s__BackFn__m s__PartialValuedRelation__t 'A &%Function that maps an &%Object to the side that is opposite the &%FrontFn of the &%Object. Note that this is a partial function, since some &%Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the &%range of this &%Function is indefinite in much the way that &%ImmediateFutureFn and &%ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases.' s__part__m 'The basic mereological relation. All other mereological relations are defined in terms of this one. (&%part ?PART ?WHOLE) simply means that the &%Object ?PART is part of the &%Object ?WHOLE. Note that, since &%part is a &%ReflexiveRelation, every &%Object is a part of itself.' s__properPart__m '(&%properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 other than ?OBJ2 itself. This is a &%TransitiveRelation and &%AsymmetricRelation (hence an &%IrreflexiveRelation).' s__piece__m 'A specialized common sense notion of part for arbitrary parts of &%Substances. Quasi-synonyms are: chunk, hunk, bit, etc. Compare &%component, another subrelation of &%part.' s__component__m 'A specialized common sense notion of part for heterogeneous parts of complexes. (&%component ?COMPONENT ?WHOLE) means that ?COMPONENT is a component of ?WHOLE. Examples of component include the doors and walls of a house, the states or provinces of a country, or the limbs and organs of an animal. Compare &%piece, which is also a subrelation of &%part.' s__material__m '(&%material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation encompasses the concepts of composed of, made of, and formed of. For example, plastic is a &%material of my computer monitor. Compare &%part and its subrelations, viz &%component and &%piece.' s__contains__m s__partlyLocated__m 'The relation of spatial containment for two separable objects. When the two objects are not separable (e.g. an automobile and one of its seats), the relation of &%part should be used. (&%contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the &%SelfConnectedObject ?OBJ1 has a space (i.e. a &%Hole) which is at least partially filled by ?OBJ2.' s__PureSubstance s__Mixture s__SyntheticSubstance s__NaturalSubstance 'An &%Object in which every part is similar to every other in every relevant respect. More precisely, something is a &%Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts - any parts have properties which are similar to those of the whole. Note that a &%Substance may nonetheless have physical properties that vary. For example, the temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part to another. An example would be a body of water.' s__SyntheticSubstance__t 'Any &%Substance that is the result of an &%IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that is created by &%Humans.' s__IntentionalProcess s__NaturalSubstance__t 'Any &%Substance that is not the result of an &%IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that occurs naturally.' s__PureSubstance__t s__CompoundSubstance s__ElementalSubstance 'The &%Class of &%Substances with constant composition. A &%PureSubstance can be either an element (&%ElementalSubstance) or a compound of elements (&%CompoundSubstance). Examples: Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), water (H_2O), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2).' 'The &%Class of &%PureSubstances that cannot be separated into two or more &%Substances by ordinary chemical (or physical) means. This excludes nuclear reactions. &%ElementalSubstances are composed of only one kind of atom. Examples: Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2). &%ElementalSubstances are the simplest &%PureSubstances.' s__Metal s__Metal__t 'A &%Metal is an &%ElementalSubstance that conducts heat and electricity, is shiny and reflects many colors of light, and can be hammered into sheets or drawn into wire. About 80% of the known chemical elements (&%ElementalSubstances) are metals.' s__Atom s__Atom__t s__ElementalSubstance__t 'An extremely small unit of matter that retains its identity in Chemical reactions. It consists of an &%AtomicNucleus and &%Electrons surrounding the &%AtomicNucleus.' s__Proton s__Electron s__AtomicNucleus s__SubatomicParticle 'The class of &%ElementalSubstances that are smaller than &%Atoms and compose &%Atoms.' s__AtomicNucleus__t 'The core of the &%Atom. It is composed of &%Protons and &%Neutrons.' s__Neutron s__Electron__t '&%SubatomicParticles that surround the &%AtomicNucleus. They have a negative charge.' s__Proton__t s__SubatomicParticle__t 'Components of the &%AtomicNucleus. They have a positive charge.' s__Neutron__t 'Components of the &%AtomicNucleus. They have no charge.' 'The &%Class of &%Substances that contain two or more elements (&%ElementalSubstances), in definite proportion by weight. The composition of a pure compound will be invariant, regardless of the method of preparation. Compounds are composed of more than one kind of atom (element). The term molecule is often used for the smallest unit of a compound that still retains all of the properties of the compound. Examples: Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), and water (H_2O). ' 'A &%Mixture is two or more &%PureSubstances, combined in varying proportions - each retaining its own specific properties. The components of a &%Mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Examples: Air, table salt thoroughly dissolved in water, milk, wood, and concrete. ' 'A &%SelfConnectedObject whose parts have properties that are not shared by the whole.' s__Region 'A topographic location. &%Regions encompass surfaces of &%Objects, imaginary places, and &%GeographicAreas. Note that a &%Region is the only kind of &%Object which can be located at itself. Note too that &%Region is not a subclass of &%SelfConnectedObject, because some &%Regions, e.g. archipelagos, have &%parts which are not &%connected with one another.' s__Collection__t 'Collections have &%members like &%Classes, but, unlike &%Classes, they have a position in space-time and &%members can be added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the &%Collection. Some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks of sheep.' s__member__m s__element__m 'A specialized common sense notion of part for uniform parts of &%Collections. For example, each sheep in a flock of sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock.' s__subCollection__m '(&%subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that the &%Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the &%Collection ?COLL2.' 'Any &%Object or &%Process that expresses content. This covers &%Objects that contain a &%Proposition, such as a book, as well as &%ManualSignLanguage, which may similarly contain a &%Proposition.' s__ContentBearingProcess s__ContentBearingProcess__t 'Any &%Process, for example &%ManualHumanLanguage, which may contain a &%Proposition.' s__ContentBearingObject s__containsInformation__m 'Any &%SelfConnectedObject that expresses content. This content may be a &%Proposition, e.g. when the &%ContentBearingObject is a &%Sentence or &%Text, or it may be a representation of an abstract or physical object, as with an &%Icon, a &%Word or a &%Phrase.' 'The &%Class of alphanumeric sequences.' s__Character s__Character__t s__SymbolicString__t 'An element of an alphabet, a set of numerals, etc. Note that a &%Character may or may not be part of a &%Language. &%Character is a subclass of &%SymbolicString, because every instance of &%Character is an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element.' s__represents__m 'A subrelation of &%represents. This predicate relates a &%ContentBearingPhysical to the &%Proposition that is expressed by the &%ContentBearingPhysical. Examples include the relationships between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its musical content.' s__Icon s__Icon__t s__ContentBearingPhysical__t 'This is the subclass of &%ContentBearingPhysical which are not part of a &%Language and which have some sort of similarity with the &%Objects that they represent. This &%Class would include symbolic roadway signs, representational art works, photographs, etc.' s__MotionPicture s__Text s__MotionPicture__t 'A &%ContentBearingObject which depicts motion (and which may have an audio or text component as well). This &%Class covers films, videos, etc.' s__LinguisticExpression 'This is the subclass of &%ContentBearingPhysical which are language-related. Note that this &%Class encompasses both &%Language and the the elements of &%Languages, e.g. &%Words.' s__AnimalLanguage s__ComputerLanguage 'A system of signs for expressing thought. The system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created by a person or group of people.' s__AnimalLanguage__t 'The &%subclass of &%Languages used by &%Animals other than &%Humans.' s__ArtificialLanguage s__ArtificialLanguage__t 'The &%subclass of &%Languages that are designed by &%Humans.' s__ComputerLanguage__t 'The class of &%Languages designed for and interpreted by a computer.' s__Machine s__HumanLanguage__t s__Language__t s__NaturalLanguage s__ConstructedLanguage s__SpokenHumanLanguage s__ManualHumanLanguage 'The &%subclass of &%Languages used by &%Humans.' s__ConstructedLanguage__t 'An &%ConstructedLanguage is a &%HumanLanguage that did not evolve spontaneously within a language community, but rather had its core grammar and vocabulary invented by one or more language experts, often with an aim to produce a more grammatically regular language than any language that has evolved naturally. This &%Class includes languages like Esperanto that were created to facilitate international communication' s__Planning 'The &%subclass of &%HumanLanguages which are not designed and which evolve from generation to generation. This &%Class includes all of the national languages, e.g. English, Spanish, Japanese, etc. Note that this class includes dialects of natural languages.' s__ManualHumanLanguage__t 'A &%ManualHumanLanguage is a &%HumanLanguage which has as its medium gestures and movement, such as the shape, position, and movement of the hands.' 'A &%SpokenHumanLanguage is a &%HumanLanguage which has as its medium the human voice. It can also berepresented visually through writing, although not all &%SpokenHumanLanguages have a codified written form.' s__NaturalLanguage__t s__SpokenHumanLanguage__t 'A Germanic language that incorporates many roots from the Romance languages. It is the official language of the &%UnitedStates, the &%UnitedKingdom, and many other countries.' s__Word 'A term of a &%Language that represents a concept.' s__Formula__t 'A syntactically well-formed formula in the SUO-KIF knowledge representation language.' 'Something or someone that can act on its own and produce changes in the world.' s__SentientAgent 'A &%SentientAgent is an &%Agent that is capable of &%Perception and experiences some level of consciousness (see &%ConsciousnessAttribute). If the &%Agent is able to reason at a comparatively high level (evinced by the ability to learn, plan, and feel emotions), then it is also an instance of &%CognitiveAgent. A &%DomesticAnimal is a &%SentientAgent, but may or may not be a &%CognitiveAgent, depending on the type of &%Animal.' s__SentientAgent__t 'A &%CognitiveAgent is an &%Agent that has the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans, and experience emotions. Although &%Human is a subclass of &%CognitiveAgent, there may be instances of &%CognitiveAgent which are not also instances of &%Human. For example, &%Primates, dolphins, whales, and some extraterrestrials (if they exist) might be considered &%CognitiveAgents.' s__LegalAgent 'A &%LegalAgent is an &%Agent that is allowed by law to to act and be treated as a legal person for certain purposes, such as being a party to a lawsuit, owning property, and entering into a contract. Typically, a &%LegalAgent is either an adult &%Human or some type of &%Organization. Depending on the prevailing legal system in a given time and location, &%Humans in general, as well as other &%CognitiveAgents, typically will have additional legal rights and obligations beyond those accorded to &%LegalAgents. See the Wikipedia description of <a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juristic_person>Juristic person</a>.' s__leader__m '(&%leader ?INSTITUTION ?PERSON) means that the leader of ?INSTITUTION is ?PERSON.' 'The class of things that happen and have temporal parts or stages. Examples include extended events like a football match or a race, actions like &%Pursuing and &%Reading, and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that occurs in time but is not an &%Object. Note that a &%Process may have participants inside it which are &%Objects, such as the players in a football match. In a 4D ontology, a &%Process is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages roughly perpendicular to the time-axis.' s__DualObjectProcess 'Any &%Process that requires two, nonidentical &%patients.' s__SingleAgentProcess s__SingleAgentProcess__t '&%SingleAgentProcess is the &%Class of all &%Processes that require exactly one &%agent in order to occur.' s__Abstract__t s__Entity__t 'Properties or qualities as distinguished from any particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium. Instances of Abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular place and time without some physical encoding or embodiment.' 'Any specification of how many or how much of something there is. Accordingly, there are two subclasses of &%Quantity: &%Number (how many) and &%PhysicalQuantity (how much).' s__InternalAttribute s__RelationalAttribute 'Qualities which we cannot or choose not to reify into subclasses of &%Object.' s__property__m 'This &%Predicate holds between an instance of &%Entity and an instance of &%Attribute. (&%property ?ENTITY ?ATTR) means that ?ENTITY has the &%Attribute ?ATTR.' '(&%attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that ?PROPERTY is a &%Attribute of ?OBJECT. For example, (&%attribute &%MyLittleRedWagon &%Red).' '(&%manner ?PROCESS ?MANNER) means that the &%Process ?PROCESS is qualified by the &%Attribute ?MANNER. The &%Attributes of &%Processes are usually denoted by adverbs and include things like the speed of the wind, the style of a dance, or the intensity of a sports competition.' s__ExtensionFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Attribute into the &%Class whose condition for membership is the &%Attribute.' s__InternalAttribute__t s__Attribute__t 'Any &%Attribute of an &%Entity that is an internal property of the &%Entity, e.g. its shape, its color, its fragility, etc.' s__PhysicalAttribute 'An &%InternalAttribute given by physical properties of the object.' s__PhysicalAttribute__t 'Any &%Attribute that an &%Entity has by virtue of a relationship that it bears to another &%Entity or set of &%Entities, e.g. &%SocialRoles and &%PositionalAttributes.' s__Number s__RealNumber s__ImaginaryNumber s__ComplexNumber 'A measure of how many things there are, or how much there is, of a certain kind. &%Numbers are subclassed into &%RealNumber, &%ComplexNumber, and &%ImaginaryNumber.' less__m s__RelationExtendedToQuantities '(&%lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.' greater__m '(&%greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.' lesseq__m '(&%lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than or equal to the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.' greatereq__m '(&%greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.' s__NegativeRealNumber s__NonnegativeRealNumber s__RationalNumber s__IrrationalNumber 'Any &%Number that can be expressed as a (possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. any &%Number that has a position on the number line.' s__ImaginaryNumber__t 'Any &%Number that is the result of multiplying a &%RealNumber by the square root of -1.' "-1" s__RationalNumber__t 'Any &%RealNumber that is the product of dividing two &%Integers.' s__IrrationalNumber__t 'Any &%RealNumber that is not also a &%RationalNumber.' s__NonnegativeRealNumber__t 'A &%RealNumber that is greater than or equal to zero.' "0" s__PositiveRealNumber 'A &%RealNumber that is greater than zero.' s__NegativeRealNumber__t 'A &%RealNumber that is less than zero.' s__Integer s__OddInteger s__EvenInteger s__NegativeInteger s__NonnegativeInteger 'A negative or nonnegative whole number.' s__EvenInteger__t 'An &%Integer that is evenly divisible by 2.' s__OddInteger__t s__Integer__t 'An &%Integer that is not evenly divisible by 2.' s__PrimeNumber s__PrimeNumber__t 'An &%Integer that is evenly divisible only by itself and 1.' s__NonnegativeInteger__t 'An &%Integer that is greater than or equal to zero.' s__NegativeInteger__t 'An &%Integer that is less than zero.' s__PositiveInteger__t 'An &%Integer that is greater than zero.' s__BinaryNumber s__BinaryNumber__t s__RealNumber__t 'Elements from the number system with base 2. Every &%BinaryNumber is expressed as a sequence of the digits 1 and 0.' s__ComplexNumber__t s__Number__t 'A &%Number that has the form: x + yi, where x and y are &%RealNumbers and i is the square root of -1.' s__PhysicalQuantity s__PhysicalQuantity__t s__Quantity__t s__ConstantQuantity s__FunctionQuantity 'A &%PhysicalQuantity is a measure of some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as the earths diameter (a constant length) and the stress in a loaded deformable solid (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial coordinates). Every &%PhysicalQuantity is either a &%ConstantQuantity or &%FunctionQuantity. Instances of &%ConstantQuantity are dependent on a &%UnitOfMeasure, while instances of &%FunctionQuantity are &%Functions that map instances of &%ConstantQuantity to other instances of &%ConstantQuantity (e.g., a &%TimeDependentQuantity is a &%FunctionQuantity). Although the name and definition of &%PhysicalQuantity is borrowed from physics, a &%PhysicalQuantity need not be material. Aside from the dimensions of length, time, velocity, etc., nonphysical dimensions such as currency are also possible. Accordingly, amounts of money would be instances of &%PhysicalQuantity. A &%PhysicalQuantity is distinguished from a pure &%Number by the fact that the former is associated with a dimension of measurement.' 'A &%ConstantQuantity is a &%PhysicalQuantity that has a constant value, e.g. 3 &%Meters and 5 &%HourDurations. The magnitude (see &%MagnitudeFn) of every &%ConstantQuantity is a &%RealNumber. &%ConstantQuantity is distinguished from &%FunctionQuantity, in that each instance of the latter is formed through the mapping of one &%PhysicalQuantity to another &%PhysicalQuantity. Each instance of &%ConstantQuantity is expressed with the &%BinaryFunction &%MeasureFn, which takes a &%Number and a &%UnitOfMeasure as arguments. For example, 3 &%Meters is expressed as (&%MeasureFn 3 &%Meter). Instances of &%ConstantQuantity form a partial order (see &%PartialOrderingRelation) with the &%lessThan relation, since &%lessThan is a &%RelationExtendedToQuantities and &%lessThan is defined over the &%RealNumbers. The &%lessThan relation is not a total order (see &%TotalOrderingRelation) over the class &%ConstantQuantity since elements of some subclasses of &%ConstantQuantity (such as length quantities) are incomparable to elements of other subclasses of &%ConstantQuantity (such as mass quantities).' s__TimeMeasure s__TimeMeasure__t 'The class of temporal durations (instances of &%TimeDuration) and positions of &%TimePoints and &%TimeIntervals along the universal timeline (instances of &%TimePosition).' s__TimeDuration__t 'Any measure of length of time, with or without respect to the universal timeline.' 'Any &%TimePoint or &%TimeInterval along the universal timeline from &%NegativeInfinity to &%PositiveInfinity.' s__TimeInterval__t s__TimePosition__t 'An interval of time. Note that a &%TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on the universal timeline. Note too that a &%TimeInterval has no gaps, i.e. this class contains only convex time intervals.' 'An extensionless point on the universal timeline. The &%TimePoints at which &%Processes occur can be known with various degrees of precision and approximation, but conceptually &%TimePoints are point-like and not interval-like. That is, it doesnt make sense to talk about how long a &%TimePoint lasts.' 'A &%FunctionQuantity is a &%PhysicalQuantity that is returned by a &%Function that maps from one or more instances of &%ConstantQuantity to another instance of &%ConstantQuantity. For example, the velocity of a particle would be represented by a &%FunctionQuantity relating values of time (which are instances of &%ConstantQuantity) to values of distance (also instances of &%ConstantQuantity). Note that all elements of the range of the &%Function corresponding to a &%FunctionQuantity have the same physical dimension as the &%FunctionQuantity itself.' s__UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity 'A &%subclass of &%FunctionQuantity, instances of which are returned by &%UnaryFunctions that map from one instance of the &%Class &%ConstantQuantity to another instance of the &%Class &%ConstantQuantity.' s__TimeDependentQuantity s__TimeDependentQuantity__t s__UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity__t 'A &%UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity of continuous time. All instances of this &%Class are returned by &%Functions that map a time quantity into another &%ConstantQuantity such as temperature. For example, the temperature at the top of the Empire State Building is a &%TimeDependentQuantity, since its value depends on the time.' 'The &%SetOrClass of &%Sets and &%Classes, i.e. any instance of &%Abstract that has &%elements or &%instances.' s__Class__t '&%Classes differ from &%Sets in three important respects. First, &%Classes are not assumed to be extensional. That is, distinct &%Classes might well have exactly the same instances. Second, &%Classes typically have an associated `condition that determines the instances of the &%Class. So, for example, the condition `human determines the &%Class of &%Humans. Note that some &%Classes might satisfy their own condition (e.g., the &%Class of &%Abstract things is &%Abstract) and hence be instances of themselves. Third, the instances of a class may occur only once within the class, i.e. a class cannot contain duplicate instances.' s__Set__t 'A &%SetOrClass that satisfies extensionality as well as other constraints specified by some choice of set theory. &%Sets differ from &%Classes in two important respects. First, &%Sets are extensional - two &%Sets with the same &%elements are identical. Second, a &%Set can be an arbitrary stock of objects. That is, there is no requirement that &%Sets have an associated condition that determines their membership. Note that &%Sets are not assumed to be unique sets, i.e. &%elements of a &%Set may occur more than once in the &%Set.' s__TernaryRelation s__QuaternaryRelation s__QuintaryRelation 'The &%Class of relations. There are three kinds of &%Relation: &%Predicate, &%Function, and &%List. &%Predicates and &%Functions both denote sets of ordered n-tuples. The difference between these two &%Classes is that &%Predicates cover formula-forming operators, while &%Functions cover term-forming operators. A &%List, on the other hand, is a particular ordered n-tuple.' 'A &%Relation is a &%SingleValuedRelation just in case an assignment of values to every argument position except the last one determines at most one assignment for the last argument position. Note that not all &%SingleValuedRelations are &%TotalValuedRelations.' s__GraphArc s__Argument s__FinancialTransaction 'A &%Relation is a &%TotalValuedRelation just in case there exists an assignment for the last argument position of the &%Relation given any assignment of values to every argument position except the last one. Note that declaring a &%Relation to be both a &%TotalValuedRelation and a &%SingleValuedRelation means that it is a total function.' s__geometricDistance__m s__OneDimensionalFigure s__lineMeasure__m s__premise__m s__diameter__m s__conclusion__m s__angularMeasure__m s__PlaneAngleMeasure s__radius__m s__transactionAmount__m s__duration__m 'A &%Relation is a &%PartialValuedRelation just in case it is not a &%TotalValuedRelation, i.e. just in case assigning values to every argument position except the last one does not necessarily mean that there is a value assignment for the last argument position. Note that, if a &%Relation is both a &%PartialValuedRelation and a &%SingleValuedRelation, then it is a partial function.' '&%BinaryRelations are relations that are true only of pairs of things. &%BinaryRelations are represented as slots in frame systems.' s__ReflexiveRelation '&%Relation ?REL is reflexive iff (?REL ?INST ?INST) for all ?INST.' s__Graph '&%Relation ?REL is irreflexive iff (?REL ?INST ?INST) holds for no value of ?INST.' s__GraphPath s__Nation s__GraphElement s__BinaryFunction s__Artifact 'A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is symmetric just iff (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) imples (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2.' s__AntisymmetricRelation 'A &%BinaryRelation is asymmetric if and only if it is both an &%AntisymmetricRelation and an &%IrreflexiveRelation.' s__AntisymmetricRelation__t '&%BinaryRelation ?REL is an &%AntisymmetricRelation if for distinct ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) implies not (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1). In other words, for all ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) imply that ?INST1 and ?INST2 are identical. Note that it is possible for an &%AntisymmetricRelation to be a &%ReflexiveRelation.' s__TrichotomizingRelation s__TrichotomizingRelation__t 'A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is a &%TrichotomizingRelation just in case all ordered pairs consisting of distinct individuals are elements of ?REL.' s__TransitiveRelation__t 'A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is transitive if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.' 'A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is intransitive only if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply not (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.' 'A &%BinaryRelation is a partial ordering if it is a &%ReflexiveRelation, an &%AntisymmetricRelation, and a &%TransitiveRelation.' s__TotalOrderingRelation s__TotalOrderingRelation__t 'A &%BinaryRelation is a &%TotalOrderingRelation if it is a &%PartialOrderingRelation and a &%TrichotomizingRelation.' 'A &%BinaryRelation is an equivalence relation if it is a &%ReflexiveRelation, a &%SymmetricRelation, and a &%TransitiveRelation.' s__CaseRole s__CaseRole__t 'The &%Class of &%Predicates relating the spatially distinguished parts of a &%Process. &%CaseRoles include, for example, the &%agent, &%patient or &%destination of an action, the flammable substance in a burning process, or the water that falls in rain.' s__involvedInEvent__m '(involvedInEvent ?EVENT ?THING) means that in the &%Process ?EVENT, the &%Entity ?THING plays some &%CaseRole.' s__agent__m '(&%agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the &%Process ?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention. For example, Eve is an &%agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple.' s__destination__m '(destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) means that ?GOAL is the target or goal of the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Danbury would be the destination in the following proposition: Bob went to Danbury. Note that this is a very general &%CaseRole and, in particular, that it covers the concepts of recipient and beneficiary. Thus, John would be the &%destination in the following proposition: Tom gave a book to John.' s__experiencer__m '(&%experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT experiences the &%Process ?PROCESS. For example, Yojo is the &%experiencer of seeing in the following proposition: Yojo sees the fish. Note that &%experiencer, unlike &%agent, does not entail a causal relation between its arguments.' s__patient__m '(instrument ?EVENT ?TOOL) means that ?TOOL is used by an agent in bringing about ?EVENT and that ?TOOL is not changed by ?EVENT. For example, the key is an &%instrument in the following proposition: The key opened the door. Note that &%instrument and &%resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair.' s__origin__m '(&%origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE indicates where the ?Process began. Note that this relation implies that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not participate throughout the process. For example, the submarine is the &%origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a submarine.' '(&%patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc. For example, the direct objects in the sentences The cat swallowed the canary and Billy likes the beer would be examples of &%patients. Note that the &%patient of a &%Process may or may not undergo structural change as a result of the &%Process. The &%CaseRole of &%patient is used when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a &%Process.' '(&%resource ?PROCESS ?RESOURCE) means that ?RESOURCE is present at the beginning of ?PROCESS, is used by ?PROCESS, and as a consequence is changed by ?PROCESS. For example, soap is a &%resource in the following proposition: the gun was carved out of soap. Note that &%resource differs from &%instrument, another subrelation of &%patient, in that its internal or physical properties are altered in some way by the &%Process.' '(result ?ACTION ?OUTPUT) means that ?OUTPUT is a product of ?ACTION. For example, house is a &%result in the following proposition: Eric built a house.' 'The class of &%Relations whose properties can be inherited downward in the class hierarchy via the &%subrelation &%Predicate.' s__ProbabilityRelation 'The &%Class of &%Relations that permit assessment of the probability of an event or situation.' s__ProbabilityFn__m 'One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations, &%ProbabilityFn is used to state the a priori probability of a state of affairs. (&%ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA) denotes the a priori probability of ?FORMULA.' s__conditionalProbability__m 'One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations. &%conditionalProbability is used to state the numeric value of a conditional probability. (&%conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER) means that the probability of ?FORMULA2 being true given that ?FORMULA1 is true is ?NUMBER.' 'One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations. (&%increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is more likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true.' s__ProbabilityRelation__t 'One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations. (&%decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is less likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true.' 'One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations. (&%independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the probabilities of ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 being true are independent.' 'The &%Class of &%Relations that are spatial in a wide sense. This &%Class includes mereological relations and topological relations.' s__TemporalRelation s__Relation__t 'The &%Class of temporal &%Relations. This &%Class includes notions of (temporal) topology of intervals, (temporal) schemata, and (temporal) extension.' s__IntentionalRelation 'The &%Class of &%Relations between an &%Agent and one or more &%Entities, where the &%Relation requires that the &%Agent have awareness of the &%Entity.' s__prefers__m s__IntentionalRelation__t '(&%prefers ?AGENT ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that &%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT prefers the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA1 over the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA2 all things being equal.' s__PropositionalAttitude s__PropositionalAttitude__t 'The &%Class of &%IntentionalRelations where the &%Agent has awareness of a &%Proposition.' s__ObjectAttitude 'The &%Class of &%IntentionalRelations where the &%Agent has awareness of an instance of &%Physical.' s__inScopeOfInterest__m 'A very general &%Predicate. (&%inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the scope of interest of ?AGENT. Note that the interest indicated can be either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY.' s__needs__m '(&%needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is physically required for the continued existence of ?AGENT.' s__wants__m s__ObjectAttitude__t s__desires__m '(&%wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT, i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals. Note that there is no implication that what is wanted by an agent is not already possessed by the agent.' '(&%desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT wants to bring about the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is no implication that what is desired by the agent is not already true. Note too that &%desires is distinguished from &%wants only in that the former is a &%PropositionalAttitude, while &%wants is an &%ObjectAttitude.' s__considers__m '(&%considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT considers or wonders about the truth of the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA.' s__believes__m 'The epistemic predicate of belief. (&%believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT believes the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA.' s__knows__m 'The epistemic predicate of knowing. (&%knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT knows the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that &%knows entails conscious awareness, so this &%Predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or unconscious knowledge.' '$true__m' '&%TernaryRelations relate three items. The two &%subclasses of &%TernaryRelation are &%TernaryPredicate and &%BinaryFunction.' '&%QuaternaryRelations relate four items. The two &%subclasses of &%QuaternaryRelation are &%QuaternaryPredicate and &%TernaryFunction.' s__QuintaryRelation__t '&%QuintaryRelations relate five items. The two &%subclasses of &%QuintaryRelation are &%QuintaryPredicate and &%QuaternaryFunction.' 'Every &%List is a particular ordered n-tuple of items. Generally speaking, &%Lists are created by means of the &%ListFn &%Function, which takes any number of items as arguments and returns a &%List with the items in the same order. Anything, including other &%Lists, may be an item in a &%List. Note too that &%Lists are extensional - two lists that have the same items in the same order are identical. Note too that a &%List may contain no items. In that case, the &%List is the &%NullList.' s__NullList__m s__UniqueList s__UniqueList__t 'A &%List in which no item appears more than once, i.e. a &%List for which there are no distinct numbers ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 such that (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) and (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) return the same value.' s__List__t 'The &%List that has no items. The uniqueness of &%NullList follows from the extensionality of &%Lists, i.e. the fact that two &%Lists with the same items in the same order are identical.' s__ListFn__m 'A &%Function that takes any number of arguments and returns the &%List containing those arguments in exactly the same order.' s__ListOrderFn__m '(&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER) denotes the item that is in the ?NUMBER position in the &%List ?LIST. For example, (&%ListOrderFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday) 2) would return the value &%Tuesday.' "4" s__TemperatureMeasure s__UnitOfMeasure s__PositionalAttribute s__PhysicalSystem s__Position s__GraphNode s__WearableItem s__ListLengthFn__m 'A &%Function that takes a &%List as its sole argument and returns the number of items in the &%List. For example, (&%ListLengthFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday)) would return the value 3.' s__ListConcatenateFn__m 'A &%Function that returns the concatenation of the two &%Lists that are given as arguments. For example, the value of (&%ListConcatenateFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday) (&%ListFn &%Wednesday &%Thursday)) would be (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday &%Thursday).' s__inList__m 'The analog of &%element and &%instance for &%Lists. (&%inList ?OBJ ?LIST) means that ?OBJ is in the &%List ?LIST. For example, (&%inList &%Tuesday (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday)) would be true.' s__subList__m '(&%subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and the elements that are common to both &%Lists have the same order in both &%Lists. Elements that are common to both Lists and are consecutive in one list must also be consecutive in the other list. (Therefore - the list of prime numbers smaller than 10 [1 2 3 5 7] is not a subList of the natural numbers smaller than 10 [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]).' s__initialList__m '(&%initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a &%subList of ?LIST2 and (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) returns the same value as (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER) for all of the values of ?NUMBER over which (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) is defined.' s__identicalListItems__m '(&%identicalListItems ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 have exactly the same items in their respective lists. Although ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 are required to share exactly the same items, they may order these items differently.' s__InheritableRelation__t 'A &%Predicate is a sentence-forming &%Relation. Each tuple in the &%Relation is a finite, ordered sequence of objects. The fact that a particular tuple is an element of a &%Predicate is denoted by (*predicate* arg_1 arg_2 .. arg_n), where the arg_i are the objects so related. In the case of &%BinaryPredicates, the fact can be read as `arg_1 is *predicate* arg_2 or `a *predicate* of arg_1 is arg_2.' 'A &%Function is a term-forming &%Relation that maps from a n-tuple of arguments to a range and that associates this n-tuple with at most one range element. Note that the range is a &%SetOrClass, and each element of the range is an instance of the &%SetOrClass.' 'The &%Class of &%Functions that require a single argument.' s__OneToOneFunction s__OneToOneFunction__t 'The &%Class of &%UnaryFunctions which are one to one. A function F is one to one just in case for all X, Y in the domain of F, if X is not identical to Y, then F(X) is not identical to F(Y).' s__SequenceFunction s__SequenceFunction__t 'The &%Class of &%OneToOneFunctions whose range is a subclass of the &%PositiveIntegers.' 'The &%Class of &%Functions that require two arguments.' s__AssociativeFunction s__AssociativeFunction__t 'A &%BinaryFunction is associative if bracketing has no effect on the value returned by the &%Function. More precisely, a &%Function ?FUNCTION is associative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.' s__CommutativeFunction 'A &%BinaryFunction is commutative if the ordering of the arguments of the function has no effect on the value returned by the function. More precisely, a function ?FUNCTION is commutative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) is equal to (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2.' s__TernaryFunction s__TernaryFunction__t s__QuaternaryRelation__t 'The &%Class of &%Functions that require exactly three arguments.' s__QuaternaryFunction 'The &%Class of &%Functions that require exactly four arguments.' s__ContinuousFunction s__ContinuousFunction__t '&%Functions which are continuous. This concept is taken as primitive until representations for limits are devised.' s__BinaryRelation__t 'A &%Predicate relating two items - its valence is two.' s__TernaryRelation__t 'The &%Class of &%Predicates that require exactly three arguments.' s__QuaternaryPredicate s__QuaternaryPredicate__t 'The &%Class of &%Predicates that require four arguments.' s__QuintaryPredicate s__QuintaryPredicate__t 'The &%Class of &%Predicates that require five arguments.' "5" 'The &%Class of &%Relations that do not have a fixed number of arguments.' 'A &%RelationExtendedToQuantities is a &%Relation that, when it is true on a sequence of arguments that are &%RealNumbers, it is also true on a sequence of instances of &%ConstantQuantity with those magnitudes in some unit of measure. For example, the &%lessThan relation is extended to quantities. This means that for all pairs of quantities ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2, (&%lessThan ?QUANTITY1 ?QUANTITY2) if and only if, for some ?NUMBER1, ?NUMBER2, and ?UNIT, ?QUANTITY1 = (&%MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT), ?QUANTITY2 = (&%MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT), and (&%lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2), for all units ?UNIT on which ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2 can be measured. Note that, when a &%RelationExtendedToQuantities is extended from &%RealNumbers to instances of &%ConstantQuantity, the &%ConstantQuantity must be measured along the same physical dimension.' s__LogicalOperator s__LogicalOperator__t 'This &%Class comprises all of the logical operators (viz. and, or, not, =>, and <=>).' '&%Propositions are &%Abstract entities that express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts. As an example, the formula (instance Yojo Cat) expresses the &%Proposition that the entity named Yojo is an element of the &%Class of Cats. Note that propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual sentences of a &%Language. They may encompass the content expressed by theories, books, and even whole libraries. It is important to distinguish &%Propositions from the &%ContentBearingObjects that express them. A &%Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat, but a &%ContentBearingObject is an &%Object that represents this information. A &%Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations: strings, sounds, icons, etc. For example, the &%Proposition that the cat is on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence of sounds or by some non-latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form' s__closedOn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction is closed on a &%SetOrClass if it is defined for all instances of the &%SetOrClass and its value is always an instance of the &%SetOrClass.' s__reflexiveOn__m 'A &%BinaryRelation is reflexive on a &%SetOrClass only if every instance of the &%SetOrClass bears the relation to itself.' s__distributes__m s__relatedEvent__m s__acquaintance__m s__spouse__m s__exploits__m s__brother__m s__subsumesContentInstance__m s__employs__m s__properlyFills__m s__barometricPressure__m s__finishes__m s__parent__m s__located__m s__partialOrderingOn__m s__average__m s__abstractCounterpart__m s__date__m s__meetsTemporally__m s__expressedInLanguage__m s__sister__m s__irreflexiveOn__m s__boilingPoint__m s__precondition__m s__trichotomizingOn__m s__atomicNumber__m s__ancestor__m s__angleOfFigure__m s__uniqueIdentifier__m s__temporalPart__m s__mother__m s__mutualAcquaintance__m s__arcWeight__m s__developmentalForm__m s__relative__m s__sibling__m s__top__m s__equivalentContentClass__m s__totalOrderingOn__m s__beforeOrEqual__m s__identityElement__m s__smaller__m s__subProposition__m s__cooccur__m s__realization__m s__geopoliticalSubdivision__m s__authors__m s__superficialPart__m s__during__m s__parallel__m s__inhibits__m s__causesSubclass__m s__changesLocation__m s__bottom__m s__time__m s__eventPartlyLocated__m s__path__m s__subPlan__m s__editor__m s__measure__m s__age__m s__frequency__m s__equivalentContentInstance__m s__wife__m s__uses__m s__legalRelation__m s__linearExtent__m s__larger__m s__moves__m s__overlapsTemporally__m s__version__m s__length__m s__familyRelation__m s__subset__m s__side__m s__grasps__m s__exactlyLocated__m s__meltingPoint__m s__pathLength__m s__possesses__m s__subGraph__m s__height__m s__completelyFills__m s__publishes__m s__subProcess__m s__engineeringSubcomponent__m s__prevents__m s__equivalenceRelationOn__m s__graphPart__m s__direction__m s__son__m s__holdsObligation__m s__hasSkill__m s__daughter__m s__traverses__m s__attends__m s__overlapsPartially__m s__subsumesContentClass__m s__holdsDuring__m s__geometricPart__m s__before__m s__consistent__m s__weight__m s__truth__m s__monetaryValue__m s__names__m s__starts__m s__multiplicativeFactor__m s__faces__m s__father__m s__surface__m s__subSystem__m s__citizen__m s__modalAttribute__m s__pointOfFigure__m s__causesProposition__m s__connectedEngineeringComponents__m s__fills__m s__eventLocated__m s__causes__m s__husband__m s__hole__m s__wears__m s__penetrates__m s__partiallyFills__m s__subOrganization__m s__systemPart__m s__geographicSubregion__m s__graphMeasure__m s__earlier__m s__hasPurpose__m s__interiorPart__m s__copy__m s__holdsRight__m s__inhabits__m s__refers__m s__width__m 'A &%BinaryRelation is irreflexive on a &%SetOrClass only if no instance of the &%SetOrClass bears the relation to itself.' 'A &%BinaryRelation is a partial ordering on a &%SetOrClass only if the relation is &%reflexiveOn the &%SetOrClass, and it is both an &%AntisymmetricRelation, and a &%TransitiveRelation.' 'A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is a total ordering on a &%SetOrClass only if it is a partial ordering for which either (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) or (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) for every ?INST1 and ?INST2 in the &%SetOrClass.' 'A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is trichotomizing on a &%SetOrClass only if, for all instances ?INST1 and ?INST2 of the &%SetOrClass, at least one of the following holds: (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2), (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) or (equal ?INST1 ?INST2).' 'A &%BinaryRelation is an &%equivalenceRelationOn a &%SetOrClass only if the relation is &%reflexiveOn the &%SetOrClass and it is both a &%TransitiveRelation and a &%SymmetricRelation.' 'A &%BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION1 is distributive over another &%BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION2 just in case (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 (?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION2 (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2) (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3)), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.' '(relatedEvent ?EVENT1 ?EVENT2) means that the &%Process ?EVENT1 is related to the Process ?EVENT2. The relationship is between separate individual events, not events and their subprocesses. On the other hand, two &%subProcesses of the same overarching event may be &%relatedEvents. The argument order does not imply temporal ordering.' 'The causation relation between instances of &%Process. (&%causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the instance of &%Process ?PROCESS1 brings about the instance of &%Process ?PROCESS2.' 'The causation relation between subclasses of &%Process. (&%causesSubclass ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the subclass of &%Process ?PROCESS1 brings about the subclass of &%Process ?PROCESS2, e.g. (&%causesSubclass &%Killing &%Death).' '(&%causesProposition ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the state of affairs described by ?FORMULA1 causes, or mechanistically brings about, the state of affairs described by ?FORMULA2. Note that unlike &%entails, the time during which ?FORMULA2 holds cannot precede the time during which ?FORMULA1 holds, although ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 can hold simultaneously. Note, also, that &%causesProposition is a predicate, not a truth function. The following rule (contraposition) does not hold: (=> (causesProp ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) (causesProp (not ?FORMULA2) (not ?FORMULA1))).' 'relates an &%Object to an exact copy of the &%Object, where an exact copy is indistinguishable from the original with regard to every property except (possibly) spatial and/or temporal location.' 'This relation holds between an instance of &%Physical and an instance of &%TimePosition just in case the temporal lifespan of the former includes the latter. In other words, (&%time ?THING ?TIME) means that ?THING existed or occurred at ?TIME. Note that &%time does for instances of &%Physical what &%holdsDuring does for instances of &%Formula. The constants &%located and &%time are the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively.' '(&%holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA) means that the proposition denoted by ?FORMULA is true in the time frame ?TIME. Note that this implies that ?FORMULA is true at every &%TimePoint which is a &%temporalPart of ?TIME.' '(~ V__SITUATION)' s__capability__m '(&%capability ?PROCESS ?ROLE ?OBJ) means that ?OBJ has the ability to play the role of ?ROLE in &%Processes of type ?PROCESS.' '(&%exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT) means that ?OBJ is used by ?AGENT as a &%resource in an unspecified instance of &%Process. This &%Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the relations &%agent and &%resource.' 'This &%Predicate expresses the concept of a conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agents intention. Accordingly, (&%hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) means that the instance of &%Physical ?THING has, as its purpose, the &%Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is an important difference in meaning between the &%Predicates &%hasPurpose and &%result. Although the second argument of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former, a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result may be neither expected nor desired. For example, a machine process may have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no goal, a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on.' s__hasPurposeForAgent__m 'Expresses a cognitive attitude of an agent with respect to a particular instance of Physical. More precisely, (&%hasPurposeForAgent ?THING ?FORMULA ?AGENT) means that the purpose of ?THING for ?AGENT is the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Very complex issues are involved here. In particular, the rules of inference of the first order predicate calculus are not truth-preserving for the second argument position of this &%Predicate.' 'Similar to the &%capability &%Predicate with the additional restriction that the ability be practised/ demonstrated to some measurable degree.' s__TernaryPredicate__t 'Expresses the relationship between a &%Formula, an &%Entity, and an &%ObjectiveNorm when the &%Entity brings it about that the &%Formula has the &%ObjectiveNorm.' 'Expresses the relationship between an &%Entity, a &%Formula, and an &%ObjectiveNorm when the &%Entity brings it about that the &%Formula does not have the &%ObjectiveNorm.' '(&%partlyLocated ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the instance of &%Physical ?OBJ1 is at least partially located at ?OBJ2. For example, Istanbul is partly located in &%Asia and partly located in &%Europe. Note that &%partlyLocated is the most basic localization relation: &%located is an immediate &%subrelation of &%partlyLocated and &%exactlyLocated is an immediate &%subrelation of &%located.' '(&%located ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is &%partlyLocated at ?OBJ2, and there is no &%part of ?OBJ1 that is not &%located at ?OBJ2.' '(&%eventPartlyLocated ?PROC ?OBJ) means that some &%subProcess of &%Process ?PROC is located in &%Object ?OBJ.' 'event partly located' '(&%eventLocated ?PROC ?OBJ) means that the entire &%Process ?PROC is located on &%Object ?OBJ, meaning that all &%subProcess of ?PROC is located on ?OBJ' 'event located' 'The actual, minimal location of an Object. This is a subrelation of the more general &%Predicate &%located.' s__between__m '(between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that ?OBJ2 is spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3. Note that this implies that ?OBJ2 is directly between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3, i.e. the projections of ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3 overlap with ?OBJ2.' s__betweenOnPath__m '(betweenOnPath ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3 ?PATH) means that ?OBJ2 is spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3 on the path ?PATH. Note that this is a more specialized relation of between since any object that is between others with respect to a particular path is also simply between them.' '(&%traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 crosses or extends across ?OBJ2. Note that &%crosses and &%penetrates are subrelations of &%traverses.' '(crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that &%Object ?OBJ1 &%traverses Object ?OBJ2, without being &%connected to it.' '(penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is &%connected to ?OBJ2 along at least one whole dimension (length, width or depth).' s__WhereFn__m s__WhenFn__m 'Maps an &%Object and a &%TimePoint at which the &%Object exists to the &%Region where the &%Object existed at that &%TimePoint.' '&%Relation that holds between an &%Agent and an &%Object when the &%Agent has ownership of the &%Object.' s__PropertyFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Agent to the &%Set of &%Objects owned by the &%Agent.' 'A very general &%Predicate. (&%precondition ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC2 can exist only if an instance of ?PROC1 also exists.' 'A very general &%Predicate. (&%inhibits ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that the &%Process ?PROC1 inhibits or hinders the occurrence of the &%Process ?PROC2. For example, obstructing an object inhibits moving it. Note that this is a relation between types of &%Processes, not between instances.' 'A very general &%Predicate. (&%prevents ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that ?PROC1 prevents the occurrence of ?PROC2. In other words, if ?PROC1 is occurring in a particular time and place, ?PROC2 cannot occur at the same time and place. For example, innoculating prevents contracting disease. Note that this is a relation between types of &%Processes, not between instances.' '(? [V__INST1] : (s__instance(V__INST1,s__Process) & s__instance(V__INST1,V__PROC1) & s__eventLocated(V__INST1,V__PLACE)))' '(? [V__INST2] : (s__instance(V__INST2,s__Process) & s__instance(V__INST2,V__PROC2) & s__eventLocated(V__INST2,V__PLACE)))' '(&%refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that &%refers is more general in meaning than &%represents, because presumably something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy, the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies, etc.' '(&%names ?STRING ?ENTITY) means that the thing ?ENTITY has the &%SymbolicString ?STRING as its name. Note that &%names and &%represents are the two immediate &%subrelations of &%refers. The predicate &%names is used when the referring item is merely a tag without connotative content, while the predicate &%represents is used for referring items that have such content.' 'The class of &%names that uniquely identify an instance of &%Entity. Some examples of &%uniqueIdentifiers are the keys of tables in database applications and the ISBN (International Standard Book Number).' 'A very general semiotics &%Predicate. (&%represents ?THING ?ENTITY) means that ?THING in some way indicates, expresses, connotes, pictures, describes, etc. ?ENTITY. The &%Predicates &%containsInformation and &%realization are subrelations of &%represents. Note that &%represents is a subrelation of &%refers, since something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. See the documentation string for &%names.' s__representsForAgent__m 'A very general predicate. (&%representsForAgent ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2 ?AGENT) means that the ?AGENT chooses to use ?ENTITY1 to stand for ?ENTITY2.' s__representsInLanguage__m 'A very general predicate. (&%representsInLanguage ?THING ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE) means that the &%LinguisticExpression ?THING stands for ?ENTITY in the &%Language ?LANGUAGE.' s__EquivalenceRelation__t 'A &%BinaryPredicate that relates two subclasses of &%ContentBearingPhysical. (&%equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1 is also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2, and vice versa. An example would be the relationship between English and Russian editions of Agatha Christies Murder on the Orient Express. Note that (&%equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) implies (&%subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) and (&%subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1).' 'A &%BinaryPredicate that relates two subclasses of &%ContentBearingPhysical. (&%subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2 is also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1. Examples include the relationship between a poem and one of its stanzas or between a book and one of its chapters. Note that this is a relation between subclasses of &%ContentBearingObject, rather than instances. If one wants to relate instances, the &%Predicate &%subsumesContentInstance can be used. Note that &%subsumesContentClass is needed in many cases. Consider, for example, the relation between the King James edition of the Bible and its Book of Genesis. This relation holds for every copy of this edition and not just for a single instance.' 'A &%BinaryPredicate relating two instances of &%ContentBearingPhysical. (&%equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ1 is identical to the content expressed by ?OBJ2. An example would be the relationship between a handwritten draft of a letter to ones lawyer and a typed copy of the same letter. Note that (&%equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) implies (&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ2).' 'A &%BinaryPredicate relating two instances of &%ContentBearingPhysical. (&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ2 is part of the content expressed by ?OBJ1. An example is the relationship between a handwritten poem and one of its stanzas. Note that this is a relation between instances, rather than &%Classes. If one wants to assert a content relationship between &%Classes, e.g. between the version of an intellectual work and a part of that work, the relation &%subsumesContentClass should be used.' 'A subrelation of &%represents. (&%realization ?PROCESS ?PROP) means that ?PROCESS is a Process which expresses the content of ?PROP. Examples include a particular musical performance, which realizes the content of a musical score, or the reading of a poem.' '(&%expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANG) means that the &%LinguisticExpression ?EXPRESS is part of the &%Language ?LANG.' '(&%subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that ?PROP1 is a &%Proposition which is a proper part of the &%Proposition ?PROP2. In other words, &%subProposition is the analogue of &%properPart for chunks of abstract content.' '(&%subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1 is a &%Plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2. This relation is generally used to relate a supporting &%Plan to the overall &%Plan in a particular context.' s__BinaryPredicate__t '(&%uses ?OBJECT AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by ?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified &%Process. This &%Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the &%CaseRoles &%agent and &%instrument.' times__m s__CommutativeFunction__t 'If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then (&%MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical product of these numbers.' plus__m 'If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then (&%AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical sum of these numbers.' minus__m 'If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then (&%SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical difference between ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 minus ?NUMBER2. An exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 is equal to 0, in which case (&%SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the negation of ?NUMBER2.' divide__m 'If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then (&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the result of dividing ?NUMBER1 by ?NUMBER2. Note that when ?NUMBER1 = 1 (&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the reciprocal of ?NUMBER2. Note too that (&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is undefined when ?NUMBER2 = 0.' s__AbsoluteValueFn__m 'The value of (&%AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER) is the absolute value of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.' s__CeilingFn__m s__UnaryFunction__t '(&%CeilingFn ?NUMBER) returns the smallest &%Integer greater than or equal to the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.' s__CosineFn__m '(&%CosineFn ?DEGREE) returns the cosine of the &%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The cosine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side next to ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.' s__DenominatorFn__m '(&%DenominatorFn ?NUMBER) returns the denominator of the canonical reduced form of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.' s__ExponentiationFn__m s__RelationExtendedToQuantities__t '(&%ExponentiationFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER raised to the power of the &%Integer ?INT.' s__FloorFn__m '(&%FloorFn ?NUMBER) returns the largest &%Integer less than or equal to the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.' s__GreatestCommonDivisorFn__m '(&%GreatestCommonDivisorFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the greatest common divisor of ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER.' '(multiplicativeFactor ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) means that ?NUMBER1 is a factor of ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 can be multiplied by some &%Integer to give ?NUMBER2 as a result.' s__ImaginaryPartFn__m '(&%ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of ?NUMBER that has the square root of -1 as its factor.' s__IntegerSquareRootFn__m '(&%IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER) returns the integer square root of ?NUMBER.' s__LeastCommonMultipleFn__m '(&%LeastCommonMultipleFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the least common multiple of ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER.' s__LogFn__m '(LogFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns the logarithm of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER in the base denoted by the &%Integer ?INT.' s__MaxFn__m '(&%MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the largest of ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, &%MaxFn returns one of its arguments.' s__MinFn__m '(&%MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the smallest of ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, &%MinFn returns one of its arguments.' s__NumeratorFn__m '(&%NumeratorFn ?NUMBER) returns the numerator of the canonical reduced form ?NUMBER.' s__Pi s__PositiveRealNumber__t '&%Pi is the &%RealNumber that is the ratio of the perimeter of a circle to its diameter. It is approximately equal to 3.141592653589793.' s__NumberE '&%NumberE is the &%RealNumber that is the base for natural logarithms. It is approximately equal to 2.718282.' s__RationalNumberFn__m '(&%RationalNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the rational representation of ?NUMBER.' s__RealNumberFn__m '(RealNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of ?NUMBER that is a &%RealNumber.' s__ReciprocalFn__m '(ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) is the reciprocal element of ?NUMBER with respect to the multiplication operator (&%MultiplicationFn), i.e. 1/?NUMBER. Not all numbers have a reciprocal element. For example the number 0 does not. If a number ?NUMBER has a reciprocal ?RECIP, then the product of ?NUMBER and ?RECIP will be 1, e.g. 3*1/3 = 1. The reciprocal of an element is &%equal to applying the &%ExponentiationFn function to the element to the power -1.' s__RemainderFn__m '(RemainderFn ?NUMBER ?DIVISOR) is the remainder of the number ?NUMBER divided by the number ?DIVISOR. The result has the same sign as ?DIVISOR.' s__RoundFn__m '(&%RoundFn ?NUMBER) is the &%Integer closest to ?NUMBER on the number line. If ?NUMBER is halfway between two &%Integers (for example 3.5), it denotes the larger &%Integer.' "0.5" s__SignumFn__m '(SignumFn ?NUMBER) denotes the sign of ?NUMBER. This is one of the following values: -1, 1, or 0.' s__SineFn__m '(&%SineFn ?DEGREE) is the sine of the &%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The sine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side opposite ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.' s__SquareRootFn__m '(SquareRootFn ?NUMBER) is the principal square root of ?NUMBER.' s__TangentFn__m '(&%TangentFn ?DEGREE) is the tangent of the &%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The tangent of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side opposite ?DEGREE to the side next to ?DEGREE in a right-angled triangle.' 'An object ?ID is the identity element for BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION just in case, for every instance ?INST, applying ?FUNCTION to ?INST and ?ID results in ?INST.' s__SuccessorFn__m s__TotalValuedRelation__t 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Integer to its successor, e.g. the successor of 5 is 6.' s__PredecessorFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Integer to its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4.' average 'A partial function that relates a &%List to a &%RealNumber, provided that the &%List only has list elements that are &%RealNumbers. The &%RealNumber associated with the &%List is equal to the mathematical average of the &%RealNumbers in the &%List divided by the total number of list elements.' '(subset ?SET1 ?SET2) is true just in case the &%elements of the &%Set ?SET1 are also &%elements of the &%Set ?SET2.' '(element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case ?ENTITY is contained in the &%Set ?SET. An &%Entity can be an &%element of another &%Entity only if the latter is a &%Set.' s__UnionFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%SetOrClasses to the union of these &%SetOrClasses. An object is an &%element of the union of two &%SetOrClasses just in case it is an &%instance of either &%SetOrClass.' s__IntersectionFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%SetOrClasses to the intersection of these &%SetOrClasses. An object is an instance of the intersection of two &%SetOrClasses just in case it is an instance of both of those &%SetOrClasses.' s__RelativeComplementFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%SetOrClasses to the difference between these &%SetOrClasses. More precisely, (&%RelativeComplementFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) denotes the instances of ?CLASS1 that are not also instances of ?CLASS2.' s__ComplementFn__m 'The complement of a given &%SetOrClass C is the &%SetOrClass of all things that are not instances of C. In other words, an object is an instance of the complement of a &%SetOrClass C just in case it is not an instance of C.' s__GeneralizedUnionFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that takes a &%SetOrClass of &%Classes as its single argument and returns a &%SetOrClass which is the merge of all of the &%Classes in the original &%SetOrClass, i.e. the &%SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of an instance of the original &%SetOrClass.' s__GeneralizedIntersectionFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that takes a &%SetOrClass of &%Classes as its single argument and returns a &%SetOrClass which is the intersection of all of the &%Classes in the original &%SetOrClass, i.e. the &%SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of all instances of the original &%SetOrClass.' s__CardinalityFn__m '(CardinalityFn ?CLASS) returns the number of instances in the &%SetOrClass ?CLASS or the number of members in the ?CLASS &%Collection.' s__NullSet__t s__NullSet 'Any &%SetOrClass that contains no instances.' s__NonNullSet s__NonNullSet__t 'Any &%SetOrClass that contains at least one instance.' s__FiniteSet s__FiniteSet__t 'A &%Set containing a finite number of elements.' s__PairwiseDisjointClass s__PairwiseDisjointClass__t 'A &%SetOrClass is a &%PairwiseDisjointClass just in case every instance of the &%SetOrClass is either &%equal to or &%disjoint from every other instance of the &%SetOrClass.' s__MutuallyDisjointClass s__MutuallyDisjointClass__t 'A &%SetOrClass is a &%MutuallyDisjointClass just in case there exists nothing which is an instance of all of the instances of the original &%SetOrClass.' s__KappaFn__m 'A class-forming operator that takes two arguments: a variable and a formula containing at least one unbound occurrence of the variable. The result of applying &%KappaFn to a variable and a formula is the &%SetOrClass of things that satisfy the formula. For example, we can denote the &%SetOrClass of prime numbers that are less than 100 with the following expression: (KappaFn ?NUMBER (and (instance ?NUMBER PrimeNumber) (lessThan ?NUMBER 100))). Note that the use of this function is discouraged, since there is currently no axiomatic support for it.' 'The &%Class of graphs, where a graph is understood to be a set of &%GraphNodes connected by &%GraphArcs. Note that this &%Class includes only connected graphs, i.e. graphs in which there is a &%GraphPath between any two &%GraphNodes. Note too that every &%Graph is required to contain at least two &%GraphArcs and three &%GraphNodes.' s__DirectedGraph 'The &%Class of directed graphs. A directed graph is a &%Graph in which all &%GraphArcs have direction, i.e. every &%GraphArc has an initial node (see &%InitialNodeFn) and a terminal node (see &%TerminalNodeFn).' s__Tree s__Tree__t s__DirectedGraph__t 'A Tree is a &%DirectedGraph that has no &%GraphLoops.' s__GraphLoop s__GraphCircuit 'Informally, a single, directed route between two &%GraphNodes in a &%Graph. Formally, a &%DirectedGraph that is a &%subGraph of the original &%Graph and such that no two &%GraphArcs in the &%DirectedGraph have the same intial node (see &%InitialNodeFn) or the same terminal node (see &%TerminalNodeFn).' s__GraphCircuit__t s__GraphPath__t 'A &%GraphPath that begins (see &%BeginNodeFn) and ends (see &%EndNodeFn) at the same &%GraphNode.' s__MultiGraph s__MultiGraph__t 'The &%Class of multigraphs. A multigraph is a &%Graph containing at least one pair of &%GraphNodes that are connected by more than one &%GraphArc.' s__PseudoGraph s__PseudoGraph__t s__Graph__t 'The &%Class of pseudographs. A pseudograph is a &%Graph containing at least one &%GraphLoop.' s__GraphElement__t 'Noncompositional parts of &%Graphs. These parts are restricted to &%GraphNodes and &%GraphArcs.' s__GraphNode__t '&%Graphs are comprised of &%GraphNodes and &%GraphArcs. Every &%GraphNode is linked by a &%GraphArc.' s__GraphArc__t '&%Graphs are comprised of &%GraphNodes and &%GraphArcs. Every &%GraphArc links two &%GraphNodes.' s__GraphLoop__t 'A &%GraphArc in which a &%GraphNode is linked to itself.' s__links__m 'a &%TernaryPredicate that specifies the &%GraphArc connecting two &%GraphNodes.' 'A basic relation for &%Graphs and their parts. (&%graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH) means that ?PART is a &%GraphArc or &%GraphNode of the &%Graph ?GRAPH.' 'The relation between two &%Graphs when one &%Graph is a part of the other. (&%subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2) means that ?GRAPH1 is a part of ?GRAPH2.' 'A &%BinaryPredicate that specifies the length (in number of &%GraphNodes) of a &%GraphPath. (&%pathLength ?PATH ?NUMBER) means that there are ?NUMBER nodes in the &%GraphPath ?PATH.' s__InitialNodeFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphArc to the initial node of the &%GraphArc. Note that this is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined for &%GraphArcs that are not part of a &%DirectedGraph.' s__TerminalNodeFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphArc to the terminal node of the &%GraphArc. Note that this is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined for &%GraphArcs that are not part of a &%DirectedGraph.' s__BeginNodeFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphPath to the &%GraphNode that is the beginning of the &%GraphPath. Note that, unlike &%InitialNodeFn (which relates a &%GraphArc to a &%GraphNode), &%BeginNodeFn is a total function - every &%GraphPath has a beginning.' s__EndNodeFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphPath to the &%GraphNode that is the end of the &%GraphPath. Note that, unlike &%TerminalNodeFn (which relates a &%GraphArc to a &%GraphNode), &%EndNodeFn is a total function - every &%GraphPath has a end.' 'This predicate indicates the value of a &%GraphArc in a &%Graph. This could map to the length of a road in a road network or the flow rate of a pipe in a plumbing system.' s__PathWeightFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphPath to the sum of the &%arcWeights on the &%GraphArcs in the &%GraphPath.' s__MinimalWeightedPathFn__m 'This &%BinaryFunction assigns two &%GraphNodes to the &%GraphPath with the smallest sum of weighted arcs between the two &%GraphNodes.' s__MaximalWeightedPathFn__m 'This &%BinaryFunction assigns two &%GraphNodes to the &%GraphPath with the largest sum of weighted arcs between the two &%GraphNodes.' s__GraphPathFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%GraphNodes to the &%Class of &%GraphPaths between those two nodes. Note that the two &%GraphNodes must belong to the same &%Graph.' s__CutSetFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that assigns a &%Graph the &%Class of &%GraphPaths that partition the graph into two separate graphs if cut. There may be more than one cutset for a given graph.' s__MinimalCutSetFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that assigns a &%Graph the &%Class of &%GraphPaths which comprise cutsets for the &%Graph and which have the least number of &%GraphArcs.' '(abstractCounterpart ?AB ?PHYS relates a &%Physical entity to an &%Abstract one which is an idealized model in some dimension of the &%Physical entity. For example, an &%Abstract &%GraphNode could be stated to be the counterpart of an actual &%Computer in a &%ComputerNetwork.' s__PhysicalSystem__t '&%PhysicalSystem is the class of complex &%Physical things. A &%PhysicalSystem may have one or more corresponding abstract &%Graph representations.' '(&%subSystem ?SUB ?SYSTEM) means that the &%PhysicalSystem ?SUB is a part of the &%PhysicalSystem ?SYSTEM.' '(&%systemPart ?PART ?SYSTEM) means that the &%Physical thing ?PART is a &%SystemElement in the &%PhysicalSystem ?SYSTEM.' '(graphMeasure ?GRAPH ?MEAS) fixes a &%UnitOfMeasure that is used for the &%arcWeight of a given &%Graph. Stating such a relationship entails that the components of given graph are the &%abstractCounterparts of sets of &%Physical &%Entity(ies).' 'A standard of measurement for some dimension. For example, the &%Meter is a &%UnitOfMeasure for the dimension of length, as is the &%Inch. There is no intrinsic property of a &%UnitOfMeasure that makes it primitive or fundamental, rather, a system of units (e.g. &%SystemeInternationalUnit) defines a set of orthogonal dimensions and assigns units for each.' s__CompositeUnitOfMeasure 'Instances of this &%Class are &%UnitsOfMeasure defined by the functional composition of other units, each of which might be a &%CompositeUnitOfMeasure or a &%NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure.' s__NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure s__UnitOfMeasure__t 'Instances of this &%Class are &%UnitsOfMeasure that are applied to a single dimension, and so are not intrinsically defined by the functional composition of other units.' s__SystemeInternationalUnit 'The &%Class of Systeme International (SI) units.' s__LengthMeasure__t s__ConstantQuantity__t 'A &%subclass of &%ConstantQuantity, instances of which are measures of length.' s__UnitOfLength s__UnitOfLength__t 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%LengthMeasure.' s__MassMeasure__t 'A &%subclass of &%ConstantQuantity, instances of which are measures of the amount of matter in an &%Object.' s__UnitOfMass 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%MassMeasure, which denote the amount of matter in &%PhysicalObjects.' s__AreaMeasure s__AreaMeasure__t 'Measures of the amount of space in two dimensions.' s__UnitOfArea s__UnitOfArea__t 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%AreaMeasure.' s__VolumeMeasure s__VolumeMeasure__t s__FunctionQuantity__t 'Measures of the amount of space in three dimensions.' s__UnitOfVolume 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%VolumeMeasure.' s__TemperatureMeasure__t 'Measures of temperature. In scientific circles, the temperature of something is understood as the average velocity of the atoms or molecules that make up the thing.' s__UnitOfTemperature 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%TemperatureMeasure.' s__CurrencyMeasure__t 'Instances of this &%subclass of &%ConstantQuantity are measures of &%monetaryValue stated in terms of some &%UnitOfCurrency such as &%UnitedStatesDollar, &%UnitedStatesCent, Lire, Yen, etc.' s__UnitOfCurrency 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%CurrencyMeasure.' s__AngleMeasure 'The value of an angle in a plane or in a solid.' s__UnitOfAngularMeasure s__UnitOfAngularMeasure__t 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%AngleMeasure.' s__PlaneAngleMeasure__t s__AngleMeasure__t 'The value of an angle in a plane.' s__SolidAngleMeasure s__SolidAngleMeasure__t 'The value of an angle in a solid.' s__UnitOfInformation s__UnitOfInformation__t s__NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure__t 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%InformationMeasure.' s__UnitOfDuration s__UnitOfDuration__t 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%TimeDuration. Note that &%TimeDuration is a &%subclass of &%TimeMeasure.' s__MeasureFn__m 'This &%BinaryFunction maps a &%RealNumber and a &%UnitOfMeasure to that &%Number of units. It is used to express `measured instances of &%PhysicalQuantity. Example: the concept of three meters is represented as (&%MeasureFn 3 &%Meter).' s__InformationMeasure s__UnitOfMeasureMultiplier 'Each &%instance of this &%Class is a &%UnaryFunction that, when evaluated on its single argument, a &%UnitOfMeasure, produces another &%UnitOfMeasure that is a numeric multiple of the argument.' s__KiloFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%KiloFn &%Gram) is 1,000 &%Grams.' "1000" s__MegaFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%MegaFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000 &%Hertz.' "1000000" s__GigaFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%GigaFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000,000 &%Hertz.' "1000000000" s__TeraFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000,000 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%TeraFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000,000,000 &%Hertz.' "1000000000000" s__MilliFn__m s__UnitOfMeasureMultiplier__t 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%MilliFn &%Gram) is .001 &%Grams.' "0.001" s__MicroFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%MicroFn &%Meter) is .000001 &%Meters.' "0.000001" s__NanoFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%MicroFn &%SecondDuration) is .000000001 &%SecondDurations.' "0.000000001" s__PicoFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000000001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%PicoFn &%SecondDuration) is .000000000001 &%SecondDurations.' "0.000000000001" s__IntervalFn__m s__RecurrentTimeIntervalFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that maps two instances of &%ConstantQuantity to the &%subclass of &%ConstantQuantity that comprises the interval from the first &%ConstantQuantity to the second &%ConstantQuantity. For example, (&%IntervalFn (&%MeasureFn 8 &%Meter) (&%MeasureFn 14 &%Meter)) would return the &%subclass of &%ConstantQuantity comprising quantities between 8 and 14 meters in length.' s__MagnitudeFn__m 'The magnitude of a &%PhysicalQuantity is the numeric value for the quantity. In other words, &%MagnitudeFn converts a &%PhysicalQuantity with an associated &%UnitOfMeasure into an ordinary &%RealNumber. For example, the magnitude of the &%ConstantQuantity 2 &%Kilometers is the &%RealNumber 2. Note that the magnitude of a quantity in a given unit times that unit is equal to the original quantity.' s__UnitFn__m '&%UnitFn returns just the &%UnitOfMeasure of a &%PhysicalQuantity with an associated &%UnitOfMeasure and &%RealNumber magnitude. For example, the unit of the &%ConstantQuantity (&%MeasureFn 2 &%Kilometer) is the &%UnitOfMeasure &%Kilometer.' s__PerFn__m '&%PerFn maps two instances of &%PhysicalQuantity to the &%FunctionQuantity composed of these two instances. For example, (&%PerFn (&%MeasureFn 2 (&%MicroFn &%Gram)) (&%MeasureFn 1 (&%KiloFn &%Gram))) denotes the &%FunctionQuantity of 2 micrograms per kiogram. This function is useful, because it allows the knowledge engineer to dynamically generate instances of &%FunctionQuantity.' s__DensityFn__m '&%DensityFn maps an instance of &%MassMeasure and an instance of &%VolumeMeasure to the density represented by this proportion of mass and volume. For example, (&%DensityFn (&%MeasureFn 3 &%Gram) (&%MeasureFn 1 &%Liter)) represents the density of 3 grams per liter.' s__SpeedFn__m 'Maps an instance of &%LengthMeasure and an instance of &%TimeDuration to the speed represented by this proportion of distance and time. For example, (&%SpeedFn (&%MeasureFn 55 &%Mile)(&%MeasureFn 1 &%HourDuration)) represents the velocity of 55 miles per hour.' s__VelocityFn__m s__QuaternaryFunction__t 'Specifies the velocity of an object, i.e. the speed and the direction of the speed. For example (&%VelocityFn (&%MeasureFn 55 &%Mile) (&%MeasureFn 2 &%HourDuration) ?REFERENCE &%North) denotes the velocity of 55 miles per hour North of the given reference point ?REFERENCE.' s__Meter 'SI &%UnitOfLength. Symbol: m. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the &%Meter is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299792458 of a &%SecondDuration.' s__Gram 'Submultiple of kilogram. Symbol: g. 1 kilogram = 1000 &%Grams.' s__SecondDuration 'SI &%UnitOfDuration. Symbol: s. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the &%SecondDuration is the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom.' s__Ampere 'SI electric current measure. Symbol: A. It is one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the &%Ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 &%Meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2*10^(-7) &%Newton per &%Meter of length.' s__KelvinDegree s__SystemeInternationalUnit__t 'SI &%UnitOfMeasure used with &%MeasureFn to produce terms denoting instances of &%TemperatureMeasure. Symbol: K. It is one of the base units in SI (it is also a unit in the ITS system). Kelvin differs from the Celsius scale in that the triple point of water is defined to be 273.16 &%KelvinDegrees while it is 0 &%CelsiusDegrees. The magnitudes of intervals in the two scales are the same. By definition the conversion constant is 273.15.' s__Mole 'SI amount of substance unit. symbol: mol. It is one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the &%Mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 &%Kilograms of carbon 12. Note that, when this &%UnitOfMeasure is used, the elementary entities must be specified - they may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, etc. or groups of such particles.' s__Candela 'SI luminosity intensity measure. Symbol: cd. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the &%Candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540*10^12 &%Hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 &%Watt per &%Steradian.' s__Liter 'Unit of volume in the metric system. It is currently defined to be equal to one cubic decimeter (0.001 cubic meter). Symbol: l.' s__Centimeter 'Submultiple of &%Meter. Symbol: cm. It is the 100th part of a &%Meter' "0.01" s__Millimeter 'Submultiple of Meter. Symbol: mm. A millimeter is the 1000th part of a meter' s__Kilometer 'Supermultiple of &%Meter. Symbol: km. A &%Meter is the 1000th part of a &%Kilometer' s__Radian 'SI plane angle measure. Symbol: rad. It is the angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the circles radius. Another definition is: the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius. &%Radian = m/m = 1.' s__Steradian 'SI solid angle measure. Symbol: sr. It is the solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface whose area is equal to the square of the spheres radius. Another definition is: the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of the sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere. &%Steradian = m^2/m^2 = 1.' s__FrequencyMeasure s__FrequencyMeasure__t 'A &%subclass of &%TimeDependentQuantity, instances of which are measures of the frequency with which some &%Process occurs.' s__UnitOfFrequency s__UnitOfFrequency__t 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%FrequencyMeasure.' s__Hertz 'SI frequency measure. Symbol: Hz. It is the number of cycles per second. &%Hertz = s^(-1). Note that &%Hertz does not have a conversion function.' s__Newton 'SI force measure. Symbol: N. It is that force which gives to a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 &%Meter per &%SecondDuration. &%Newton = m*kg*s^(-2).' s__Pascal 'SI pressure measure. Symbol:Pa. It is the pressure of one &%Newton per square &%Meter. &%Pascal = N/m^2 = m^(-1)*kg*s^(-2).' s__Joule 'SI energy measure. Symbol: J. It is the work done when the point of application of 1 &%Newton is displaced a distance of 1 &%Meter in the direction of the force. &%Joule = N*m = m^2*kg*s^(-2).' s__Watt 'SI power measure. Symbol: W. A &%UnitOfMeasure that measures power, i.e. energy produced or expended divided by &%TimeDuration. It is the power which gives rise to the production of energy (or work) at the rate of one &%Joule per &%SecondDuration. &%Watt = J/s = m^2*kg*s^(-3).' s__Horsepower 'A power measure that is equal to 746 &%Watts.' "746" s__Coulomb 'SI electric charge measure. Symbol: C. It is the quantity of electric charge transported through a cross section of a conductor in an electric circuit during each &%SecondDuration by a current of 1 &%Ampere. Coulomb = s*A.' s__Volt 'SI electric potential measure. Symbol: V. It is the difference of electric potential between two points of a conducting wire carrying a constant current of 1 &%Ampere, when the power dissipated between these points is equal to 1 &%Watt. &%Volt = W/A = m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-1).' s__Farad 'SI capacitance measure. Symbol: F. It is the capacitance of a capacitator between the plates of which there appears a difference of potential of 1 &%Volt when it is charged by a quantity of electricity equal to 1 Coulomb. &%Farad = C/V = m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^4*A^2.' s__Ohm 'SI electric resistance measure. It is the electric resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference of potential of 1 &%Volt, applied between these two points, produces in this conductor a current of 1 &%Ampere, this conductor not being the force of any electromotive force. &%Ohm = V/A = m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-2).' s__Siemens 'SI electric conductance measure. Symbol: S. In the case of direct current, the conductance in &%Siemens is the reciprocal of the resistance in &%Ohms, in the case of alternating current, it is the reciprocal of the impedance in ohms. siemens = A/V = m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^(3)*A^2.' s__Weber 'SI magnetic flux measure. Symbol: Wb. It is the magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an electromotive force of 1 &%Volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 &%SecondDuration. &%Weber = V*s = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1).' s__Tesla 'SI magnetic flux density measure. Symbol: T. One &%Tesla equals one &%Weber per square &%Meter. &%Tesla = Wb/m^2 = kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1).' s__Henry 'SI inductance measure. Symbol: H. One &%Henry is equivalent to one &%Volt divided by one &%Ampere per &%SecondDuration. If a current changing at the rate of one &%Ampere per &%SecondDuration induces an electromotive force of one &%Volt, the circuit has an inductance of one &%Henry. &%Henry = Wb/A = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-2).' s__CelsiusDegree s__CelsiusDegree__t s__UnitOfTemperature__t 'A &%TemperatureMeasure. The freezing point and the boiling point of water are, respectively, 0 &%CelsiusDegrees and 100 &%CelsiusDegrees.' "273.15" "32" "1.8" s__FahrenheitDegree s__Lumen 'SI luminous flux measure. Symbol: lm. It is the amount streaming outward through one solid angle of 1 &%Steradian from a uniform point source having an intensity of one &%Candela. &%Lumen = cd*sr = cd * 1.' s__Lux 'SI illuminance measure. Symbol: lx. It is the amount of illumination provided when one &%Lumen is evenly distributed over an area of 1 square &%Meter. This is also equivalent to the illumination that would exist on a surface all points of which are one &%Meter from a point source of one &%Candela. &%Lux = lm/m^2 = m^(-2)*cd.' s__Becquerel 'SI activity measure. Symbol: Bq. It measures the amount of radioactivity contained in a given sample of matter. It is that quantity of a radioactive element in which there is one atomic disintegration per &%SecondDuration. &%Becquerel = s^(-1).' s__Gray 'SI absorbed dose measure. Symbol: Gy. It measures the dose of radiation absorbed in living tissue. It is equal approximately to the absorbed dose delivered when the energy per unit mass imparted to matter by ionizing radiation is 1 &%Joule per kilogram. &%Gray = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2).' s__Sievert 'SI dose equivalent measure. Symbol: Sv. It is a unit of biologic dose of ionizing radiation. The &%Sievert makes it possible to normalize doses of different types of radiation. It takes into account the relative biologic effectiveness of ionizing radiation, since each form of such radiation--e.g., X rays, gamma rays, neutrons-- has a slightly different effect on living tissue for a given absorbed dose. The dose equivalent of a given type of radiation (in &%Sievert) is the dose of the radiation in &%Gray multiplied by a quality factor that is based on the relative biologic effectiveness of the radiation. Accordingly, one &%Sievert is generally defined as the amount of radiation roughly equivalent in biologic effectiveness to one &%Gray of gamma radiation. &%Sievert = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2)' s__DayDuration 'Time unit. 1 day = 24 hours.' "24" s__HourDuration 'Time unit. 1 hour = 60 minutes.' "60" s__MinuteDuration 'Time unit. 1 minute = 60 seconds. ' s__WeekDuration 'Time unit. A weeks duration is seven days.' "7" s__MonthDuration 'Time unit. A months duration is at least 28 days, and no more than 31 days. Note that this unit is a range, rather than an exact amount, unlike most other units.' "28" "31" s__YearDuration 'Time unit. one calendar year. 1 year = 365 days = 31536000 seconds.' "365" s__Amu 'Atomic mass unit. Symbol: u. It is the mass of the twelfth part of an atom of the Carbon 12 isotope.' "1.6605402E-24" s__ElectronVolt 'The &%ElectronVolt is an energy measure. Symbol: eV. It is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 &%Volt in a vacuum.' "1.60217733E-19" s__Angstrom 'The &%Angstrom is a &%LengthMeasure. 1 &%Angstrom = 10^(-10) m' "1.0E-10" s__FootLength 'English length unit of feet.' "0.3048" s__Inch 'English length unit of inches.' "0.0254" s__Mile 'English length unit of miles.' "1609.344" s__UnitedStatesGallon s__UnitedKingdomGallon 'Unit of volume commonly used in the United States.' "3.785411784" s__Quart 'English unit of volume equal to 1/4 of a &%UnitedStatesGallon.' s__Pint 'English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a &%Quart.' s__Cup 'English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a &%Pint.' s__Ounce 'English unit of volume equal to 1/8 of a &%Cup.' "8" s__UnitOfVolume__t 'Unit of volume commonly used in the United Kingdom.' "4.54609" s__AtomGram s__UnitOfMass__t '&%MassMeasure that is also known as the gram-atom. Defined as the mass in grams of 1 &%Mole of pure substance. For example, 1 &%AtomGram of Carbon 12 will be 12 &%Grams of pure Carbon 12. 2 &%AtomGrams of the same substance will be 24 &%Grams of it. This is an unusual unit in that it is essentially 1 &%Mole of stuff measured in grams, so that the actual value (i.e. mass) depends on the type of substance.' s__Kilogram 'Supermultiple of &%Gramm. Symbol: kg. 1 &%Kilogram = 1000 Grams.' '(&%weight ?O ?MM) means that on planet earth the &%SelfConnectedObject ?O has the weight ?MM.' s__PoundMass 'English mass unit of pounds.' "453.59237" s__Slug 'English mass unit of slugs.' "14593.90" s__RankineDegree 'A &%TemperatureMeasure. Note that 0 &%RankineDegrees is the same as the absolute zero (i.e. 0 &%KelvinDegrees).' 'A &%UnitOfTemperature that is commonly used in the United States. On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32 &%FahrenheitDegrees, and the boiling point of water is 212 &%FahrenheitDegrees.' s__PoundForce 'English pound of force. The conversion factor depends on the local value of the acceleration of free fall. A mean value is used in the conversion axiom associated with this constant.' "4.448222" s__Calorie s__CompositeUnitOfMeasure__t 'A &%Calorie is an energy measure.' "4.1868" s__BritishThermalUnit 'An energy measure.' "1055.05585262" s__AngularDegree 'A plane angle measure.' "180" "360" s__UnitedStatesDollar 'A currency measure.' s__UnitedStatesCent 'A currency measure. 1 &%UnitedStatesCent is equal to .01 &%UnitedStatesDollars.' s__EuroDollar s__UnitOfCurrency__t 'A currency measure of most European Union countries.' s__EuroCent 'A currency measure. 1 &%EuroCent is equal to .01 &%EuroDollars.' s__InformationMeasure__t 'Measures of the amount of information. Includes &%Bit, &%Byte, and multiples of these, e.g. &%KiloByte and &%MegaByte.' s__Bit 'One &%Bit of information. A one or a zero.' s__Byte 'One &%Byte of information. A &%Byte is eight &%Bits.' s__KiloByte 'One &%KiloByte (KB) of information. One &%KiloByte is 1024 &%Bytes. Note that this sense of kilo is different from the one accepted in the SI system.' "1024" s__MegaByte 'One &%MegaByte (MB) of information. One &%MegaByte is 1024 &%KiloBytes. Note that this sense of mega is different from the one accepted in the SI system.' 'A very general &%Predicate for asserting that a particular &%Object is measured by a particular &%PhysicalQuantity. In general, the second argument of this &%Predicate will be a term produced with the &%Function &%MeasureFn.' 'Simply relates an &%Object to a &%ConstantQuantity specifying the age of the &%Object.' '&%BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an &%Object from one point to another point along its surface. Note that the difference between the predicates &%length and &%distance is that the &%length is used to state the &%LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of a single object, while &%distance is used to state the &%LengthMeasure that separates two distinct objects.' '&%BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an &%Object from side to side at its widest span.' 'The height of an &%Object is the distance between its &%top and its &%bottom.' '&%BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an &%Object along its longest span.' s__Oval s__ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure s__Oval__t 'The class of &%ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures that are produced by the intersection of a &%Cone with a &%ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure.' s__Circle__t 'The class of &%Ovals such that all &%GeometricPoints that make up the &%Circle are equidistant from a single &%GeometricPoint, known as the center of the &%Circle.' s__CenterOfCircleFn__m '(CenterOfCircleFn ?CIRCLE) denotes the &%GeometricPoint that is the center of the &%Circle ?CIRCLE.' '(&%radius ?CIRCLE ?LENGTH) means that the radius of the &%Circle ?CIRCLE has a length of ?LENGTH.' '(&%diameter ?CIRCLE ?LENGTH) means that the diameter of the &%Circle ?CIRCLE has a length of ?LENGTH.' s__distance__m '(&%distance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?QUANT) means that the shortest distance between the two objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 is ?QUANT. Note that the difference between the predicates &%length and &%distance is that the &%length is used to state the &%LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of a single object, while &%distance is used to state the &%LengthMeasure that separates two distinct objects.' s__altitude__m 'A &%TernaryPredicate that is used to state the &%distance between the &%top of an &%Object and another point that is below the &%top of the &%Object (often this other point will be sea level). Note that this &%Predicate can be used to specify, for example, the height of geographic features, e.g. mountains, the altitude of aircraft, and the orbit of satellites around the Earth.' s__Above s__depth__m s__SingleValuedRelation__t 'A &%TernaryPredicate that is used to state the &%distance between the &%top of an &%Object and another point that is above the &%top of the &%Object (often this other point will be sea level). Note that this &%Predicate can be used to specify, for example, the depth of marine life or submarines, for example.' s__Below '(&%larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is larger, with respect to all &%LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2.' '(&%smaller ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is smaller, with respect to all &%LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2.' 'A &%BinaryPredicate that associates an &%Object or &%Process with its value expressed as an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure.' s__WealthFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Agent to a &%CurrencyMeasure specifying the value of the property owned by the &%Agent. Note that this &%Function is generally used in conjunction with the &%Function &%PropertyFn, e.g. (&%WealthFn (&%PropertyFn BillGates)) would return the monetary value of the sum of Bill Gates holdings.' '(&%barometricPressure ?AREA ?PRESSURE) means that the atmospheric pressure measured at ?AREA is ?PRESSURE. Barometric pressure is typically expressed in units of &%InchMercury or &%MmMercury. For example, standard sea level pressure is 29.92 inches (760 mm) of mercury: (&%barometricPressure &%SeaLevel (&%MeasureFn 29.92 &%InchMercury)).' s__UnitOfAtmosphericPressure__t '&%UnitOfAtmosphericPressure includes those instances of &%UnitOfMeasure used to measure atmospheric pressure (&%barometricPressure), e.g., &%InchMercury.' s__InchMercury '&%InchMercury is a &%UnitOfMeasure for &%barometricPressure. It is used to express the number of inches of mercury supported in a mercurial barometer by the surrounding air pressure.' s__MmMercury '&%MmMercury is a &%UnitOfMeasure for &%barometricPressure. It is used to express the number of millimeters of mercury supported in a mercurial barometer by the surrounding air pressure.' s__PositiveInfinity s__TimePoint__t 'The &%TimePoint that is after all other &%TimePoints.' s__NegativeInfinity 'The &%TimePoint that is before all other &%TimePoints.' '(&%duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the duration of the &%TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME. Note that this &%Predicate can be used in conjunction with the &%Function &%WhenFn to specify the duration of any instance of &%Physical.' '(&%frequency ?PROC ?TIME) means that the &%Process type of ?PROC recurs after every interval of ?TIME.' '(? [V__INST] : (s__instance(V__POSITION,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__INST,V__PROC)))' s__PartialOrderingRelation__t 'The temporal analogue of the spatial &%part predicate. (&%temporalPart ?POS1 ?POS2) means that &%TimePosition ?POS1 is part of &%TimePosition ?POS2. Note that since &%temporalPart is a &%ReflexiveRelation every &%TimePostion is a &%temporalPart of itself.' s__BeginFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimeInterval to the &%TimePoint at which the interval begins.' s__EndFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimeInterval to the &%TimePoint at which the interval ends.' '(&%starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both &%TimeIntervals that have the same initial &%TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2.' '(&%finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both &%TimeIntervals that have the same ending &%TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL2 begins before ?INTERVAL1.' '(&%before ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 precedes ?POINT2 on the universal timeline.' '(&%beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 is identical with ?POINT2 or occurs before it on the universal timeline.' s__temporallyBetween__m s__temporallyBetweenOrEqual__m '(&%temporallyBetween ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3) means that the &%TimePoint ?POINT2 is between the &%TimePoints ?POINT1 and ?POINT3, i.e. ?POINT1 is before ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before ?POINT3.' '(&%temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3) means that the &%TimePoint ?POINT1 is before or equal to the &%TimePoint ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before or equal to the &%TimePoint ?POINT3.' '(&%overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the &%TimeIntervals ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 have a &%TimeInterval as a common part.' '(&%during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 starts after and ends before ?INTERVAL2.' '(&%meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the terminal point of the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 is the initial point of the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2.' s__TemporalRelation__t '(&%earlier ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 ends before the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2 begins.' '(&%cooccur ?THING1 ?THING2) means that the &%Object or &%Process ?THING1 occurs at the same time as, together with, or jointly with the &%Object or &%Process ?THING2. This covers the following temporal relations: is co-incident with, is concurrent with, is contemporaneous with, and is concomitant with.' s__TimeIntervalFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that takes two &%TimePoints as arguments and returns the &%TimeInterval defined by these two &%TimePoints. Note that the first &%TimePoint must occur earlier than the second &%TimePoint.' 'A function that is useful for generating recurring time intervals. For example, (&%RecurrentTimeIntervalFn (&%HourFn 6 &%Day) (&%HourFn 12 &%Day)) returns the &%Class of &%TimeIntervals beginning at 6 in the morning and ending at 12 noon. For another example, (&%RecurrentTimeInterval &%Saturday &%Sunday) returns the &%Class of all weekends. For still another example, (&%RecurrentTimeInterval &%June &%August) returns the &%Class containing the academic summer period.' 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Object or &%Process to the exact &%TimeInterval during which it exists. Note that, for every &%TimePoint ?TIME outside of the &%TimeInterval (WhenFn ?THING), (time ?THING ?TIME) does not hold.' s__PastFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition to the &%TimeInterval that meets it and that begins at &%NegativeInfinity.' s__ImmediatePastFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition to a short, indeterminate &%TimeInterval that immediately precedes the &%TimePosition.' s__FutureFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition to the &%TimeInterval which it meets and which ends at &%PositiveInfinity.' s__ImmediateFutureFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition to a short, indeterminate &%TimeInterval that immediately follows the &%TimePosition.' 'A &%BinaryPredicate that specifies a &%TimePosition in absolute calendar time, at the resolution of one day, for a particular &%Object or &%Process.' s__YearFn__m s__Year 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a number to the corresponding calendar &%Year. For example, (&%YearFn 1912) returns the &%Class containing just one instance, the year of 1912. As might be expected, positive integers return years in the Common Era, while negative integers return years in B.C.E. Note that this function returns a &%Class as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. &%MonthFn, &%DayFn, &%HourFn, &%MinuteFn, and &%SecondFn, are used to generate both specific &%TimeIntervals and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of these functions classes rather than individuals.' s__MonthFn__m s__Month 'A &%BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of &%Month and a subclass of &%Year to the class containing the &%Months corresponding to thos &%Years. For example (&%MonthFn &%January (&%YearFn 1912)) is the class containing the eighth &%Month, i.e. August, of the &%Year 1912. For another example, (&%MonthFn &%August &%Year) is equal to &%August, the class of all months of August. Note that this function returns a &%Class as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. DayFn, HourFn, MinuteFn, and SecondFn, are used to generate both specific &%TimeIntervals and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of these functions classes rather than individuals.' s__DayFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Months to the &%Days within each &%Month corresponding to that &%PositiveRealNumber. For example, (&%DayFn 16 &%August) is the &%Class of all sixteenth days of August. For another example, (&%DayFn 9 &%Month) would return the class of all ninth days of any month. For still another example, (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912))) denotes the 18th day of August 1912.' s__HourFn__m s__Hour 'A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Days to the &%Hours within each &%Day corresponding to that &%NonnegativeInteger. For example, (&%HourFn 12 &%Thursday) is the &%Class of all instances of noon Thursday. For another example, (&%HourFn 0 &%Day) would return the class of all instances of midnight. For still another example, (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912)))) denotes 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912.' s__MinuteFn__m s__Minute 'A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Hours to the &%Minutes within each &%Hour corresponding to that &%NonnegativeInteger. For example, (&%MinuteFn 30 (&%HourFn 17 &%Day)) is the &%Class of all 5:30s in the afternoon. For another example, (&%MinuteFn 15 &%Hour) would return the class of all instances of quarter past the hour. For still another example, (&%MinuteFn 15 (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912))))) denotes 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912.' s__SecondFn__m s__Second 'A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Minutes to the &%Seconds within each &%Minute corresponding to that &%PositiveRealNumber. For example, (&%SecondFn 4 (&%MinuteFn 5 &%Hour)) is the &%Class of all fourth &%Seconds of every fifth &%Minute of every hour. For another example, (&%SecondFn 8 &%Minute) would return the eighth second of every minute. For still another example, (&%SecondFn 9 (&%MinuteFn 15 (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912)))))) denotes 9 seconds and 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912.' s__Year__t 'The &%Class of all calendar &%Years.' s__LeapYear s__LeapYear__t 'The &%Class of all leap years. These are years which are either (i.) evenly divisible by 4 and not by 100 or (ii.) evenly divisible by 400 (this latter case is known as a leap century).' "100" "400" 'The &%Class of all calendar &%Months.' s__January s__January__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are January.' s__February s__February__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are February.' "29" s__March s__March__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are March.' s__April s__April__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are April.' "30" s__May s__May__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are May.' s__June s__June__t s__Month__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are June.' s__July s__July__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are July.' s__August s__August__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are August.' s__September s__September__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are September.' s__October s__October__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are October.' s__November s__November__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are November.' s__December s__December__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are December.' 'The &%Class of all calendar &%Days.' s__Monday s__Monday__t 'The &%Class of all calendar Mondays.' s__Tuesday s__Tuesday__t 'The &%Class of all calendar Tuesdays.' s__Week s__Wednesday s__Wednesday__t 'The &%Class of all calendar Wednesdays.' s__Thursday s__Thursday__t 'The &%Class of all calendar Thursdays.' s__Friday s__Friday__t 'The &%Class of all calendar Fridays.' s__Saturday s__Saturday__t 'The &%Class of all calendar Saturdays.' s__Sunday s__Sunday__t s__Day__t 'The &%Class of all calendar Sundays.' s__Week__t 'The &%Class of all calendar weeks.' s__Hour__t 'The &%Class of all clock &%Hours.' s__Minute__t 'The &%Class of all clock &%Minutes.' s__Second__t 'The &%Class of all clock &%Seconds.' s__TemporalCompositionFn__m 'The basic &%Function for expressing the composition of larger &%TimeIntervals out of smaller &%TimeIntervals. For example, if &%ThisSeptember is an &%instance of &%September, (&%TemporalCompositionFn &%ThisSeptember &%Day) denotes the &%Class of consecutive days that make up &%ThisSeptember. Note that one can obtain the number of instances of this &%Class by using the function &%CardinalityFn.' "12" '(connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 &%meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 or that ?OBJ1 &%overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2.' s__connects__m 'The relationship between three things, when one of the three things connects the other two. More formally, (&%connects ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that (&%connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (&%connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3) and not (&%connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3).' '(&%meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are &%connected but that neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 &%overlapsSpatially the other.' s__ReflexiveRelation__t '(&%overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the &%Objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have some parts in common. This is a reflexive and symmetric (but not transitive) relation.' '(&%overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have part(s) in common, but neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 is a &%part of the other.' '(&%superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 that has no interior parts of its own (or, intuitively, that only overlaps those parts of ?OBJ2 that are externally connected with the mereological complement of ?OBJ2). This too is a transitive relation closed under &%MereologicalSumFn and &%MereologicalProductFn.' '(&%surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a maximally connected &%superficialPart of ?OBJ2. Note that some &%SelfConnectedObjects have more than one surface, e.g. a hollow object like a tennis ball has both an inner and an outer surface.' '(&%interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is part ?OBJ2 and there is no overlap between ?OBJ1 and any &%superficialPart ?OBJ2.' '(&%bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJECT) holds if ?BOTTOM is the lowest or deepest maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT.' '(&%top ?TOP ?OBJECT) means that ?TOP is the highest maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT.' '(&%side ?SIDE ?OBJECT) means that ?SIDE is a side of the object, as opposed to the &%top or &%bottom.' s__MereologicalSumFn__m s__MereologicalProductFn__m s__MereologicalDifferenceFn__m '(&%MereologicalSumFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to either ?OBJ1 or ?OBJ2.' s__BinaryFunction__t '(&%MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to both ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2.' '(&%MereologicalDifferenceFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to ?OBJ1 and not to ?OBJ2.' '(&%hole ?HOLE ?OBJ) means that ?HOLE is a &%Hole in ?OBJ. A &%Hole is a fillable body located at the &%surface an &%Object.' s__Hole__t 'A hole is an immaterial body located at the surface of an &%Object. Since every &%Hole is ontologically dependent on its host (i.e., the object in which it is a hole), being a &%Hole is defined as being a &%hole in something. Note that two &%Holes may occupy the same region, or part of the same region, without sharing any parts. Any two hosts of a hole have a common proper part that entirely hosts the hole. A common host of two holes hosts all parts of the sum of those holes. Any object that includes the host of a hole is a host of that hole, unless its parts also include parts of that very hole. Overlapping holes have overlapping hosts. No hole is atomic. Holes are connected with their hosts. No hole can have a proper part that is externally connected with exactly the same things as the hole itself.' s__HoleHostFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Hole to the &%Object which is its principal host. The principle host of a &%Hole is its maximally connected host (a notion taken here to be defined only when the argument is a hole).' s__Fillable s__ShapeAttribute 'Something is &%Fillable if it can be filled by something else. Note that filled here means perfectly filled. Something is fillable just in case it is part of a hole, i.e., fillability is an exclusive property of holes and their parts.' s__AsymmetricRelation__t '(&%partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?OBJ &%completelyFills some part of ?HOLE. Note that if (&%partiallyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (&%part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (&%partiallyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). Note too that a partial filler need not be wholly inside a hole (it may stick out), which means that every complete filler also qualifies as (is a limit case of) a partial one.' '(&%properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?HOLE is properly (though perhaps incompletely) filled by ?OBJ, i.e. some part of ?HOLE is perfectly filled by ?OBJ. Note that &%properlyFills is the dual of &%completelyFills, and is so related to &%partiallyFills that ?OBJ &%properlyFills ?HOLE just in case ?OBJ &%partiallyFills every part of ?HOLE. (Thus, every perfect filler is both complete and proper in this sense). Every hole is connected with everything with which a proper filler of the hole is connected. Every proper part of a perfect filler of (a part of) a hole properly fills (that part of) that hole.' '(&%completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that some &%part of the &%Object ?OBJ fills the &%Hole ?HOLE. Note that if (&%completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (&%part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (&%completelyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). A complete filler of (a part of) a hole is connected with everything with which (that part of) the hole itself is connected. A perfect filler of (a part of) a hole completely fills every proper part of (that part of) that hole.' 'Holes can be filled. (&%fills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that the &%Object ?OBJ fills the &%Hole ?HOLE. Note that &%fills here means perfectly filled. Perfect fillers and fillable entities have no parts in common (rather, they may occupy the same spatial region).' s__HoleSkinFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Hole to the skin of the &%Hole. The skin of a &%Hole is the fusion of those superficial parts (see &%superficialPart) of the &%Holes principal host (see &%HoleHostFn) with which the &%Hole is externally connected.' '(&%subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC) means that ?SUBPROC is a subprocess of ?PROC. A subprocess is here understood as a temporally distinguished part (proper or not) of a &%Process.' s__BiologicalProcess s__InternalChange 'A &%Process embodied in an &%Organism.' s__PhysiologicProcess s__PhysiologicProcess__t 'A normal process of an &%Organism or part of an &%Organism.' s__AutonomicProcess 'The class of &%PhysiologicProcesses of which there is not conscious awareness and control.' s__OrganOrTissueProcess s__OrganOrTissueProcess__t s__OrganismProcess 'A &%PhysiologicProcess of a particular &%Organ or &%Tissue.' s__Organ s__Tissue 'A physiologic function of the &%Organism as a whole, of multiple organ systems or of multiple &%Organs or &%Tissues.' s__Birth s__Birth__t s__OrganismProcess__t 'The &%Process of being born.' s__Death s__Death__t 'The &%Process of dying.' s__Breathing s__Breathing__t 'The &%Process of respiration, by which oxygen is made available to an &%Animal. This covers processes of inhalation, exhalation, and alternations between the two.' s__Ingesting 'The &%Process by which food is taken into an &%Animal.' s__Eating s__Eating__t 'The &%Process by which solid food is incorporated into an &%Animal.' s__Solid s__Drinking s__Drinking__t s__Ingesting__t 'The &%Process by which liquid food, i.e. &%Beverages, are incorporated into an &%Animal.' s__Liquid s__Digesting s__Digesting__t 'The &%Process by which &%Food that has been ingested is broken down into simpler chemical compounds and absorbed by the &%Organism.' s__ChemicalDecomposition s__Growth s__Growth__t s__AutonomicProcess__t 'The &%Process of biological development in which an &%Organism or part of an &%Organism changes its form or its size.' s__Replication 'The &%Process of biological reproduction. This can be either a sexual or an asexual process.' s__ReproductiveBody s__SexualReproduction s__SexualReproduction__t s__Replication__t s__AsexualReproduction 'Sexual &%Processes of biological reproduction.' s__AsexualReproduction__t 'Asexual &%Processes of biological reproduction.' s__PsychologicalProcess 'A &%BiologicalProcess which takes place in the mind or brain of an &%Organism and which may be manifested in the behavior of the &%Organism.' s__PathologicProcess s__PathologicProcess__t s__BiologicalProcess__t 'A disordered process, activity, or state of the &%Organism as a whole, of a body system or systems, or of multiple &%Organs or &%Tissues. Included here are normal responses to a negative stimulus as well as patholologic conditions or states that are less specific than a disease. Pathologic functions frequently have systemic effects.' s__DiseaseOrSyndrome s__Injuring s__Damaging s__Injuring__t s__Damaging__t 'The process of creating a traumatic wound or injury. Since &%Injuring is not possible without some biologic function of the organism being injured, it is a subclass of &%BiologicalProcess.' s__AnatomicalStructure s__Poisoning s__Poisoning__t 'A &%Poisoning is caused by an external substance. Since &%Poisoning is not possible without some biologic function which affects the &%Organism being injured, it is a subclass of &%BiologicalProcess.' s__BiologicallyActiveSubstance s__NaturalProcess 'A &%Process that take place in nature spontanously.' s__NaturalProcess__t 'A &%Process that has a specific purpose for the &%CognitiveAgent who performs it.' s__IntentionalPsychologicalProcess s__PsychologicalProcess__t 'An &%IntentionalProcess that can be realized entirely within the mind or brain of an &%Organism. Thus, for example, &%Reasoning is a subclass of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, because one can reason simply by exercising ones mind/brain. On the other hand, &%RecreationOrExercise is not a subclass of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, because many instances of &%RecreationOrExercise necessarily have &%subProcesses of &%BodyMotion.' s__RecreationOrExercise s__RecreationOrExercise__t 'A &%Process that is carried out for the purpose of recreation or exercise. Since &%RecreationOrExercise is a subclass of &%IntentionalProcess, the intent of a process determines whether or not it is an instance of the class. Hence, if John and Bill watch the same program on television, and John watches it to relax while Bill watches it solely to satisfy an educational requirement, then Johns watching the movie is an instance of &%RecreationOrExercise, while Bills is not (both cases of watching the television program would however be in the class of &%Seeing, since being an instance of this latter class is not determined by intention).' s__OrganizationalProcess 'An &%IntentionalProcess that involves an &%Organization.' s__Election s__Election__t '&%Election is the class of events conducted by an organization, in which qualified participants vote for officers, adopt resolutions, or settle other issues in that &%Organization.' s__ReligiousProcess s__ReligiousProcess__t 'An &%OrganizationalProcess that is carried out within or by a &%ReligiousOrganization.' s__ReligiousOrganization s__JoiningAnOrganization s__JoiningAnOrganization__t 'The &%OrganizationalProcess of becoming a &%member of an &%Organization.' s__LeavingAnOrganization 'The &%OrganizationalProcess of leaving an &%Organization, whether voluntarily or involuntarily.' s__Graduation s__Graduation__t s__LeavingAnOrganization__t 'The &%OrganizationalProcess of graduating from an &%EducationalOrganization.' s__EducationalOrganization s__Matriculation s__Matriculation__t 'The &%OrganizationalProcess of joining an &%EducationalOrganization as a student.' s__Hiring s__Hiring__t '&%OrganizationalProcesses where someone is made an employee of an &%Organization.' s__TerminatingEmployment s__TerminatingEmployment__t '&%OrganizationalProcesses where someone ceases to be an employee of an &%Organization. Note that this covers being laid off, being fired, and voluntarily leaving a job.' s__PoliticalProcess s__PoliticalProcess__t s__OrganizationalProcess__t 'An &%OrganizationalProcess carried out by, for or against officially constituted governments. Some examples would be voting on proposed legislation, electing a government representative, or even overthrowing a government in a revolution.' s__Government s__JudicialProcess 'Any legal proceeding which is conducted by a &%JudicialOrganization. Note that there is an important difference between the concepts &%LegalAction and &%JudicialProcess. The former refers to legal claims that are brought by a plaintiff, e.g. law suits, while the second refers to trials and other sorts of judicial hearings where the merits of a &%LegalAction are decided.' s__JudicialOrganization s__LegalDecision s__LegalDecision__t s__JudicialProcess__t s__Declaring 'A decision issued by a court with respect to a &%LegalAction. Note that a &%LegalDecision is the act of &%Declaring a decision of a court, it is not the act of judge or jury &%Deciding the merits of a particular &%LegalAction.' s__LegalAction s__Deciding s__MilitaryProcess s__MilitaryProcess__t 'Any &%Process that is carried out by a military organization. Note that this class covers &%Processes, e.g. military operations, that are the result of careful planning, as well as those which are unscripted.' s__RegulatoryProcess s__Guiding s__RegulatoryProcess__t 'an &%Guiding whose aim is the enforcement of rules or regulations. Note the key differences between &%RegulatoryProcess and the related concept &%Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between a single manager and limited number of agents who are managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are referred.' s__Managing s__Managing__t '&%OrganizationalProcesses that involve overseeing the activities of others. Note the key differences between &%RegulatoryProcess and its sibling &%Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between the manager and the managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are referred.' s__Planning__t 'Specifying a set of actions in order to meet a set of goals or objectives.' s__Designing s__Designing__t 'The spatial analogue of &%Planning. &%Designing a &%Collection of &%Objects involves determining a placement of the &%Objects with respect to one another and perhaps other &%Objects as well, in order to satisfy a particular purpose.' s__Interpreting s__Interpreting__t 'Any &%Process of assigning a &%Proposition to a &%Text, i.e. understanding the &%Text.' s__QuantityChange s__Increasing s__Decreasing 'Any &%InternalChange where a &%PhysicalQuantity associated with the &%patient is altered.' s__Putting 'Any &%QuantityChange where the &%PhysicalQuantity is increased.' '(s__MeasureFn(V__OBJ,V__UNIT) = V__QUANT1)' '(s__MeasureFn(V__OBJ,V__UNIT) = V__QUANT2)' s__Heating s__Heating__t s__Increasing__t s__Cooling 'Any &%Increasing &%Process where the &%PhysicalQuantity increased is a &%TemperatureMeasure.' s__QuantityChange__t s__Removing 'Any &%QuantityChange where the &%PhysicalQuantity is decreased.' s__Cooling__t s__Decreasing__t 'Any &%Decreasing &%Process where the &%PhysicalQuantity decreased is a &%TemperatureMeasure.' '(&%moves ?MOTION ?OBJECT) means that during the &%Motion event ?MOTION, ?OBJECT moves. This does not necessarily imply that the location of ?OBJECT changes during ?MOTION. See also &%changesLocation and &%Translocation.' '(&%changesLocation ?EVENT ?OBJECT) means that during the &%Translocation event ?EVENT, ?OBJECTs location changes. ?OBJECT might also be the &%agent, &%patient, or &%experiencer of ?EVENT.' s__Motion__t s__Process__t 'Any &%Process of movement.' s__MotionUpward s__MotionUpward__t s__MotionDownward '&%Motion where an &%Object is moving away from the ground.' s__MotionDownward__t '&%Motion where an &%Object is moving toward the ground.' '(&%path ?MOTION ?PATH) means that ?PATH is a route along which ?MOTION occurs. For example, Highway 101 is the path in the following proposition: the car drove up Highway 101.' s__BodyMotion 'Any &%Motion where the &%agent is an &%Organism and the &%patient is a &%BodyPart.' s__BodyPart s__VocalCords s__VocalCords__t 'The vocal cords, are composed of two folds of mucous membrane stretched horizontally across the larynx. They vibrate, modulating the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during &%Vocalizing. ' s__Vocalizing s__RadiatingSound s__Vocalizing__t 'Any instance of &%RadiatingSound where the instrument is the vocal cord. This covers grunts, screams, raors, as well as &%Speaking.' s__Speaking s__LinguisticCommunication s__Speaking__t 'Any &%LinguisticCommunication by a &%Human which involves his/her vocal cords.' s__Ambulating s__BodyMotion__t s__Walking s__Running 'Any &%BodyMotion which is accomplished by means of the legs of an &%Animal for the purpose of moving from one point to another.' s__Walking__t '&%Ambulating relatively slowly, i.e. moving in such a way that at least one foot is always in contact with the ground.' s__Running__t s__Ambulating__t '&%Ambulating relatively quickly, i.e. moving in such a way that, with each step, neither foot is in contact with the ground for a period of time.' s__Swimming s__Swimming__t 'Any deliberate and controlled &%BodyMotion through water that is accomplished by an &%Organism.' s__WaterArea s__Dancing s__Dancing__t 'Any &%BodyMotion of &%Humans which is deliberately coordinated with music.' s__GeologicalProcess s__GeologicalProcess__t 'The class of activities that are caused by geological forces and affect geological features, and which may affect the biosphere as well.' s__WeatherProcess '&%WeatherProcess is the broadest class of processes that involve weather, including weather seasons (not to be confused with instances of &%SeasonOfYear), weather systems, and short-term weather events.' s__Precipitation s__Precipitation__t s__WeatherProcess__t s__WaterMotion s__Falling '&%Precipitation is the process of water molecules falling from the air to the ground, in either a liquid or frozen state.' s__Water s__LiquidMotion 'Any &%Motion where the &%patient is a &%Liquid. This class would cover, in particular, the flow of &%Water.' s__WaterMotion__t s__LiquidMotion__t 'Any &%LiquidMotion where the &%Liquid is &%Water.' s__GasMotion s__GasMotion__t 'Any &%Motion where the &%patient is a &%Gas. This class would cover, in particular, the motion of &%Air, e.g. a breeze or wind.' s__Gas s__Wind s__Wind__t 'Any &%Motion of &%Air.' s__DirectionChange s__DirectionChange__t 'The act of changing the direction in which the &%patient of the act is oriented.' s__Transfer s__Translocation__t 'Any &%instance of &%Translocation where the &%agent and the &%patient are not the same thing.' s__Carrying s__Carrying__t s__Transfer__t '&%Transfer from one point to another by means of an &%Animal or &%Human.' 'The &%Class of &%Processes where something is taken away from a location. Note that the thing removed and the location are specified with the &%CaseRoles &%patient and &%origin, respectively.' s__Uncovering s__Uncovering__t s__Covering 'The &%Class of &%Removing processes where the &%agent uncovers the &%patient, either completely or only partially.' s__Putting__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where something is put in a location. Note that the location is specified with the &%CaseRole &%destination.' s__Covering__t 'The &%Class of &%Putting processes where the &%agent covers the &%patient, either completely or only partially, with something else.' s__Inserting s__Inserting__t '&%Putting one thing inside of another thing.' s__Injecting s__Injecting__t '&%Inserting a &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance into an &%Animal or a &%Human with a syringe.' s__Substituting s__Substituting__t s__DualObjectProcess__t 'The &%Class of &%Transfers where one thing is replaced with something else.' s__Impelling s__Impelling__t 'The &%subclass of &%Transfer where the &%patient travels through space by means of a sudden, forceful event. Some examples would be shooting, throwing, tossing, etc.' s__Shooting s__Shooting__t 'The &%subclass of &%Impelling where the &%patient is a projectile that is fired through the air by means of some sort of &%Device.' s__Touching s__Touching__t 'Any &%Transfer where two &%Objects are brought into immediate physical contact with one another.' 'The state of grasping an &%Object. (&%grasps ?ANIMAL ?OBJ) means that the &%Animal ?ANIMAL is intentionally holding on to the &%Object ?OBJ.' s__Grabbing s__Attaching s__Grabbing__t 'Any instance of &%Touching which results in a situation where the &%agent &%grasps the &%patient of the &%Touching.' s__Releasing s__Releasing__t 'Any instance of &%Transfer which results in a situation where it is not the case that the &%agent &%grasps something which he/she &%grasps previously.' s__Impacting s__Impacting__t 'Any &%Touching where something comes into sudden, forceful, physical contact with something else. Some examples would be striking, knocking, whipping etc.' '&%Translocation is that class of &%Motions in which an object moves from one place to another. In the case of round trips, the &%origin and &%destination are the same, but the intervening motion passes through other locations. &%Translocation represents linear motion, in contrast to rotation or other movement in place. A vehicle is not necessary, &%Ambulating is a kind of &%Translocation.' s__Falling__t '&%Falling is the class of events in which something moves from a higher location to a lower location under the force of gravity.' s__Transportation s__Transportation__t s__TransportationDevice '&%Motion from one point to another by means of a &%TransportationDevice.' s__Guiding__t s__IntentionalProcess__t 'Any &%IntentionalProcess where the &%agent tries to direct the behavior of another &%Object, whether an &%Agent or not.' s__Driving s__Driving__t 'Controlling the direction and/or speed of a &%Vehicle. This includes navigating a ship, driving a car or truck, operating a train, etc.' s__Vehicle s__EducationalProcess s__EducationalProcess__t 'Any &%Process which is intended to result in &%Learning.' '(? [V__LEARN] : (s__instance(V__LEARN,s__Process) & s__instance(V__LEARN,s__Learning) & s__patient(V__LEARN,V__PERSON)))' s__ChangeOfPossession s__SocialInteraction 'The &%Class of &%Processes where ownership of something is transferred from one &%Agent to another.' s__Giving 'The &%subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where the &%agent gives the &%destination something.' s__Getting s__Funding s__Funding__t 'Any instance of &%Giving where the &%patient is an instance of &%Currency. Note that this class covers both financing, e.g. where a firm funds a software company with venture capital with the agreement that a certain percentage of the profits on the investment will be returned to the firm, and instances of &%UnilateralGiving, e.g. providing a tuition waiver and/or a stipend to a student as part of scholarship or fellowship.' s__Currency s__UnilateralGiving s__UnilateralGiving__t 'Any instance of &%Giving that is not part of a &%Transaction. In other words, any instance of &%Giving where nothing is received in return. Some examples of &%UnilateralGiving are: honorary awards, gifts, and financial grants.' s__Transaction s__Lending s__Lending__t s__Giving__t 'The &%subclass of &%Giving &%Processes where the &%agent gives the &%destination something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest).' s__Borrowing s__GivingBack s__GivingBack__t 'Any instance of &%Giving where the &%agent gives something to the &%destination which was previously given to the &%agent by the &%destination, e.g. returing a book that was borrowed from someone.' s__Getting__t s__ChangeOfPossession__t 'The &%subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where the &%agent gets something. Note that the source from which something is obtained is specified with the &%origin &%CaseRole.' s__UnilateralGetting s__UnilateralGetting__t 'Any instance of &%Getting that is not part of a &%Transaction. In other words, any instance of &%Getting where nothing is given in return. Some examples of &%UnilateralGetting are: appropriating, commandeering, stealing, etc.' s__Borrowing__t 'The &%subclass of &%Getting &%Processes where the &%agent gets something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest).' s__Transaction__t 'The &%subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where something is exchanged for something else.' 'A &%Transaction where an instance of &%FinancialInstrument is the subject of the action, and often is exchanged for something else.' s__FinancialInstrument '(&%transactionAmount ?TRANSACTION ?AMOUNT) means that ?AMOUNT is an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure being exhanged in the &%FinancialTransaction ?TRANSACTION.' s__ServiceProcess '&%ServiceProcess denotes the class of events in which one agent performs a service for another. The service need not be commercial, and it need not be the case that the &%serviceRecipient pays or recompenses the &%serviceProvider for the service.' s__CommercialService s__CommercialService__t s__FinancialTransaction__t 'Any &%FinancialTransaction by a &%CommercialAgent where the aim is to produce a profit.' s__ServiceProcess__t s__CommercialAgent s__Betting s__Betting__t 'A &%FinancialTransaction where an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for the possibility of winning a larger instance of &%CurrencyMeasure within the context of some sort of &%Game.' s__Buying s__Buying__t s__Selling 'A &%FinancialTransaction in which an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for an instance of &%Physical.' s__Selling__t 'A &%FinancialTransaction in which an instance of &%Physical is exchanged for an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure.' s__Learning s__Learning__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes which relate to the acquisition of information.' s__Discovering s__Discovering__t 'Finding something that was sought. Note that this class is restricted to cases of discovering something &%Physical. For cases involving the acquisition of knowledge, the class &%Learning should be used.' s__Pursuing s__Classifying s__Classifying__t 'The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve attaching a name or category to a thing or set of things. Note that &%Classifying is distinguished from &%Learning by the fact that the latter covers the acquisition by a &%CognitiveAgent of any &%Proposition, while the former involves the assignment of a label or category.' s__Reasoning s__Reasoning__t 'The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve concluding, on the basis of either deductive or inductive evidence, that a particular &%Proposition or &%Sentence is true.' s__Selecting 'The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve opting for one or more &%Entity out of a larger set of &%Entities. Note that this covers all cases of judging or evaluating.' s__Selecting__t 'The subclass of &%Selecting where the &%agent opts for one course of action out of a set of multiple possibilities that are open to him/her.' s__Voting s__Voting__t s__Deciding__t '&%Voting is the activity of voting in an &%Election. Voting is typically done by individuals, while &%Elections are conducted by &%Organizations. The voting process by an individual voter is part of an &%Election process.' s__Judging s__Judging__t 'The subclass of &%Selecting where the &%agent opts for one belief out of a set of multiple possibilities that are available to him/her.' s__Comparing s__Comparing__t 'The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve comparing, relating, contrasting, etc. the properties of two or more &%Entities.' s__Calculating s__Calculating__t '&%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the consideration and/or manipulation of instances of &%Quantity.' s__Measuring s__Measuring__t 'The &%Class of &%Calculating &%Processes where the aim is to determine the &%PhysicalQuantity of some aspect of the &%patient.' s__Counting s__Counting__t 'Enumerating something. The &%Class of &%Calculating &%Processes where the aim is to determine the &%Number corresponding to the &%patient.' '(s__CardinalityFn(V__ENTITY) = V__NUMBER)' s__Predicting s__Predicting__t 'The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the formulation of a &%Proposition about a state of affairs which might be realized in the future.' s__Remembering s__Remembering__t 'The &%Class of &%PsychologicalProcesses which involve the recollection of prior experiences and/or of knowledge which was previously acquired.' s__Keeping s__Keeping__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent keeps something in a particular location for an extended period of time.' s__Confining s__Confining__t 'The &%Class of &%Keeping &%Processes where the &%patient is a &%Human or an &%Animal and is kept involuntarily. This covers caging, imprisonment, jailing, etc.' s__Maintaining s__Maintaining__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent cares for or maintains the &%Object.' s__Repairing s__Repairing__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent makes a modification or series of modifications to an &%Object that is not functioning as intended so that it works properly.' s__TherapeuticProcess 'A &%Process that is carried out for the purpose of curing, improving or reducing the pain associated with a &%DiseaseOrSyndrome.' s__Surgery s__Surgery__t s__TherapeuticProcess__t 'Any &%TherapeuticProcess that involves making an incision in the &%Animal that is the &%patient of the &%TherapeuticProcess.' s__Cutting 'The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent brings about a situation where the &%patient no longer functions normally or as intended.' s__Destruction 'The &%subclass of &%Damagings in which the &%patient (or an essential element of the &%patient) is destroyed. Note that the difference between this concept and its superclass is solely one of extent.' s__Killing s__Killing__t s__Destruction__t 'The &%subclass of &%Destruction in which the death of an &%Organism is caused by an &%Organism. Note that in cases of suicide the &%Organism would be the same in both cases.' s__Poking s__Poking__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent pierces the surface of the &%Object with an &%instrument.' s__Cutting__t 'The &%subclass of &%Poking &%Processes which involve a sharp &%instrument.' s__Attaching__t s__Detaching 'A &%Process where one &%Object becomes attached to another &%Object. Note that this differs from &%Putting in that two things which are attached may already be in the same location. Note that &%Combining is different from &%Attaching in that the former applies to &%Substances, while the latter applies to &%CorpuscularObjects. Note too that &%Attaching is different from &%Putting in that one or both of the two things which are attached may or may not be moved from the location where they were combined.' s__Detaching__t 'A &%Process where the &%agent detaches one thing from something else. Note that &%Detaching is different from &%Separating in that the latter applies to &%Substances, while the former applies to &%CorpuscularObjects. Note too that &%Detaching is different from &%Removing in that one or both of the two things which are detached may or may not be moved from the location where they were attached.' s__Ungrasping s__Ungrasping__t 'Any instance of &%Detaching which results in a situation where it is not the case that the &%agent &%grasps something which he/she &%grasps previously.' s__Combining s__Combining__t 'A &%Process where two or more &%SelfConnectedObjects are incorporated into a single &%SelfConnectedObject. Note that &%Combining is different from &%Attaching in that the former results in one of the objects being &%part of the other, while &%Attaching only results in the two objects being &%connected with one another. Note too that &%Combining is different from &%Putting in that one or both of the two things which are combined may or may not be moved from the location where they were combined.' s__Separating 'A &%Process where a &%SelfConnectedObject is separated into (some of) its &%parts. Note that &%Separating is different from &%Detaching in that the latter only results in the two objects not being &%connected. Note too that &%Separating is different from &%Removing in that one or both of the two things which are separated may or may not be moved from the location where they were separated.' s__ChemicalProcess s__ChemicalSynthesis 'A &%ChemicalProcess occurs whenever chemical compounds (&%CompoundSubstances) are formed or decomposed. For example, reactants disappear as chemical change occurs, and products appear as chemical change occurs. In a chemical change a chemical reaction takes place. Catalysts in a &%ChemicalProcess may speed up the reaction, but arent themselves produced or consumed. Examples: rusting of iron and the decomposition of water, induced by an electric current, to gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen.' s__ChemicalSynthesis__t 'The &%Class of &%ChemicalProcesses in which a &%CompoundSubstance is formed from simpler reactants.' s__ChemicalProcess__t s__ChemicalDecomposition__t s__Separating__t 'The &%Class of &%ChemicalProcesses in which a &%CompoundSubstance breaks down into simpler products.' s__Combustion s__Combustion__t 'The &%Class of &%ChemicalProcesses in which an &%Object reacts with oxygen and gives off heat. This includes all &%Processes in which something is burning.' s__RadiatingLight s__Flammable 'The &%Attribute of being flammable at normal temperatures (i.e. not while a &%Plasma).' '&%Processes which involve altering an internal property of an &%Object, e.g. the shape of the &%Object, its coloring, its structure, etc. &%Processes that are not instances of this class include changes that only affect the relationship to other objects, e.g. changes in spatial or temporal location.' s__SurfaceChange s__SurfaceChange__t s__InternalChange__t '&%Processes which involve altering the properties that apply to the surface of an &%Object.' s__Coloring s__Coloring__t 'The &%subclass of &%SurfaceChange where a &%ColorAttribute of the &%patient is altered. Note that the change in color may apply to just part of the object.' s__ShapeChange s__ShapeChange__t 'The &%Process of changing the shape of an &%Object.' s__ContentDevelopment 'A &%subclass of &%IntentionalProcess in which content is modified, its form is altered or it is created anew.' s__Reading s__Reading__t 'A &%subclass of &%ContentDevelopment in which content is converted from a written form into a spoken representation. Note that the class &%Interpreting should be used in cases where a &%Text is read silently.' s__Writing s__Writing__t s__ContentDevelopment__t 'A &%subclass of &%ContentDevelopment in which content is converted from one form (e.g. uttered, written or represented mentally) into a written form. Note that this class covers both transcription and original creation of written &%Texts.' s__Encoding s__Encoding__t 'Converting a document or message into a formal language or into a code that can be understood only by a relatively small body of &%Agents. Generally speaking, this hinders wide dissemination of the content in the original document or message.' s__Decoding s__Decoding__t 'Converting a document or message that has previously been encoded (see &%Encoding) into a &%Language that can be understood by a relatively large number of speakers.' '(s__instance(V__ENCODE,s__Encoding) & s__patient(V__ENCODE,V__DOC2))' s__Translating s__Translating__t 'Converting content from one &%Language into another. This covers oral translation (i.e. interpreting) as well as written translation.' s__Wetting s__Wetting__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where a &%Liquid is added to an &%Object.' s__Drying s__Drying__t s__Removing__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where a &%Liquid is removed from an &%Object.' s__Creation 'The &%subclass of &%Process in which something is created. Note that the thing created is specified with the &%result &%CaseRole.' s__Making s__Creation__t 'The &%subclass of &%Creation in which an individual &%Artifact or a type of &%Artifact is made.' s__Constructing s__Constructing__t 'The &%subclass of &%Making in which a &%StationaryArtifact is built.' s__StationaryArtifact s__Manufacture s__Manufacture__t 'The &%Making of &%Artifacts on a mass scale.' s__Publication s__Publication__t 'The &%Manufacture of &%Texts. Note that there is no implication that the &%Texts are distributed. Such distribution, when it occurs, is an instance of &%Dissemination.' s__Cooking s__Cooking__t s__Making__t 'The &%Making of an &%instance of &%Food. Note that this can cover any preparation of &%Food, e.g. making a salad, cutting up fruit, etc. It does not necessarily involve the application of heat.' s__Pursuing__t 'The class of &%IntentionalProcesses where something is sought. Some examples would be hunting, shopping, trawling, and stalking.' '(~ s__possesses(V__AGENT,V__OBJ))' s__Hunting s__Hunting__t 'Hunting is the class of &%Processes in which an animal or animals are pursued and sometimes captured and/or killed.' '(? [V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__patient(V__PROC,V__P) & (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Confining) | s__instance(V__PROC,s__Killing))))' s__Investigating s__Investigating__t s__IntentionalPsychologicalProcess__t 'The class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses where the &%agent attempts to obtaina information (i.e. a &%Proposition denoted by a &%Formula).' '(~ s__knows(V__AGENT,V__PROP))' s__Experimenting s__Experimenting__t '&%Investigating the truth of a &%Proposition by constructing and observing a trial. Note that the trial may be either controlled or uncontrolled, blind or not blind.' s__DiagnosticProcess s__DiagnosticProcess__t 'A &%Process that is carried out for the purpose of determining the nature of a &%DiseaseOrSyndrome.' 'The &%subclass of &%IntentionalProcess that involves interactions between &%CognitiveAgents.' s__Pretending s__Pretending__t 'Any &%SocialInteraction where a &%CognitiveAgent or &%Group of &%CognitiveAgents attempts to make another &%CognitiveAgent or &%Group of &%CognitiveAgents believe something that is false. This covers deceit, affectation, impersonation, and entertainment productions, to give just a few examples.' s__Communication s__Stating s__Supposing s__Directing s__Committing s__Expressing 'A &%SocialInteraction that involves the transfer of information between two or more &%CognitiveAgents. Note that &%Communication is closely related to, but essentially different from, &%ContentDevelopment. The latter involves the creation or modification of a &%ContentBearingObject, while &%Communication is the transfer of information for the purpose of conveying a message.' s__Disseminating s__Disseminating__t 'Any &%Communication that involves a single &%agent and many &%destinations. This covers the release of a published book, broadcasting, a theatrical performance, giving orders to assembled troops, delivering a public lecture, etc.' s__Demonstrating__t 'Exhibiting something or a range of things before the public in a particular location. This would cover software demos, theatrical plays, lectures, dance and music recitals, museum exhibitions, etc.' '(&%attends ?DEMO ?PERSON) means that ?PERSON attends, i.e. is a member of the audience, of the performance event ?DEMO.' s__Gesture s__Gesture__t 'Any &%BodyMotion, e.g. a hand wave, a nod of the head, a smile, which is also an instance of &%Communication.' s__Advertising s__Advertising__t 'A &%Disseminating whose purpose is to promote the sale of an &%Object represented in a &%Text or &%Icon (the advertisement).' '(? [V__SALE] : (s__instance(V__SALE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__SALE,s__Selling) & s__patient(V__SALE,V__OBJ)))' s__Expressing__t 'Instances of this &%Class express a state of the &%agent. For example, Jane thanked Barbara for the present she had given her. The thanking in this case expresses the gratitude of Jane towards Barbara. Note that &%Expressing, unlike the other speech act types, is not a subclass of &%LinguisticCommunication. This is because emotions, for example, can be expressed without language, e.g. by smiling.' s__StateOfMind s__LinguisticCommunication__t s__Communication__t 'A &%Communication that involves the transfer of information via a &%LinguisticExpression.' s__Stating__t 'Instances of this &%Class commit the &%agent to some truth. For example, John claimed that the moon is made of green cheese.' s__Disagreeing s__Disagreeing__t 'A &%Stating in which two &%Agents have contradictory statements. This is distinguished from &%Arguing in that the statement in dispute may be a simple assertion, rather than a chain of deduction, and that two entities must be disagreeing with each other, whereas a single entity may craft an argument for a given point of view, without the need for another agent to disagree with.' s__Supposing__t 'Instances of this &%Class suppose, for the sake of argument, that a proposition is true. For example, John considered what he would do if he won the lottery.' s__Directing__t 'Instances of this &%Class urge some further action among the receivers. A &%Directing can be an &%Ordering, a &%Requesting or a &%Questioning.' s__Ordering s__Ordering__t 'A &%Directing in which the receiver is commanded to realize the content of a &%ContentBearingObject. Orders are injunctions, the disobedience of which involves sanctions, or which express an obligation upon the part of the orderee.' s__Obligation s__Requesting s__Requesting__t 'A request expresses a desire that some future action be performed. For example, the 5th Battalion requested air support from the 3rd Bomber Group. Note that this class covers proposals, recommendations, suggestions, etc.' s__Questioning s__Questioning__t 'A request for information. For example, John asked Bill if the President had said anything about taxes in his State of the Union address.' '(~ s__knows(V__AGENT,V__FORMULA))' 'Instances of this &%Class commit the &%agent to some future course. For example, Bob promised Susan that he would be home by 11pm.' s__Promise s__Offering s__Offering__t s__Committing__t 'The subclass of &%Committing in which a &%CognitiveAgent offers something &%Physical to another agent. Offerings may be unconditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a &%UnilateralGiving) or conditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a &%Transaction of some sort).' s__Declaring__t 'The &%Class of &%LinguisticCommunications that effect an institutional alteration when performed by competent authority. Some examples are nominating, marrying, and excommunicating.' s__Naming s__Naming__t 'The &%Process of assigning a name to someone or something.' s__Cooperation s__Cooperation__t 'The &%subclass of &%SocialInteraction where the participants involved work together for the achievement of a common goal.' s__Meeting s__Meeting__t s__SocialInteraction__t 'The coming together of two or more &%CognitiveAgents for the purpose of &%Communication. This covers informal meetings, e.g. visits with family members, and formal meetings, e.g. a board of directors meeting.' '(? [V__COMM] : (s__instance(V__COMM,s__Process) & s__instance(V__AGENT2,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__AGENT1,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__COMM,s__Communication) & s__agent(V__COMM,V__AGENT1) & s__agent(V__COMM,V__AGENT2)))' s__Contest 'A &%SocialInteraction where the &%agent and &%patient are &%CognitiveAgents who are trying to defeat one another. Note that this concept is often applied in a metaphorical sense in natural language, when we speak, e.g., of the struggle of plants for space or sunlight, or of bacteria for food resources in some environment.' s__ViolentContest s__Contest__t 'A &%Contest where one participant attempts to physically injure another participant.' s__War s__War__t s__ViolentContest__t 'A military confrontation between two or more &%GeopoliticalAreas or &%Organizations whose members are &%GeopoliticalAreas. As the corresponding axiom specifies, a &%War is made up of &%Battles.' s__Battle s__Battle__t 'A &%ViolentContest between two or more military units within the context of a war. Note that this does not cover the metaphorical sense of battle, which simply means a struggle of some sort. This sense should be represented with the more general concept of &%Contest.' s__Game s__Game__t 'A &%Contest whose purpose is the enjoyment/stimulation of the participants or spectators of the &%Game.' s__Sport s__Sport__t 'A &%Game which requires some degree of physical exercion from the participants of the game.' s__LegalAction__t 'Any &%Process where a &%CognitiveAgent seeks to obtain something through a court of law.' s__Maneuver 'An intentional move or play within a &%Contest. In many cases, a &%Maneuver is a realization of part of a strategy for winning the &%Contest, but it also may be just an arbitrary or semi-arbitrary division of the overarching &%Contest, e.g. innings in a baseball game.' s__Attack s__Attack__t 'A &%Maneuver in a &%ViolentContest where the &%agent attempts to inflict damage on the &%patient.' '(? [V__DAMAGE] : (s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Damaging) & s__patient(V__DAMAGE,V__OBJ)))' s__DefensiveManeuver s__DefensiveManeuver__t s__Maneuver__t 'A &%Maneuver in a &%ViolentContest where the &%agent attempts to avoid being damaged.' '(~ (? [V__DAMAGE] : (s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Damaging) & s__patient(V__DAMAGE,V__AGENT))))' s__Perception 'Sensing some aspect of the material world. Note that the &%agent of this sensing is assumed to be an &%Animal.' s__Seeing 'The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the sensing is done by an ocular &%Organ.' s__Looking s__Looking__t s__Seeing__t 'Any instance of &%Seeing which is intentional.' s__Smelling s__Smelling__t s__Perception__t 'The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the sensing is done by an olefactory &%Organ.' s__OlfactoryAttribute s__Tasting s__Tasting__t 'The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the sensing is done by of an &%Organ which can discriminate various tastes.' s__TasteAttribute s__Hearing 'The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the sensing is done by an auditory &%Organ.' s__SoundAttribute s__PerceptualAttribute s__SoundAttribute__t s__PerceptualAttribute__t 'The volume of sound relative to a listener.' s__Audible 'A sound level capable of being heard by a &%Human.' '(s__instance(V__HEAR,s__Hearing) & s__agent(V__HEAR,V__HUMAN) & s__destination(V__HEAR,V__HUMAN) & s__origin(V__HEAR,V__OBJ))' s__Listening s__Hearing__t s__Listening__t 'Any instance of &%Hearing which is intentional.' s__TactilePerception s__TactilePerception__t 'The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the sensing is done by &%Touching. Note that &%Touching need not involve &%TactilePerception. For example, a person who has lost all sensation in both of his legs would have no &%TactilePerception of anything his legs were &%Touching.' s__Radiating 'Processes in which some form of electromagnetic radiation, e.g. radio waves, light waves, electrical energy, etc., is given off or absorbed by something else.' s__RadiatingElectromagnetic s__RadiatingLight__t 'The &%subclass of &%Radiating in which light is given off or absorbed. Some examples include blinking, flashing, and glittering.' s__Illuminated s__RadiatingInfrared s__RadiatingInfrared__t s__RadiatingElectromagnetic__t s__RadiatingXRay s__RadiatingXRay__t 'The &%subclass of &%Radiating in which sound waves are given off or absorbed. Some examples include creaking, roaring, and whistling.' s__MakingMusic s__RadiatingSound__t '&%MakingMusic is a type of &%RadiatingSound where the &%result is intended to be melodic and is produced delibrately' 'making music' 'Changing the old Music to &%MakingMusic to be more consistent with the verb-form that &%Process seem to take. (09-14-2011)' 'KJN' s__MakingInstrumentalMusic s__MakingVocalMusic s__MakingInstrumentalMusic__t s__MakingMusic__t '&%MakingInstrumentalMusic is a type of &%MakingMusic which is produced using some kind of &%MusicalInstrument' 'instrumental music' s__MusicalInstrument s__MakingVocalMusic__t '&%MakingVocalMusic is a type of &%MakingMusic which is produced by using the vocal cords' singing 'Currently, &%VocalMusic also inherits from &%Speaking. Changing this to more general &%Vocalizing. Acapella groups today use their &%VocalCord to create music in ways that are more than just speaking. (09-14-2011)' s__Singing s__Singing__t '&%Singing is a type of &%MakingVocalMusic wherein words are produced by the singer. This is different from other forms of &%MakingVocalMusic such as humming or scatting or beatboxing , where the vocal cords are used to create the music but no words are formed.' '&%RadiatingElectromagnetic is the subclass of &%Radiating processes in which electromagnetic radiation is transmitted or absorbed.' s__RadiatingNuclear s__RadiatingNuclear__t s__Radiating__t 'Releasing atomic energy, i.e. energy from a nuclear reaction.' s__StateChange 'Any &%Process where the &%PhysicalState of &%part of the &%patient of the &%Process changes.' '(&%atomicNumber ?ELEMENT ?NUMBER) means that the &%ElementalSubstance ?ELEMENT has the atomic number ?NUMBER. The atomic number is the number of &%Protons in the nucleus of an &%Atom.' '(s__part(V__PROTON,V__ATOM) & s__instance(V__PROTON,s__Proton))' 'The temperature at which a &%PureSubstance changes state from a &%Liquid to a &%Gas.' "29.92" 'The temperature at which a &%PureSubstance changes state from a &%Solid to a &%Liquid. Note that &%Arsenic can sublimate directly from &%Solid to &%Gas which means that its melting and boiling points are equal.' s__Melting s__Melting__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is heated and converted from a &%Solid to a &%Liquid.' s__Boiling s__Boiling__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where a &%Substance is heated and converted from a &%Liquid to a &%Gas.' s__Evaporating s__Evaporating__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where a &%Substance is converted from a &%Liquid to a &%Gas at a temperature below its &%Boiling point.' s__Condensing s__Condensing__t s__StateChange__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is cooled and converted from a &%Gas to a &%Liquid.' s__Freezing s__Freezing__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is cooled and converted from a &%Liquid to a &%Solid.' s__AstronomicalBody s__AstronomicalBody__t 'The &%Class of all astronomical objects of significant size. It includes &%SelfConnectedObjects like planets, stars, and asteroids, as well as &%Collections like nebulae, galaxies, and constellations. Note that the planet Earth is an &%AstronomicalBody, but every &%Region of Earth is a &%GeographicArea.' s__GeographicArea__t s__Region__t s__LandArea 'A geographic location, generally having definite boundaries. Note that this differs from its immediate superclass &%Region in that a &%GeographicArea is a three-dimensional &%Region of the earth. Accordingly, all astronomical objects other than earth and all one-dimensional and two-dimensional &%Regions are not classed under &%GeographicArea.' s__LocalizablePlace s__LocalizablePlace__t '(&%geographicSubregion ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the &%GeographicArea ?PART is part of the &%GeographicArea ?WHOLE.' 'Any &%GeographicArea which is associated with some sort of political structure. This class includes &%Lands, &%Cities, districts of cities, counties, etc. Note that the identity of a &%GeopoliticalArea may remain constant after a change in borders.' '(&%geopoliticalSubdivision ?AREA1 ?AREA2) means that ?AREA1 is any geopolitical part of ?AREA2, that is, ?AREA1 is an integral &%geographicSubregion of ?AREA2 (not a &%DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea), having its own associated &%GovernmentOrganization which is subordinated to or constrained by the government of ?AREA2. Cf. &%dependentGeopoliticalArea.' 'A body which is made up predominantly of water, e.g. rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.' s__SaltWaterArea s__SaltWaterArea__t s__WaterArea__t s__FreshWaterArea 'A &%WaterArea whose &%Water is saline, e.g. oceans and seas.' s__FreshWaterArea__t 'A &%WaterArea whose &%Water is not saline, e.g. most rivers and lakes.' 'An area which is predominantly solid ground, e.g. a &%Nation, a mountain, a desert, etc. Note that a &%LandArea may contain some relatively small &%WaterAreas. For example, Australia is a &%LandArea even though it contains various rivers and lakes.' s__Continent s__Island s__ShoreArea s__ShoreArea__t 'A &%ShoreArea is a &%LandArea approximately 1-3 km wide bordering a body of water, such as an ocean, bay, river, or lake. A &%ShoreArea may comprise a variety of &%LandForms, such as dunes, sloughs, and marshes.' s__Continent__t 'As defined in the CIA World Fact Book, &%Continent covers seven land masses: &%Africa, &%NorthAmerica, &%SouthAmerica, &%Antarctica, &%Europe, &%Asia, and &%Oceania. Note that &%Australia, counted as a continent in some other systems, is included in &%Oceania in the Fact Book. As a consequence, there is no &%Nation which is also a &%Continent.' s__Island__t 'A &%LandArea that is completely surrounded by a &%WaterArea.' s__Nation__t 'The broadest &%GeopoliticalArea, i.e. &%Nations are &%GeopoliticalAreas that are not part of any other overarching and comprehensive governance structure (excepting commonwealths and other sorts of loose international organizations).' s__StateOrProvince s__StateOrProvince__t 'Administrative subdivisions of a &%Nation that are broader than any other political subdivisions that may exist. This &%Class includes the states of the United States, as well as the provinces of Canada and European countries.' s__City s__City__t 'A &%LandArea of relatively small size, inhabited by a community of people, and having some sort of political structure. Note that this class includes both large cities and small settlements like towns, villages, hamlets, etc.' s__County s__County__t s__GeopoliticalArea__t s__LandArea__t 'A &%GeopoliticalArea that is larger than a city, usually encompassing several cities, and smaller than a &%StateOrProvince. Aside from City, this is the smallest geopolitical subdivision, and it is known by various names in various counties, e.g. parrish, commune, etc.' s__Transitway '&%Transitway is the broadest class of regions which may be passed through as a &%path in instances of &%Translocation. &%Transitway includes land, air, and sea regions, and it includes both natural and artificial transitways.' s__LandTransitway s__LandTransitway__t s__Transitway__t '&%LandTransitway is the subclass of &%Transitway that represents areas intended for motion over the ground.' '(? [V__TRANSPORT] : (s__instance(V__TRANSPORT,s__Motion) & s__instance(V__TRANSPORT,s__Transportation) & s__path(V__TRANSPORT,V__WAY)))' s__Roadway s__Roadway__t '&%Roadway is the subclass of &%LandTransitways that are areas intended for surface travel by self-powered, wheeled vehicles, excluding those that travel on tracks. &%Roadways have been at least minimally improved to enable the passage of vehicles. &%Roadways include dirt and gravelled roads, paved streets, and expressways.' s__Water__t 'The &%Class of samples of the compound H20. Note that this &%Class covers both pure and impure &%Water.' s__Mineral s__Mineral__t s__Substance__t 'Any of various naturally occurring homogeneous substances (such as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum), or synthetic substances having the chemical composition and crystalline form and properties of a naturally occurring mineral.' '(&%developmentalForm ?OBJECT ?FORM) means that ?FORM describes a stage in the individual maturation of ?OBJECT. For example, tadpole and caterpillar are &%developmentalForms of frogs and butterflies, respectively.' s__OrganicObject__t s__CorpuscularObject__t s__OrganicThing__t 'This class encompasses &%Organisms, &%CorpuscularObjects that are parts of &%Organisms, i.e. &%BodyParts, and &%CorpuscularObjects that are nonintentionally produced by &%Organisms, e.g. &%ReproductiveBodies.' s__Plant s__Microorganism 'Generally, a living individual, including all &%Plants and &%Animals.' 'A very basic notion of living within something else. (&%inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is the residence (either permanent or temporary), nest, etc. of ?ORGANISM.' 'The relation between a &%Human and a &%PermanentResidence of the &%Human.' 'The relation between a &%Human and a &%TemporaryResidence of the &%Human.' 'An &%Organism having cellulose cell walls, growing by synthesis of &%Substances, generally distinguished by the presence of chlorophyll, and lacking the power of locomotion.' s__FloweringPlant s__FloweringPlant__t 'A &%Plant that produces seeds and flowers. This class includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and flowers.' s__NonFloweringPlant s__NonFloweringPlant__t s__Plant__t s__Alga s__Fern s__Moss 'A &%Plant that reproduces with spores and does not produce flowers.' s__Alga__t 'A chiefly aquatic plant that contains chlorophyll, but does not form embryos during development and lacks vascular tissue.' s__Fungus s__Fungus__t 'A eukaryotic &%Organism characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and the presence of rigid cell walls. Included here are both slime molds and true fungi such as yeasts, molds, mildews, and mushrooms.' s__Moss__t 'A &%NonFloweringPlant without true roots and little if any vascular tissue.' s__Fern__t 'A &%NonFloweringPlant that contains vascular tissue. This class includes true ferns, as well as horsetails, club mosses, and whisk ferns.' s__Vertebrate s__Invertebrate 'An &%Organism with eukaryotic &%Cells, and lacking stiff cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments.' s__Microorganism__t s__Organism__t 'An &%Organism that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope.' s__Bacterium s__Bacterium__t 'A small, typically one-celled, prokaryotic &%Microorganism.' s__Cell s__Virus s__Virus__t 'An &%Organism consisting of a core of a single nucleic acid enclosed in a protective coat of protein. A virus may replicate only inside a host living cell. A virus exhibits some but not all of the usual characteristics of living things.' 'An &%Animal which has a spinal column.' s__Invertebrate__t s__Animal__t s__Worm s__Mollusk s__Arthropod 'An &%Animal which has no spinal column.' s__Worm__t 'Long, narrow, soft-bodied &%Invertebrates.' s__Mollusk__t 'Soft-bodied &%Invertebrate that is usually contained in a shell. Includes oysters, clams, mussels, snails, slugs, octopi, and squid.' s__Arachnid s__Myriapod s__Insect s__Crustacean 'A &%Class of &%Invertebrate that includes &%Arachnids and &%Insects.' s__Arachnid__t s__Arthropod__t 'A &%Class of &%Arthropods that includes ticks and spiders.' s__Myriapod__t 'A &%Class of &%Arthropods that includes centipedes and millipedes.' s__Insect__t 'A &%Class of small &%Arthropods that are air-breathing and that are distinguished by appearance.' s__Crustacean__t 'A &%Class of &%Arthropods that mainly dwells in water and has a segmented body and a chitinous exoskeleton. Includes lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles.' s__ColdBloodedVertebrate s__Vertebrate__t s__Amphibian s__Fish s__Reptile '&%Vertebrates whose body temperature is not internally regulated.' s__WarmBloodedVertebrate '&%Vertebrates whose body temperature is internally regulated.' s__Amphibian__t s__ColdBloodedVertebrate__t 'A cold-blooded, smooth-skinned &%Vertebrate which characteristically hatches as an aquatic larva, breathing by gills. When mature, the &%Amphibian breathes with &%Lungs.' s__Bird s__Bird__t s__WarmBloodedVertebrate__t s__Mammal 'A &%Vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of feathers.' s__Fish__t 'A cold-blooded aquatic &%Vertebrate characterized by fins and breathing by gills. Included here are &%Fish having either a bony skeleton, such as a perch, or a cartilaginous skeleton, such as a shark. Also included are those &%Fish lacking a jaw, such as a lamprey or hagfish.' s__AquaticMammal s__HoofedMammal s__Marsupial s__Rodent s__Primate 'A &%Vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of hair, mammary glands, and sweat glands.' s__AquaticMammal__t 'The &%Class of &%Mammals that dwell chiefly in the water. Includes whales, dolphins, manatees, seals, and walruses.' s__HoofedMammal__t 'The &%Class of quadruped &%Mammals with hooves. Includes horses, cows, sheep, pigs, antelope, etc.' s__Marsupial__t s__Mammal__t 'The &%Class of &%Mammals which have a pouch for their young.' s__Carnivore 'The &%Class of flesh-eating &%Mammals. Members of this &%Class typically have four or five claws on each paw. Includes cats, dogs, bears, racoons, and skunks.' s__Canine s__Canine__t s__Carnivore__t s__Feline 'The &%Class of &%Carnivores with completely separable toes, nonretractable claws, and long muzzles.' s__Feline__t 'The &%Class of &%Carnivores with completely separable toes, slim bodies, and rounded heads. All felines other than the cheetah have retractable claws.' s__Rodent__t 'The &%Class of &%Mammals with one or two pairs of incisors for gnawing. Includes rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits.' s__Ape s__Monkey s__Hominid 'The &%Class of &%Mammals which are &%Primates.' s__Ape__t 'Various &%Primates with no tails or only short tails.' s__Monkey__t s__Primate__t 'Various &%Primates with relatively long tails.' s__Hominid__t 'Includes &%Humans and relatively recent ancestors of &%Humans.' s__CognitiveAgent__t 'Modern man, the only remaining species of the Homo genus.' s__Man__t 'The class of &%Male &%Humans.' s__Male s__Woman__t s__Human__t 'The class of &%Female &%Humans.' s__Female s__Reptile__t 'A &%ColdBloodedVertebrate having an external covering of scales or horny plates. &%Reptiles breathe by means of &%Lungs and generally lay eggs.' s__BiologicallyActiveSubstance__t 'A &%Substance that is capable of inducing a change in the structure or functioning of an &%Organism. This &%Class includes &%Substances used in the treatment, diagnosis, prevention or analysis of normal and abnormal body function. This &%Class also includes &%Substances that occur naturally in the body and are administered therapeutically. Finally, &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance includes &%Nutrients, most drugs of abuse, and agents that require special handling because of their toxicity.' s__Nutrient s__Protein s__Carbohydrate s__Vitamin 'A &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance required by an &%Organism. It is generally ingested as &%Food, and it is of primary interest because of its role in the biologic functioning of the &%Organism.' s__Protein__t s__Nutrient__t 'A &%Nutrient made up of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.' s__Enzyme s__Enzyme__t 'A complex &%Protein that is produced by living cells and which catalyzes specific biochemical reactions. There are six main types of enzymes: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases.' s__Carbohydrate__t 'An element of living cells and a source of energy for &%Animals. This class includes both simple &%Carbohydrates, i.e. sugars, and complex &%Carbohydrates, i.e. starches.' s__Vitamin__t 'A &%Nutrient present in natural products or made synthetically, which is essential in the diet of &%Humans and other higher &%Animals. Included here are &%Vitamin precursors and provitamins.' s__LiquidMixture s__Solution s__Suspension 'Any &%Mixture that satisfies two conditions, viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a &%Liquid and any component other than &%Liquid in the &%Mixture is in the form of fine particles which are suspended in the &%Liquid.' s__Solution__t s__LiquidMixture__t 'A liquid mixture. The most abundant component in a solution is called the solvent. Other components are called solutes. A solution, though homogeneous, may nonetheless have variable composition. Any amount of salt, up to a maximum limit, can be dissolved in a given amount of water.' s__Suspension__t 'A &%LiquidMixture where at least one of the components of the &%Mixture is equally distributed throughout the &%Mixture but is not dissolved in it.' s__GasMixture s__Mixture__t 'Any &%Mixture that satisfies two conditions, viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a &%Gas and any component other than &%Gas in the &%Mixture is in the form of fine particles which are suspended in the &%Gas.' s__Cloud s__Cloud__t s__GasMixture__t 'Any &%GasMixture that is visible, e.g. &%Smoke produced by a fire or clouds of water vapor in the sky.' s__Smoke s__Smoke__t 'A mixture of fine particles suspended in a gas that is produced by &%Combustion.' s__WaterCloud s__WaterCloud__t 'Any &%Cloud that is composed primarily of water vapor.' s__Air s__Air__t '&%Air is the gaseous stuff that makes up the atmosphere surrounding Earth.' s__BodySubstance s__BodySubstance__t 'Extracellular material and mixtures of cells and extracellular material that are produced, excreted or accreted by an &%Organism. Included here are &%Substances such as saliva, dental enamel, sweat, hormones, and gastric acid.' s__AnimalSubstance '&%BodySubstances that are produced exclusively by &%Animals.' s__PlantSubstance s__PlantSubstance__t '&%BodySubstances that are produced exclusively by &%Plants.' s__Hormone s__Hormone__t 'In &%Animals, a chemical secreted by an endocrine gland whose products are released into the circulating fluid. &%Plant hormones or synthetic hormones which are used only to alter or control various physiologic processes, e.g., reproductive control agents, are assigned to the &%Class &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance. &%Hormones act as chemical messengers and regulate various physiologic processes such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc. They usually fall into two broad categories, viz. steroid hormones and peptide hormones.' s__Gland s__Blood s__Blood__t 'A fluid present in &%Animals that transports &%Nutrients to and waste products away from various &%BodyParts.' s__FoodForFn__m 'A &%Function that denotes &%SelfConnectedObject containing &%Nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a the given class of living &%Animal and metabolized into energy and body tissue.' s__Meat s__Meat__t 'Any food which was originally part of an &%Animal and is not ingested by drinking, including eggs and animal blood that is eaten as food. Note that this class covers both raw meat and meat that has been prepared in some way, e.g. by cooking. Note too that preparations involving &%Meat and &%FruitOrVegetable are classed directly under &%Food.' '(s__instance(V__ANIMAL,s__Animal) & s__part(V__SUBPART,V__ANIMAL))' s__AbnormalAnatomicalStructure s__AnimalAnatomicalStructure s__PlantAnatomicalStructure 'A normal or pathological part of the anatomy or structural organization of an &%Organism. This class covers &%BodyParts, as well as structures that are given off by &%Organisms, e.g. &%ReproductiveBodies.' s__AbnormalAnatomicalStructure__t s__AnatomicalStructure__t 'Any &%AnatomicalStructure which is not normally found in the &%Organism of which it is a part, i.e. it is the result of a &%PathologicProcess. This class covers tumors, birth marks, goiters, etc.' 'A collection of &%Cells and &%Tissues which are localized to a specific area of an &%Organism and which are not pathological. The instances of this &%Class range from gross structures to small components of complex &%Organs.' s__AnimalAnatomicalStructure__t '&%AnatomicalStructures that are possessed exclusively by &%Animals.' '&%AnatomicalStructures that are possessed exclusively by &%Plants.' 'Reproductive structure of &%Organisms. Consists of an &%Embryonic &%Object and a nutritive/protective envelope. Note that this class includes seeds, spores, and &%FruitOrVegetables, as well as the eggs produced by &%Animals.' s__Egg s__Egg__t 'The fertilized or unfertilized female &%ReproductiveBody of an &%Animal. This includes &%Bird and &%Reptile eggs, as well as mammalian ova.' s__Seed s__Seed__t s__ReproductiveBody__t s__PlantAnatomicalStructure__t 'The fertilized or unfertilized female &%ReproductiveBody of a &%FloweringPlant.' s__Pollen s__Pollen__t 'A powder produced by &%FloweringPlants that contains male gametes and is capable of fertilizing the seeds of &%FloweringPlants of the same species.' s__FruitOrVegetable s__FruitOrVegetable__t 'Any fruit or vegetable, i.e. a ripened &%ReproductiveBody of a &%Plant. Note that &%FruitOrVegetable is not a subclass of &%Food, because some fruits, e.g. poisonous berries, are not edible.' s__Spore s__Spore__t 'Any &%ReproductiveBody of a &%NonFloweringPlant.' s__BodyCovering s__BodyCovering__t 'Any &%BodyPart which is a covering of another &%BodyPart or of an entire &%Organism. This would include the rinds of &%FruitOrVegetables and the skins of &%Animals.' s__BodyJunction s__BodyJunction__t 'The place where two &%BodyParts meet or connect.' s__BodyCavity s__BodyCavity__t s__BodyPart__t 'Any &%BodyPart which contains an unfilled space, e.g. &%BodyVessels, the atria and ventricles of the heart, the lungs, etc.' s__BodyVessel s__BodyVessel__t 'Any tube-like structure which occurs naturally in an &%Organism and through which a &%BodySubstance can circulate.' s__Cell__t 'The fundamental structural and functional unit of living &%Organisms.' s__Organ__t 'A somewhat independent &%BodyPart that performs a specialized function. Note that this functional definition covers bodily systems, e.g. the digestive system or the central nervous system.' s__Gland__t 'An &%Organ that removes &%Substances from the &%Blood, alters them in some way, and then releases them.' s__Bone s__Muscle s__FatTissue 'An aggregation of similarly specialized &%Cells and the associated intercellular substance. &%Tissues are relatively non-localized in comparison to &%BodyParts, &%Organs or &%Organ components. The main features of &%Tissues are self-connectivity (see &%SelfConnectedObject) and being a homogeneous mass (all parts in the same granularity are instances of &%Tissue as well).' s__Tissue__t s__Bone__t s__AnimalSubstance__t 'Rigid &%Tissue composed largely of calcium that makes up the skeleton of &%Vertebrates. Note that this &%Class also includes teeth.' s__Muscle__t 'Nonrigid &%Tissue appearing only in &%Animals and composed largely of contractile cells.' s__FatTissue__t 'Nonrigid &%Tissue that is composed largely of fat cells.' s__Noun s__Noun__t s__Verb s__Adjective s__Adverb s__ParticleWord 'One of the parts of speech. The &%Class of &%Words that conventionally denote &%Objects.' s__Verb__t s__Word__t 'One of the parts of speech. The &%Class of &%Words that conventionally denote &%Processes.' s__Adjective__t 'One of the parts of speech. The &%Class of &%Words that conventionally denote &%Attributes of &%Objects.' s__Adverb__t 'One of the parts of speech. The &%Class of &%Words that conventionally denote &%Attributes of &%Processes.' s__ParticleWord__t 'An umbrella &%Class for any &%Word that does not fit into the other subclasses of &%Word. A &%ParticleWord is generally a small term that serves a grammatical or logical function, e.g. and, of, since, etc. At some point, this class might be broken up into the subclasses Connective, Preposition, etc. Note that the class &%ParticleWord includes both personal and possessive pronouns, e.g. she, hers, it, its, etc.' s__Morpheme s__Morpheme__t 'Part of a &%Word which cannot be subdivided and which expresses a meaning.' s__Phrase s__VerbPhrase s__NounPhrase s__PrepositionalPhrase 'A set of &%Words in a &%Language which form a unit, i.e. express a meaning in the &%Language.' s__VerbPhrase__t 'A &%Phrase that has the same function as a &%Verb.' s__NounPhrase__t s__Phrase__t 'A &%Phrase that has the same function as a &%Noun.' s__PrepositionalPhrase__t 'A &%Phrase that begins with a preposition and that functions as an &%Adjective or an &%Adverb.' s__LinguisticExpression__t s__ContentBearingObject__t s__Artifact__t 'A &%LinguisticExpression or set of &%LinguisticExpressions that perform a specific function related to &%Communication, e.g. express a discourse about a particular topic, and that are inscribed in a &%CorpuscularObject by &%Humans.' s__FactualText s__FactualText__t s__Text__t s__FictionalText 'The class of &%Texts that purport to reveal facts about the world. Such texts are often known as information or as non-fiction. Note that something can be an instance of &%FactualText, even if it is wholly inaccurate. Whether something is a &%FactualText is determined by the beliefs of the agent creating the text.' s__FictionalText__t 'The class of &%Texts that purport to be largely a product of the authors imagination, i.e. the author does not believe that most of the content conveyed by the text is an accurate depiction of the real world. Note that something can be an instance of &%FictionalText, even if it is completely true. Whether something is a &%FictionalText is determined by the beliefs of the agent creating the text.' s__Sentence__t 'A syntactically well-formed formula of a &%Language. It includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a &%Proposition.' '(&%authors ?AGENT ?TEXTCLASS) means that ?AGENT is creatively responsible for the content of all instances of ?TEXTCLASS. For example, Agatha Christie is author of Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.' '(&%editor ?AGENT ?TEXTCLASS) means that ?AGENT is an editor of the content contained (or realized) in all instances of ?TEXTCLASS.' '(&%publishes ?ORG ?TEXTCLASS) means that ?ORG publishes all instances of ?TEXTCLASS. For example, Bantam Books publishes Agatha Christies Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.' s__EditionFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that maps a type of text (e.g. Agatha Christies Murder_on_the_Orient_Express) and a number to the edition of the text type corresponding to the number.' s__Summary s__Summary__t 'A short &%Text that is a summary of another, longer &%Text.' s__Certificate s__Certificate__t 'A &%Text that confers a right or obligation on the holder of the &%Certificate. Note that the right or obligation need not be a legal one, as in the case of an academic diploma that grants certain privileges in the professional world.' s__FinancialInstrument__t 'A document having monetary value or recording a monetary transaction' s__Currency__t 'Any element of the official currrency of some &%Nation. This covers both &%CurrencyBills and &%CurrencyCoins.' s__Patent s__Patent__t 'A &%Certificate that expresses the content of an invention that has been accorded legal protection by a governemental entity.' s__Molecule s__Molecule__t s__CompoundSubstance__t 'A molecule is the smallest unit of matter of a &%CompoundSubstance that retains all the physical and chemical properties of that substance, e.g., Ne, H2, H2O. A molecule is two or more &%Atoms linked by a chemical bond.' s__Object__t 'An &%Object that is the product of a &%Making.' s__Product s__Product__t 'An &%Artifact that is produced by &%Manufacture.' 'Some &%Artifacts have a life cycle with discrete stages or versions. (&%version ARTIFACT1 ARTIFACT2) means that ARTIFACT1 is a version of ARTIFACT2. Note that this &%Predicate relates subclasses of &%Artifact and not instances.' 'A &%StationaryArtifact is an &%Artifact that has a fixed spatial location. Most instances of this &%Class are architectural works, e.g. the Eiffel Tower, the Great Pyramids, office towers, single-family houses, etc.' s__Building s__Building__t 'The Class of &%StationaryArtifacts which are intended to house &%Humans and their activities.' s__Room s__Room__t s__StationaryArtifact__t 'A &%properPart of a &%Building which is separated from the exterior of the &%Building and/or other &%Rooms of the &%Building by walls. Some &%Rooms may have a specific purpose, e.g. sleeping, bathing, cooking, entertainment, etc.' s__House s__ResidentialBuilding s__ResidentialBuilding__t s__SingleFamilyResidence s__House__t s__SingleFamilyResidence__t 'A &%ResidentialBuilding which is intended to be inhabited by members of the same &%SocialUnit. &%Houses are distinguished from temporary housing like hotels and multi-family dwellings like condominium and apartment buildings.' s__Residence 'A &%Building or part of a &%Building which provides some accomodation for sleeping.' s__PermanentResidence__t s__Residence__t 'A &%Residence where people live, i.e. where people have a &%home.' s__TemporaryResidence__t 'A &%Residence which is strictly temporary, i.e. where no one makes his/her &%home.' 'A &%Building which provides some accomodation for sleeping. Note that this class does not cover just permanent residences, e.g. &%Houses and condominium and apartment buildings, but also temporary residences, e.g. hotels and dormitories. &%ResidentialBuildings are also distinguished from &%CommercialBuildings, which are intended to serve an organizational rather than a residential function.' 'A &%PermanentResidence which is intended to be the &%home of a single &%SocialUnit. This class covers &%Houses, &%ApartmentUnits, and &%CondominiumUnits.' '(! [V__AGENT1,V__AGENT2] : ((s__instance(V__AGENT2,s__Human) & s__instance(V__AGENT1,s__Human) & s__instance(V__RESIDENCE,s__PermanentResidence)) => ((s__home(V__AGENT1,V__RESIDENCE) & s__home(V__AGENT2,V__RESIDENCE)) => (? [V__UNIT] : (s__instance(V__UNIT,s__Collection) & s__instance(V__UNIT,s__SocialUnit) & s__member(V__AGENT1,V__UNIT) & s__member(V__AGENT2,V__UNIT))))))' s__ArtWork s__ArtWork__t '&%Artifacts that are created primarily for aesthetic appreciation. Note that this &%Class does not include most examples of architecture, which belong under &%StationaryArtifact.' s__RepresentationalArtWork s__RepresentationalArtWork__t 'Any &%ArtWork that represents something &%Physical.' s__Fabric s__Fabric__t '&%Artifacts that are created by weaving together natural or synthetic fibers or by treating the skins of certain sorts of &%Animals. Note that this &%Class includes articles that are created by stitching together various types of fabrics, e.g. bedspreads. On the other hand, &%Clothing is not a &%subclass of &%Fabric, because many clothing items contain elements that are not fabrics.' '&%WearableItem is the subclass of &%Artifacts that are made to be worn on the body.' s__Clothing s__Clothing__t s__WearableItem__t '&%Artifact made out of fabrics and possibly other materials that are used to cover the bodies of &%Humans.' '(&%wears ?AGENT ?WI) means that ?AGENT is wearing the &%WearableItem item ?WI.' s__Device 'A &%Device is an &%Artifact whose purpose is to serve as an &%instrument in a specific subclass of &%Process.' '(? [V__INST] : (s__instance(V__INST,s__Process) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__SetOrClass) & s__instance(V__INST,V__PROC) & s__instrument(V__INST,V__DEVICE)))' s__MusicalInstrument__t 'A &%Device which is manipulated by a &%Human and whose purpose is &%MakingMusic.' s__TransportationDevice__t 'A &%TransportationDevice is a &%Device which serves as the &%instrument in a &%Transportation &%Process which carries the &%patient of the &%Process from one point to another.' s__Vehicle__t '&%Vehicle is the subclass of &%TransportationDevices that transport passengers or goods from one place to another by moving from one place to the other with them, e.g., cars, trucks, ferries, and airplanes. Contrast with devices such as pipelines, escalators, or supermarket checkout belts, which carry items from one place to another by means of a moving part, without the device removing from the origin to the destination.' s__MeasuringDevice s__MeasuringDevice__t 'Any &%Device whose purpose is to measure a &%PhysicalQuantity.' '(? [V__MEASURE] : (s__instance(V__MEASURE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__MEASURE,s__Measuring) & s__instrument(V__MEASURE,V__DEVICE)))' s__AttachingDevice s__AttachingDevice__t 'A &%Device whose purpose is to attach one thing to something else, e.g. nails, screws, buttons, etc.' s__Weapon s__Weapon__t 'The &%Class of &%Devices that are designed primarily to damage or destroy &%Humans/&%Animals, &%StationaryArtifacts or the places inhabited by &%Humans/&%Animals.' '(? [V__D,V__PATIENT] : (s__instance(V__D,s__Process) & s__instance(V__D,s__Damaging) & s__instrument(V__D,V__WEAPON) & s__patient(V__D,V__PATIENT)))' s__Machine__t s__Device__t '&%Machines are &%Devices that that have a well-defined &%resource and &%result and that automatically convert the &%resource into the &%result.' 'A fundamental concept that applies in many engineering domains. An &%EngineeringComponent is an element of a &%Device that is a physically whole object, such as one might see listed as standard parts in a catalog. The main difference betweeen &%EngineeringComponents and arbitrary globs of matter is that &%EngineeringComponents are object-like in a modeling sense. Thus, an &%EngineeringComponent is not an arbtrary subregion, but a part of a system with a stable identity.' '(&%engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB ?SUPER) means that the &%EngineeringComponent ?SUB is structurally a &%properPart of ?SUPER. This relation is an &%AsymmetricRelation, since two &%EngineeringComponents cannot be subcomponents of each other.' 'This is the most general connection relation between &%EngineeringComponents. If (&%connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor ?COMP2 can be an &%engineeringSubcomponent of the other. The relation &%connectedEngineeringComponents is a &%SymmetricRelation, there is no information in the direction of connection between two components. It is also an &%IrreflexiveRelation, no &%EngineeringComponent bears this relation to itself. Note that this relation does not associate a name or type with the connection.' s__EngineeringConnection__t s__EngineeringComponent__t 'An &%EngineeringConnection is an &%EngineeringComponent that represents a connection relationship between two other &%EngineeringComponents. It is a reification of the &%Predicate &%connectedEngineeringComponents. That means that whenever this &%Predicate holds between two &%EngineeringComponents, there exists an &%EngineeringConnection. The practical reason for reifying a relationship is to be able to attach other information about it. For example, one might want to say that a particular connection is associated with some shared parameters, or that it is of a particular type. &%EngineeringConnections are &%EngineeringComponents and can therefore be an &%engineeringSubcomponent of other &%EngineeringComponents. However, to provide for modular regularity in component systems, &%EngineeringConnections cannot be connected. For each pair of &%EngineeringComponents related by &%connectedEngineeringComponents, there exists at least one &%EngineeringConnection. However, that object may not be unique, and the same &%EngineeringConnection may be associated with several pairs of &%EngineeringComponents.' s__connectsEngineeringComponents__m '&%connectsEngineeringComponents is a &%TernaryPredicate that maps from an &%EngineeringConnection to the &%EngineeringComponents it connects. Since &%EngineeringComponents cannot be connected to themselves and there cannot be an &%EngineeringConnection without a &%connectedEngineeringComponents &%Predicate, the second and third arguments of any &%connectsEngineeringComponents relationship will always be distinct for any given first argument.' 'An &%Agent that provides products and/or services for a fee with the aim of making a profit.' s__Business s__Business__t s__CommercialAgent__t 'An &%instance of &%Business is an &%Organization that is a &%CommercialAgent.' s__Corporation 'An &%Organization that has a special legal status that allows a group of persons to act as a &%CommercialAgent and that insulates the owners (shareholders) from many liabilities that might result from the corporations operation.' s__Manufacturer s__Manufacturer__t s__Corporation__t 'Any &%Corporation which manufactures &%Products.' '(? [V__MANUFACTURE] : (s__instance(V__MANUFACTURE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__MANUFACTURE,s__Manufacture) & s__instance(V__MANUFACTURE,s__CommercialService) & s__agent(V__MANUFACTURE,V__ORG)))' s__MercantileOrganization s__MercantileOrganization__t 'Any &%Corporation which sells goods or services to customers for a profit.' '(? [V__SELL] : (s__instance(V__SELL,s__Process) & s__instance(V__SELL,s__Selling) & s__instance(V__SELL,s__CommercialService) & s__agent(V__SELL,V__ORG)))' s__Group s__Group__t s__Agent__t 'A &%Collection of &%Agents, e.g. a flock of sheep, a herd of goats, or the local Boy Scout troop.' s__GroupOfPeople 'Any &%Group whose &%members are exclusively &%Humans.' s__AgeGroup s__AgeGroup__t s__GroupOfPeople__t 'A &%GroupOfPeople whose &%members all have the same &%age.' s__FamilyGroup s__FamilyGroup__t 'A &%GroupOfPeople whose &%members bear &%familyRelations to one another.' s__SocialUnit s__SocialUnit__t 'A &%GroupOfPeople who all have the same &%home.' s__ImmediateFamilyFn__m '(&%ImmediateFamilyFn ?PERSON) denotes the immediate family of ?PERSON, i.e. the &%Group consisting of the &%parents of ?PERSON and anyone of whom ?PERSON is a &%parent.' '(&%relative ?O1 ?O2) means that ?O1 and ?O2 are relatives, whether through common ancestry (consanguinity), someones marriage (affinity), or someones adoption. This definition is intentionally broad, so as to capture a wide array of `familial relations. The notion of who counts as `family also varies between cultures, but that aspect of meaning is not addressed here.' 'A very general &%Predicate for biological relationships. (&%familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) means that ?ORGANISM1 and ?ORGANISM2 are biologically derived from a common ancestor.' 'The transitive closure of the &%parent predicate. (&%ancestor ?DESCENDANT ?ANCESTOR) means that ?ANCESTOR is either the &%parent of ?DESCENDANT or the &%parent of the &%parent of &%DESCENDANT or etc.' 'The general relationship of parenthood. (&%parent ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?PARENT is a biological parent of ?CHILD.' 'The general relationship of motherhood. (&%mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER) means that ?MOTHER is the biological mother of ?CHILD.' 'The general relationship of fatherhood. (&%father ?CHILD ?FATHER) means that ?FATHER is the biological father of ?CHILD.' 'The general relationship of daughterhood. (&%daughter ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological daughter of ?PARENT.' 'The general relationship of being a son. (&%son ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological son of ?PARENT.' 'The relationship between two &%Organisms that have the same &%mother and &%father. Note that this relationship does not hold between half-brothers, half-sisters, etc.' 'The general relationship of being a brother. (&%brother ?MAN ?PERSON) means that ?MAN is the brother of ?PERSON.' 'The general relationship of being a sister. (&%sister ?WOMAN ?PERSON) means that ?WOMAN is the sister of ?PERSON.' '(&%legalRelation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2) means that ?AGENT1 and ?AGENT2 are relatives by virtue of a legal relationship. Some examples include marriage, adoption, etc.' '(&%acquaintance ?H1 ?H2) means that ?H1 has met and knows something about ?H2, such as ?H2s name and appearance. Statements made with this predicate should be temporally specified with &%holdsDuring. Note that &%acquaintance is not symmetric. For the symmetric version, see &%mutualAcquaintance.' '(&%mutualAcquaintance ?H1 ?H2) means that ?H1 and ?H2 have met each other and know something about each other, such as name and appearance. Statements made with this predicate should be temporally specified with &%holdsDuring. See also the weaker, non-symmetric version of this predicate, &%acquaintance.' s__SymmetricRelation__t 'The relationship of marriage between two &%Humans.' s__IrreflexiveRelation__t '(&%husband ?MAN ?WOMAN) means that ?MAN is the husband of ?WOMAN.' '(&%wife ?WOMAN ?MAN) means that ?WOMAN is the wife of ?MAN.' s__EthnicGroup s__EthnicGroup__t 'A &%GroupOfPeople whose &%members originate from the same &%GeographicArea or share the same &%Language and/or cultural practices.' s__BeliefGroup 'A &%GroupOfPeople whose &%members share a belief or set of beliefs.' 'An &%Organization is a corporate or similar institution. The &%members of an &%Organization typically have a common purpose or function. Note that this class also covers divisions, departments, etc. of organizations. For example, both the Shell Corporation and the accounting department at Shell would both be instances of &%Organization. Note too that the existence of an &%Organization is dependent on the existence of at least one &%member (since &%Organization is a subclass of &%Collection). Accordingly, in cases of purely legal organizations, a fictitious &%member should be assumed.' '(&%employs ?ORG ?PERSON) means that ?ORG has hired ?PERSON and currently retains ?PERSON, on a salaried, hourly or contractual basis, to provide services in exchange for monetary compensation.' s__PoliticalOrganization 'An &%Organization that is attempting to bring about some sort of political change.' s__MilitaryForce s__MilitaryForce__t s__PoliticalOrganization__t '&%MilitaryForce is the subclass of &%Organizations that are organized along military lines and for the purpose of either defensive or offensive combat, whether or not the force is an official &%GovernmentOrganization.' s__MilitaryOrganization s__GovernmentOrganization s__MilitaryOrganization__t 'Any heavily armed &%Organization that is part of a &%Government and that is charged with representing the &%Government in international conflicts.' s__ParamilitaryOrganization s__ParamilitaryOrganization__t 'An &%Organization which is much like a &%MilitaryOrganization, e.g. it is made up of armed fighters, except that it is not associated with a &%Government.' s__GovernmentOrganization__t '&%GovernmentOrganization is the class of official &%Organizations that are concerned with the government of a &%GeopoliticalArea at some level. They may be a &%subOrganization of a government.' s__Government__t s__LegalAgent__t 'The ruling body of a &%GeopoliticalArea.' s__GovernmentFn__m '(&%GovernmentFn ?AREA) denotes the &%Government of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA. For example, (&%GovernmentFn &%UnitedStates) denotes the Federal-level government of the United States, (&%GovernmentFn &%PuertoRico) denotes the government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.' s__PoliceOrganization s__PoliceOrganization__t 'Any &%GovernmentOrganization that is charged with domestic enforcement of the laws of the &%Government.' s__JudicialOrganization__t '&%JudicialOrganization is the class of &%Organizations whose primary purpose is to render judgments according to the statutes or regulations of a government or other organization. Judicial bodies are not necessarily government organizations, for example, those associated with sporting associations.' s__EducationalOrganization__t s__Organization__t 'A &%EducationalOrganization is an institution of learning. Some examples are public and private K-12 schools, and colleges and universities.' s__ReligiousOrganization__t s__BeliefGroup__t 'An &%Organization whose members share a set of religious beliefs.' '(&%subOrganization ?ORG1 ?ORG2) means that ?ORG1 is an &%Organization which is a part of the &%Organization ?ORG2. Note that &%subOrganization is a &%ReflexiveRelation, so every &%Organization is a &%subOrganization of itself.' '(&%citizen ?PERSON ?NATION) means that the &%Human ?PERSON is a citizen of &%Nation ?NATION.' s__FieldOfStudy s__FieldOfStudy__t s__Proposition__t 'An academic or applied discipline with recognized experts and with a core of accepted theory or practice. Note that &%FieldOfStudy is a &%subclass of &%Proposition, because a &%FieldOfStudy is understood to be a body of abstract, informational content, with varying degrees of certainty attached to each element of this content.' s__Procedure 'A sequence-dependent specification. Some examples are &%ComputerPrograms, finite-state machines, cooking recipes, musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts of plays and movies.' s__ComputerProgram s__ComputerProgram__t 'A set of instructions in a computer programming language that can be executed by a computer.' s__ComputerProgramming s__ComputerProgramming__t 'The process of developing a &%ComputerProgram' s__Plan__t s__Procedure__t 'A specification of a sequence of &%Processes which is intended to satisfy a specified purpose at some future time.' s__DeductiveArgument s__InductiveArgument 'Any proposition which has the form of a deductive or inductive argument, i.e. a set of premises which, it is claimed, imply a conclusion.' s__ValidDeductiveArgument s__InvalidDeductiveArgument 'An &%Argument which has the form of a deduction, i.e. it is claimed that the set of &%premises &%entails the &%conclusion.' s__ValidDeductiveArgument__t s__DeductiveArgument__t 'A &%DeductiveArgument which is valid, i.e. the set of &%premises in fact &%entails the &%conclusion.' s__InvalidDeductiveArgument__t '&%DeductiveArguments that are not &%ValidDeductiveArguments, i.e. it is not the case that the set of &%premises in fact &%entails the &%conclusion.' s__Explanation s__Explanation__t 'An &%Argument where the conclusion is an observed fact and the premises are other facts which collectively imply the conclusion. Note that this is the they hypothetico-deductive model of explanation.' s__InductiveArgument__t s__Argument__t 'An &%Argument which is inductive, i.e. it is claimed that a set of specific cases makes the &%conclusion, which generalizes these cases, more likely to be true.' '(&%premise ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the &%Proposition ?PROPOSITION is an explicit assumption of the &%Argument ?ARGUMENT.' s__PremisesFn__m '(&%PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT) returns the complete set of &%premises of the &%Argument ?ARGUMENT.' '(&%conclusion ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the &%Proposition ?PROPOSITION is the conclusion explicitly drawn from the &%Argument ?ARGUMENT. Note that it may or may not be the case that ?ARGUMENT &%entails ?PROPOSITION.' '(&%consistent ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that the two &%Propositions ?PROP1 and ?PROP2 are consistent with one another, i.e. it is possible for both of them to be true at the same time.' s__orientation__m 'A general &%Predicate for indicating how two &%Objects are oriented with respect to one another. For example, (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 North) means that ?OBJ1 is north of ?OBJ2, and (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Vertical) means that ?OBJ1 is positioned vertically with respect to ?OBJ2.' '(&%direction ?PROC ?ATTR) means that the &%Process ?PROC is moving in the direction ?ATTR. For example, one would use this &%Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving &%North.' '(&%faces ?OBJ ?DIRECTION) means that the front of ?OBJ (see &%FrontFn) is positioned towards the compass direction ?DIRECTION. More precisely, it means that if a line were extended from the center of ?DIRECTION, the line would intersect with the front of ?OBJ before it intersected with its back (see &%BackFn).' 'The &%Class of truth values, e.g. &%True and &%False. These are &%Attributes of &%Sentences and &%Propositions.' s__TruthValue__t 'The &%TruthValue of being true.' '$false__m' 'The &%TruthValue of being false.' 'The &%BinaryPredicate that relates a &%Sentence to its &%TruthValue.' '&%Attributes characterizing the orientation of an &%Object, e.g. &%Vertical versus &%Horizontal, &%Left versus &%Right etc.' s__DirectionalAttribute__t s__PositionalAttribute__t 'The subclass of &%PositionalAttributes that concern compass directions.' s__North s__South s__East s__West 'The compass direction of &%North.' 'The compass direction of &%South.' 'The compass direction of &%East.' 'The compass direction of &%West.' s__Vertical 'Attribute used to indicate that an &%Object is positioned height-wise with respect to another &%Object.' s__Horizontal 'Attribute used to indicate that an &%Object is positioned width-wise with respect to another &%Object.' s__SymmetricPositionalAttribute '&%SymmetricAttribute is the class of &%PositionalAttribute that hold between two items regardless of their order or orientation.' s__AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute '&%AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute is the class of &%PositionalAttribute that hold in only one direction. I.e. two objects cannot simulataneously be &%On each other.' 'This is a &%PositionalAttribute derived from the up/down schema and not involving contact. Note that this means directly above, i.e., if one object is &%Above another object, then the projections of the two objects overlap.' 'This &%PositionalAttribute is derived from the up/down schema and may or may not involve contact. Note that this means directly below, i.e., if one object is &%Below another object, then the projections of the two objects overlap.' s__On s__Adjacent s__SymmetricPositionalAttribute__t 'Used to assert that an object ?OBJ1 is close to, near or abutting ?OBJ2. This &%PositionalAttribute covers the following common sense notions: adjoins, abuts, is contiguous to, is juxtaposed, and is close to.' s__Near s__Left 'This &%PositionalAttribute is derived from the left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the left, so that, if one object is to the left of another, then the projections of the two objects overlap.' s__Right s__AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute__t 'This &%PositionalAttribute is derived from the left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the right, so that, if one object is to the right of another, then the projections of the two objects overlap.' 'The relation of common sense adjacency. Note that, if an object is &%Near another object, then the objects are not &%connected.' 'This is used to assert that an object is on top of another object, and it is derived from the up/down schema and involves contact.' s__TimeZone 'An &%Attribute which is used to specify coordinates in which time measures are uniform, i.e. all time devices are synchronized to the same &%TimePositions.' s__CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone s__TimeZone__t 'A &%TimeZone which functions as the standard time zone. It is also known as Zulu time (in the military), Greenwich Mean Time, and the Western European time zone. Note that whenever a &%TimeZone is not specified, the &%TimePosition is understood to be with respect to the &%CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone.' s__PacificTimeZone 'A &%TimeZone that covers much of the western part of the United States.' s__MountainTimeZone 'A &%TimeZone that covers much of the Rocky Mountain region of the United States.' s__CentralTimeZone 'A &%TimeZone that covers much of the midwestern United States.' "6" s__EasternTimeZone 'A &%TimeZone that covers much of the eastern United States.' s__RelativeTimeFn__m 'A means of converting &%TimePositions between different &%TimeZones. (&%RelativeTimeFn ?TIME ?ZONE) denotes the &%TimePosition in &%CoordinatedUniversalTime that is contemporaneous with the &%TimePosition ?TIME in &%TimeZone ?ZONE. For example, (&%RelativeTimeFn (&%MeasureFn 14 &%HourDuration) &%EasternTimeZone) would return the value (&%MeasureFn 19 &%HourDuration).' s__SocialRole s__SocialRole__t 'The &%Class of all &%Attributes that specify the position or status of a &%CognitiveAgent within an &%Organization or other &%Group.' s__Unemployed 'The &%Attribute of a &%CognitiveAgent when he/she is unemployed.' s__Position__t 'A formal position of reponsibility within an &%Organization. Examples of &%Positions include president, laboratory director, senior researcher, sales representative, etc.' s__occupiesPosition__m '(&%occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORG) means that ?PERSON holds the &%Position ?POSITION at &%Organization ?ORG. For example, (&%occupiesPosition &%TomSmith &%ResearchDirector &%AcmeLaboratory) means that &%TomSmith is a research director at Acme Labs.' s__NormativeAttribute__t s__RelationalAttribute__t 'A &%Class containing all of the &%Attributes that are specific to morality, legality, aesthetics, etiquette, etc. Many of these attributes express a judgement that something ought or ought not to be the case.' 'A &%BinaryRelation that is used to state the normative force of a &%Proposition. (&%modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?PROP) means that the &%Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA has the &%NormativeAttribute ?PROP. For example, (&%modalAttribute (&%exists (?ACT ?OBJ) (&%and (&%instance ?ACT &%Giving) (&%agent ?ACT John) (&%patient ?ACT ?OBJ) (&%destination ?ACT Tom))) &%Obligation) means that John is obligated to give Tom something.' s__Permission s__Possibility s__SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute s__SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute__t 'The &%Class of &%NormativeAttributes which lack an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. the attribution of these &%Attributes varies from subject to subject and even with respect to the same subject over time. This &%Class is, generally speaking, only used when mapping external knowledge sources to the SUMO. If a term from such a knowledge source seems to lack objective criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to this &%Class.' 'The &%Class of &%NormativeAttributes that are associated with an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. there is broad consensus about the cases where these attributes are applicable.' s__ContestAttribute s__ContestAttribute__t 'A &%Class containing &%Attributes that are specific to participants in a &%Contest. In particular, these &%Attributes indicate the position of one of the &%agents in the &%Contest with respect to other &%agent(s) in the &%Contest. Some examples of these &%Attributes are winning, losing, won, lost, etc.' s__AlethicAttribute 'A &%Class containing all of the &%Attributes relating to the notions of possibility and necessity.' s__AlethicAttribute__t 'Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that are possible, i.e. true in at least one possible world.' s__Necessity 'Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that are necessary, i.e. true in every possible world.' '(~ V__FORMULA)' 'Expresses a relationship between a &%Formula and a &%CognitiveAgent whereby the &%CognitiveAgent has the right to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.' s__confersRight__m 'Expresses the relationship between a &%Formula, an &%Entity, and a &%CognitiveAgent when the &%Entity authorizes the &%CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.' 'Expresses a relationship between a &%Formula and a &%CognitiveAgent whereby the &%CognitiveAgent has the obligation to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.' s__confersObligation__m 'Expresses the relationship between a a &%Formula, an &%Entity, and a &%CognitiveAgent when the &%Entity obligates the &%CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.' s__DeonticAttribute 'A &%Class containing all of the &%Attributes relating to the notions of permission, obligation, and prohibition.' s__DeonticAttribute__t '&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that an &%Agent is permitted, by some authority, to make true.' '&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that an &%Agent is required, by some authority, to make true.' s__Law '&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that are required by a government or a branch of the government and that are enforced with penalties for noncompliance. These &%Propositions may be codified as legislation or they may be more informal, as in the case of government policy.' '&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that an &%Agent promises to make true. &%Promises may be implicit or explicit. They may be expressed in a written or verbal or gestural manner.' s__Prohibition '&%Prohibition is the &%DeonticAttribute that applies to &%Formulas that an &%Agent is forbidden, by some authority, to make true.' s__ProbabilityAttribute s__ObjectiveNorm__t 'A class containing all of the &%Attributes relating to objective, qualitative assessments of probability, e.g. &%Likely and &%Unlikely.' s__Likely s__ProbabilityAttribute__t s__Unlikely 'The &%ProbabilityAttribute of being probable, i.e. more likely than not to be &%True.' 'The &%ProbabilityAttribute of being improbable, i.e. more likely than not to be &%False.' s__PhysicalState s__Plasma s__Fluid 'The physical state of an &%Object. There are three reified instances of this &%Class: &%Solid, &%Liquid, and &%Gas. Physical changes are not characterized by the transformation of one substance into another, but rather by the change of the form (physical states) of a given substance. For example, melting an iron nail yields a substance still called iron.' 'An &%Object has the &%Attribute of &%Solid if it has a fixed shape and a fixed volume.' '&%Fluid is the &%PhysicalState attribute of an &%Object that does not have a fixed shape and thus tends to flow or to conform to the shape of a container.' s__PhysicalState__t 'An &%Object has the &%Attribute of &%Liquid if it has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape.' 'An &%Object has the &%Attribute of &%Gas if it has neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape.' 'An extremely energetic &%PhysicalState that consists of atomic nuclei stripped of electrons. That is, a plasma is composed of positive ions and free electrons. &%Plasma behaves differently enough from &%Gas that it is referred to as the fourth state of matter.' 'Any &%Attribute whose presence is detected by an act of &%Perception.' s__TasteAttribute__t 'The &%Class of &%Attributes relating to the taste of &%Objects.' s__OlfactoryAttribute__t 'The &%Class of properties that are detectable by smell.' s__VisualAttribute 'The &%Class of visually discernible properties.' s__VisualAttribute__t 'The &%Attribute of &%Regions that are illuminated to some degree, i.e. in which some shapes are visually discernable.' s__Unilluminated 'The &%Attribute of &%Regions that are unilluminated, i.e in which no shapes are visually discernable.' s__ColorAttribute 'The &%Class of &%Attributes relating to the color of &%Objects.' s__PrimaryColor 'Colors which can be blended to form any color and which cannot be derived from any other colors.' s__Red 'The &%Attribute of redness.' s__Blue 'The &%Attribute of being blue in color.' s__Yellow 'The &%Attribute of being yellow in color.' s__White 'The &%Attribute of being white in color.' s__Black s__PrimaryColor__t 'The &%Attribute of being black in color.' s__Monochromatic 'An &%Object with this &%Attribute has the same color on every part of its surface.' s__Polychromatic s__ColorAttribute__t 'An &%Object with this &%Attribute has different colors on different parts of its surface.' s__StructureAttribute 'Each &%subclass of &%StructureAttribute denotes some facet of the structure of physical entities. Each &%instance of &%StructureAttribute denotes some structural characteristic that may pertain to some &%Physical entity.' s__ShapeAttribute__t s__StructureAttribute__t 'Any &%Attribute that relates to the shape of an &%Object.' s__Pliable 'The shape of an &%Object with this &%Attribute can easily be altered.' s__Rigid 'The shape of an &%Object with this &%Attribute cannot be altered without breaking.' s__TextureAttribute s__TextureAttribute__t 'Any &%Attribute that characterizes the texture of an &%Object.' s__Smooth 'An &%Object with this &%Attribute has a smooth surface.' s__Rough 'An &%Object with this &%Attribute has a rough surface.' s__TwoDimensionalFigure s__ThreeDimensionalFigure 'The class of all geometric figures, i.e. the class of all abstract, spatial representations. The instances of this class are &%GeometricPoints, &%TwoDimensionalFigures or &%ThreeDimensionalFigures.' s__GeometricPoint__t 'The class of zero-dimensional &%GeometricFigures, i.e. the class of &%GeometricFigures that have position but lack extension in any dimension.' s__OneDimensionalFigure__t 'The class of &%GeometricFigures that have position and an extension along a single dimension, viz. straight lines.' s__GeometricFigure__t s__OpenTwoDimensionalFigure 'The class of &%GeometricFigures that have position and an extension along two dimensions, viz. plane figures like circles and polygons.' s__OpenTwoDimensionalFigure__t s__TwoDimensionalFigure__t 'The class of &%TwoDimensionalFigures that are not &%ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures.' s__TwoDimensionalAngle__t 'Any two &%OneDimensionalFigures (i.e. straight lines) meeting at a single &%GeometricPoint.' s__ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure__t 'Any &%TwoDimensionalFigure which has a well defined interior and exterior.' s__ThreeDimensionalFigure__t 'The class of &%GeometricFigures that have position and an extension along three dimensions, viz. geometric solids like polyhedrons and cylinders.' '(&%geometricPart ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the &%GeometricFigure ?PART is part of the &%GeometricFigure ?WHOLE.' '(&%pointOfFigure ?POINT ?FIGURE) means that the &%GeometricPoint ?POINT is part of the &%GeometricFigure ?FIGURE.' '(&%angleOfFigure ?ANGLE ?FIGURE) means that the &%TwoDimensionalAngle ?ANGLE is part of the &%GeometricFigure ?FIGURE.' s__pointOfIntersection__m '(&%pointOfIntersection ?FIGURE1 ?FIGURE2 ?POINT) means that the two straight lines ?FIGURE1 and ?FIGURE2 meet at the point ?POINT.' '(&%parallel ?LINE1 ?LINE2) means that the &%OneDimensionalFigures ?LINE1 and ?LINE2 are parallel to one another, i.e. they are equidistant from one another at every point.' '(&%angularMeasure ?ANGLE ?MEASURE) means that the two-dimensional geometric angle ?ANGLE has the &%PlaneAngleMeasure of ?MEASURE.' '(&%lineMeasure ?LINE ?MEASURE) means that the straight line ?LINE has the &%LengthMeasure of ?MEASURE.' '(&%geometricDistance ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?LENGTH) means that ?LENGTH is the distance between the two &%GeometricPoints ?POINT1 and ?POINT2.' s__SaturationAttribute s__SaturationAttribute__t 'A &%Class of &%Attributes that specify, in a qualitative manner, the extent of the presence of one kind of &%Object in another kind of &%Object.' s__Dry s__Damp 'An &%Attribute which indicates that the associated &%Object contains no &%Liquid.' 'An &%Attribute which indicates that the associated &%Object contains some &%Liquid.' s__Wet 'An &%Attribute which indicates that the associated &%Object is fully saturated with a &%Liquid, i.e. every part of the &%Object has a subpart which is a &%Liquid.' s__BiologicalAttribute '&%Attributes that apply specifically to instances of &%Organism.' s__BodyPosition 'The class of &%Attributes expressing configurations of bodies or parts of bodies of animals or humans, e.g. standing, sitting, kneeling, lying down, etc.' s__Standing 'The &%BodyPosition of being upright, i.e. being fully extended and supported by nothing other than ones own feet.' s__Sitting s__BodyPosition__t 'The &%BodyPosition of being recumbent, i.e. knees bent and back side supported.' s__Prostrate 'The &%BodyPosition of lying down, being in a horizontal position.' s__AnimacyAttribute s__Living s__Dead '&%Attributes that indicate whether an &%Organism is alive or not.' s__AnimacyAttribute__t 'This &%Attribute applies to &%Organisms that are alive.' s__Unconscious 'This &%Attribute applies to &%Organisms that are not alive.' s__SexAttribute '&%Attributes that indicate the sex of an &%Organism.' 'An &%Attribute indicating that an &%Organism is female in nature.' s__SexAttribute__t 'An &%Attribute indicating that an &%Organism is male in nature.' s__DevelopmentalAttribute__t s__BiologicalAttribute__t s__FullyFormed s__NonFullyFormed '&%Attributes that indicate the stage of development of an &%Organism.' 'The stage of an &%Organism when it has reached the end of its growth phase.' 'The stage of an &%Organism before it is &%FullyFormed.' s__Larval 'Form of most &%Invertebrates, &%Amphibians, and &%Fish immediately after they hatch. This form is fundamentally unlike the adult form, and metamorphosis is required to reach the latter form.' s__Embryonic 'The stage of an &%Organism or an &%AnatomicalStructure that exists only before the &%Organism is born. &%Mammals, for example, have this &%Attribute only prior to their birth.' 'A &%BiologicalAttribute which qualifies something that alters or interferes with a normal process, state or activity of an &%Organism. It is usually characterized by the abnormal functioning of one or more of the hosts systems, parts, or &%Organs.' s__PsychologicalAttribute s__TraitAttribute '&%Attributes that characterize the mental or behavioral life of an &%Organism.' 'The class &%StateOfMind is distinguished from its complement &%TraitAttribute by the fact that instances of the former are transient while instances of the latter are persistent features of a creatures behavioral/psychological make-up.' s__EmotionalState s__EmotionalState__t s__StateOfMind__t 'The &%Class of &%Attributes that denote emotional states of &%Organisms.' s__ConsciousnessAttribute '&%Attributes that indicate whether an &%Organism is conscious or the qualitative degree of consciousness of an &%Organism.' s__Asleep '&%Attribute that applies to &%Organisms that are sleeping.' s__Awake '&%Attribute that applies to &%Organisms that are unconscious. An &%Organism may be &%Unconscious because it is &%Dead or because of a blow to the head, a drug, etc.' s__ConsciousnessAttribute__t '&%Attribute that applies to &%Organisms that are neither &%Unconscious nor &%Asleep.' s__TraitAttribute__t '&%Attributes that indicate the the behavior/personality traits of an &%Organism.' s__PsychologicalDysfunction s__PsychologicalDysfunction__t s__PsychologicalAttribute__t s__DiseaseOrSyndrome__t 'A clinically significant dysfunction whose major manifestation is behavioral or psychological. These dysfunctions may have identified or presumed biological etiologies or manifestations.' s__comment__m '(&%comment ?ENT ?STR ?PER) is a convenience relationship that allows ontologists represented by &%SymbolicString ?PER to write down commentaries ?STR on a defined &%Entity ?ENT' comment s__Object6_1 s__Object6_2 s__Object6_3 skc23
% 1.22/0.81 Fol Functions: s__ListFn_1 s__ListOrderFn s__ListFn_2 s__ListFn_3 s__ListFn_4 s__ListFn_5 s__ListFn_6 s__ListFn_7 s__AssignmentFn_2 s__AssignmentFn_3 s__AssignmentFn_4 s__AssignmentFn_5 s__AssignmentFn_6 s__AssignmentFn_7 s__FrontFn s__BackFn s__SquareRootFn times plus s__ProbabilityFn s__ListLengthFn s__SuccessorFn s__ListFn_8 s__WhenFn s__BeginFn s__PropertyFn s__PredecessorFn minus divide s__AbsoluteValueFn s__CeilingFn s__FloorFn s__GreatestCommonDivisorFn_1 s__RemainderFn s__GreatestCommonDivisorFn_2 s__GreatestCommonDivisorFn_3 s__GreatestCommonDivisorFn_4 s__GreatestCommonDivisorFn_5 s__GreatestCommonDivisorFn_6 s__GreatestCommonDivisorFn_7 s__RealNumberFn s__ImaginaryPartFn s__LeastCommonMultipleFn_1 s__LeastCommonMultipleFn_2 s__LeastCommonMultipleFn_3 s__LeastCommonMultipleFn_4 s__LeastCommonMultipleFn_5 s__LeastCommonMultipleFn_6 s__LeastCommonMultipleFn_7 s__MaxFn s__MinFn s__ReciprocalFn s__ExponentiationFn s__SignumFn s__RoundFn s__TangentFn s__SineFn s__CosineFn s__UnionFn s__CardinalityFn s__BeginNodeFn s__EndNodeFn s__InitialNodeFn s__TerminalNodeFn s__PathWeightFn s__MinimalWeightedPathFn s__GraphPathFn s__MaximalWeightedPathFn s__MinimalCutSetFn s__CutSetFn s__MeasureFn s__KiloFn s__GigaFn s__NanoFn s__MegaFn s__MilliFn s__MicroFn s__TeraFn s__PicoFn s__IntervalFn s__MagnitudeFn s__UnitFn s__VelocityFn s__SpeedFn s__CenterOfCircleFn s__WealthFn s__WhereFn s__EndFn s__TimeIntervalFn s__RecurrentTimeIntervalFn s__PastFn s__ImmediatePastFn s__FutureFn s__ImmediateFutureFn s__DayFn s__HourFn s__MinuteFn s__SecondFn s__YearFn s__MonthFn s__TemporalCompositionFn s__MereologicalSumFn s__MereologicalProductFn s__MereologicalDifferenceFn s__HoleSkinFn s__HoleHostFn s__FoodForFn s__KappaFn s__GovernmentFn s__EditionFn s__ImmediateFamilyFn s__PremisesFn s__RelativeTimeFn skf1 skf2 skf3 skf4 skf5 skf6 skf7 skf8 skf9 skf10 skf11 skf12 skf13 skf14 skf15 skf16 skf17 skf18 skf19 skf20 skf21 skf22 skf24 skf25 skf26 skf27 skf28 skf29 skf30 skf31 skf32 skf33 skf34 skf35 skf36 skf37 skf38 skf39 skf40 skf41 skf42 skf43 skf44 skf45 skf46 skf47 skf48 skf49 skf50 skf51 skf52 skf53 skf54 skf55 skf56 skf57 skf58 skf59 skf60 skf61 skf62 skf63 skf64 skf65 skf66 skf67 skf68 skf69 skf70 skf71 skf72 skf73 skf74 skf75 skf76 skf77 skf78 skf79 skf80 skf81 skf82 skf83 skf84 skf85 skf86 skf87 skf88 skf89 skf90 skf91 skf92 skf93 skf94 skf95 skf96 skf97 skf98 skf99 skf100 skf101 skf102 skf103 skf104 skf105 skf106 skf107 skf108 skf109 skf110 skf111 skf112 skf113 skf114 skf115 skf116 skf117 skf118 skf119 skf120 skf121 skf122 skf123 skf124 skf125 skf126 skf127 skf128 skf129 skf130 skf131 skf132 skf133 skf134 skf135 skf136 skf137 skf138 skf139 skf140 skf141 skf142 skf143 skf144 skf145 skf146 skf147 skf148 skf149 skf150 skf151 skf152 skf153 skf154 skf155 skf156 skf157 skf158 skf159 skf160 skf161 skf162 skf163 skf164 skf165 skf166 skf167 skf168 skf169 skf170 skf171 skf172 skf173 skf174 skf175 skf176 skf177 skf178 skf179 skf180 skf181 skf182 skf183 skf184 skf185 skf186 skf187 skf188 skf189 skf190 skf191 skf192 skf193 skf194 skf195 skf196 skf197 skf198 skf199 skf200 skf201 skf202 skf203 skf204 skf205 skf206 skf207 skf208 skf209 skf210 skf211 skf212 skf213 skf214 skf215 skf216 skf217 skf218 skf219 skf220 skf221 skf222 skf223 skf224 skf225 skf226 skf227 skf228 skf229 skf230 skf231 skf232 skf233 skf234 skf235 skf236 skf237 skf238 skf239 skf240 skf241 skf242 skf243 skf244 skf245 skf246 skf247 skf248 skf249 skf250 skf251 skf252 skf253 skf254 skf255 skf256 skf257 skf258 skf259 skf260 skf261 skf262 skf263 skf264 skf265 skf266 skf267 skf268 skf269 skf270 skf271 skf272 skf273 skf274 skf275 skf276 skf277 skf278 skf279 skf280 skf281 skf282 skf283 skf284 skf285 skf286 skf287 skf288 skf289 skf290 skf291 skf292 skf293 skf294 skf295 skf296 skf297 skf298 skf299 skf300 skf301 skf302 skf303 skf304 skf305 skf306 skf307 skf308 skf309 skf310 skf311 skf312 skf313 skf314 skf315 skf316 skf317 skf318 skf319 skf320 skf321 skf322 skf323 skf324 skf325 skf326 skf327 skf328 skf329 skf330 skf331 skf332 skf333 skf334 skf335 skf336 skf337 skf338 skf339 skf340 skf341 skf342 skf343 skf344 skf345 skf346 skf347 skf348 skf349 skf350 skf351 skf352 skf353 skf354 skf355 skf356 skf357 skf358 skf359 skf360 skf361 skf362 skf363 skf364 skf365 skf366 skf367 skf368 skf369 skf370 skf371 skf372 skf373 skf374 skf375 skf376 skf377 skf378 skf379 skf380 skf381 skf382 skf383 skf384 skf385 skf386 skf387 skf388 skf389 skf390 skf391 skf392 skf393 skf394 skf395 skf396 skf397 skf398 skf399 skf400 skf401 skf402 skf403 skf404 skf405 skf406 skf407 skf408 skf409 skf410 skf411 skf412 skf413 skf414 skf415 skf416 skf417 skf418 skf419 skf420 skf421 skf422 skf423 skf424 skf425 skf426 skf427 skf428 skf429 skf430 skf431 skf432 skf433 skf434 skf435 skf436 skf437 skf438 skf439 skf440 skf441 skf442 skf443 skf444 skf445 skf446 skf447 skf448 skf449 skf450 skf451 skf452 skf453 skf454 skf455 skf456 skf457 skf458 skf459 skf460 skf461 skf462 skf463 skf464 skf465 skf466 skf467 skf468 skf469 skf470 skf471 skf472 skf473 skf474 skf475 skf476 skf477 skf478 skf479 skf480 skf481 skf482 skf483 skf484 skf485 skf486 skf487 skf488 skf489 skf490 skf491 skf492 skf493 skf494 skf495 skf496 skf497 skf498 skf499 skf500 skf501 skf502 skf503 skf504 skf505 skf506 skf507 skf508 skf509 skf510 skf511 skf512 skf513 skf514 skf515 skf516 skf517 skf518 skf519 skf520 skf521 skf522 skf523 skf524 skf525 skf526 skf527 skf528
% 1.22/0.81 Problem Properties:
% 1.22/0.81 This is a full first-order problem with equality.
% 1.22/0.81 SZS status GaveUp
% 1.22/0.81 SPASS beiseite: SPASS does currently not support non-BS equality problems.
% 1.22/0.81
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------