%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% File : SPASS-SCL---0.1
% Problem : CSR080+6 : TPTP v9.2.1. Bugfixed v7.3.0.
% Transfm : none
% Format : tptp
% Command : /export/starexec/sandbox2/solver/bin/execute.py 300 /export/starexec/sandbox2/benchmark/theBenchmark.p
% Computer : n025.cluster.edu
% Model : x86_64 x86_64
% CPU : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2620 v4 2.10GHz
% Memory : 8042.1875MB
% OS : Linux 3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
% CPULimit : 300s
% WCLimit : 300s
% DateTime : Thu May 7 07:20:15 PM UTC 2026
% Result : Unknown 6.51s 2.21s
% Output : None
% Verified :
% SZS Type : -
% Comments :
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%----No solution output by system
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%----ORIGINAL SYSTEM OUTPUT
% 0.11/0.14 % Problem : CSR080+6 : TPTP v9.2.1. Bugfixed v7.3.0.
% 0.11/0.15 % Command : /export/starexec/sandbox2/solver/bin/execute.py 300 /export/starexec/sandbox2/benchmark/theBenchmark.p
% 0.16/0.36 % Computer : n025.cluster.edu
% 0.16/0.36 % Model : x86_64 x86_64
% 0.16/0.36 % CPU : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2620 v4 @ 2.10GHz
% 0.16/0.36 % Memory : 8042.1875MB
% 0.16/0.36 % OS : Linux 3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
% 0.16/0.36 % CPULimit : 300
% 0.16/0.36 % WCLimit : 300
% 0.16/0.36 % DateTime : Thu May 7 11:42:31 EDT 2026
% 0.16/0.36 % CPUTime :
% 0.16/0.36 SPASS-SCL-FOL version:
% 0.19/0.45 SPASS-SCL-FOL 0.1 (595c0c7b1) [parallel mode]
% 6.48/1.95 Starting: ./SPASS-SCL-FOL --heuristics_normal -t 300 /export/starexec/sandbox2/benchmark/theBenchmark.p
% 6.48/1.95 Starting: ./SPASS-SCL-FOL --heuristics_resolution_1 -t 300 /export/starexec/sandbox2/benchmark/theBenchmark.p
% 6.48/1.95 Starting: ./SPASS-SCL-FOL --heuristics_resolution_2 -t 300 /export/starexec/sandbox2/benchmark/theBenchmark.p
% 6.48/1.95 Starting: ./SPASS-SCL-FOL --heuristics_resolution_3 -t 300 /export/starexec/sandbox2/benchmark/theBenchmark.p
% 6.48/1.95 Starting: ./SPASS-SCL-FOL --heuristics_lmodel_grow -t 300 /export/starexec/sandbox2/benchmark/theBenchmark.p
% 6.48/1.95 Execution normal ended with status: gaveup
% 6.48/1.95 Execution resolution_1 ended with status: gaveup
% 6.48/1.95 Execution resolution_2 ended with status: gaveup
% 6.48/1.95 Execution resolution_3 ended with status: gaveup
% 6.48/1.95 Execution lmodel_grow ended with status: gaveup
% 6.48/1.95 No successful execution.
% 6.48/1.95
% 6.48/1.95 Input Clauses:
% 6.51/2.19
% 6.51/2.19 Predicates: s__subclass s__instance s__documentation s__during s__before s__attribute s__hasSkill s__agent s__hasPurpose s__relatedInternalConcept s__destination s__capability s__modalAttribute s__wears s__member = s__patient s__subProcess s__refers s__earlier s__part s__subrelation s__paternalUncle s__father s__brother s__maternalUncle s__mother s__paternalAunt s__sister s__maternalAunt s__fathersBrothersWife s__wife s__mothersBrothersWife s__fathersSistersHusband s__husband s__mothersSistersHusband s__fathersBrothersSon s__son s__fathersBrothersDaughter s__daughter s__mothersBrothersSon s__mothersBrothersDaughter s__fathersSistersSon s__fathersSistersDaughter s__mothersSistersSon s__mothersSistersDaughter s__resource s__termFormat s__externalImage s__eventLocated s__meetsTemporally s__origin s__typicalPart s__typicallyContainsPart s__located s__connected s__measure greater s__disjoint s__domain s__format s__dampingRatio s__contains s__objectTransferred s__path s__causes 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% 6.51/2.19 Fol Constants: s__Ramadan s__TimeInterval s__Ramadan__t s__SetOrClass s__EnglishLanguage 'Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. It is the Islamic month of fasting, in which participating Muslims refrain from eating, drinking, having sex, smoking, and indulging in anything that is in excess or ill-natured; from dawn until sunset. [Wikipedia]' s__Suhur 'A light meal before starting a new day of Ramadan (before daybreak).' s__Eating s__Suhur__t s__Physical s__TimePoint s__Sunrise s__Day s__Mausaharati 'A man who beats a drum in the streets (before dawn) to wake people up to have xsuhurx before they start a new day of fasting.' s__SocialRole s__Agent s__Drumming s__Process '(? [V__P,V__SUHUR,V__WU] : (s__instance(V__WU,s__Process) & s__instance(V__WU,s__TimePoint) & s__instance(V__WU,s__TimeInterval) & s__instance(V__SUHUR,s__Process) & s__instance(V__SUHUR,s__TimePoint) & s__instance(V__SUHUR,s__TimeInterval) & s__instance(V__P,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__WU,s__WakingUp) & s__experiencer(V__WU,V__P) & s__instance(V__SUHUR,s__Suhur) & s__agent(V__SUHUR,V__P) & s__before(V__WU,V__SUHUR) & s__during(V__WU,V__DAY) & s__during(V__SUHUR,V__DAY)))' s__Iftar 'A meal at the end of each day of Ramadan, at the sunset.' s__Iftar__t s__Sunset s__DhuAlHijjah 'Dhu al-Hijja is the twelfth and final month in the Islamic Calendar. It is also known as Thw al-Hijja. This is a very sacred month in the Islamic calendar, marking the end of the year. It is in this month in which the Hajj Pilgrimage takes place. Dhu al-hijjah literally means xLord of the Pilgrimage.x It is during this month that pilgrims from all around the world congregate at Mecca to visit the Kaaba. The Hajj is performed on the eighth, ninth and the tenth of this month. Eid ul-Adha, the xFestival of the Sacrifice,x is held on the tenth day. (from Wikipedia)' s__DhuAlHijjah__t s__Month s__Hajj 'The Pilgrimage to Mecca in Islam. It is the fifth obligatory Pillar of the Five Pillars of Islam for those who are ablebodied and can afford to do pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. It takes place every year in the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah.' s__ReligiousProcess s__Translocation s__Hajj__t s__MeccaSaudiArabia s__Muslim s__agent__m '(? [V__H] : (s__instance(V__H,s__Process) & s__instance(V__H,s__Hajj) & s__agent(V__H,V__P)))' s__Obligation s__IhramClothing 'Special &%Muslim clothing, worn during Pilgrimage ceremonies. It consists of a white robe, belt and sandals for men. For women it can be any modest garment, although some regional and sectarian conventions are prescribed.' s__ClothingSuit s__IhramClothing__t s__WearableItem s__Animal s__Collection s__Male s__SelfConnectedObject s__Cloak s__Belt s__Sandal s__IhramPeriod 'Special Muslim practices including the type of clothing, hair cutting/shaving and behaviour prior to and during Pilgrimage ceremonies.' s__IhramPeriod__t s__Umrah 'A pilgrimage to Meccca performed by Muslims that can be undertaken at any time of the year. According to some schools of Islamic thought, the Umrah is not compulsory (as with Hajj) but highly recommended.' s__Umrah__t s__Zakat 'The third of the Five Pillars of Islam and refers to spending at least 2.5% of ones wealth each year for the poor or needy.' s__Zakat__t s__Quantity s__CurrencyMeasure '(? [V__Z,V__T] : (s__instance(V__T,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__Z,s__Process) & s__instance(V__Z,s__Zakat) & s__instance(V__Y,s__Year) & s__during(V__Y,s__WhenFn(V__H)) & s__holdsDuring(V__Y,s__attribute(V__H,s__FullyFormed)) & s__agent(V__Z,V__H) & s__patient(V__Z,V__T) & s__monetaryValue(V__T,V__C) & greater(V__C,times(V__W,0.025))))' s__EidAlFitr 'Socioreligious event in which Muslims celebrate their end of fasting at the end of the Holy month of Ramadan.' s__Holiday s__EidAlFitr__t s__Year s__UdhiyahRitual 'A ritual in which a lamb is killed as sacrifice on the day of The Greater Eid (Eid Aladha).' s__Killing s__UdhiyahRitual__t s__Object s__EidAladha s__Udhiyah 'A lamb that is killed as sacrifice on the day of The Greater ?eid (Eid Aladha).' s__RelationalAttribute s__Lamb 'A socioreligious event which commemorates the Prophet Ibrahimxs (Abrahamxs) willingness to sacrifice his son Ismail. Muslims slaughter a lamb as an act of gratitude to God who saved Ismail by sending the angels with a great lamb to be slaughtered instead of Ismail.' s__EidAladha__t s__MuakharSadaq 'Delayed dowry: Money or property stipulated upon in the marriage contract which is due to be paid by the husband to his wife in case he intends to divorce her.' s__FinancialTransaction s__MuakharSadaq__t s__MuqaddamSadaq 'Advance dowry: Money or property brought by a man to his wife at marriage' s__MuqaddamSadaq__t s__Aqiqah 'A Muslim rite in which a special meal is hosted in celebration of having a new born baby.' s__Aqiqah__t s__Khitan 'A &%Circumcision performed as a religious rite in a social event on a &%Male child.' s__Circumision s__Khitan__t s__Miswak 'A natural tooth brush in the form of a small branch from the plant Salvadora persica, still in use by Arabs and Muslims.' s__Toothbrush s__OrganicObject s__Miswak__t s__Kufiyyah 'Traditional head wear for Arabic men (see also xShimaghx).' s__Hat s__Kufiyyah__t s__Tagiyyah 'A white cap that is used by Arabs in north Africa as head cover. In the Gulf countries it is used as one of threepiece head cover where it is worn as the bottom piece under the xgutrahx and xoqalx.' s__Tagiyyah__t s__White s__Gutrah 'A white scarf-like head cover which is worn by Arabs in the Gulf countries in Summer' s__Gutrah__t s__GeographicArea '((s__holdsDuring(V__T,s__wears(V__H,V__G)) & s__holdsDuring(V__T,s__located(V__H,V__AREA)) & s__hotSeasonInArea(V__AREA,V__S)) => s__during(V__T,V__S))' s__Shimagh 'A heavy red and white checked scarflike head cover which is worn by Arabs in the Gulf countries in Winter.' s__Shimagh__t s__Red '((s__holdsDuring(V__T,s__wears(V__H,V__G)) & s__holdsDuring(V__T,s__located(V__H,V__AREA)) & s__coldSeasonInArea(V__AREA,V__S)) => s__during(V__T,V__S))' s__Oqal 'A black headband worn by Saudi Arabia and Gulf state Arabs to hold other pieces of head cover in place.' s__Clothing s__Oqal__t s__Black s__Dressing '(? [V__A] : (s__instance(V__A,s__Process) & s__instance(V__A,s__Attaching) & s__instrument(V__A,V__O)))' s__Jallabiyyah 'Manxs long baggy dress (down to the heels) worn by Arabs in Morocco, known as jallabiyyah in Egypt (with minor difference in the design).' s__Jallabiyyah__t '(? [V__M] : (s__instance(V__M,s__Animal) & s__instance(V__M,s__Man) & s__wears(V__M,V__H)))' s__Dishdashah 'Manxs long baggy dress worn by Arabs in the Gulf states.' s__Dishdashah__t s__Niqab 'A piece of (mostly) black cloth worn to cover a womanxs lower part of the face (in Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Gulf states).' s__Veil s__Niqab__t '(? [V__W] : (s__instance(V__W,s__Animal) & s__instance(V__W,s__Woman) & s__wears(V__W,V__H)))' s__Khimar 'A piece of (mostly) black cloth worn to cover a womanxs whole face (in Saudi Arabia and Gulf states)' s__Khimar__t s__Hijab 'Arabic and Muslim veil which is worn by women to cover the hair and the neck.' s__Hijab__t s__Jilbab 'A long, flowing, baggy overgarment worn by some Muslim women to show modesty.' s__Jilbab__t s__Abayah 'A traditional long black overgarment worn by conservative Arab woman that cover the body from the shoulders down to the feet.' s__Abayah__t s__Misbahah 'Rosary or beads (usually 33 beads in a string) used by Muslims to say silent prayers in private.' s__Jewelry s__Misbahah__t s__Jewelry__t '(? [V__P,V__H] : (s__instance(V__H,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__Praying) & s__agent(V__P,V__H) & s__attribute(V__H,s__Muslim) & s__patient(V__P,V__M)))' s__paternalUncle__m s__BinaryRelation s__familyRelation__m 'In Arabic: Eam~. Fathers brother, paternal uncle.' s__Organism s__Human s__Man s__maternalUncle__m 'In Arabic: xaAl. Mothers brother, maternal uncle.' s__paternalAunt__m 'In Arabic: Eam~ap. Fathers sister, paternal aunt.' s__Woman s__maternalAunt__m 'In Arabic: xaAlap. Mothers sister, maternal aunt.' s__fathersBrothersWife__m 'In Arabic: zawojap AlEam~. Wife of fathers brother.' s__mothersBrothersWife__m 'In Arabic: zawojap AlxaAl. Wife of mothers brother.' s__fathersSistersHusband__m 'In Arabic: zawoj AlEam~ap. Husband of fathers sister.' s__mothersSistersHusband__m 'In Arabic: zawoj AlxaAlap. Husband of mothers sister.' s__fathersBrothersSon__m 'In Arabic: Aibon AlEam~. Son of fathers brother.' s__fathersBrothersDaughter__m 'In Arabic: binot AlEam~. Female cousin on the father side, daughter of fathers brother .' s__mothersBrothersSon__m 'In Arabic: Aibon AlxaAl. Male cousin on the mothers side, son of mothers brother.' s__mothersBrothersDaughter__m 'In Arabic: binot AlxaAl. Female cousin on the mothers side, daughter of mothers brother.' s__fathersSistersSon__m 'In Arabic: Aibon AlEam~ap. Son of fathers sister.' s__fathersSistersDaughter__m 'In Arabic: binot AlEam~ap. Daughter of fathers sister.' s__mothersSistersSon__m 'In Arabic: Aibon AlxaAlap. Son of mothers sister.' s__mothersSistersDaughter__m 'In Arabic: binot AlxaAlap. Daughter of mothers sister.' s__BereavedFather s__Attribute 'In Arabic: vakolAn. A father bereaved of a child (as opposed to (yatiym) or (yatiymap) for feminine: orphan a person whose father or mother died or both father and mother died).' s__BereavedMother 'In Arabic: vakolaY. A mother bereaved of a child (as opposed to orphan a person whose father or mother died or both father and mother died).' s__Combustion s__Oxygen s__InternalCombustionEngine 'The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and high -pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine. This force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy. The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel rotary engine. A second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously described. The internal combustion engine (or ICE) is quite different from external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, in which the energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. [from Wikipedia]' '(? [V__F,V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__F,s__Object) & s__instance(V__F,s__Fuel) & s__instance(V__C,s__Combustion) & s__instrument(V__C,V__I) & s__resource(V__C,V__F)))' '(? [V__C,V__M,V__P] : (s__instance(V__P,s__Object) & s__instance(V__M,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Combustion) & s__instance(V__M,s__Motion) & s__part(V__P,V__I) & s__patient(V__M,V__P)))' s__FuelVapor s__GasMixture s__FuelVapor__t 'fuel vapor' 'A mixture of a gas (often &%Air) and fuel, typically produced intentionally in &%Engines for the purpose of &%Combustion.' s__Fuel s__EngineCycle s__Motion s__EngineCycle__t 'A complete cycle of &%Engine phases, including a repeat of the first phase. In a &%FourStrokeEngine this means intake, compression, combustion, exhaust and back to intake.' s__ContinuousCombustionEngine s__ContinuousCombustionEngine__t 'An &%Engine, such as used in a &%Rocket where &%Combustion is continuous, rather than intermittent, as in a modern automobile gas engine.' s__Turbine s__IntermittentCombustionEngine 'An &%Engine, such as found in a modern &%Automobile, in which &%Combustion is not continuous, as in a &%Rocket, but rather a rapid series of small &%Explosions.' s__FourStrokeEngine s__FourStrokeEngine__t s__IntermittentCombustionEngine__t 'http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif' 'four stroke engine' '&%InternalCombustionEngines based on the four-stroke (Otto cycle) have one power stroke for every four strokes (up-down-up-down) and employ spark plug ignition. &%Combustion occurs rapidly, and during combustion the volume varies little (constant volume). They are used in cars, larger boats, some motorcycles, and many light aircraft. They are generally quieter, more efficient, and larger than their &%TwoStrokeEngine counterparts. [from Wikipedia]' s__EngineCylinder '(? [V__I,V__CM,V__CB,V__E,V__I2] : (s__instance(V__I2,s__Process) & s__instance(V__I2,s__TimeInterval) & s__instance(V__E,s__Process) & s__instance(V__E,s__TimeInterval) & s__instance(V__CB,s__Process) & s__instance(V__CB,s__TimeInterval) & s__instance(V__CM,s__Process) & s__instance(V__CM,s__TimeInterval) & s__instance(V__I,s__Process) & s__instance(V__I,s__TimeInterval) & s__instance(V__I,s__FourStrokeIntake) & s__instance(V__CM,s__FourStrokeCompression) & s__instance(V__CB,s__FourStrokeCombustion) & s__instance(V__E,s__FourStrokeExhaust) & s__instance(V__I2,s__FourStrokeIntake) & s__eventLocated(V__I,V__FSE) & s__eventLocated(V__CM,V__FSE) & s__eventLocated(V__CB,V__FSE) & s__eventLocated(V__E,V__FSE) & s__eventLocated(V__I2,V__FSE) & s__meetsTemporally(V__I,V__CM) & s__meetsTemporally(V__CM,V__CB) & s__meetsTemporally(V__CB,V__E) & s__meetsTemporally(V__E,V__I2)))' s__FourStrokeEngineCycle s__FourStrokeEngineCycle__t 'four stroke engine cycle' 'The &%Processes that occur in a &%FourStrokeEngine. Such a cycle necessarily includes each instance of one of the four strokes, in sequence, followed by another intake stroke.' s__FourStrokeIntake s__FourStrokeCompression s__FourStrokeCombustion s__FourStrokeExhaust s__FourStrokeIntake__t 'four stroke intake' 'In this cycle of a four stroke engine, air and vaporized fuel are drawn in.' s__Hole s__InternalCombustionChamber s__GasMotion s__FourStrokeCompression__t 'four stroke compression' 'In this cycle of a four stroke engine, fuel vapor and air are compressed and ignited.' s__FourStrokeCombustion__t 'four stroke combustion' 'In this cycle of a four stroke engine, fuel combusts and piston is pushed downwards.' s__FourStrokeExhaust__t 'four stroke exhaust' 'In this cycle of a four stroke engine, exhaust is driven out. During the 1st, 2nd, and 4th stroke the piston is relying on power and the momentum generated by the other pistons.' s__Exhaust s__TwoStrokeEngine s__TwoStrokeEngine__t 'two stroke engine' 'Engines based on the two-stroke cycle use two strokes (one up, one down) for every power stroke. Since there are no dedicated intake or exhaust strokes, alternative methods must be used to scavenge the cylinders. The most common method in spark-ignition two-strokes is to use the downward motion of the piston to pressurize fresh charge in the &%Crankcase, which is then blown through the &%Cylinder through ports in the cylinder walls. [from Wikipedia]' s__TwoStrokeEngineCycle s__TwoStrokeEngineCycle__t 'two stroke engine cycle' 'The &%Processes that occur in a &%TwoStrokeEngine. Such a cycle necessarily includes each instance of one of the strokes, in sequence, followed by another intake stroke.' s__TwoStrokeIntake s__TwoStrokeCompression s__TwoStrokeTransfer '(? [V__E,V__M] : (s__instance(V__M,s__Process) & s__instance(V__E,s__Process) & s__instance(V__E,s__Explosion) & s__instance(V__M,s__Motion) & s__eventLocated(V__E,V__I) & s__eventLocated(V__M,V__I) & s__causes(V__E,V__M)))' s__Piston s__Artifact s__Piston__t piston 'A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas- tight by piston rings. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod. In a pump, the function is reversed and force is transferred from the crankshaft to the piston for the purpose of compressing or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder. In some engines, the piston also acts as a valve by covering and uncovering ports in the cylinder wall.' 'http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Piston.gif/73px-Piston.gif' s__EngineCylinder__t 'A single cylinder of an &%Engine block and its associated components.' s__InternalCombustionChamber__t 'internal combustion chamber' 'The &%Hole that is part of a &%Cylinder in which &%Cumbustion occurs, forcing gases to expand and expelling the piston, to generate power.' s__Crankcase s__Crankcase__t 'A &%Hole in an &%InternalCombustionEngine where the &%Piston rods join with the &%Crankshaft.' s__Engine s__Crankshaft s__Shaft s__Crankshaft__t s__Shaft__t 'The output of the effort of a &%Engine. It is a rotating rod that transfers power to other &%Devices.' s__typicallyContainsPart__m s__typicalPart__m '(? [V__E,V__R] : (s__instance(V__R,s__Process) & s__instance(V__E,s__Process) & s__instance(V__E,s__Explosion) & s__instance(V__R,s__Rotating) & s__patient(V__R,V__C) & s__eventLocated(V__R,V__I) & s__causes(V__E,V__R)))' s__Vacuum s__InternalAttribute vacuum 'An area of space in which does not contain any matter.' s__Region s__PartialVacuum 'partial vacuum' 'An area of space which is at a lower pressure than surrounding regions.' s__RealNumber s__UnitOfMeasure s__UnitOfAtmosphericPressure s__Pressurized pressurized 'An area of space which is at a higher pressure than surrounding regions.' s__Spark s__ElectricTransmission s__Spark__t spark 'An electric charge that moves from point to point across an &%Air gap, rather than travelling through a solid conductor.' s__Lightning s__Electricity s__Substance s__Gas s__SparkPlug s__ElectricalComponent s__SparkPlug__t s__ElectricalComponent__t 'spark plug' 'A device, used to ignite &%Fuel, that generates a &%Spark.' '(? [V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__S,s__Spark) & s__instrument(V__S,V__SP)))' '(? [V__S,V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__S,s__Spark) & s__instrument(V__S,V__SP) & s__instance(V__C,s__Combustion) & s__causes(V__S,V__C)))' s__TwoStrokeIntake__t 'two stroke intake' 'The portion of a two stroke engine cycle where the piston moves into the combustion chamber creating a partial vacuum in the crankcase that draws fuel into the crankcase.' s__TwoStrokeCompression__t 'two stroke compression' 'The portion of a two stroke engine cycle where combustion occurs, forcing the piston out of the combustion chamber, and the fuel mixture is compressed in the crankcase.' s__Explosion s__TwoStrokeTransfer__t 'two stroke transfer' 'The portion of a two stroke engine cycle where the combustion chamber is opened to the crankcase and the exhaust. This allows the exhaust to vent, and the pressurized fuel mixture to enter the combustion chamber. The piston is most fully removed from the combustion chamber at this point.' s__Brake s__Device brake 'Any device that is designed to slow and stop the &%Motion of an object. This include brakes on wheeled vehicles as well as rock climbing equipment that uses friction to slow decent when rappelling.' '(? [V__D] : (s__instance(V__D,s__Process) & s__instance(V__D,s__Decelerating) & s__instrument(V__D,V__B)))' s__VehicleBrake s__Brake__t s__ParkingBrake s__ParkingBrake__t 'parking brake' 'A kind of brake chiefly designed to prevent motion from occuring in a stopped vehicle, although it can be used to slow a vehicle that is in motion. Most other types of brakes are designed to be used intermittently to slow a vehicle, or only temporarily to keep a vehicle stationary, while the driver is applying the brake. In contrast, most parking brakes employ some sort of ratcheting system so the parking brake may remain active even when the driver is not applying force to a braking actuator, or even being present in the vehicle. Typically, it is implemented as a &%DrumBrake in most modern passenger vehicles.' s__DrumBrake s__WearingFrictionSurface s__WearingFrictionSurface__t 'wearing friction surface' 'A device designed to cause friction and exhibit a particular process of wear. This includes items such as brake pads and match striking surfaces on a matchbox.' '(? [V__F] : (s__instance(V__F,s__Process) & s__instance(V__F,s__Friction) & s__resource(V__F,V__S)))' s__BrakeShoe s__BrakeShoe__t 'A &%WearingFrictionSurface that is designed to press against a rotating &%BrakeDrum to cause vehicle braking.' 'brake shoe' s__DrumBrake__t 'A &%Brake in which a &%BrakeShoe presses against a rotating &%BrakeDrum to cause vehicle braking.' 'drum brake' s__BrakePad '(? [V__F,V__BS] : (s__instance(V__F,s__Process) & s__instance(V__F,s__Friction) & s__resource(V__F,V__B) & s__instance(V__BR,s__BrakeRotor) & s__patient(V__F,V__BS)))' s__BrakeRotor s__Rotating s__Friction '(? [V__F,V__BD] : (s__instance(V__F,s__Process) & s__instance(V__F,s__Friction) & s__resource(V__F,V__B) & s__instance(V__BD,s__BrakeDrum) & s__patient(V__F,V__BD)))' s__BrakeDrum s__DiscBrake s__DiscBrake__t 'disc brake' 'A &%WearingFrictionSurface that presses against a &%BrakeRotor to cause vehicle braking.' s__BrakePad__t s__BrakeRotor__t 'A rotating &%Metal disc that is pressed upon by a &%BrakePad to cause vehicle braking.' s__BrakeDrum__t 'A rotating surface that is pressed on by the &%BrakeShoe.' s__BrakeCaliper s__BrakeCaliper__t 'A &%Device assembly that presses a &%BrakePad against a &%BrakeRotor.' s__BrakePedal s__BrakePedal__t 'brake pedal' 'A brake pedal is a device inside a vehicle that has the purpose of being pushed to activate the bakes of the vehicle. Although normally pushed with the foot, this concept also covers handicapped-accessible devices mounted on the steering column that can be activated by pressing with the hands or fingers.' '(? [V__PU] : (s__instance(V__PU,s__Process) & s__instance(V__PU,s__Pushing) & s__destination(V__PU,V__BP)))' s__Pushing s__Vehicle '(? [V__FS,V__F] : (s__instance(V__F,s__Process) & s__instance(V__FS,s__Object) & s__instance(V__FS,s__WearingFrictionSurface) & s__instance(V__F,s__Friction) & s__instrument(V__F,V__FS) & s__causes(V__P,V__F)))' s__Pulling 'Pushing describes the exertion of force so as to cause or tend to cause motion away from the agent.' s__Pushing__t pushing s__systemPart__m s__part__m s__PhysicalSystem s__Formula s__AutoSuspensionSystem s__AutoSuspensionSystem__t 'auto suspension system' 'A system, typically consisting of &%Springs and &%Shocks that couples the &%Wheels or &%Axles of a &%RoadVehicle to the rest of the body, and serving to dampen the effect of uneven road surfaces on the occupants or cargo.' s__WireSpring s__Spring s__Spring__t s__Automobile s__physicalAmplitude__m s__SpatialRelation "1" s__Tremor "2" s__LengthMeasure 'the amplitude %1 is %n %2' 'A relation between a periodic motion and the distance between the physical extremes of the period.' s__Damper s__MechanicalDevice s__Damper__t s__MechanicalDevice__t damper 'A &%Device designed to lessen or to remove a &%Tremor from a &%PhysicalSystem. Examples include a cars air shocks, or rubber and fluid-filled foundation mounts for buildings in earthquake-prone areas.' 'http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Damped_spring.gif' s__dampingRatio__m 'the damping ratio of %1 is %n %2' '(dampingRation ?SYSTEM ?NUM) is a measure of to what degree a system is free to oscillate or not. In an overdamped system ?NUM is greater than 1. The system returns (exponentially decays) to equilibrium without oscillating. Larger values of the damping ratio signify a return to equilibrium more slowly. In a critically damped ?NUM equals 1. The system returns to equilibrium as quickly as possible without oscillating. This is often desired for the damping of systems such as doors. In an underdamped system 0 < ?NUM < 1. The system oscillates (at reduced frequency compared to the undamped case) with the amplitude gradually decreasing to zero. Finally, in an undamped system ?NUM is 0. The system oscillates at its natural &%resonantFrequency. [adapted from Wikipedia].' s__resonantFrequency__m s__PhysicalQuantity 'the resonant frequency of %1 is %n %2' 'The natural resonancy frequency of a system. A system that is undamped or underdamped will oscillate at this frequency, at least for a while, after a force is applied.' s__AutomobileShock shock 'A &%Damper that is part of a modern &%RoadVehicles &%AutoSuspensionSystem. It may include various kinds of fluids that have the effect of being a &%Damper on &%Motion.' '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Object) & s__instance(V__C,s__Automobile) & s__part(V__A,V__C)))' s__Compressing s__Fluid s__Transfer s__LeafSpring s__LeafSpring__t 'A type of spring found in &%Trucks and older &%Automobiles, and is designed to minimize the transmission of shocks to the frame of a &%LandVehicle from hitting imperfections in a road surface. They are typically arranged into a group of layers that provides stronger resistance when the shock encountered is greater.' 'http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Leafs1.jpg' 'leaf spring' s__LongAndThin s__RoadVehicle '(? [V__L2] : (s__instance(V__L2,s__Object) & s__instance(V__L2,s__LeafSpring) & s__part(V__L2,V__RV) & (~ (V__L = V__L2)) & s__meetsSpatially(V__L,V__L2)))' s__Likely s__FuelFilter s__Filter s__FuelFilter__t 'fuel filter' 'A fuel filter is designed to remove impurities from &%Fuel.' '(? [V__REMOVE,V__FUEL,V__NONFUEL,V__SOLUTION] : (s__instance(V__SOLUTION,s__Object) & s__instance(V__NONFUEL,s__Object) & s__instance(V__FUEL,s__Object) & s__instance(V__REMOVE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__REMOVE,s__Removing) & s__part(V__FUEL,V__SOLUTION) & s__instance(V__FUEL,s__Fuel) & (~ s__instance(V__NONFUEL,s__Fuel)) & s__patient(V__REMOVE,V__NONFUEL) & s__part(V__NONFUEL,V__SOLUTION) & s__origin(V__REMOVE,V__SOLUTION) & s__instance(V__SOLUTION,s__Solution) & s__instrument(V__REMOVE,V__FILTER)))' s__AirFilter s__AirFilter__t 'air filter' 'An air filter is designed to remove &%Solid impurities from &%Air.' '(? [V__REMOVE,V__AIR,V__NONAIR,V__MIX] : (s__instance(V__MIX,s__Object) & s__instance(V__NONAIR,s__Object) & s__instance(V__AIR,s__Object) & s__instance(V__REMOVE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__REMOVE,s__Removing) & s__part(V__AIR,V__MIX) & s__instance(V__AIR,s__Air) & (~ s__instance(V__NONAIR,s__Air)) & s__attribute(V__NONAIR,s__Solid) & s__patient(V__REMOVE,V__NONAIR) & s__part(V__NONAIR,V__MIX) & s__origin(V__REMOVE,V__MIX) & s__instance(V__MIX,s__Mixture) & s__instrument(V__REMOVE,V__FILTER)))' s__AirIntake s__Tube s__AirIntake__t 'air intake' 'A &%Tube that channels &%Air on a &%path ultimately into an &%Engine.' '(? [V__A] : (s__instance(V__A,s__Object) & s__instance(V__A,s__Air) & s__contains(V__AI,V__A)))' '(? [V__A] : (s__instance(V__A,s__Air) & s__instance(V__E,s__Engine) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transfer) & s__origin(V__T,V__AI) & s__destination(V__T,V__E) & s__patient(V__T,V__A)))' s__GasTank s__FluidContainer s__GasTank__t 'gas tank' 'A &%Container in a &%Vehicle designed to hold a &%Liquid &%Fuel for use in its &%Engine. Note that this does not include container such as portable fuel tanks that may be used to carry gas, but which do not directly supply an engine.' '(? [V__F] : (s__instance(V__F,s__Object) & s__instance(V__F,s__Fuel) & s__contains(V__GT,V__F)))' '(? [V__F,V__T,V__E] : (s__instance(V__T,s__Process) & s__instance(V__F,s__Object) & s__instance(V__F,s__Fuel) & s__contains(V__GT,V__F) & s__instance(V__E,s__Engine) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transfer) & s__origin(V__T,V__GT) & s__destination(V__T,V__E) & s__patient(V__T,V__F)))' s__FuelPump s__Pump s__FuelPump__t 'fuel pump' 'A pump that moves fuel from the gas tank through a &%FuelFilter and ultimately to the &%EngineCylinder.' '(? [V__F,V__T] : (s__instance(V__T,s__Process) & s__instance(V__F,s__Process) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transportation) & s__instance(V__F,s__Fuel) & s__patient(V__T,V__F) & s__instrument(V__F,V__FP)))' s__Transportation '(? [V__GT,V__EC] : (s__instance(V__EC,s__Object) & s__instance(V__GT,s__Object) & s__instance(V__GT,s__GasTank) & s__part(V__GT,V__A) & s__instance(V__EC,s__EngineCylinder) & s__part(V__EC,V__A) & s__origin(V__T,V__GT) & s__destination(V__T,V__EC)))' '(? [V__FF] : (s__instance(V__FF,s__Object) & s__instance(V__FF,s__FuelFilter) & s__betweenOnPath(V__GT,V__FF,V__EC,V__P)))' s__Spraying s__Liquid s__FuelAtomizer 'fuel atomizer' 'A &%Device designed to atomize fuel to put into a &%GasMixture for use in &%Combustion. In a gas-powered automobile that typically has 14.7 parts air per part gasoline. Principal subclasses are &%FuelInjectors and &%Carburetors.' '(? [V__F,V__S,V__A,V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__A,s__Object) & s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__F,s__Object) & s__instance(V__F,s__Fuel) & s__instance(V__S,s__Spraying) & s__instance(V__A,s__Air) & s__instance(V__C,s__Combustion) & s__patient(V__S,V__A) & s__patient(V__S,V__F) & s__resource(V__C,V__F) & s__resource(V__C,V__A)))' s__FuelInjector s__FuelInjector__t 'fuel injector' 'A &%Device that atomizes &%Fuel by forcing it through a small orifice under high pressure. They have largely superceded the use of &%Carburetors in modern &%Automobiles, since the late 1980s.' s__Carburetor s__Carburetor__t s__FuelAtomizer__t carburetor 'http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Carburetor.svg/220px-Carburetor.svg.png' 'A &%Device that uses the suction created by engine cycles, and the venturi effect in the carburetor itself to draw fuel through and out a small opening to atomize it and combine it with &%Air.' s__Mixture s__Smoke s__Exhaust__t exhaust 'A concept to broadly cover all physical byproducts of &%Combustion, other than light or heat. While exhaust is often an undesirable byproduct of combustion that serves some particular purpose, and where heat or light is desired, there is also the case of smoke signals or mosquito-repelling smudge pots in which exhaust (and often ineffecient combustion, to produce the most smoke) is the desirable output of combustion. Exhaust differs from Smoke in that it need not be visible.' s__Solid '(~ s__capability(s__Seeing,s__patient__m,V__E))' s__Possibility s__AllWheelDrive 'all wheel drive' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Automobile, specifying that it is capable of supplying power to all of its wheels at the same time, typically for the purpose of increasing traction on slippery or uneven surfaces.' s__TwoWheelDrive 'two wheel drive' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Automobile, specifying that it is capable of supplying power only to two of its wheels at the same time. Note that this attribute can be used with temporal qualification to specify that a four-wheel-drive vehicle is in two-wheel-drive mode.' s__Generator s__Machine s__Generator__t generator 'Any &%Machine that generates &%Electricity.' '(? [V__P,V__E] : (s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & s__instance(V__E,s__Electricity) & s__result(V__P,V__E) & s__instrument(V__P,V__G)))' s__Alternator s__Alternator__t alternator 'A &%Generator that is part of a &%Vehicle, intended to use the power of the motor to generate electricity to keep the &%Battery charged and supply &%Electricity for the systems of the &%Vehicle, including the &%SparkPlugs, lights, radio etc.' s__AirPump s__AirPump__t 'air pump' 'Any &%Pump designed to move &%Air.' '(? [V__T,V__A] : (s__instance(V__T,s__Process) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transportation) & s__instrument(V__T,V__AP) & s__patient(V__T,V__A)))' s__Antifreeze s__Antifreeze__t antifreeze 'Any &%Substance designed to lower the &%meltingPoint of &%Water.' s__BrakeSystem s__BrakeSystem__t 'brake system' 'A system, typically consisting of &%VehicleBrakes, and often a &%MasterCylinder, &%BrakeCalipers and &%BrakePads that serves to slow or stop a vehicle (or just reduce its downhill acceleration).' '(? [V__B] : (s__instance(V__B,s__Process) & s__instance(V__B,s__Braking) & s__instrument(V__B,V__BS)))' s__Braking s__Decreasing s__Braking__t braking 'An application of a &%BrakeSystem to slow or stop a vehicle (or just reduce its downhill acceleration).' s__FunctionQuantity s__TimeDuration s__DirectionalAttribute '(V__A1 = s__AccelerationFn(V__FQ,V__T,V__O,V__D))' '(V__A2 = s__AccelerationFn(V__FQ,V__T,V__O,V__D))' s__AccelerationFn__m 'Specifies the acceleration of an object, i.e. the change in speed for a given direction.' 'the accelleration %1 of %3 in %2 in the direction %4' "3" "4" s__QuaternaryFunction s__TotalValuedRelation s__AntilockBrake s__AntilockBrake__t 'antilock brake' 'A &%VehicleBrake with an electronic component that reduces the likelihood of locking up the wheels during a sudden stop. If the wheels stop turning, the controller reduces pressure on the brakes until they begin turning again, then alternates application and reduction of braking pressure in short intervals. The goal is to keep the wheels at as near as possible the point of transition between dynamic or sliding friction and the point of static friction (at which the stopping force is greater).' s__Wheel s__Decelerating '(? [V__R] : (s__instance(V__R,s__TimeInterval) & s__instance(V__R,s__Rotating) & s__during(V__R,V__D)))' s__EngineChoke s__EngineChoke__t 'engine choke' 'A device to restrict the flow of &%Air to an engine, typically when cold, that increases the &%Fuel to &%Air ratio.' s__Backfire s__Backfire__t backfire 'An improper case of &%Engine operation where &%Combustion occurs in the &%Exhaust or intake.' s__BallJoint s__MechanicalJoint s__BallJoint__t 'http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/Ball_joint_cross_section.jpg/220px-Ball_joint_cross_section.jpg' 'A ball joint allows for travel of two linked entities, where if one entity is fixed, the other can travel on paths that describe a portion of the surface of a sphere. A typical application is a linkage between the &%Wheels and &%AutoSuspensionSystem. A spring is typically included in order to reduce vibration.' 'ball joint' s__Hinge s__EngineeringComponent 'mechanical joint' 'A &%Device that links two parts of a &%PhysicalSystem and allows them to move in relation to one another. Examples include &%Hinges, drawer slides and &%BallJoints.' '(? [V__S,V__P1,V__P2,V__M] : (s__instance(V__M,s__Process) & s__instance(V__M,s__Motion) & s__instance(V__S,s__PhysicalSystem) & s__instance(V__P1,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__P2,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__part(V__P1,s__PhysicalSystem) & s__part(V__MJ,s__PhysicalSystem) & s__part(V__P2,s__PhysicalSystem) & (~ s__patient(V__M,V__P1)) & s__patient(V__M,V__P2) & s__connectedEngineeringComponents(V__P1,V__MJ) & s__connectedEngineeringComponents(V__P2,V__MJ)))' s__Bearing s__Bearing__t s__MechanicalJoint__t bearing 'A &%Device designed to let the surfaces of two objects move in relation to one another with limited friction. Ball bearings roll in a channel affixed to one surface.' s__BallBearing s__BallBearing__t 'ball bearing' 'A small &%Metal &%Sphere designed for use in applications where it is desirable to reduce friction between two parts.' s__CorpuscularObject s__Metal s__Sphere s__BevelGear s__Gear s__BevelGear__t s__Gear__t 'bevel gear' 'A &%Gear that is shaped as a segment of a &%Cone, which allows axles connected to a pair of gears not to be parallel.' s__ConeSegment s__ShapeAttribute 'cone segment' 'A &%ShapeAttribute that specifies a figure described by rotating a quadrilateral with two &%RightAngles around its right-angled axis.' s__typicalTemporalPart__m s__TemporalRelation s__temporalPart__m 'a %1 is typically a part of a %2' 'An instance of the first argument is typically a temporal part of an instance of the second argument. This is a class-level relation roughly corresponding to &%temporalPart. Note that this does not imply that such wholes typically have such parts.' s__TimePosition '(? [V__Y] : (s__instance(V__Y,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__Y,V__WHOLE) & s__temporalPart(V__X,V__Y)))' '(~ (? [V__Z] : (s__instance(V__Z,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__Z,V__WHOLE) & s__temporalPart(V__X,V__Z))))' s__typicallyContainsTemporalPart__m 'a %2 typically contains a %1' 'An instance of the second argument typically contains an instance of the first argument. This is a class-level relation roughly corresponding to &%part. Note that this does not imply that such parts typically have such wholes.' '(? [V__X1] : (s__instance(V__X1,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__X1,V__PART) & s__temporalPart(V__X1,V__Y)))' '(~ (? [V__X2] : (s__instance(V__X2,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__X2,V__PART) & s__temporalPart(V__X2,V__Y))))' s__BleedingAir s__LiquidMotion s__BleedingAir__t s__Removing 'bleeding air' 'The process of removing fluid under pressure to locate and remove pockets of &%Air. This is done typically in hydraulic applications since air is compressible, and therefore undesirable in a hydraulic line.' '(? [V__FC,V__A] : (s__instance(V__A,s__Object) & s__instance(V__FC,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__FC,s__FluidContainer) & s__instance(V__A,s__Air) & s__holdsDuring(s__ImmediatePastFn(V__BA),s__contains(V__FC,V__A)) & s__holdsDuring(s__ImmediateFutureFn(V__BA),(~ s__contains(V__FC,V__A)))))' s__cylinderBore__m 'the bore of %1 is %2' 'The diameter of a cylindrical &%Hole.' s__Cylinder s__Circle s__BleederValve s__Valve s__BleederValve__t s__Valve__t 'bleeder valve' 'A &%Valve designed for use in &%BleedingAir, typically from hydraulics such a brake lines.' '(? [V__B] : (s__instance(V__B,s__Process) & s__instance(V__B,s__BleedingAir) & s__instrument(V__B,V__BV)))' '(? [V__P,V__W] : (s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__Pushing) & s__instrument(V__P,V__BC) & s__patient(V__P,V__W) & s__instance(V__W,s__WearingFrictionSurface)))' '(? [V__B] : (s__instance(V__B,s__Process) & s__instance(V__B,s__Braking) & s__instrument(V__B,V__BC)))' s__HydraulicFluid s__HydraulicFluid__t 'hydraulic fluid' 'A &%Substance that is virtuall incompressible. It is intended to be used in its &%Liquid state. It can be thought of as a liquid gear, creating a mechanical advantage in a hydraulic system. Small amounts of fluid can be easily and rapidly added to a chamber that actuates a piston which can generate great force.' '(? [V__P] : (s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & s__instrument(V__P,V__H) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__P),s__attribute(V__H,s__Liquid))))' s__objectTransferred__m s__CaseRole s__patient__m 'the object transferred in %1 is %n %2' 'A relation that specifies the object that is transferred during the process. For example, in a &%Mailing process, the object transferred is a letter or package.' s__HydraulicCylinder s__HydraulicCylinder__t 'hydraulic cylinder' 'A &%Device consisting of a &%Hole that is the cylinder, and a &%Piston. Oil is forces into one part of the cylinder, moving the piston in the opposite direction, imparting force to a shaft that is part of the piston. Note that a cylinder without a piston, or a piston without a cylinder, is not considered a hydraulic cylinder. Both parts are essential to its identity.' s__BrakeMasterCylinder s__BrakeMasterCylinder__t 'master cylinder' 'This is the source of hydraulic pressure that actuates the &%BrakeCaliper, and is in turn actuated by the driver stepping on the &%BrakePedal.' '(? [V__BS] : (s__instance(V__BS,s__Object) & s__instance(V__BS,s__BrakeSystem) & s__part(V__BMC,V__BS)))' s__Cam s__Cam__t cam 'An eccentric lobe that presses against a valve or level as it rotates.' '(? [V__R] : (s__instance(V__R,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R,s__Rotating) & s__patient(V__R,V__C)))' s__Camshaft s__Camshaft__t camshaft 'A rotating &%Shaft, tied to the &%Crankshaft, which serves to move &%Cams that open and close &%Valves in an &%InternalCombustionEngine.' s__CharcoalFilter s__CharcoalFilter__t 'charcoal filter' 'A &%Filter that uses &%Charcoal to remove impurities from a &%Gas or &%Liquid &%Mixture.' s__Charcoal s__CombustionChamber s__CombustionChamber__t 'combustion chamber' 'Any host of a &%Hole that is intended to contain &%Combustion events.' s__CatalyticConverter s__CatalyticConverter__t 'catalytic converter' 'A &%Device that decreases pollution output by creating a secondary &%Combustion, outside the &%Engine that burns any &%Fuel that is in the &%Exhaust of the primary combustion in the engine. It typically employs rare metals that act as catalysts for the chemical reaction.' s__AutomobileExhaustSystem '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Combustion) & s__instrument(V__C,V__CC) & s__patient(V__C,V__E) & s__eventLocated(V__C,V__CC)))' s__Cavitating s__Cavitating__t cavitating 'A process whereby a &%PartialVacuum forms in a &%Liquid, near the blades or impellers of a &%Pump, reducing its ability to move the liquid.' s__DeviceOn '(s__attribute(V__L2,s__Liquid) & s__meetsSpatially(V__L2,V__PP))' '(~ (? [V__L3] : (s__instance(V__L3,s__Object) & s__instance(V__PP,s__Object) & s__attribute(V__L3,s__Liquid) & s__meetsSpatially(V__PP,V__L3))))' s__molecularRatio__m s__TernaryRelation 'the number of molecules of %1 in a molecule of %3 is %n %2' 'The number of molecules of a particular &%ElementalSubstance in a given &%CompoundSubstance.' s__ElementalSubstance s__Integer s__CompoundSubstance s__Group s__Chlorofluorocarbon chlorofluorocarbon 'A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is an organic compound that contains carbon, chlorine, and fluorine, produced as a volatile derivative of methane and ethane. A common subclass are the hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which contain hydrogen, as well. They are also commonly known by the DuPont trade name Freon. The most common representative is dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12 or Freon-12). Many CFCs have been widely used as refrigerants, propellants (in aerosol applications), and solvents. The manufacture of such compounds has been phased out by the Montreal Protocol because they contribute to ozone depletion. [from Wikipedia]' s__Freon12 s__Freon12__t s__Chlorofluorocarbon__t 'freon-12' 'A &%Chlorofluorocarbon with formula CCl2F2, which prior to widespread environmental concerns about its use was the most common refridgerant.' s__Carbon s__Chlorine s__Fluorine s__Clutch s__Clutch__t clutch 'A &%Device used to engage and disengage moving parts. It consists of a friction plate and a spring-loaded mechanism that engages the plate with varying force as the clutch is released. In an &%Automobile it ultimately connects the &%Engine with the &%Gearbox. For the purposes of this definition, we consider the &%DeviceOn state of the clutch to mean that it is not engaged with the clutch plate.' s__Gearbox s__DeviceOff s__minCylinderVolume__m s__VolumeMeasure 'the minimum volume of the cylinders in the engine %1 is %n %2' 'The volume of the &%CombustionChamber of the &%EngineCylinder at the maximum point of compression of the cylinder.' s__maxCylinderVolume__m 'the maximum volume of the cylinders in the engine %1 is %n %2' 'The volume of the &%CombustionChamber of the &%EngineCylinder at the maximum point of extension of the piston.' s__compressionRatio__m 'the compression ratio of %1 is %n %2' 'The ratio of the volume of the &%CombustionChamber of the &%EngineCylinder at the maximum point of compression of the cylinder, to the volume of the chamber with the piston fully retracted.' s__pistonStroke__m s__distance__m 'the maximum distance that the pistons of engine %1 travel is %n %2' 'The maximum &%distance that a piston travels during normal operation of the &%Engine.' s__EngineConnectingRod s__EngineConnectingRod__t 'engine connecting rod' 'A &%Device that connects the &%Piston to the &%Crankshaft.' '(? [V__P,V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__P,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__P,s__Piston) & s__instance(V__C,s__Crankshaft) & s__connectedEngineeringComponents(V__P,V__ECR) & s__connectedEngineeringComponents(V__C,V__ECR)))' s__Compressing__t compressing 'Forcing some &%SelfConnectedObject into a smaller space than at the beginning of the action.' s__AirConditioningCompressor s__GasCompressor s__AirConditioningCompressor__t 'air conditioning compressor' 'A &%Machine that pulls refrigerant in its &%Gas state out of the &%AirConditioningEvaporator and subjects it to &%Compressing in a &%VaporCompressionCycle.' s__AirConditioner '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Cooling) & s__instrument(V__C,V__ACC)))' s__VaporCompressionCycle s__Cooling s__VaporCompressionCycle__t 'vapor compression cycle' 'A complete cycle of &%Compressing, &%Condensing and &%Evaporating, for the purpose of &%Cooling.' 'http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Refrigeration.png' s__Condensing s__Evaporating s__AirConditioningCondenser s__AirConditioningCondenser__t 'air conditioning condenser' 'A &%Machine that pulls compressed refrigerant in its &%Gas state out of the &%AirConditioningCompressor and turns it into a &%Liquid via a &%VaporCompressionCycle.' '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Condensing) & s__instrument(V__C,V__ACC)))' s__AirConditioningEvaporator s__AirConditioningEvaporator__t 'air conditioning evaporator' 'A &%Machine that pulls refrigerant in its &%Liquid state out of the &%AirConditioningCondenser and turns it into a &%Gas via a &%VaporCompressionCycle.' '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Cooling) & s__instrument(V__C,V__ACE)))' '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__E,s__Evaporating) & s__instrument(V__C,V__ACE)))' s__RevolutionsPerMinute 'revolutions per minute' 'The number of complete revolutions in one plane of motion for a given object.' s__RotationFn__m s__BinaryFunction 'the rotation of %1 during %2' 'A &%Function that maps an instance of &%Rotating to the speed of the rotation.' s__CVJoint s__CVJoint__t 'C.V. joint' 'A &%MechanicalJoint that allows two joined shafts to turn at the same speed throughout a range of angles with respect to each other. The most common type of CV joint is a &%BallJoint, although there are also other kinds.' '(V__SH1 = s__RotationFn(V__N,V__T))' '(V__SH2 = s__RotationFn(V__N,V__T))' s__EngineCoolingSystem s__EngineCoolingSystem__t 'engine cooling system' 'A system designed to keep the engine cool (and therefore prevent it from seizing), that may also heat the passenger compartment as a byproduct.' '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Cooling) & s__instrument(V__C,V__ECS) & s__patient(V__C,V__E)))' s__LiquidEngineCoolingSystem s__LiquidEngineCoolingSystem__t 'water cooling system' 'A kind of &%EngineCoolingSystem found in most &%Automobiles, that uses a liquid coolant to cool the &%Engine. It consists of a series of tubes through which a coolant can flow, a radiator, a pump, and a temperature sensor that allows the engine to reach a normal operating temperature before starting the cooling mechanism.' s__Thermometer s__AirEngineCoolingSystem s__AirEngineCoolingSystem__t 'air cooling system' 'A kind of &%EngineCoolingSystem less commonly found in &%Automobiles than a &%LiquidEngineCoolingSystem. It uses a &%Air to cool the &%Engine.' s__Air s__Radiator s__Radiator__t radiator 'A &%Device which is designed for having a &%Liquid travel through a metal honeycomb, in order to cool the liquid, which in turn is used to cool something else.' '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Cooling) & s__instrument(V__C,V__R)))' s__EngineCranking s__EngineCranking__t 'engine cranking' 'Starting an &%InternalCombustionEngine, in which an electric motor is employed to initiate &%Rotating of the &%Crankshaft and &%Flywheel to the point where &%Combusion can sustain the rotation.' s__ElectricalMotor s__Flywheel s__Flywheel__t flywheel 'Any &%Device designed to smooth the application of force or keep a &%Shaft spinning in the absence of other power inputs. It can either be massive or spin quickly (or both), in order to have significant intertia.' '(? [V__R1,V__R2] : (s__instance(V__R2,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R1,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R1,s__Rotating) & s__instance(V__R2,s__Rotating) & s__patient(V__R1,V__F) & s__causes(V__R1,V__R2)))' s__RightAngle s__PositionalAttribute s__Differential s__GearTrain s__Differential__t s__GearTrain__t differential 'A set of &%Gears that change the axis of &%Rotating of a &%Shaft, in order to transmit power from an &%Automobile &%Engine to its &%Wheels.' s__Distributor s__Distributor__t distributor 'A mechanical &%Device that is part of an &%InternalCombustionEngine that sends electric power to the &%SparkPlugs at intervals that track the speed of engine rotation. They have been largely superceded in modern &%Automobile engines by electronic devices.' '(? [V__SP,V__S,V__O,V__R,V__E] : (s__instance(V__E,s__Object) & s__instance(V__R,s__Process) & s__instance(V__O,s__Object) & s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__SP,s__Object) & s__instance(V__E,s__Engine) & s__instance(V__SP,s__SparkPlug) & s__instance(V__S,s__Spark) & s__part(V__O,V__D) & s__part(V__D,V__E) & s__part(V__SP,V__E) & s__instance(V__R,s__Rotating) & s__causes(V__R,V__S)))' s__Pulley s__DriveComponent s__Pulley__t pulley 'A grooved wheel designed to hold a &%Drivebelt, and transmit the force of &%Rotating to another &%Pulley.' '(? [V__P2,V__D,V__R1,V__R2] : (s__instance(V__R2,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R1,s__Process) & s__instance(V__D,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__P2,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__P2,s__Pulley) & (~ (V__P = V__P2)) & s__instance(V__D,s__Drivebelt) & s__instance(V__R1,s__Rotating) & s__instance(V__R2,s__Rotating) & s__connectedEngineeringComponents(V__P,V__D) & s__connectedEngineeringComponents(V__P2,V__D) & s__patient(V__R1,V__P) & s__patient(V__R2,V__P2) & s__causes(V__R1,V__R2)))' s__Drivebelt s__Drivebelt__t drivebelt 'A &%Pliable belt that links two &%Pulleys' s__Pliable s__Driveshaft s__Driveshaft__t driveshaft 'A &%Shaft that transmits power from the &%AutomobileTransmission to a &%Differential or more directly to the &%Wheels of an &%Automobile.' '(? [V__R1,V__R2,V__W,V__A] : (s__instance(V__A,s__Object) & s__instance(V__W,s__Object) & s__instance(V__R2,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R1,s__Process) & s__instance(V__A,s__Automobile) & s__instance(V__W,s__Wheel) & s__part(V__D,V__A) & s__part(V__W,V__A) & s__instance(V__R1,s__Rotating) & s__patient(V__R1,V__D) & s__patient(V__R2,V__W) & s__causes(V__R1,V__R2)))' s__AutomobileTransmission s__AutomobileTransmission__t s__Gearbox__t transmission 'A &%Gearbox with several &%Gears that allow a given rotational speed of the &%Crankshaft to be translated ultimately to different speeds of the &%Driveshaft (within the power and maximum RPM capabilities of the &%Engine).' '(? [V__C,V__D,V__A,V__R1,V__N1,V__R2,V__R3,V__R4,V__N2,V__N3] : (s__instance(V__N3,s__Rotating) & s__instance(V__N2,s__Rotating) & s__instance(V__R4,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R4,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__R3,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R3,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__R2,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R2,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__N1,s__Rotating) & s__instance(V__R1,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R1,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__A,s__Object) & s__instance(V__D,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__C,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__C,s__Crankshaft) & s__instance(V__D,s__Driveshaft) & s__instance(V__A,s__Automobile) & s__part(V__D,V__A) & s__part(V__AT,V__A) & s__part(V__C,V__A) & s__connectedEngineeringComponents(V__C,V__AT) & s__connectedEngineeringComponents(V__D,V__AT) & s__instance(V__R1,s__Rotating) & s__instance(V__R2,s__Rotating) & s__instance(V__R3,s__Rotating) & s__instance(V__R4,s__Rotating) & s__patient(V__R1,V__C) & s__patient(V__R2,V__C) & s__patient(V__R3,V__D) & s__patient(V__R4,V__D) & s__causes(V__R1,V__R3) & s__causes(V__R2,V__R4) & (~ (V__R1 = V__R2)) & s__holdsDuring(V__R1,s__measure(V__C,s__RotationFn(V__N1,s__MinuteDuration))) & s__holdsDuring(V__R2,s__measure(V__C,s__RotationFn(V__N1,s__MinuteDuration))) & s__holdsDuring(V__R3,s__measure(V__D,s__RotationFn(V__N2,s__MinuteDuration))) & s__holdsDuring(V__R4,s__measure(V__D,s__RotationFn(V__N3,s__MinuteDuration))) & (~ (V__N2 = V__N3))))' s__ElectricTransmission__t s__RadiatingElectromagnetic 'electric transmission' 'The movement of a electric potential (modeled as a &%Substance) from one point to another necessarily through a conductive medium (although the degree of conductivity may be quite low, as in &%Lightning through &%Air).' s__Charging s__Charging__t charging 'The &%Process of moving electric potential into a &%RechargeableBattery.' s__RechargeableBattery s__Discharging s__Discharging__t discharging 'The &%Process of moving electric potential out of a &%Battery.' s__Battery s__RechargeableBattery__t 'rechargeable battery' 'A &%Battery that may be recharged after discharge. &%LeadAcidWetBattery(s) are the most common subclass.' s__destination__m s__NonRechargeableBattery s__NonRechargeableBattery__t 'non-rechargeable battery' 'A &%Battery that is not capable of being subjected to &%Recharging.' s__LeadAcidWetBattery s__LeadAcidWetBattery__t 'lead acid battery' 'One of the most prevalent types of &%Battery. It consists of plates made (in part) of &%Lead, in an &%Acid solution.' s__Lead s__Acid s__Water 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photo-CarBattery.jpg' s__ChemicalAcid acid 'Acids are substances which increase the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) in solution, substances which can act as a proton donor, and substances which are are electron-pair acceptors. This is a restrictive definition combining the Arrhenius definition, the Brxnsted-Lowry definition and the Lewis definition [adapted from Wikipedia]' s__SulfuricAcid s__SulfuricAcid__t 'sulfuric acid' 'Sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2SO4. It is a colorless to slightly yellow viscous &%Liquid and is soluble in &%Water. The corrosiveness of it is mainly due to its strong acidic nature, strong dehydrating property and if concentrated strong oxidizing property. It has many applications and is a central &%Substance in the chemical industry. Principal uses include &%LeadAcidWetBattery(s) for &%Automobiles and other &%Vehicles, mineral processing, fertilizer manufacturing, oil refining, wastewater processing, and &%ChemicalSynthesis. [from Wikipedia]' s__Hydrogen s__Sulphur s__Electrolyte s__ConductorSubstance s__Electrolyte__t s__ConductorSubstance__t electrolyte 'A &%Substance that conducts &%Electricity and is a &%Liquid, typically found in &%Battery(s). In a &%LeadAcidWetBattery the electrolyte is a &%Mixture of distilled &%Water and &%SulfuricAcid.' '(? [V__ET] : (s__instance(V__ET,s__Process) & s__instance(V__ET,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__ET,s__ElectricTransmission) & s__patient(V__ET,V__E) & s__holdsDuring(V__ET,s__attribute(V__E,s__Liquid))))' s__EngineControlModule s__Computer s__EngineControlModule__t s__Computer__t 'engine control module' 'A &%Computer that is present in most modern &%Automobiles, which controls the major functions of the &%Engine, including the &%Air - &%Fuel &%Mixture, ignition timing and pollution control systems.' '(? [V__A,V__E,V__P1,V__P2] : (s__instance(V__E,s__Object) & s__instance(V__A,s__Object) & s__instance(V__A,s__Automobile) & s__instance(V__E,s__Engine) & s__instance(V__P1,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P2,s__Process) & s__part(V__E,V__A) & s__part(V__ECM,V__A) & s__eventLocated(V__P1,V__ECM) & s__eventLocated(V__P2,V__E) & s__causes(V__P1,V__P2)))' s__GasPedal s__GasPedal__t 'gas pedal' 'A &%Device that controls the flow of &%Fuel (which may be &%Diesel as well as &%Gasoline) to the &%Engine.' '(? [V__P,V__T,V__F,V__E,V__A] : (s__instance(V__A,s__Object) & s__instance(V__E,s__Object) & s__instance(V__T,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__Pushing) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transfer) & s__instance(V__F,s__Fuel) & s__instance(V__E,s__Engine) & s__instance(V__A,s__Automobile) & s__part(V__GP,V__A) & s__part(V__E,V__A) & s__destination(V__P,V__GP) & s__destination(V__T,V__E) & s__patient(V__T,V__F) & s__causes(V__P,V__T)))' s__engineIdleSpeed__m 'the idle speed of %1 is %n %2' 'The rotation rate of the &%Crankshaft that exists when the &%Engine is running but the &%GasPedal is not depressed. Note that under certain conditions of load on the engine and gear ratio, the same speed is possible even when the gas pedal is depressed.' s__AutomobileExhaustSystem__t 'exhaust system' 'A &%part of an &%Automobile that handles the venting of &%Exhaust from the &%Engine. It typically includes an exhaust manifold, &%Muffler and &%Tailpipe. Modern engines may also include a &%CatalyticConverter and exhaust recirculation hoses and controls.' s__AutomobileMuffler s__AutomobileMuffler__t muffler 'A &%part of an &%AutomobileExhaustSystem that serves to reduce the amount of noise transmitted from the &%Engine to the environment.' s__ExhaustManifold s__ExhaustManifold__t 'exhaust manifold' 'A junction of several &%Tubes, which take exhaust &%Gases from the &%Engine &%Cylinders and route them to the &%Muffler and &%Tailpipe. Note that this class also includes what are known as headers, since a header is essentially just a high performance manifold.' '(? [V__A,V__E,V__C,V__M,V__T] : (s__instance(V__T,s__Process) & s__instance(V__M,s__Object) & s__instance(V__C,s__Object) & s__instance(V__E,s__Object) & s__instance(V__A,s__Object) & s__instance(V__A,s__Automobile) & s__instance(V__E,s__Exhaust) & s__instance(V__C,s__EngineCylinder) & s__instance(V__M,s__AutomobileMuffler) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transfer) & s__part(V__EM,V__A) & s__part(V__C,V__A) & s__part(V__M,V__A) & s__origin(V__T,V__C) & s__destination(V__T,V__M) & s__patient(V__T,V__E) & s__instrument(V__T,V__E)))' s__ExhaustValve s__ExhaustValve__t 'exhaust valve' 'A &%Valve that opens to let the &%Exhaust escape into the &%ExhaustManifold.' '(? [V__E,V__T] : (s__instance(V__E,s__Object) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transfer) & s__objectTransferred(V__T,V__E) & s__path(V__T,V__EV) & s__instance(V__E,s__Exhaust)))' '(? [V__EM] : (s__instance(V__EM,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__EM,s__ExhaustManifold) & s__connectedEngineeringComponents(V__EV,V__EM)))' s__IntakeValve s__IntakeValve__t 'intake valve' 'A &%Valve that opens to let the &%FuelVapor in to the &%CombustionChamber.' '(? [V__A,V__FV,V__CC,V__T] : (s__instance(V__T,s__Motion) & s__instance(V__CC,s__Object) & s__instance(V__A,s__Object) & s__instance(V__A,s__Automobile) & s__instance(V__FV,s__FuelVapor) & s__instance(V__CC,s__CombustionChamber) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transfer) & s__part(V__IV,V__A) & s__part(V__CC,V__A) & s__patient(V__T,V__FV) & s__path(V__T,V__IV) & s__destination(V__T,V__CC)))' s__FanBelt s__FanBelt__t 'fan belt' 'A &%Drivebelt driven from a &%Pulley &%connected to the &%Crankshaft, which drives other systems, such as the &%EngineFan, &%EngineWaterPump etc.' '(? [V__P1,V__P2,V__C,V__A] : (s__instance(V__A,s__Object) & s__instance(V__C,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__P2,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__P1,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__P1,s__Pulley) & s__instance(V__P2,s__Pulley) & (~ (V__P1 = V__P2)) & s__instance(V__C,s__Crankshaft) & s__instance(V__A,s__Automobile) & s__part(V__P1,V__A) & s__part(V__P2,V__A) & s__part(V__C,V__A) & s__part(V__FB,V__A) & s__connectedEngineeringComponents(V__C,V__P1) & s__connectedEngineeringComponents(V__P1,V__FB) & s__connectedEngineeringComponents(V__FB,V__P2)))' s__EngineFan '(? [V__M2] : (s__instance(V__M2,s__Process) & s__instance(V__M2,s__Rotating) & s__causes(V__M,V__M2) & s__patient(V__M2,V__EF)))' s__FanDevice s__EngineFan__t 'engine fan' 'A &%FanDevice that is part of an &%Engine, designed for &%Cooling the engine, and therefore distinguished from fans that are for moving &%Air in the passenger compartment of an &%Automobile.' '(? [V__C,V__E,V__A] : (s__instance(V__A,s__Object) & s__instance(V__E,s__Object) & s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__A,s__Automobile) & s__instance(V__C,s__Cooling) & s__instance(V__E,s__InternalCombustionEngine) & s__part(V__E,V__A) & s__part(V__EF,V__A) & s__instrument(V__C,V__EF) & s__patient(V__C,V__E)))' s__WaterPump 'water pump' 'A &%Pump that is designed to move &%Water.' '(? [V__T,V__W] : (s__instance(V__W,s__Object) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transfer) & s__instance(V__W,s__Water) & s__objectTransferred(V__T,V__W) & s__instrument(V__T,V__WP)))' s__EngineWaterPump s__EngineWaterPump__t s__WaterPump__t 'engine water pump' 'A &%WaterPump that is intended to move &%Water (and possibly other additives such as &%Alcohol to lower the &%meltingPoint) in the &%EngineCoolingSystem.' s__FeelerGauge s__MeasuringDevice s__FeelerGauge__t 'feeler gauge' 'A &%Device used to measure small gaps. It is typically a &%Collection of several such gauges of varying thicknesses that a user places into the gap until one is found that fits with slight resistence, which indicates a good assessment of the size of the gap. A typical use is measure the gap between electrodes of a &%SparkPlug.' '(? [V__TP,V__M] : (s__instance(V__M,s__Process) & s__instance(V__TP,s__Process) & s__instance(V__M,s__Measuring) & s__instance(V__TP,s__TactilePerception) & s__subProcess(V__TP,V__M) & s__instrument(V__M,V__FG)))' s__EngineFlooded 'engine flooded' 'A state in which an &%InternalCombustionEngine has too much &%Fuel in its &%CombustionChamber to operate as intended.' s__UnitOfVolume '(s__contains(V__CC,V__F) & s__measure(V__F,s__MeasureFn(V__N1,V__M)) & s__attribute(V__E,s__EngineFlooded))' '(~ (? [V__F2] : (s__instance(V__F2,s__Object) & s__instance(V__F2,s__Fuel) & s__contains(V__CC,V__F2) & s__measure(V__F2,s__MeasureFn(V__N2,V__M)) & greatereq(V__N2,V__N1))))' s__Gasket s__Gasket__t gasket 'A &%Device that is designed to allow two imperfect surfaces to mate cleanly, without gaps, and therefore prevent leakage of any &%Liquids.' '(? [V__O1,V__O2] : (s__instance(V__O1,s__CorpuscularObject) & s__instance(V__O2,s__CorpuscularObject) & s__meetsSpatially(V__O1,V__G) & s__meetsSpatially(V__O2,V__G) & (~ (? [V__H] : (s__instance(V__H,s__Hole) & (V__G = s__HoleHostFn(V__H)) & s__instance(V__T,s__Translocation) & s__path(V__T,V__H) & s__origin(V__T,V__O) & s__destination(V__T,V__D) & s__contains(V__O1,V__O) & (~ s__contains(V__O1,V__D)) & s__meetsSpatially(V__O1,V__D) & (~ (? [V__O3] : (s__instance(V__O3,s__Object) & s__instance(V__H,s__Hole) & s__instance(V__H,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__O2,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__O1,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__contains(V__H,V__O3) & (~ s__contains(V__O1,V__O3)) & (~ s__contains(V__O2,V__O3))))))))))' s__governorSpeed__m 'The maximum speed under normal conditions that a governor will allow a moving part or vehicle to attain before killing power. Note that a vehicle could still conceivably exceed governed speed while coasting down a hill, after the governor has activated.' 'the maximum speed allowed by %1 is %n %2' s__SpeedGovernor s__BinaryPredicate governor 'Any &%Device that is designed to limit the speed of an object under power.' '(~ (? [V__SP2] : (s__instance(V__SP2,s__PhysicalQuantity) & s__measure(V__V,V__SP2) & greater(V__SP2,V__S))))' s__EngineGovernor s__EngineGovernor__t s__SpeedGovernor__t 'A &%Device that limits the rotational speed of the &%Crankshaft of an engine. This is distinguished from an &%AutomobileGovernor which is designed to limit the speed of an entire &%Automobile.' '(~ (? [V__R,V__P,V__M] : (s__instance(V__M,s__PhysicalQuantity) & s__instance(V__P,s__Object) & s__instance(V__R,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__P,s__Device) & s__part(V__P,V__E) & s__instance(V__R,s__Rotating) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__R),(s__measure(V__P,V__M) & greater(V__M,V__S))))))' s__AutomobileGovernor s__AutomobileGovernor__t 'A &%Device that limits the translational speed of a &%Vehicle. This is distinguished from an &%EngineGovernor which is designed to limit the rotational speed of part of an &%Engine.' '(~ (? [V__T,V__M] : (s__instance(V__M,s__PhysicalQuantity) & s__instance(V__T,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__T,s__Translocation) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__T),(s__measure(V__V,V__M) & greater(V__M,V__S))))))' s__Lubricant s__Lubricant__t lubricant 'Any &%Substance that reduces &%Friction between two objects that are in contact and move with respect to one another. Note that this does not include &%CorpuscularObjects like &%BallBearings.' s__Grease s__Grease__t grease 'Any &%Lubricant that is a &%Solid at standard ambient temperature.' s__Lubricating s__Putting s__Lubricating__t lubricating '&%Putting a &%Lubricant on some &%Object with the purpose to reduce &%Friction when that part moves against another.' s__GreaseFitting s__GreaseFitting__t 'grease fitting' 'A grease fitting is a small &%Device that is designed for use with a &%GreaseGun, and includes a &%Valve that lets &%Grease get pumped into (but not out of) a small space, for the purpose of &%Lubricating parts.' '(? [V__P,V__G] : (s__instance(V__G,s__Object) & s__instance(V__P,s__Transfer) & s__instance(V__G,s__Grease) & s__instance(V__P,s__Putting) & s__path(V__P,V__GF) & s__objectTransferred(V__P,V__G)))' s__GreaseGun s__GreaseGun__t 'grease gun' 'A &%Device used to inject &%Grease through a &%GreaseFitting or other mechanicm. This includes manual guns that use some sort of lever action for mechanical advantage as well as electric or battery-powered guns.' '(? [V__P,V__G] : (s__instance(V__G,s__Object) & s__instance(V__P,s__Transfer) & s__instance(V__G,s__Grease) & s__instance(V__P,s__Putting) & s__instrument(V__P,V__GG) & s__objectTransferred(V__P,V__G)))' s__Hydrometer s__Hydrometer__t hydrometer 'A &%MeasuringDevice that is used in &%Measuring the &%DensityFn of a liquid, usually with respect to &%Water.' '(? [V__M,V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Object) & s__instance(V__M,s__Process) & s__instance(V__M,s__Measuring) & s__instance(V__S,s__Substance) & s__attribute(V__S,s__Liquid) & s__patient(V__M,V__S) & s__instrument(V__M,V__H)))' s__WireCoil s__Wire s__WireCoil__t 'wire coil' 'A length of &%Wire wound in a set of &%Circles or &%Polygons, intended to conduct &%Electricity, and often used in the construction of &%ElectricalTransformers.' s__ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure s__ElectricalTransformer s__Transformer s__ElectricalTransformer__t s__Transformer__t 'electrical transformer' 'A &%Device for converting one measure of &%Volts to another. Two coils of wire are inductively coupled around a common core. The ratio of the number of windings in each coil is same as the ratio of the resulting voltages.' s__coilCount__m 'the number of coils in %1 is %n %2' 'The number of windings in a &%WireCoil.' s__IgnitionCoil s__IgnitionCoil__t 'ignition coil' 'An &%ElectricalTransformer designed to take 12 &%Volt power from the &%Battery of an &%Automobile and convert it to the 10,000-50,000 volts required to produce a &%Spark across the &%SparkPlugs.' '(? [V__E1,V__E2,V__P] : (s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & s__instance(V__E1,s__Object) & s__instance(V__P,s__ElectricTransmission) & s__resource(V__P,V__E1) & s__instance(V__E1,s__Electricity) & s__instance(V__E2,s__Electricity) & s__result(V__P,V__E2) & s__instrument(V__P,V__IC)))' s__Volt "12" '(? [V__P,V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__ElectricTransmission) & s__instrument(V__P,V__IC) & s__instance(V__S,s__Spark) & s__causes(V__P,V__S)))' s__approximateValue__m 'the approximate value of %1 is %n %2' 'A relation that specifies two numbers are equal or nearly so.' '(V__N1 = V__N2)' s__IgnitionControlModule s__IgnitionControlModule__t 'ignition control module' 'A &%Computer that controls the ignition system, and may itself be controlled by the &%EngineControlModule.' '(? [V__S,V__A,V__CP] : (s__instance(V__CP,s__Process) & s__instance(V__A,s__Object) & s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__A,s__Automobile) & s__instance(V__S,s__Spark) & s__instance(V__CP,s__ComputerProcess) & s__part(V__ICM,V__A) & s__eventLocated(V__CP,V__A) & s__eventLocated(V__S,V__A) & s__causes(V__CP,V__S)))' s__AutomobileIgnitionSystem s__AutomobileIgnitionSystem__t 'automobile ignition system' 'The system of an &%Automobile that is responsible for taking power from the &%Battery, increasing its voltage and sending it, with the appropriate timing, to the &%SparkPlugs so that sparks ignite the &%FuelVapor in the &%CombustionChambers of the &%Engine.' s__JumperCable s__JumperCable__t 'jumper cable' 'A &%Wire with &%Clamps on both ends, designed for making temporary electrical connections.' s__Clamp s__LaminatedWindshield s__Windshield s__LaminatedWindshield__t windshield 'A type of glass required in all modern &%Automobiles that consists of two layers of glass with a layer of plastic sandwiched in between. The plastic layer keeps shards of glass from separating completely from the rest of the windshield when broken, and is therefore a key feature in accident safety.' s__Glass s__Plastic s__MacPhersonStrut s__MacPhersonStrut__t s__AutomobileShock__t 'MacPherson strut' 'A type of oversized shock absorber that has easily replaceable components.' s__ManifoldHeatControlValve s__ManifoldHeatControlValve__t 'A device present on older vehicles with &%Carburetors that sends hot &%Exhaust gases to pre-heat the &%FuelVapor for more efficient &%Combustion.' s__Manifold '(? [V__H,V__O,V__E,V__FV,V__T] : (s__instance(V__T,s__Motion) & s__instance(V__E,s__Object) & s__instance(V__O,s__Process) & s__instance(V__H,s__Process) & s__instance(V__H,s__Heating) & s__instance(V__O,s__Opening) & s__instance(V__E,s__Exhaust) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transfer) & s__instance(V__FV,s__FuelVapor) & s__patient(V__O,V__MHCV) & s__instrument(V__H,V__E) & s__patient(V__H,V__FV) & s__path(V__T,V__MHCV) & s__causes(V__O,V__T) & s__causes(V__T,V__H)))' s__EngineMAPSensor s__PressureMeasuringDevice s__EngineMAPSensor__t 'A sensor that measures the pressure in the &%ExhaustManifold and adjusts &%FuelVapor mixture and &%Engine timing accordingly.' 'manifold absolute pressure sensor' '(? [V__ECM,V__A] : (s__instance(V__A,s__Object) & s__instance(V__ECM,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__ECM,s__EngineControlModule) & s__instance(V__A,s__Automobile) & s__part(V__EMS,V__A) & s__part(V__ECM,V__A) & s__connectedEngineeringComponents(V__EMS,V__ECM)))' s__MassAirflowSensor s__MassAirflowSensor__t 'mass airflow sensor' 'A &%Device that measures the amount of &%Air flowing to the throttle body in a fuel injection system. It sends this information to the &%EngineControlModule.' '(? [V__T,V__M,V__A] : (s__instance(V__M,s__Process) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transfer) & s__instance(V__A,V__Air) & s__patient(V__GM,V__A) & s__instance(V__M,s__Measuring) & s__patient(V__M,V__A) & s__instrument(V__M,V__MAS)))' s__OilPan s__OilPan__t 'oil pan' 'A &%Container for the &%Oil that is used in &%Lubricating the &%Engine of an &%Automobile. The oil is pumped continuously to the engines moving parts, when in operation, by the &%OilPump.' '(? [V__O] : (s__instance(V__O,s__Object) & s__instance(V__O,s__Oil) & s__contains(V__OP,V__O)))' s__ORing s__ORing__t 'A &%Gasket that has an O-shaped cross section. It is often made of &%Rubber or a synthetic rubber which is actually &%Plastic.' s__OxygenSensor s__OxygenSensor__t 'A sensor that measures &%Oxygen. Typically it is to measure the &%Exhaust of an &%Automobile. More oxygen signals a lean fuel mixture, and less a rich one.' '(? [V__O,V__M] : (s__instance(V__M,s__Process) & s__instance(V__O,s__Oxygen) & s__instance(V__M,s__Measuring) & s__patient(V__M,V__O) & s__instrument(V__M,V__OS)))' s__SafetyDevice 'safety device' 'Any &%Device that is designed to prevent (or lessen the likelihood of) the &%Injuring of a &%Human.' '(? [V__P,V__I,V__H] : (s__instance(V__H,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__I,s__Process) & s__subclass(V__I,s__Process) & s__subclass(V__P,s__Process) & s__instance(V__H,s__Human) & s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & s__instance(V__I,s__Injuring) & s__experiencer(V__I,V__H) & s__instrument(V__P,V__SD) & s__prevents(V__P,V__I)))' s__VehicleSafetyDevice 'vehicle safety device' 'Any &%SafetyDevice that is designed to prevent (or lessen the likelihood of) the &%Injuring of a &%Human while in &%Vehicle.' '(? [V__V] : (s__instance(V__V,s__Object) & s__instance(V__V,s__Vehicle) & s__part(V__VSD,V__V)))' s__Balloon s__Balloon__t balloon 'Any &%Pliable container that is made for holding a &%Gas.' '(? [V__G] : (s__instance(V__G,s__Object) & s__attribute(V__G,s__Gas) & s__contains(V__B,V__G)))' s__Inflating s__Increasing s__Inflating__t 'Any &%Process where a &%Balloon is filled with a &%Gas.' s__AutoAirbag s__AutoAirbag__t s__VehicleSafetyDevice__t airbag 'Sensors that detect a sudden &%Decelerating deploy the airbag by an explosive release of a &%Gas that fills the bag before the occupant can be thrown against the hard interior surfaces of the &%Vehicle.' s__Airbag '(? [V__A,V__D,V__H,V__I,V__P] : (s__instance(V__P,s__Object) & s__instance(V__I,s__Process) & s__subclass(V__I,s__Process) & s__instance(V__H,s__Transfer) & s__subclass(V__H,s__Process) & s__instance(V__D,s__Process) & s__instance(V__A,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__A,s__Automobile) & s__instance(V__D,s__Decelerating) & s__instance(V__H,s__Impacting) & s__instance(V__I,s__Inflating) & s__instance(V__P,s__Human) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__D),s__contains(V__A,V__P)) & s__part(V__AB,V__A) & s__patient(V__D,V__A) & s__patient(V__I,V__AB) & s__objectTransferred(V__H,V__P) & s__destination(V__H,V__A) & s__prevents(V__I,V__H)))' s__SeatBelt s__SeatBelt__t 'seat belt' 'A flexible belt that is part of a &%Vehicle, and worn across the waist, and also typically the shoulder, that prevents impact of the wearer into the interior surfaces of the &%Vehicle during rapid &%Decelerating.' s__PistonRing s__PistonRing__t 'piston ring' 'A &%Piston typically has several such rings to seal the piston against the &%EngineCylinder while allowing it to move, and yet contain &%Combustion and the &%Oil that is used for &%Lubricating the involved surfaces.' s__PositiveCrankcaseVentilationValve s__PositiveCrankcaseVentilationValve__t 'positive crankcase ventilation valve' 'A valve that is designed to send unburned fuel that escapes into the &%Crankcase back to the &%CombustionChamber.' '(? [V__CR,V__F,V__CC,V__T,V__A] : (s__instance(V__A,s__Object) & s__instance(V__CC,s__Object) & s__instance(V__F,s__Object) & s__instance(V__CR,s__Object) & s__instance(V__CR,s__Crankcase) & s__instance(V__F,s__Fuel) & s__instance(V__CC,s__CombustionChamber) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transfer) & s__instance(V__A,s__Automobile) & s__part(V__CR,V__A) & s__part(V__CC,V__A) & s__part(V__PCVV,V__A) & s__origin(V__T,V__CR) & s__destination(V__T,V__CC) & s__objectTransferred(V__T,V__F) & s__path(V__T,V__PCVV)))' s__Lever lever 'Anything which is actually used as a lever, since many things can be used as such, regardless of the intent during their &%Manufacture. A lever necessarily has a &%Fulcrum around which the lever exhibits &%Rotating. A lever has a mechanical advantage at the point of output compared to the point of input of force.' 'http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Palanca-ejemplo.jpg/800px-Palanca-ejemplo.jpg' s__RockerArm s__RockerArm__t 'A &%Device located in the &%Cylinder head of a &%FourStrokeEngine that opens a &%Valve. It is typically activated by contact from a &%Cam on the &%Camshaft.' '(? [V__P1,V__C,V__P2,V__V,V__O,V__FSE] : (s__instance(V__FSE,s__Object) & s__instance(V__O,s__Process) & s__instance(V__V,s__Object) & s__instance(V__P2,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Object) & s__instance(V__P1,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P1,s__Pushing) & s__instance(V__C,s__Cam) & s__instance(V__P2,s__Pushing) & s__instance(V__V,s__Valve) & s__instance(V__O,s__Opening) & s__instance(V__FSE,s__FourStrokeEngine) & s__part(V__RA,V__FSE) & s__part(V__C,V__FSE) & s__part(V__V,V__FSE) & s__instrument(V__P1,V__C) & s__destination(V__P1,V__RA) & s__instrument(V__P2,V__RA) & s__destination(V__P2,V__V) & s__causes(V__P1,V__P2) & s__causes(V__P2,V__O) & s__patient(V__O,V__V)))' s__Magnet magnet 'Any object that emits &%Magnetism. Note that this includes both &%NaturalMagnets and &%Electromagnets and therefore the most specific superclass is &%Object, since natural magnets are divisible &%Substances and electromagnets are &%CorpuscularObjects.' s__Magnetism s__NaturalMagnet s__NaturalMagnet__t s__Magnet__t s__NaturalSubstance 'Any &%Substance from nature that exhibits &%Magnetism.' s__Electromagnet s__Electromagnet__t s__ElectricDevice electromagnet 'A &%Magnet that is created by sending &%Electricity through coils of &%Wire that are wound around a ferromagnetic core.' '(? [V__T,V__E] : (s__instance(V__E,s__Object) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transfer) & s__instance(V__E,s__Electricity) & s__objectTransferred(V__T,V__E) & s__path(V__T,V__EM)))' '(? [V__M] : (s__instance(V__M,s__Process) & s__instance(V__M,s__Magnetism) & s__instrument(V__M,V__EM)))' s__Solenoid s__Solenoid__t solenoid 'A &%Device that uses an &%Electromagnet to actuate an arm or shaft to perform some function.' '(? [V__P,V__T1,V__T2,V__L1,V__L2] : (s__instance(V__L2,s__Object) & s__instance(V__L1,s__Object) & s__instance(V__T2,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__T1,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__P,s__Object) & s__part(V__P,V__S) & s__holdsDuring(V__T1,(s__attribute(V__S,s__DeviceOn) & s__located(V__P,V__L1))) & s__holdsDuring(V__T2,(s__attribute(V__S,s__DeviceOn) & s__located(V__P,V__L2))) & (~ (V__L1 = V__L2))))' s__StarterMotor s__Motor s__StarterMotor__t s__Motor__t 'starter motor' 'Any &%Motor that has the intended use of starting an &%IntermittentCombustionEngine. In most &%Automobiles it is a small electric motor, but in a diesel heavy equipment engine there may be an electric motor that starts a gas engine that in turn starts the diesel engine.' '(? [V__P1,V__P2,V__ICE] : (s__instance(V__ICE,s__Object) & s__instance(V__P2,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P1,s__Process) & s__instance(V__ICE,s__InternalCombustionEngine) & s__instrument(V__P1,V__SM) & s__instrument(V__P2,V__ICE) & s__causes(V__P1,V__P2)))' s__SteeringBox s__SteeringBox__t 'steering box' 'A &%Gearbox at the end of the &%SteeringColumn that transmits &%Motion to the &%SteeringArms.' '(? [V__SW,V__SC] : (s__instance(V__SC,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__SW,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__SW,s__SteeringWheel) & s__instance(V__SC,s__SteeringColumn) & s__connectedEngineeringComponents(V__SW,V__SC) & s__connectedEngineeringComponents(V__SC,V__SB)))' s__SteeringColumn s__SteeringColumn__t 'steering column' 'A &%Shaft that connects the &%SteeringWheel of an &%Automobile to the &%SteeringBox.' s__SteeringWheel 'steering wheel' s__Tachometer s__Tachometer__t tachometer 'A &%Device for &%Measuring the number of &%RevolutionsPerMinute of an object, typically an &%Engine &%Crankshaft.' '(? [V__R,V__M,V__O] : (s__instance(V__M,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R,s__Rotating) & s__patient(V__R,V__O) & s__instance(V__M,s__Measuring) & s__instrument(V__M,V__T) & s__patient(V__M,V__O)))' s__beforeOnPath__m '(beforeOnPath ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?PATH ?PROC) means that ?OBJ1 is spatially before ?OBJ2 on the path ?PATH with respect to a particular &%Transfer &%Process.' s__QuaternaryPredicate s__TransitiveRelation '%1 %n before %2 on path %3 during %4' s__betweenOnPath__m 'before on path' s__Tailpipe s__Tailpipe__t tailpipe 'Typically the last portion of an AutomobileExhaustSystem, which is after the &%Muffler, just before &%Engine &%Exhaust is vented to the surrounding &%Air.' '(? [V__M] : (s__instance(V__M,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__M,s__Muffler) & s__connectedEngineeringComponents(V__M,V__T)))' s__BimetalTemperatureSensor s__BimetalTemperatureSensor__t 'bi-metal temperature sensor' 'Two metals bonded together that have dissimilar thermal expansion properties. This leads to the strip curling one direction or another with changes in &%TemperatureMeasure, typically activating a switch or other device.' s__TemperatureMeasure '(s__measure(V__BTS,V__T1) & s__measure(V__M1,V__L1) & s__measure(V__M2,V__L2))' '(s__measure(V__BTS,V__T2) & s__measure(V__M1,V__L3) & s__measure(V__M2,V__L4))' s__physicalEnd__m s__properPart__m 'one end of %2 is %1' 'A notion of an indeterminate portion at the end of an &%Object that has a &%LongAndThin &%ShapeAttribute.' s__Rod s__Rod__t rod 'Any &%LongAndThin object that has some structural function in another &%Device.' '(? [V__D] : (s__instance(V__D,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__connectedEngineeringComponents(V__R,V__D)))' s__TieRod s__TieRod__t 'http://img217.imageshack.us/img217/5804/4tierodremovalop3.jpg' 'tie rod' 'A &%Rod in an &%Automobile that serves to link the steering system to the &%Wheels. A tie rod is distinct from many other types of rods in that it functions in both compression and tension forces.' s__TorqueWrench s__TorqueWrench__t s__Wrench 'torque wrench' 'A &%Wrench that measures the amount of force applied, typically in pound-feet or Newton-meters.' s__Wrench__t wrench 'A &%Device that is designed to apply a rotational force to an &%AttachingDevice, such as a &%Bolt.' '(? [V__R,V__AD] : (s__instance(V__R,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R,s__Rotating) & s__instance(V__AD,s__AttachingDevice) & s__patient(V__R,V__AD) & s__instrument(V__R,V__W)))' s__Bolt s__AttachingDevice s__Bolt__t bolt 'Any &%AttachingDevice that is designed to mate with a &%MechanicalNut thereby &%Attaching two &%Objects. This includes nuts with hexagonal heads that must be held or turned by a &%Wrench or &%Screwdriver as well as those that have round heads but some non-round feature that is designed to catch on the material being attached, and therefore prevent rotation, as in a carriage bolt. Bolts are distinguished from &%Screws in that screws must create a mating surface by gouging a thread into material, whereas bolts are designed to slip through a hole and are held in place by a nut at the opposite end from the head of the bolt. This includes threaded rods that may have nuts as spacers for freely rotating items.' '(? [V__A,V__N] : (s__instance(V__N,s__Object) & s__instance(V__A,s__Process) & s__instance(V__A,s__Attaching) & s__instance(V__N,s__Nut) & s__instrument(V__A,V__B) & s__instrument(V__A,V__N)))' s__MechanicalNut s__MechanicalNut__t nut 'Any object with threads designed to mate with those of a &%Bolt. This includes any large object with a region that functions as a nut. However, it does not include regions of objects where a screw has created a threaded area and where typically therefore the material is soft enough that retracting and reinserting a screw may create a different thread pattern. This can also be contrasted with regions that are created to be nuts by the use of a &%MechanicalTap and &%MechanicalDie set.' s__Nut '(? [V__A,V__B] : (s__instance(V__B,s__Object) & s__instance(V__A,s__Process) & s__instance(V__A,s__Attaching) & s__instance(V__B,s__Bolt) & s__instrument(V__A,V__B) & s__instrument(V__A,V__N)))' s__WasherForBolt s__WasherForBolt__t washer 'A durable material in the shape of a &%Circle with a &%Hole in it, designed to isolate an object fixed by the &%Bolt from the head of the bolt or from contact with a &%MechanicalNut.' '(? [V__B] : (s__instance(V__B,s__Object) & s__instance(V__B,s__Bolt) & s__contains(V__W,V__B)))' s__MechanicalTap s__MechanicalTap__t tap s__MechanicalDie 'A &%Device for creating a &%Bolt out of a piece of metal (or other hard material) with a &%Hole in it.' '(? [V__M,V__B] : (s__instance(V__M,s__Process) & s__instance(V__M,s__Making) & s__instance(V__B,s__Bolt) & s__instrument(V__M,V__MT) & s__result(V__M,V__B)))' s__MechanicalDie__t die 'A &%Device for creating a &%MechanicalNut out of a &%Rod.' '(? [V__M,V__N] : (s__instance(V__M,s__Process) & s__instance(V__M,s__Making) & s__instance(V__N,s__MechanicalNut) & s__instrument(V__M,V__MT) & s__result(V__M,V__N)))' s__UniversalJoint s__UniversalJoint__t 'http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Universal_joint.gif' 'universal joint' 'A joint that couples two shafts at variables angles to one another. It is distinct from a &%CVJoint in that the shafts do not travel at a constant velocity with respect to one another. This causes vibration and wear. However, universal joints are simpler to make than CV joints.' s__VacuumGauge s__VacuumGauge__t 'vacuum gauge' 'A &%MeasuringDevice that measures the degree of &%Vacuum, relative to the surrounding air pressure.' s__VacuumHose s__Hose s__VacuumHose__t s__Hose__t 'vacuum hose' 'A &%Hose, typically found in modern &%Automobiles that link one area of &%PartialVacuum to another.' '(? [V__H] : (s__instance(V__H,s__Hole) & (V__VH = s__HoleHostFn(V__H)) & s__attribute(V__H,s__PartialVacuum)))' hose 'A &%Tube that is &%Pliable. Note however that it may not be pliable outside its intended operating range, such as with a garden hose in freezing weather.' s__WheelChock s__WheelChock__t 'wheel chock' 'A &%Device that is designed to keep a &%Vehicles &%Wheels, and thus the vehicle itself, from moving.' '(? [V__W] : (s__instance(V__W,s__Wheel) & s__holdsDuring(V__T,(s__meetsSpatially(V__WC,V__W) & (~ (? [V__R] : (s__instance(V__R,s__Process) & s__instance(V__W,s__Object) & s__instance(V__R,s__Rotating) & s__patient(V__R,V__W))))))))' s__OutboardEngine s__OutboardEngine__t 'An outboard motor is a propulsion system for boats, consisting of a self-contained unit that includes engine, gearbox and propeller or jet drive, designed to be affixed to the outside of the transom. They are the most common motorized method of propelling small watercraft. As well as providing propulsion, outboards provide steering control, as they are designed to pivot over their mountings and thus control the direction of thrust. The skeg also acts as a rudder when the engine is not running. Compared to inboard motors, outboard motors can be easily removed for storage or repairs. [from Wikipedia]' 'outboard engine' 'outboard motor' s__OutboardMotor 'http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Trim_outboard_engine.jpg' '(? [V__W] : (s__instance(V__W,s__Object) & s__instance(V__W,s__WaterVehicle) & s__meetsSpatially(V__OE,V__W) & s__orientation(V__OE,V__W,s__Outside)))' s__CoveringFn__m s__UnaryFunction s__BodyPart 'A &%Function that produces the class of all things intended to be used in &%Covering a particular &%BodyPart.' '(? [V__P,V__BI,V__CI] : (s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__Covering) & s__instance(V__BI,V__B) & s__instance(V__CI,V__C) & s__destination(V__P,V__BI) & s__patient(V__P,V__CI)))' s__Helmet s__Helmet__t s__SafetyDevice__t s__Head 'Any &%WearableItem designed to protect the &%Head of the individual who &%wears it.' s__MotorcycleHelmet s__MotorcycleHelmet__t 'A &%Helmet designed to be worn by the driver of a &%Motorcycle.' 'motorcycle helmet' '(? [V__P,V__D,V__M] : (s__instance(V__D,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__Animal) & s__instance(V__D,s__Driving) & s__agent(V__D,V__P) & s__instance(V__M,s__Motorcycle) & s__patient(V__D,V__M) & s__instance(V__P,s__Human) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__D),s__wears(V__P,V__MH))))' s__Chain s__Chain__t chain 'A number of interconnected loops of metal that has strength in tension and is used like rope, although it often is much stronger. Note that this class does not include loops of metal not arranged in an interconnected line, such as chain mail armor or a chain link fence, which are connected in a plane. Chain may however be used to make up other artifacts, such as tire chains, in which sections of chain are joined into a grid or other arrangement.' s__ChainLink s__RingTorus 'ring torus' 'Informally, the shape of a donut. More formally, the shape described by the edge of an oval when its center follows a oval path perpendicular to the plane of the first oval, and when the axis of the moving oval in the plane of the fixed oval is smaller than the shorter axis of the fixed oval.' s__ChainLink__t 'chain link' 'Any closed form of metal rod or wire intended for use as part of a chain.' s__covers__m '%1 covers %2' 'A relationship of partial or complete physical covering, which may be the result of a &%Covering. To cover an object, the first object must at least roughly conform to the surface of the second object. ' s__TireChain s__TireChain__t 'tire chain' 'snow chain' 'Any web of chains designed to be mounted covering a tire, to increase traction of the tire on soft surfaces. While primarily for use on snow in passenger vehicles, these devices can be used on any other soft surface for the same purpose.' '(? [V__V,V__W,V__F] : (s__instance(V__F,s__Process) & s__instance(V__W,s__Object) & s__instance(V__V,s__Object) & s__instance(V__V,s__RoadVehicle) & s__instance(V__W,s__Wheel) & s__part(V__W,V__V) & s__instance(V__F,s__Friction) & s__covers(V__TC,V__W) & s__instrument(V__F,V__TC)))' s__SnapOnTools s__Corporation 'Snap-on Tools' s__HarleyDavidson 'Harley Davidson' s__HandTool s__UnpoweredDevice s__HandTool__t s__UnpoweredDevice__t 'hand tool' 'Any &%UnpoweredDevice that a &%Human is capable of &%Carrying and is designed for a particular purpose.' s__Carrying 'Any &%Device that lacks a &%part that is a power source.' s__GeneralMotorsCorp 'General Motors' s__UnitedStates s__HoldenCorporation s__Austrailia 'Holden Corporation' 'A &%manufacturer of &%Automobiles in &%Austrailia that is a &%subOrganization of &%GeneralMotorsCorp and is the &%manufacturer of the &%CommodoreAutomobile.' s__manufacturer__m 'A relation between a class of &%Objects and an &%Agent that is responsible for the &%Manufacture of that object.' 'the maker of %1 is %2' s__CommodoreAutomobile s__CommodoreAutomobile__t 'A brand of &%Automobile that is the output of &%Manufacture by &%HoldenCorporation.' s__CommodoreWheel s__CommodoreWheel__t 'A wheel (timre rim) made for the &%CommodoreAutomobile.' 'Commodore wheel' s__Holden '(? [V__CA] : (s__instance(V__CA,s__Object) & s__instance(V__CA,s__CommodoreAutomobile) & s__part(V__CW,V__CA)))' s__engineCylinders__m s__NonNegativeInteger 'engine %1 has %2 cylinders' 'The number of &%EngineCylinders in a particular &%Engine.' s__NonnegativeInteger s__TwoCylinderEngine s__TwoCylinderEngine__t 'An &%IntermittentCombustionEngine that has two &%EngineCylinders.' 'two cylinder engine' s__FourCylinderEngine s__FourCylinderEngine__t 'An &%IntermittentCombustionEngine that has four &%EngineCylinders.' 'four cylinder engine' s__SixCylinderEngine s__SixCylinderEngine__t 'An &%IntermittentCombustionEngine that has six &%EngineCylinders.' 'six cylinder engine' "6" s__EightCylinderEngine 'An &%IntermittentCombustionEngine that has eight &%EngineCylinders.' 'eight cylinder engine' "8" s__HarleyDavidsonCorp 'An iconic &%manufacturer of &%Motorcyles in the &%UnitedStates.' s__HarleyDavidsonKnuckleheadEngine s__HarleyDavidsonKnuckleheadEngine__t 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harley035.jpg' knucklehead s__FourWheelDriveVehicle s__LandVehicle s__FourWheelDriveVehicle__t 'four wheel drive' 'A &%LandVehicle that is capable of providing power to all four &%Wheels.' '(! [V__W] : ((s__instance(V__W,s__Object) & s__instance(V__FWD,s__Object)) => (s__part(V__W,V__FWD) & (? [V__E,V__C,V__R1,V__R2] : (s__instance(V__R2,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R1,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Object) & s__instance(V__E,s__Object) & s__instance(V__E,s__Engine) & s__part(V__E,V__FWD) & s__instance(V__C,s__Crankshaft) & s__part(V__C,V__E) & s__instance(V__R1,s__Rotating) & s__patient(V__R1,V__C) & s__instance(V__R2,s__Rotating) & s__patient(V__R2,V__W) & s__causes(V__R1,V__R2))))))' s__TwoWheelDriveVehicle s__TwoWheelDriveVehicle__t '(? [V__W1,V__W2] : (s__part(V__W1,V__TWD) & s__part(V__W2,V__TWD) & (~ (V__W1 = V__W2)) & (? [V__E,V__C,V__R1,V__R2,V__R3] : (s__instance(V__E,s__Engine) & s__part(V__E,V__TWD) & s__instance(V__C,s__Crankshaft) & s__part(V__C,V__E) & s__instance(V__R1,s__Rotating) & s__patient(V__R1,V__C) & s__instance(V__R2,s__Rotating) & s__patient(V__R2,V__W1) & s__causes(V__R1,V__R2) & s__patient(V__R3,V__W2) & s__causes(V__R1,V__R3) & (~ (? [V__W3,V__R4] : (s__instance(V__R4,s__Process) & s__instance(V__W3,s__Object) & s__instance(V__R3,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R2,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R1,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Object) & s__instance(V__E,s__Object) & s__instance(V__W2,s__Object) & s__instance(V__W1,s__Object) & (~ (V__W1 = V__W3)) & (~ s__equals(V__W2,V__W3)) & s__part(V__W3,V__TWD) & s__instance(V__R4,s__Rotating) & s__patient(V__R4,V__W3) & s__causes(V__R1,V__R4))))))))' s__FourByFourTire '4x4 tire' '4 by 4 tire' 'four wheel drive tire' s__Tire s__FourByFourTire__t 'A &%VehicleTire that is intended for use on a &%FourWheelDriveVehicle, having increased traction compared to vehicle tires intended for use on Asphalt.' '(? [V__FWDV] : (s__instance(V__FWDV,s__Object) & s__instance(V__FWDV,s__FourWheelDriveVehicle) & s__part(V__FFT,V__FWDV)))' s__VehicleRoofRack 'roof bars' 'roof rack' 'cargo rack' s__VehicleRoofRack__t 'A structure designed to be attached to, or made as part of a &%RoadVehicle, to which cargo, or cargo-carrying &%Containers may be temporarily attached.' '(? [V__T,V__A] : (s__instance(V__A,s__Object) & s__instance(V__T,s__Process) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transfer) & s__patient(V__T,V__C) & s__instance(V__A,s__Automobile) & s__orientation(V__VRR,V__A,s__Outside) & s__meetsSpatially(V__C,V__VRR) & s__part(V__VRR,V__A) & s__instrument(V__T,V__A)))' s__HarleyDavidsonPanheadEngine s__HarleyDavidsonPanheadEngine__t 'http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Panhead.jpg' panhead s__de__m s__InteriorVehicleEquipment fahrzeugeinrichtung 'vehicle interior' s__InteriorVehicleEquipment__t 'The objects &%Inside the passenger compartment of a &%RoadVehicle, such as the seats, dashboard and radio.' '(? [V__V,V__E] : (s__instance(V__E,s__Object) & s__instance(V__V,s__Object) & s__instance(V__V,s__Automobile) & s__instance(V__E,s__Engine) & s__part(V__E,V__V) & (~ s__part(V__IVE,V__E)) & s__part(V__IVE,V__V) & s__orientation(V__IVE,V__V,s__Inside)))' s__RoverGroup 'A British motor car company that has gone through many different eras as a brand, independant corporation, and subsidiary.' s__UnitedKingdom s__RoverV8Engine s__RoverV8Engine__t s__EightCylinderEngine__t 'http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Rover_V8_engine.jpg' 'Rover v8' 'The Rover V8 engine is a compact V8 internal combustion engine with aluminium cylinder heads and cylinder block, originally designed by General Motors and later re-designed and produced by Rover in the United Kingdom. It has been used in a wide range of vehicles from Rover and other manufacturers since its British debut in 1967. [from Wikipedia]' s__Aluminum s__BritishSeagullCorp 'British Seagull corp' 'British Seagull was a British manufacturer of two-stroke outboard engines from the early 1930s until the mid 1990s. The company went out of business due to the motor design not being able to keep up with more modern boat engines and increasingly tight emissions regulations. British Seagull no longer produces new engines but still operates for parts.' s__SeagullOutboard s__SeagullOutboard__t s__OutboardMotor__t 'Seagull outboard' s__BritishSeagullOutboardMotor 'http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/BritishSeagull.jpg' s__MotorcycleGlove s__Glove s__MotorcycleGlove__t s__Hand 'motorcycle glove' '&%Gloves that are intended for use while riding a &%Motorcycle. They may include features such as special fabrics or armor to protect the hands in case of an accident.' '(? [V__M,V__D,V__T] : (s__instance(V__T,s__Process) & s__instance(V__D,s__Animal) & s__instance(V__M,s__Object) & s__instance(V__T,s__Driving) & s__agent(V__T,V__D) & s__instrument(V__T,V__M) & s__instance(V__M,s__Motorcycle) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__T),s__wears(V__D,V__MG))))' s__AllTerrainVehicle s__AllTerrainVehicle__t 'A &%Vehicle that travels on low-pressure tires, with a seat that is straddled by the operator, along with handlebars for &%Steering control, that is designed to handle a wider variety of terrain than most &%RoadVehicles' 'ATV' 'all-terrain vehicle' '(? [V__D,V__L] : (s__instance(V__L,s__Object) & s__instance(V__D,s__Process) & s__instance(V__D,s__Transportation) & s__instrument(V__D,V__ATV) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__D),s__orientation(V__ATV,V__L,s__On)) & (~ s__instance(V__L,s__Roadway))))' 'Any &%Pliable object with a &%RoundShape that is designed to cover the &%WheelRim, and provide a &$WearingFrictionSurface that can be replaced more cheaply and/or easily than the rim. It may also increase traction, and provide some shock absorbtion or act as a &%Damper, thus smoothing the ride of a &%Vehicle.' tire '(? [V__W,V__R] : (s__instance(V__R,s__Object) & s__instance(V__W,s__Object) & s__instance(V__W,s__Wheel) & s__instance(V__R,s__WheelRim) & s__part(V__T,V__W) & s__part(V__R,V__W) & s__covers(V__T,V__R)))' s__RoundShape s__WheelRim 'The rigid portion of a &%Wheel on a &%RoadVehicle that is designed to have a &%Tire that &%covers it.' rim s__Rigid s__ATVTire s__ATVTire__t 'A &%Tire designed to fit the &%WheelRim on an &%AllTerrainVehicle.' 'atv tire' s__HandToolBox s__Box s__HandToolBox__t 'A &%Box designed for &%Carrying &%HandTools, such as a &%Hammer or &%Wrench.' 'tool box' '(? [V__HT] : (s__instance(V__HT,s__Object) & s__instance(V__HT,s__HandTool) & s__contains(V__HTB,V__HT)))' s__SimmonsCorp 'An &%Australian manufacturer of custom alloy &%WheelRims.' s__Australia s__SimmonsWheelRim s__SimmonsWheelRim__t s__SimmonWheelRim 'A &%WheelRim &%Manufactured by &%SimmonsCorp.' 'Simmons rim' 'Simmons wheel' s__BritishMotorCorp 'British Motors' 'A company based in the &%UnitedKingdom that was responsible for &%Making the original iconic Mini car.' s__MiniCooper s__MiniCooper__t 'A family of small &%Automobile models that is an iconic British vehicle. It has been revived by &%BMW.' 'mini cooper' s__MiniCooperEngine s__MiniCooperEngine__t 'mini cooper engine' 'mini engine' s__HoldenToranaAutomobile s__HoldenToranaAutomobile__t s__Automobile__t 'Torana' 'Holden Torana' s__TireChanger s__TireChanger__t 'A &%Device for putting &%Tires on &%WheelRims, or removing them.' 'tire changer' '(? [V__P,V__T,V__R] : (s__instance(V__T,s__Object) & s__instance(V__P,s__Transfer) & s__instance(V__P,s__Putting) & s__instance(V__T,s__Tire) & s__instance(V__R,s__WheelRim) & s__destination(V__P,V__R) & s__objectTransferred(V__P,V__T) & s__instrument(V__P,V__TC)))' '(? [V__RE,V__T,V__R] : (s__instance(V__R,s__Object) & s__instance(V__T,s__Object) & s__instance(V__RE,s__Transfer) & s__instance(V__RE,s__Removing) & s__instance(V__T,s__Tire) & s__instance(V__R,s__WheelRim) & s__origin(V__RE,V__R) & s__objectTransferred(V__RE,V__T) & s__instrument(V__RE,V__TC)))' s__RecreationalVehicle caravan 'RV' camper s__FordWheelRim s__FordWheelRim__t s__WheelRim__t 'A &%WheelRim intended for a &%FordAutomobile.' 'Ford rim' 'Ford wheel' s__FordAutomobile s__FordAutomobile__t 'A brand of &%Automobile that is the output of &%Manufacture by &%FordCorporation.' 'Ford' 'Ford car' s__FordCorporation 'A company based in the &%UnitedStates that is one of the oldest and largest existing passenger car makers.' s__Ratchet 'A &%Wrench that allows an engaged &%Bolt to exhibit &%Rotating freely in one direction but not another, with respect to the handle of the wrench. Some wrenches have a switch that allows selection of one of two directions of free rotation.' s__RotationalAttribute s__DirectionAttribute s__RotationalAttribute__t s__DirectionAttribute__t s__Clockwise clockwise 'The &%direction in which the hands of a modern &%Clock move when reading the clock.' s__CounterClockwise 'counter-clockwise' 'The opposite &%direction from which the hands of a modern &%Clock move when reading the clock.' s__SnapOnRatchet s__SnapOnRatchet__t s__Ratchet__t 'Snap-On ratchet' s__ChevroletAutomobile s__ChevroletAutomobile__t s__ChevroletEngine s__ChevroletEngine__t s__Chevrolet350Engine s__Chevrolet350Engine__t s__engineDisplacement__m 'The total &%VolumeMeasure of all the &%EngineCylinders.' s__Mud s__Soil s__Mud__t 'A &%Mixture of &%Soil and &%Water.' mud s__MudTire s__MudTire__t s__Tire__t 'A &%Tire designed to be used for &%Driving in &%Mud.' 'mud tire' 'mud tyre' '(? [V__M] : (s__instance(V__M,s__Object) & s__instance(V__M,s__Mud) & s__meetsSpatially(V__MT,V__M)))' s__PeterbiltCorp s__PeterbiltCorp__t s__Texas 'Peterbilt' 'An American &%manufacturer of &%TruckTractors that was one of the first truck makers.' s__PeterbiltTruck s__TruckTractor s__PeterbiltTruck__t s__TruckTractor__t 'Peterbilt truck' s__Seat '(? [V__H,V__T] : (s__instance(V__T,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__H,s__Object) & s__instance(V__H,s__Human) & s__holdsDuring(V__T,(s__attribute(V__H,s__Sitting) & s__located(V__H,V__S)))))' s__VehicleSeat s__VehicleSeat__t '(? [V__H,V__T,V__V] : (s__instance(V__V,s__Object) & s__instance(V__T,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__H,s__Object) & s__instance(V__H,s__Human) & s__instance(V__V,s__Vehicle) & s__holdsDuring(V__T,(s__attribute(V__H,s__Sitting) & s__located(V__H,V__S) & s__located(V__S,V__V)))))' s__AutomobileSeat s__AutomobileSeat__t 'car seat' 'auto seat' '(? [V__H,V__T,V__V] : (s__instance(V__V,s__Object) & s__instance(V__T,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__H,s__Object) & s__instance(V__H,s__Human) & s__instance(V__V,s__Automobile) & s__holdsDuring(V__T,(s__attribute(V__H,s__Sitting) & s__located(V__H,V__S) & s__located(V__S,V__V)))))' s__BoatSeat s__BoatSeat__t 'boat seat' '(? [V__H,V__T,V__V] : (s__instance(V__V,s__Object) & s__instance(V__T,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__H,s__Object) & s__instance(V__H,s__Human) & s__instance(V__V,s__WaterVehicle) & s__holdsDuring(V__T,(s__attribute(V__H,s__Sitting) & s__located(V__H,V__S) & s__located(V__S,V__V)))))' s__ElectricLightFixture s__LightFixture s__ElectricLightFixture__t s__IncandescentLightFixture s__IncandescentLightFixture__t s__LEDLightFixture s__LEDLightFixture__t s__FluorescentLightFixture s__FluorescentLightFixture__t s__LightBulb 'light bulb' 'The smallest removable &%LightFixture that is the component that emits light.' s__RadiatingLight s__instrument__m s__LED s__LED__t 'LED' 'LED light' s__FluorescentLightBulb s__FluorescentLightBulb__t 'fluorescent light bulb' s__IncandescentLightBulb s__IncandescentLightBulb__t s__LightBulb__t 'incandescent light bulb' s__SortimoCorp 'Sortimo Corporation' s__Germany s__Toolbox s__GMLs1V8engine s__GMLs1V8engine__t 'ls1 engine' s__Corvette s__Corvette__t 'Corvette' s__UsedItem 'An item that is used in a retail sense, that it has been purchased by a customer. Note that it need not have actually been used for its intended purpose.' used s__Buying s__NewItem 'An item that is new in a retail sense, that it has not been purchased by a customer.' new s__IconMotorcyleEquipmentCorporation 'Icon' 'Icon Corporation' s__IconHelmet s__IconHelmet__t 'Icon helmet' s__CosworthCorp s__England 'Cosworth Corporation' 'A British &%manufacturer of high performance &%Automobile &%Engines and equipment.' s__CosworthEngine s__CosworthEngine__t 'Cosworth engine' s__GasCompressor__t compressor 'Any device designed for &%Compressing a &%Gas. This includes compressors designed for refrigeration applications as well as air tools.' '(? [V__C,V__G] : (s__instance(V__G,s__Object) & s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Compressing) & s__attribute(V__G,s__Gas) & s__patient(V__C,V__G) & s__instrument(V__C,V__GC)))' s__Supercharger s__Supercharger__t 'A &%Device that injects compressed &%Air into the intake of a &%Vehicle &%Engine. By effectively increasing the amount of &%Oxygen in the &%CombustionChamber, it increases the power and efficiency and the engine.' supercharger '(? [V__T,V__IV,V__A] : (s__instance(V__A,s__Object) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transfer) & s__instance(V__T,s__GasMotion) & s__origin(V__T,V__S) & s__instance(V__IV,s__IntakeValve) & s__destination(V__T,V__IV) & s__instance(V__A,s__Air) & s__objectTransferred(V__T,V__A) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__T),s__attribute(V__A,s__Pressurized))))' s__Catalog s__Proposition s__Catalog__t 'a &%Catalog is a &%Proposition of the classes of resources that an agent provides or offers' catalog s__Abstract s__catalogItem__m '(&%catalogItem ?OBJ ?CATALOG) means that an instance of ?OBJ is a member of ?CATALOG' s__Entity '(? [V__S,V__X] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__X,V__OBJ) & s__instance(V__S,s__Selling) & s__agent(V__S,V__AGENT) & s__patient(V__S,V__X)))' '(? [V__S,V__X] : (s__instance(V__X,s__Process) & s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__realization(V__X,V__PROP) & s__instance(V__S,s__Selling) & s__patient(V__S,V__X) & s__agent(V__S,V__AGENT)))' s__offers__m '(&%offers ?AGENT ?CATALOG) means that ?AGENT offers items of ?CATALOG to its customers' offers '(? [V__OBJ,V__SELL] : (s__instance(V__SELL,s__Process) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Object) & s__instance(V__SELL,s__Selling) & s__attribute(V__OBJ,V__ATTR) & s__patient(V__SELL,V__OBJ) & s__agent(V__SELL,V__AGENT)))' s__offersAtTime__m '(%&offersAtTime ?AGENT ?CATALOG ?TIMEINT) means that ?AGENT offers items of ?CATALOG to its customer only during the specified ?TIMEINT' s__TernaryPredicate s__buys__m '(&%buys ?CUST ?AGENT ?ENT) means that &%Agent ?CUST performs &%Buying of &%Entity ?ENT from &%Agent ?AGENT' buys s__CognitiveAgent s__rents__m '(&%rents ?CUST ?AGENT ?OBJ ?TI) means that for &%TimeInterval ?TI, &%CognitiveAgent ?CUST is &%Renting &%Object ?OBJ from &%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT' rents '(? [V__RENT] : (s__instance(V__RENT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__RENT,s__Renting) & s__patient(V__RENT,V__OBJ) & s__agent(V__RENT,V__CUST) & s__possesses(V__AGENT,V__OBJ)))' s__propositionOwner__m '(&%propositionOwner ?AGENT ?PROP) means that &%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT was the one who conceptualized or created the &%Proposition ?PROP' 'proposition owner' s__Creation s__PricingScheme s__PricingScheme__t '&%PricingScheme refers to the conditions attached to the price of a product of service' 'pricing scheme' s__priceRange__m '(&%priceRange ?OBJ ?MIN ?MAX ?AGENT) means that &%Agent ?AGENT attaches range of possible &%productPrice for ?OBJ with minimum ?MIN and maximum ?MAX' 'price range' s__validFor__m '(&%validFor ?SCHEME ?AGENT) means that &%CurrencyMeasure that &%PricingScheme refers to applies to &%Agent ?AGENT' 'valid for' s__validityPeriod__m '(&%validityPeriod ?SCHEME ?TIMEINT) means that the &%CurrencyMeasure that &%PricingScheme refers to is valid for the given &%TimeInterval' 'validity period' s__validPaymentType__m '(&%validPaymentType ?SCHEME ?PAYMENT) means that the &%CurrencyMeasure that &%PricingScheme refers to is valid for the given &%Payment class' 'valid payment type' s__Payment s__pricePolicy__m '(&%pricePolicy ?SCHEME ?POLICY) describes the &%Policy ?POLICY attached to the given rate with the ?SCHEME' 'rate policy' s__Policy s__negotiatedPrice__m '(&%negotiatedPrice ?ENT ?PRICE ?AGREE) means that according to &%Agreement ?AGREE - which is agreed upon by seller and buyer - the &%CurrencyMeasure ?PRICE is given to &%Entity ?ENT' s__Agreement '((s__instance(V__S,s__Selling) & s__patient(V__S,V__ITEM) & s__immediateInstance(V__ITEM,V__ENT) & s__agent(V__S,V__SELLER) & s__destination(V__S,V__BUYER)) => s__transactionAmount(V__S,V__PRICE))' s__Promise '((s__immediateInstance(V__ITEM,V__ENT) & s__realization(V__PROCESS,V__ITEM) & s__instance(V__S,s__Selling) & s__patient(V__S,V__PROCESS) & s__agent(V__S,V__SELLER) & s__destination(V__S,V__BUYER)) => s__transactionAmount(V__S,V__PRICE))' '((s__instance(V__B,s__Buying) & s__patient(V__B,V__ITEM) & s__immediateInstance(V__ITEM,V__ENT) & s__agent(V__B,V__BUYER) & s__origin(V__B,V__SELLER)) => s__transactionAmount(V__B,V__PRICE))' s__publishedPrice__m '(&%publishedPrice ?ENT ?PRICE ?AGENT ?PS) means that the &%CurrencyMeasure ?PRICE is given by &%Agent ?AGENT to &%Entity ?ENT, based on conditions outlined in &%PricingScheme ?PS' 'published price' '(? [V__PAYMENT] : (s__instance(V__PAYMENT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__PAYMENT,V__PAY) & s__subProcess(V__PAYMENT,V__B)))' '((s__instance(V__B,s__Buying) & s__agent(V__B,V__CUSTOMER) & s__origin(V__B,V__AGENT) & s__patient(V__B,V__ITEM)) => s__transactionAmount(V__B,V__PRICE))' s__unitPrice__m '(&%unitPrice ?ENT ?QUANT ?AGENT ?PS) is meant for objects that are not sold by the piece but by a certain unit of measure, for instance, vegetables that are sold by the pound. &%FunctionQuantity ?QUANT, in this case, refers to (&%PerFn &%CurrencyMeasure (&%MeasureFn &%RealNumber &%UnitOfMeasure)), which reads something like X amount of money per Y unit. This can be attached to a &%PricingScheme ?PS by &%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT' s__productPrice__m '(&%productPrice ?ENT ?QUANT ?AGENT) means that &%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT sells items of type &%Entity ?ENT for &%CurrencyMeasure ?QUANT' 'product price' '((s__instance(V__S,s__Selling) & s__immediateInstance(V__I,V__ENT) & s__patient(V__S,V__I) & s__agent(V__S,V__AGENT)) => s__transactionAmount(V__S,V__PRICE))' s__rentalPrice__m '(&%rentalPrice ?OBJ ?PRICE ?AGENT ?PS) means that the &%CurrencyMeasure ?PRICE is paid for the use of &%Physical ?OBJ. &%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT sets this price with conditions stipulated in &%PricingScheme ?PS' 'rental price' s__Renting s__contractedRentalPrice__m '(&%contractedRentalPrice ?OBJ ?PRICE ?AGREEMENT) means that the conditions of rental of &%Physical ?OBJ is stipulated in &%Agreement ?AGREEMENT entered into by &%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT with a customer.' 'contracted rental price' '(? [V__R] : (s__instance(V__R,s__Process) & s__instance(V__CUSTOMER,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__instance(V__SELLER,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__instance(V__R,s__Renting) & s__patient(V__R,V__OBJ) & s__agent(V__R,V__SELLER) & s__destination(V__R,V__CUSTOMER)))' s__CommunicationRadio s__CommunicationDevice s__CommunicationRadio__t 'Relatively low power broadcasting devices designed for voice communication among specialized groups in which each receiver also has the power to transmit, unlike broadcast radio where most components transmitting or receiving on a given frequency or set of frequencies are receivers only. This includes unlicensed walkie-talkies, public safety radios, military communication systems and CB radios.' s__TelephoneSystem s__CommunicationSystem s__TelephoneSystem__t 'A &%TelephoneSystem consists of a complete interconnection of &%Telephones, &%MainTelephoneLines, and other components that work together to make telephonic communication possible from point to point in a given area.' telephone s__Telephone s__MainTelephoneLine s__MainTelephoneLine__t 'main telephone line' 'A &%MainTelephoneLine is one &%engineeringSubcomponent of a &%TelephoneSystem used for voice communication or computer data transfer.' s__TelephoneCradle s__TelephoneCradle__t '&%TelephoneCradle is the part of the &%Telephone that is connected to the &%TelephoneSystem through some wire.' 'telephone cradle' '(? [V__SYS,V__WIRE] : (s__instance(V__WIRE,s__EngineeringConnection) & s__instance(V__SYS,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__SYS,s__TelephoneSystem) & s__instance(V__WIRE,s__WireLine) & s__connectsEngineeringComponents(V__WIRE,V__X,V__SYS)))' s__CordedTelephone s__FixedPhone s__CordedTelephone__t '&%CordedTelephone is a type of &%FixedPhone whose &%TelephoneHandset is connected to its &%TelephoneCradle by a &%WireLine' 'corded telephone' s__EngineeringConnection s__TelephoneHandset s__WireLine s__CordlessTelephone s__CordlessTelephone__t '&%CordlessTelephone is a type of &%FixedPhone whose &%TelephoneHandset is not connected to its &%TelephoneCradle by a &%WireLine' 'cordless telephone' s__ArtificialSatellite s__Satellite s__Satellite__t satellite 'An &%ArtificialSatellite is a &%Device that orbits the earth in space and performs various functions such as aiding in communication, photographing the earths surface, and others.' s__CommunicationSatellite s__ArtificialSatellite__t s__CommunicationSatellite__t 'communications satellite' 'A &%CommunicationSatellite is an &%ArtificialSatellite that serves as one &%engineeringSubcomponent of a &%CommunicationSystem.' s__communicationSatelliteForArea__m s__GeopoliticalArea 'The expression (communicationSatelliteForArea ?AREA ?SATELLITE ?INTEGER) means that ?INTEGER number of &%CommunicationSatellites of the type ?SATELLITE serve as an &%engineeringSubcomponent of a &%TelephoneSystem of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.' '(s__instance(V__SATELLITE,V__SATELLITETYPE) & s__instance(V__SYSTEM,s__CommunicationSystem) & s__located(V__SYSTEM,V__AREA) & s__engineeringSubcomponent(V__SATELLITE,V__SYSTEM))' s__Eutelsat s__Eutelsat__t 'An &%Eutelsat is one type of &%CommunicationSatellite.' s__Inmarsat s__Inmarsat__t 'An &%Inmarsat is one type of &%CommunicationSatellite.' s__Intelsat s__Intelsat__t 'An &%Intelsat is one type of &%CommunicationSatellite.' s__Intersputnik s__Intersputnik__t 'An &%Intersputnik is one type of &%CommunicationSatellite.' s__Orbita s__Orbita__t 'An &%Orbita is one type of &%CommunicationSatellite.' s__Telex s__Telex__t '&%Telex is a &%Telegraph-like &%CommunicationDevice that is used to send messages over a &%TelephoneSystem.' telex s__Printer '(? [V__SYS,V__TELEX2,V__MSG] : (s__instance(V__MSG,s__Motion) & s__instance(V__TELEX2,s__Object) & s__instance(V__SYS,s__Object) & s__instance(V__SYS,s__TelephoneSystem) & s__instance(V__TELEX2,s__Telex) & s__instance(V__MSG,s__Messaging) & ((s__origin(V__MSG,V__TELEX) & s__destination(V__MSG,V__TELEX2)) | (s__origin(V__MSG,V__TELEX2) & s__destination(V__MSG,V__TELEX))) & s__path(V__MSG,V__SYS)))' s__Messaging s__Text s__BroadcastingStation s__StationaryArtifact 'A &%BroadcastingStation is an &%engineeringSubcomponent of either a &%TelevisionSystem or a &%RadioStation.' s__TelevisionStation s__RadioStation s__RadioSystem 'A &%RadioSystem consists of &%Radios, &%RadioStations, and other components that work together to make radio broadcasting possible in a given area.' s__AMRadioSystem s__AMRadioSystem__t 'An &%AMRadioSystem consists of &%Radios, &%AMRadioStations, and other components that work together to make AM radio broadcasting possible in a given area.' s__FMRadioSystem s__FMRadioSystem__t s__RadioSystem__t 'A &%FMRadioSystem consists of &%Radios, &%FMRadioStations, and other components that work together to make FM radio broadcasting possible in a given area.' s__ShortwaveRadioSystem s__ShortwaveRadioSystem__t 'A &%ShortwaveRadioSystem consists of &%Radios, &%ShortwaveRadioStations, and other components that work together to make shortwave radio broadcasting possible in a given area.' s__BabyMonitoringSystem s__BabyMonitoringSystem__t '&%BabyMonitoringSystem refers to the radio system that &%Broadcasting at 49Mhz, consisting of a transmitter and receiver, where the transmitter is kept where the baby is kept, and the receiver is kept with the person looking after the baby to be able to hear sounds and monitor the baby' 'baby monitor' s__RadioReceiver '(? [V__BABY,V__CARER,V__SOUND,V__LOC1,V__LOC2,V__PROC,V__RADIO] : (s__instance(V__RADIO,s__Process) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__LOC2,s__Object) & s__instance(V__LOC1,s__Object) & s__instance(V__SOUND,s__Process) & s__instance(V__CARER,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__BABY,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__RX,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__TX,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__TX,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__BABY,s__HumanBaby) & s__instance(V__CARER,s__Human) & s__located(V__BABY,V__LOC1) & s__located(V__CARER,V__LOC2) & (~ (V__LOC1 = V__LOC2)) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__Maintaining) & s__patient(V__PROC,V__BABY) & s__agent(V__PROC,V__CARER) & s__located(V__TX,V__LOC1) & s__located(V__RX,V__LOC2) & s__instance(V__SOUND,s__RadiatingSound) & s__eventLocated(V__SOUND,V__LOC1) & s__instance(V__RADIO,s__RadioEmission) & s__patient(V__RADIO,V__SOUND) & s__destination(V__RADIO,V__RX) & s__agent(V__RADIO,V__TX)))' 'A &%RadioStation is an &%engineeringSubcomponent of a &%RadioSystem.' s__AMRadioStation s__AMRadioStation__t 'An &%AMRadioStation is an &%engineeringSubcomponent of an &%AMRadioSystem.' s__FMRadioStation s__FMRadioStation__t 'A &%FMRadioStation is an &%engineeringSubcomponent of an &%FMRadioSystem.' s__ShortwaveRadioStation s__ShortwaveRadioStation__t s__RadioStation__t 'A &%ShortwaveRadioStation is an &%engineeringSubcomponent of a &%ShortwaveRadioSystem.' s__TelevisionSystem s__TelevisionSystem__t 'A system for &%Broadcasting and receiving television signals.' s__TelevisionStation__t s__BroadcastingStation__t 'A &%TelevisionStation is an &%engineeringSubcomponent of a &%TelevisionSystem.' s__CableTelevisionSystem s__CableTelevisionSystem__t 'A &%CableTelevisionSystem is a &%CommunicationSystem for cable television.' s__TelevisionReceiver s__SatelliteTelevisionSystem s__SatelliteTelevisionSystem__t '&%SatelliteTelevisionSystem is a &%CommunicationSystem where &%ArtificialSatellite is used to transfer TV signals' 'satellite tv' s__BroadcastNetwork s__BroadcastNetwork__t '&%BroadcastNetwork is the subclass of &%CommunicationSystems consisting of &%BroadcastingStations that are linked electronically and managed or owned by one organization.' s__Organization s__ReceiverDevice s__TelevisionReceiver__t television 'TV' 'A &%TelevisionReceiver is a &%Device for receiving television broadcast signals from a &%TelevisionStation or signals transmitted through a cable from a &%CableTelevisionSystem.' s__TelevisionBroadcasting s__TelevisionSet s__TelevisionSet__t '&%TelevisionSet is an &%ElectricDevice comprised of a &%TelevisionReceiver and some form of &%VideoDisplay and is part of a &%TelevisionSystem' 'television set' s__VideoDisplay s__TVRemoteControl s__RemoteControl s__TVRemoteControl__t s__RemoteControl__t '&%TVRemoteControl is a type of &%RemoteControl that signals to a &%TelevisionReceiver' 'tv remote' '(? [V__SIGNAL,V__DEVICE] : (s__instance(V__SIGNAL,s__Process) & s__instance(V__SIGNAL,s__ElectronicSignalling) & s__agent(V__SIGNAL,V__X) & s__destination(V__SIGNAL,V__DEVICE) & s__instance(V__DEVICE,s__TelevisionReceiver)))' s__Internet 'The &%Internet is a &%CommunicationSystem for the rapid delivery of information between computers.' s__internetCountryCode__m s__SymbolicString '(internetCountryCode ?AREA ?CODE) relates a &%GeopoliticalArea to the &%SymbolicString ?CODE used to identify the ?AREA on internet websites.' s__InternetServiceProvider s__InternetServiceProvider__t 'An &%InternetServiceProvider serves as an &%engineeringSubcomponent of the &%Internet for a given area.' s__InternetUser 'An &%InternetUser is an individual who uses the &%Internet.' s__AmericanState s__StateOrProvince 'The class of states that make up the &%UnitedStates.' s__NewEngland 'A &%GeographicArea in the &%UnitedStates that is made up of the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.' s__AmericanCity s__City s__AmericanCity__t 'The class of cities that are in the &%UnitedStates.' s__Europe s__Continent 'The second smallest &%Continent.' s__Asia s__EuropeanCity 'The class of cities that are in &%Europe.' s__Paris s__France 'The capital of &%France and the largest &%City of the country.' s__LondonUnitedKingdom 'The &%City of &%London in &%UnitedKingdom. The capital city and the largest city of the &%UnitedKingdom.' s__EuropeanNation s__Nation 'The class of nations that are in &%Europe.' s__SovietUnion 'The former communist nation of the Soviet Union.' s__Burundi s__CentralAfrica s__CentralAfricanRepublic s__Chad s__DemocraticRepublicOfTheCongo s__Rwanda s__Djibouti s__EasternAfrica s__Eritrea s__Ethiopia s__Kenya s__Seychelles s__Somalia s__Tanzania s__Uganda s__Algeria s__NorthernAfrica s__Egypt s__Libya s__Mauritania s__Morocco s__Africa s__Sudan s__Tunisia s__WesternSahara s__BassasDaIndia s__Island s__IndianOcean s__BouvetIsland s__SouthAtlanticOcean s__EuropaIsland s__GloriosoIslands s__HeardIslandAndMcDonaldIslands s__JuanDeNovaIsland s__Mayotte s__TromelinIsland s__Angola s__SouthernAfrica s__Botswana s__Comoros s__Lesotho s__Madagascar s__Malawi s__Mauritius s__Mozambique s__Namibia s__Reunion s__SouthAfrica s__Swaziland s__Zambia s__Zimbabwe s__Benin s__WesternAfrica s__BurkinaFaso s__Cameroon s__CapeVerde s__CoteDIvoire s__EquatorialGuinea s__Gabon s__Gambia s__Ghana s__Guinea s__GuineaBissau s__Liberia s__Mali s__Niger s__Nigeria s__SaoTomeAndPrincipe s__Senegal s__SierraLeone s__Togo s__SaintHelena s__LandArea s__SouthAmerica s__GazaStrip s__WestBank s__Bahrain s__MiddleEastRegion s__Cyprus s__Iran s__Iraq s__Israel s__Jordan s__Kuwait s__Lebanon s__Oman s__Qatar s__SaudiArabia s__Syria s__UnitedArabEmirates s__Yemen s__Austria s__CentralEurope s__CzechRepublic s__Hungary s__Liechtenstein s__Poland s__Slovakia s__Slovenia s__Switzerland s__Belarus s__EasternEurope s__Estonia s__Latvia s__Lithuania s__Moldova s__Ukraine s__FaroeIslands s__JanMayenIsland s__Svalbard s__Denmark s__NorthernEurope s__Finland s__Iceland s__Norway s__Sweden s__Greece s__SouthernEurope s__HolySee s__Italy s__Malta s__SanMarino s__Guernsey s__Jersey s__IsleOfMan s__Belgium s__WesternEurope s__EuropeanNation__t s__Ireland s__Luxembourg s__Monaco s__Netherlands 'The &%Nation comprising England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.' s__Albania s__SoutheasternEurope s__BosniaAndHerzegovina s__Bulgaria s__Croatia s__Macedonia s__Romania s__Turkey s__SerbiaAndMontenegro s__Gibraltar s__Andorra s__SouthwesternEurope s__Portugal s__Spain s__Bermuda s__Greenland s__SaintPierreAndMiquelon s__NorthAmerica s__Canada s__NorthernNorthAmerica s__Anguilla s__Aruba s__BritishVirginIslands s__CaymanIslands s__Guadeloupe s__Martinique s__Montserrat s__NavassaIsland s__NetherlandsAntilles s__TurksAndCaicosIslands s__CaribbeanRegion s__AntiguaAndBarbuda s__TheBahamas s__Barbados s__Cuba s__Dominica s__DominicanRepublic s__Grenada s__Haiti s__Jamaica s__PuertoRico s__SaintKittsAndNevis s__SaintLucia s__SaintVincentAndTheGrenadines s__TrinidadAndTobago s__VirginIslands s__ClippertonIsland s__Belize s__MiddleAmerica s__CostaRica s__ElSalvador s__Guatemala s__Honduras s__Mexico s__Nicaragua s__Panama s__FrenchGuiana s__FalklandIslands s__SouthGeorgiaAndTheSouthSandwichIslands s__Bolivia s__CentralSouthAmerica s__Paraguay s__Brazil s__EasternSouthAmerica s__Colombia s__NorthernSouthAmerica s__Guyana s__Suriname s__Venezuela s__Argentina s__SouthernSouthAmerica s__Chile s__Uruguay s__Ecuador s__WesternSouthAmerica s__Peru s__Kazakhstan s__CentralAsia s__Kyrgyzstan s__Tajikistan s__Turkmenistan s__Uzbekistan s__HongKong s__Macau s__China s__EasternAsia s__Japan s__NorthKorea s__SouthKorea s__Taiwan s__Mongolia s__NorthernAsia s__Russia s__BritishIndianOceanTerritory s__Afghanistan s__SouthernAsia s__Bangladesh s__Bhutan s__India s__Maldives s__Nepal s__Pakistan s__SriLanka s__FrenchSouthernAndAntarcticLands s__South s__AshmoreAndCartierIslands s__ChristmasIsland s__CocosKeelingIslands s__ParacelIslands s__SpratlyIslands s__SoutheasternAsia s__Brunei s__Myanmar 'Burma' s__Cambodia s__EastTimor s__Indonesia s__Laos s__Malaysia s__PapuaNewGuinea s__Philippines s__Singapore s__Thailand s__Vietnam s__Armenia s__SouthwesternAsia s__Azerbaijan s__RepublicOfGeorgia s__AmericanSamoa s__BakerIsland s__CookIslands s__CoralSeaIslands s__FrenchPolynesia s__HowlandIsland s__JarvisIsland s__JohnstonAtoll s__KingmanReef s__MidwayIslands s__NewCaledonia s__Niue s__NorfolkIsland s__NorthernMarianaIslands s__PalmyraAtoll s__PitcairnIslands s__Tokelau s__WakeIsland s__WallisAndFutuna s__Oceania s__Fiji s__Guam s__Kiribati s__MarshallIslands s__Micronesia s__Nauru s__NewZealand s__Palau s__Samoa s__SolomonIslands s__Tonga s__Tuvalu s__Vanuatu s__AtlantaGeorgia s__Georgia 'The largest City in &%Georgia.' s__BaltimoreMaryland s__Maryland 'The largest City in &%Maryland.' s__BerlinGermany 'The capital of &%Germany and the largest City of the country.' s__BernSwitzerland 'The capital of &%Switzerland.' s__BostonMassachusetts s__Massachusetts 'The largest &%City in &%Massachusetts.' s__KansasCityMissouri 'A large &%City at the western edge of &%Missouri.' s__Missouri s__MemphisTennessee s__ManchesterNewHampshire s__NewHampshire 'The largest &%City in &%NewHampshire.' s__Tennessee 'The largest City in Tennessee, located on the MississippiRiver.' s__MinneapolisMinnesota s__Minnesota 'The largest City in Minnesota.' s__MississippiRiver s__River s__River__t 'The major River in the &%UnitedStates. It runs almost the entire width of the UnitedStates, from &%Minnesota to the &%GulfOfMexico.' s__GulfOfMexico s__MontrealCanada 'A large City in eastern Canada.' s__MoscowRussia 'The capital of Russia and the largest City of the country.' s__NashvilleTennessee 'A large City in Tennessee.' s__Palestine s__OverseasArea 'A GeopoliticalArea that was divided by the UnitedKingdom into Israel and Jordan in 1948.' s__ParisFrance s__PhiladelphiaPennsylvania s__Pennsylvania 'The largest City in Pennsylvania.' s__PittsburghPennsylvania 'The second largest City in Pennsylvania. It was once a center of steel production in the UnitedStates.' s__ProvidenceRhodeIsland s__RhodeIsland 'The largest and capital city of RhodeIsland.' s__RichmondVirginia s__Virginia 'The capital of Virginia, located in the east-central part of the state.' s__RomeItaly s__EuropeanCity__t 'The capital of &%Italy and the largest &%City of the country.' s__SaintLouisMissouri 'A large City in Missouri.' s__SaintPaulMinnesota 'The capital of Minnesota, borders MinneapolisMinnesota.' s__SanFranciscoCalifornia s__California 'A large City in &%California, located on the San Francisco Bay.' s__SavannahGeorgia 'A City in Georgia near the mouth of the Savannah River.' s__Scotland 'A division of the &%UnitedKingdom.' s__WarsawPoland 'The capital &%City and largest city in &%Poland.' s__LongIsland s__NewYorkState 'A large Island off the coast of NewYorkState. The boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn make up the western end of this Island.' s__LosAngelesCalifornia 'The largest City in California.' s__KoreanPeninsula s__Peninsula s__Peninsula__t 'A Peninsula in Asia that separates the Yellow Sea from the Sea of Japan. It is occupied by the nations of North and South Korea.' s__HonoluluHawaii s__Hawaii 'The capital and largest City in Hawaii.' s__HoustonTexas 'Located in southeastern Texas, the largest City in the state.' s__HudsonRiver 'A large River in NewYorkState.' s__FargoNorthDakota s__NorthDakota 'The largest City in NorthDakota.' s__DenverColorado s__Colorado 'The capital and largest City in Colorado.' s__DetroitMichigan s__Michigan 'The largest City in Michigan.' s__CopenhagenDenmark 'The capital of Denmark and the largest City of the country.' s__Czechoslovakia 'The former eastern bloc nation. It is currently divided into two independent Nations, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.' s__DallasTexas 'A large City in northeastern Texas.' s__ClevelandOhio s__Ohio 'Bordering Lake Erie, ClevelandOhio is the largest City in Ohio.' s__ColumbusOhio 'The capital of Ohio, located in the middle of the state.' s__Alabama s__Mississippi 'A state in the southeastern &%UnitedStates that borders on the &%GulfOfMexico.' s__Alaska 'The largest state in the &%UnitedStates.' s__AreaMeasure s__PacificOcean s__ArcticOcean s__Arizona s__Nevada 'A state in the southwestern &%UnitedStates that borders on &%Mexico.' s__Arkansas s__Oklahoma s__Louisiana 'A state in the southeastern &%UnitedStates that was part of the Confederacy.' 'The &%AmericanState with the highest population.' s__NewMexico s__Oregon s__Washington s__Utah 'A large western state in the &%UnitedStates.' s__Connecticut 'A state in &%NewEngland, one of the original thirteen colonies.' s__Delaware s__NorthAtlanticOcean s__Florida 'A state in the southeastern &%UnitedStates between the &%GulfOfMexico and the &%AtlanticOcean.' 'A state in the southeastern &%UnitedStates.' 'An &%AmericanState that consists of several &%Islands in the central &%PacificOcean.' s__Idaho 'A state known for potatoes in the northwestern &%UnitedStates.' s__Illinois s__Iowa 'A populous and industrial state in the midwestern &%UnitedStates.' s__Indiana 'A state in the mideastern &%UnitedStates.' s__SouthDakota s__Nebraska 'A state in the midwestern &%UnitedStates.' s__Kansas s__Kentucky 'A state in the south-central part of the &%UnitedStates. It borders on the &%GulfOfMexico and is known for its bayous and cajun culture.' s__Maine 'The most northeastern &%AmericanState.' s__WestVirginia s__WashingtonDCUnitedStates 'A state in the eastern &%UnitedStates that borders on &%WashingtonDC.' 'A northeastern &%AmericanState. Its largest &%City is &%BostonMassachusetts.' 'A state in the northern midwest of the &%UnitedStates.' 'A state in the central &%UnitedStates.' s__Montana s__Wyoming 'A state in the northwestern &%UnitedStates.' 'A state in the western &%UnitedStates.' s__Vermont 'A northeastern &%AmericanState. Its largest &%City is &%ManchesterNewHampshire.' s__NewJersey 'A state in the eastern &%UnitedStates.' 'A southwestern state in the &%UnitedStates.' 'New Jersey' 'A populous state in the northeastern &%UnitedStates.' 'New York' s__NewYorkCityUnitedStates s__NorthCarolina s__SouthCarolina 'A state in the southwestern &%UnitedStates.' 'An &%AmericanState on the &%PacificOcean.' 'A mid-Atlantic &%AmericanState. Its two major cities are &%PhiladelphiaPennsylvania and &%PittsburghPennsylvania.' 'A northeastern &%AmericanState. Its capital city is &%ProvidenceRhodeIsland. It is the smallest &%AmercianState' 'The second largest &%AmericanState, located in the southwest on the &%GulfOfMexico.' 'Texas' 'A northeastern &%AmericanState know for its small towns and rustic beauty.' 'A state in the southeastern &%UnitedStates that borders on &%WashingtonDC.' 'A state in the southeastern &%UnitedStates' s__Wisconsin 'A state in the midnorthern &%UnitedStates.' s__AmericanState__t s__Archipelago s__Archipelago__t 'An dependent part of the &%UnitedStates.' 'The &%VirginIslands is an &%Archipelago in the West Indies that comprises both the &%BritishVirginIslands, administered by the &%UnitedKingdom, and the &%USVirginIslands, administered by the &%UnitedStates.' 'The &%Nation of Albania.' 'The &%Nation of Afghanistan.' 'The &%Nation of Algeria.' 'The &%Nation of Andorra.' 'The &%Nation of Angola.' 'The &%Nation of AntiguaAndBarbuda.' 'The &%Nation of Argentina.' 'The &%Nation of Armenia.' 'An industrialized &%Nation that occupies the entire continent of Oceania.' 'The &%Nation of Austria.' 'The &%Nation of Azerbaijan.' 'The &%Nation of Bahrain.' 'The &%Nation of Bangladesh.' 'The &%Nation of Barbados.' 'The &%Nation of Belarus.' 'The &%Nation of Belgium.' 'The &%Nation of Belize.' 'The &%Nation of Benin.' 'The &%Nation of Bhutan.' 'The &%Nation of Bolivia.' 'The &%Nation of BosniaAndHerzegovina.' 'The &%Nation of Botswana.' 'The &%Nation of Brazil.' 'The &%Nation of Brunei.' 'The &%Nation of Bulgaria.' 'The &%Nation of BurkinaFaso.' 'The &%Nation of Burundi.' 'The &%Nation of Cambodia.' 'The &%Nation of Cameroon.' 'A &%Nation in North America.' 'The &%Nation of CapeVerde.' 'The &%Nation of CentralAfricanRepublic.' 'The &%Nation of Chad.' s__Chechnya 'The &%Nation of Chechnya.' 'The &%Nation of Chile.' 'An Asian &%Nation, which is the most populous in the world.' 'The &%Nation of &%Colombia.' 'The &%Nation of Comoros.' 'The &%Nation of CostaRica.' 'The &%Nation of CoteDIvoire.' 'The &%Nation of Croatia.' 'An &%Island &%Nation in the Carribbean.' 'The &%Nation of Cyprus.' 'The &%Nation of CzechRepublic.' 'The &%Nation of DemocraticRepublicOfTheCongo.' 'A Nation in scandinavian Europe.' 'The &%Nation of Djibouti.' 'The &%Nation of Dominica.' 'The &%Nation of DominicanRepublic.' 'The &%Nation of EastTimor.' 'The &%Nation of Ecuador.' 'The &%Nation of Egypt.' 'The &%Nation of EquatorialGuinea.' 'The &%Nation of ElSalvador.' 'The &%Nation of Eritrea.' 'The &%Nation of Estonia.' 'The &%Nation of Ethiopia.' 'The &%Nation of Fiji.' 'The &%Nation of Finland.' 'A large, industrialized European &%Nation.' 'The &%Nation of Georgia.' 'The &%Nation of Gabon.' 'The &%Nation of Gambia.' 'A large &%EuropeanNation.' 'The &%Nation of Ghana.' 'A small Balkan &%Nation that is known primarily for the literature, philosophy, and art produced there during the ancient period.' 'The &%Nation of Grenada.' 'The &%Nation of Guatemala.' 'The &%Nation of Guinea.' 'The &%Nation of GuineaBissau.' 'The &%Nation of Guyana.' 'The &%Nation of Haiti.' 'The &%Nation of HolySee.' 'The &%Nation of Honduras.' 'The &%Nation of Hungary.' 'The &%Nation of Iceland.' 'A &%Nation in southern Asia which is the second most populous in the world.' 'The &%Nation of Indonesia.' 'The &%Nation of Iran.' 'The &%Nation of Iraq.' 'An independent &%Nation that borders on the Irish Sea.' 'The &%Nation of Israel.' 'A large, industrialized European Nation.' 'The &%Nation of Jamaica.' 'A large industrialized Asian &%Nation.' 'The &%Nation of Jordan.' 'The &%Nation of Kazakhstan.' 'The &%Nation of Kenya.' 'The &%Nation of Kiribati.' 'The &%Nation of Kyrgyzstan.' 'The &%Nation of Kuwait.' 'A &%Nation in southeastern Asia.' 'The &%Nation of Latvia.' 'The &%Nation of Lebanon.' 'The &%Nation of Lesotho.' 'The &%Nation of Liberia.' 'The &%Nation of Libya.' 'The &%Nation of Liechtenstein.' 'The &%Nation of Lithuania.' 'The &%Nation of Luxembourg.' 'The &%Nation of Macedonia.' 'The &%Nation of Madagascar.' 'The &%Nation of Malawi.' 'The &%Nation of Malaysia.' 'The &%Nation of Maldives.' 'The &%Nation of Mali.' 'The &%Nation of Malta.' 'The &%Nation of MarshallIslands.' 'The &%Nation of Mauritania.' 'The &%Nation of Mauritius.' 'A large Spanish-speaking country that borders on the &%UnitedStates.' 'The &%Nation of Micronesia.' 'The &%Nation of Moldova.' 'The &%Nation of Monaco.' 'The &%Nation of Mongolia.' 'The &%Nation of Morocco, which is in northwestern Africa.' 'The &%Nation of Mozambique.' 'A &%Nation in southeastern Asia, formerly known as Burma.' 'The &%Nation of Namibia.' 'The &%Nation of Nauru.' 'The &%Nation of Nepal.' 'A small &%Nation in western Europe.' 'The &%Nation of NewZealand.' 'The &%Nation of Nicaragua.' 'The &%Nation of Niger.' 'The &%Nation of Nigeria.' s__NorthernIreland 'The region of NorthernIreland.' 'The &%Nation of NorthKorea.' 'The &%Nation of Norway.' 'The &%Nation of Oman.' 'The &%Nation of &%Pakistan.' 'The &%Nation of Palau.' 'The &%Nation of Panama.' 'The &%Nation of PapuaNewGuinea.' 'The &%Nation of Paraguay.' 'The &%Nation of Peru.' 'The &%Nation of Philippines.' 'A &%EuropeanNation in central Europe.' 'The &%Nation of Portugal.' 'The &%Nation of Qatar.' s__Rhodes 'The &%Nation of Rhodes.' 'The &%Nation of Romania.' 'A &%Nation which is currently independent, but which was once part of the &%SovietUnion.' 'The &%Nation of Rwanda.' 'The &%Nation of SaintKittsAndNevis.' 'The &%Nation of SaintLucia.' 'The &%Nation of SaintVincentAndTheGrenadines.' 'The &%Nation of Samoa.' 'The &%Nation of SanMarino.' 'The &%Nation of SaoTomeAndPrincipe.' 'The &%Nation of SaudiArabia.' 'The &%Nation of Senegal.' 'The &%Nation of SerbiaAndMontenegro.' 'The &%Nation of Seychelles.' 'The &%Nation of SierraLeone.' 'The &%Nation of Singapore.' 'The &%Nation of Slovakia.' 'The &%Nation of Slovenia.' 'The &%Nation of SolomonIslands.' 'The &%Nation of Somalia.' 'The &%Nation of SouthAfrica.' 'The &%Nation of SouthKorea.' 'A large, industrialized &%EuropeanNation.' 'The &%Nation of SriLanka.' 'The &%Nation of Sudan.' 'The &%Nation of Suriname.' 'The &%Nation of Swaziland.' 'A &%Nation in scandinavian Europe.' 'A small politically neutral &%Nation in central Europe.' 'The &%Nation of Syria.' 'The &%Nation of Taiwan, which is claimed by &%China.' 'The &%Nation of Tajikistan.' 'The &%Nation of Tanzania.' 'The &%Nation of Thailand.' 'The &%Nation of TheBahamas.' 'The &%Nation of Togo.' 'The &%Nation of Tonga.' 'The &%Nation of TrinidadAndTobago.' 'The &%Nation of Tunisia.' 'The &%Nation of Turkey.' 'The &%Nation of Turkmenistan.' 'The &%Nation of Tuvalu.' 'The &%Nation of Uganda.' 'The &%Nation of Ukraine.' 'The &%Nation of UnitedArabEmirates.' 'The North American republic of 50 states.' 'The &%Nation of Uruguay.' 'The &%Nation of Uzbekistan.' 'The &%Nation of Vanuatu.' 'The &%Nation of Vietnam.' 'The &%Nation of Venezuela.' 'The &%Nation of Yemen.' 'A terroritory occupied by &%Israel.' 'The &%Nation of Zambia.' s__AdanaTurkey 'The &%City of &%Adana in &%Turkey.' s__AddisAbabaEthiopia 'The &%City of &%AddisAbaba in &%Ethiopia.' s__AdenYemen 'The &%City of &%Aden in &%Yemen.' s__AdoraWestBank 'The &%City of &%Adora in &%WestBank.' s__AfulaIsrael 'The &%City of &%Afula in &%Israel.' s__AgriTurkey 'The &%City of &%Agri in &%Turkey.' s__AinDeflaAlgeria 'The &%City of &%AinDefla in &%Algeria.' s__AinElHajarAlgeria 'The &%City of &%AinElHajar in &%Algeria.' s__AjaccioFrance 'The &%City of &%Ajaccio in &%France.' s__AlBalamandLebanon 'The &%City of &%AlBalamand in &%Lebanon.' s__AleiSinaiGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%AleiSinai in &%GazaStrip.' s__AleiZahavWestBank 'The &%City of &%AleiZahav in &%WestBank.' s__AleyLebanon 'The &%City of &%Aley in &%Lebanon.' s__AlgiersAlgeria 'The &%City of &%Algiers in &%Algeria.' s__AlkhanYurtRussia 'The &%City of &%AlkhanYurt in &%Russia.' s__AlonMorehWestBank 'The &%City of &%AlonMoreh in &%WestBank.' s__AmbonIndonesia 'The &%City of &%Ambon in &%Indonesia.' s__AmmanJordan 'The &%City of &%Amman in &%Jordan.' s__AnNuwaydiratBahrain 'The &%City of &%AnNuwaydirat in &%Bahrain.' s__AndeanSpain 'The &%City of &%Andean in &%Spain.' s__AngkorWatCambodia 'The &%City of &%AngkorWat in &%Cambodia.' s__AnkaraTurkey 'The &%City of &%Ankara in &%Turkey.' s__AntalyaTurkey 'The &%City of &%Antalya in &%Turkey.' s__AntioquiaColombia 'The &%City of &%Antioquia in &%Colombia.' s__AntwerpBelgium 'The &%City of &%Antwerp in &%Belgium.' s__ApumiracPeru 'The &%City of &%Apumirac in &%Peru.' s__ApureVenezuela 'The &%City of &%Apure in &%Venezuela.' s__AraucaColombia 'The &%City of &%Arauca in &%Colombia.' s__ArgunRussia 'The &%City of &%Argun in &%Russia.' s__ArielWestBank 'The &%City of &%Ariel in &%WestBank.' s__ArmaghNorthernIreland 'The &%City of &%Armagh in &%NorthernIreland.' s__ArzewAlgeria 'The &%City of &%Arzew in &%Algeria.' s__AshdodIsrael 'The &%City of &%Ashdod in &%Israel.' s__AskelonIsrael 'The &%City of &%Askelon in &%Israel.' s__AsmaraEritrea 'The &%City of &%Asmara in &%Eritrea.' s__AssamIndia 'The &%City of &%Assam in &%India.' s__AswanEgypt 'The &%City of &%Aswan in &%Egypt.' s__AsyutEgypt 'The &%City of &%Asyut in &%Egypt.' s__AthensGreece 'The &%City of &%Athens in &%Greece.' s__AtrushIraq 'The &%City of &%Atrush in &%Iraq.' s__AtzmonaGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%Atzmona in &%GazaStrip.' s__AvneiHefetzIsrael 'The &%City of &%AvneiHefetz in &%Israel.' s__AyacuchoPeru 'The &%City of &%Ayacucho in &%Peru.' s__AzorIsrael 'The &%City of &%Azor in &%Israel.' s__BKaotWestBank 'The &%City of &%BKaot in &%WestBank.' s__BadVilbelGermany 'The &%City of &%BadVilbel in &%Germany.' s__BaghdadIraq 'The &%City of &%Baghdad in &%Iraq.' s__BagreColombia 'The &%City of &%Bagre in &%Colombia.' s__BahawalpurPakistan 'The &%City of &%Bahawalpur in &%Pakistan.' s__BakaAlGarbiyehIsrael 'The &%City of &%BakaAlGarbiyeh in &%Israel.' s__BakkaAlSharkiyaWestBank 'The &%City of &%BakkaAlSharkiya in &%WestBank.' s__BakuAzerbaijan 'The &%City of &%Baku in &%Azerbaijan.' s__BaleEthiopia 'The &%City of &%Bale in &%Ethiopia.' s__BanbridgeNorthernIreland 'The &%City of &%Banbridge in &%NorthernIreland.' s__BangkokThailand 'The &%City of &%Bangkok in &%Thailand.' s__BangorNorthernIreland 'The &%City of &%Bangor in &%NorthernIreland.' s__BanguiCentralAfricanRepublic 'The &%City of &%Bangui in &%CentralAfricanRepublic.' s__BarcelonaSpain 'The &%City of &%Barcelona in &%Spain.' s__BarkeoCambodia 'The &%City of &%Barkeo in &%Cambodia.' s__BarrancabermejaColombia 'The &%City of &%Barrancabermeja in &%Colombia.' s__BasraIsrael 'The &%City of &%Basra in &%Israel.' s__BatYamIsrael 'The &%City of &%BatYam in &%Israel.' s__BatmanTurkey 'The &%City of &%Batman in &%Turkey.' s__BeErShevaIsrael 'The &%City of &%BeErSheva in &%Israel.' s__BeasainSpain 'The &%City of &%Beasain in &%Spain.' s__BeirutLebanon 'The &%City of &%Beirut in &%Lebanon.' s__BeitElWestBank 'The &%City of &%BeitEl in &%WestBank.' s__BeitHaggaiWestBank 'The &%City of &%BeitHaggai in &%WestBank.' s__BeitHaninaWestBank 'The &%City of &%BeitHanina in &%WestBank.' s__BeitSahurWestBank 'The &%City of &%BeitSahur in &%WestBank.' s__BeitSheAnIsrael 'The &%City of &%BeitSheAn in &%Israel.' s__BeitShemeshIsrael 'The &%City of &%BeitShemesh in &%Israel.' s__BeledweyneSomalia 'The &%City of &%Beledweyne in &%Somalia.' s__BelfastNorthernIreland 'The &%City of &%Belfast in &%NorthernIreland.' s__BelgradeSerbiaAndMontenegro 'The &%City of &%Belgrade in &%SerbiaAndMontenegro.' s__BetLeHiyehGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%BetLeHiyeh in &%GazaStrip.' s__BethElIsrael 'The &%City of &%BethEl in &%Israel.' s__BethlehemWestBank 'The &%City of &%Bethlehem in &%WestBank.' s__BidyaWestBank 'The &%City of &%Bidya in &%WestBank.' s__BilbaoSpain 'The &%City of &%Bilbao in &%Spain.' s__BillabonaSpain 'The &%City of &%Billabona in &%Spain.' s__BinyaminaIsrael 'The &%City of &%Binyamina in &%Israel.' s__BishkekKyrgyzstan 'The &%City of &%Bishkek in &%Kyrgyzstan.' s__BneiAyishIsrael 'The &%City of &%BneiAyish in &%Israel.' s__BogotaColombia 'The &%City of &%Bogota in &%Colombia.' s__BolognaItaly 'The &%City of &%Bologna in &%Italy.' s__BonnGermany 'The &%City of &%Bonn in &%Germany.' s__BouiraAlgeria 'The &%City of &%Bouira in &%Algeria.' s__BouzeGueneAlgeria 'The &%City of &%BouzeGuene in &%Algeria.' s__BrusselsBelgium 'The &%City of &%Brussels in &%Belgium.' s__BucaramangaColombia 'The &%City of &%Bucaramanga in &%Colombia.' s__BucharestRomania 'The &%City of &%Bucharest in &%Romania.' s__BuenosAiresArgentina 'The &%City of &%BuenosAires in &%Argentina.' s__BuinakskRussia 'The &%City of &%Buinaksk in &%Russia.' s__CabindaAngola 'The &%City of &%Cabinda in &%Angola.' s__CaglayanTurkey 'The &%City of &%Caglayan in &%Turkey.' s__CairoEgypt 'The &%City of &%Cairo in &%Egypt.' s__CalcuttaIndia 'The &%City of &%Calcutta in &%India.' s__CaliColombia 'The &%City of &%Cali in &%Colombia.' s__CampZamaJapan 'The &%City of &%CampZama in &%Japan.' s__CankiriTurkey 'The &%City of &%Cankiri in &%Turkey.' s__CapeTownSouthAfrica 'The &%City of &%CapeTown in &%SouthAfrica.' s__CarmelIsrael 'The &%City of &%Carmel in &%Israel.' s__CarmenDeBolivarColombia 'The &%City of &%CarmenDeBolivar in &%Colombia.' s__CarrejonColombia 'The &%City of &%Carrejon in &%Colombia.' s__ChamanPakistan 'The &%City of &%Chaman in &%Pakistan.' s__ChararESharifIndia 'The &%City of &%ChararESharif in &%India.' s__CharsaadaPakistan 'The &%City of &%Charsaada in &%Pakistan.' s__ChernoRechyeRussia 'The &%City of &%ChernoRechye in &%Russia.' s__ChicagoUnitedStates 'Often referred to as the second city, &%ChicagoUnitedStates is the largest city in the midwestern United States.' s__ChisimayuSomalia 'The &%City of &%Chisimayu in &%Somalia.' s__ChittagongBangladesh 'The &%City of &%Chittagong in &%Bangladesh.' s__ChobaAngola 'The &%City of &%Choba in &%Angola.' s__ChocoColombia 'The &%City of &%Choco in &%Colombia.' s__ChorrosQueroVenezuela 'The &%City of &%ChorrosQuero in &%Venezuela.' s__CoimbatoreIndia 'The &%City of &%Coimbatore in &%India.' s__CologneGermany 'The &%City of &%Cologne in &%Germany.' s__ColombiaCityColombia 'The &%City of &%ColombiaCity in &%Colombia.' s__ColombiaPanama 'The &%City of &%Colombia in &%Panama.' s__ColomboSriLanka 'The &%City of &%Colombo in &%SriLanka.' s__ComayaguaHonduras 'The &%City of &%Comayagua in &%Honduras.' s__CopacaBanaCuba 'The &%City of &%CopacaBana in &%Cuba.' s__CorsicaFrance 'The &%City of &%Corsica in &%France.' s__CorteFrance 'The &%City of &%Corte in &%France.' s__CorumTurkey 'The &%City of &%Corum in &%Turkey.' s__CundiNamarcaColombia 'The &%City of &%CundiNamarca in &%Colombia.' s__CupiaguaColombia 'The &%City of &%Cupiagua in &%Colombia.' s__CuzcoPeru 'The &%City of &%Cuzco in &%Peru.' s__DagestanRussia 'The &%City of &%Dagestan in &%Russia.' s__DahukIraq 'The &%City of &%Dahuk in &%Iraq.' s__DarEsSalaAmTanzania 'The &%City of &%DarEsSalaAm in &%Tanzania.' s__DarvazTajikistan 'The &%City of &%Darvaz in &%Tajikistan.' s__DebaSpain 'The &%City of &%Deba in &%Spain.' s__DelhiIndia 'The &%City of &%Delhi in &%India.' s__DhahranSaudiArabia 'The &%City of &%Dhahran in &%SaudiArabia.' s__DhakaBangladesh 'The &%City of &%Dhaka in &%Bangladesh.' s__DinanFrance 'The &%City of &%Dinan in &%France.' s__DirNaballahWestBank 'The &%City of &%DirNaballah in &%WestBank.' s__DireDawaEthiopia 'The &%City of &%DireDawa in &%Ethiopia.' s__DjerbaTunisia 'The &%City of &%Djerba in &%Tunisia.' s__DjakashariGeorgia 'The &%City of &%Djakashari in &%RepublicOfGeorgia.' s__DodaIndia 'The &%City of &%Doda in &%India.' s__DortmundGermany 'The &%City of &%Dortmund in &%Germany.' s__DublinIreland 'The &%City of &%Dublin in &%Ireland.' s__DuesseldorfGermany 'The &%City of &%Duesseldorf in &%Germany.' s__DugitGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%Dugit in &%GazaStrip.' s__DurangoSpain 'The &%City of &%Durango in &%Spain.' s__DushanbeTajikistan 'The &%City of &%Dushanbe in &%Tajikistan.' s__DushanbeGarmTajikistan 'The &%City of &%DushanbeGarm in &%Tajikistan.' s__EastJerusalemIsrael 'The &%City of &%EastJerusalem in &%Israel.' s__EfratWestBank 'The &%City of &%Efrat in &%WestBank.' s__EilatIsrael 'The &%City of &%Eilat in &%Israel.' s__EinavWestBank 'The &%City of &%Einav in &%WestBank.' s__ElBagreColombia 'The &%City of &%ElBagre in &%Colombia.' s__ElBirehWestBank 'The &%City of &%ElBireh in &%WestBank.' s__ElPlayonColombia 'The &%City of &%ElPlayon in &%Colombia.' s__ElRipialApureVenezuela 'The &%City of &%ElRipialApure in &%Venezuela.' s__ElAzzariyaWestBank 'The &%City of &%ElAzzariya in the &%WestBank.' s__ElayoSomalia 'The &%City of &%Elayo in &%Somalia.' s__EleiSinaiGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%EleiSinai in &%GazaStrip.' s__EmmanuelWestBank 'The &%City of &%Emmanuel in &%WestBank.' s__ErezGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%Erez in &%GazaStrip.' s__FormequeColombia 'The &%City of &%Formeque in &%Colombia.' s__FrankfurtGermany 'The &%City of &%Frankfurt in &%Germany.' s__FrenchHillIsrael 'The &%City of &%FrenchHill in &%Israel.' s__FuengirolaSpain 'The &%City of &%Fuengirola in &%Spain.' s__FusagasusaColombia 'The &%City of &%Fusagasusa in &%Colombia.' s__GaliAbkhaziaGeorgia 'The &%City of &%GaliAbkhazia in &%RepublicOfGeorgia.' s__GanimWestBank 'The &%City of &%Ganim in &%WestBank.' s__GashuriIsrael 'The &%City of &%Gashuri in &%Israel.' s__GeneralSantosPhilippines 'The &%City of &%GeneralSantos in &%Philippines.' s__GenevaSwitzerland 'The &%City of &%Geneva in &%Switzerland.' s__GetxoSpain 'The &%City of &%Getxo in &%Spain.' s__GhalebiehIraq 'The &%City of &%Ghalebieh in &%Iraq.' s__GhaziabadIndia 'The &%City of &%Ghaziabad in &%India.' s__GiloIsrael 'The &%City of &%Gilo in &%Israel.' s__GivatZeEvWestBank 'The &%City of &%GivatZeEv in &%WestBank.' s__GizaEgypt 'The &%City of &%Giza in &%Egypt.' s__GonegalleSriLanka 'The &%City of &%Gonegalle in &%SriLanka.' s__GranadaSpain 'The &%City of &%Granada in &%Spain.' s__GrazAustria 'The &%City of &%Graz in &%Austria.' s__GroznyChechnya 'The &%City of &%Grozny in &%Chechnya.' s__GuilinChina 'The &%City of &%Guilin in &%China.' s__GujaratIndia 'The &%City of &%Gujarat in &%India.' s__GushEtzionWestBank 'The &%City of &%GushEtzion in &%WestBank.' s__GushKhatifGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%GushKhatif in &%GazaStrip.' s__HaderaIsrael 'The &%City of &%Hadera in &%Israel.' s__HaifaIsrael s__PortCity s__PortCity__t 'The &%City of &%Haifa in &%Israel.' s__HamburgGermany 'The &%City of &%Hamburg in &%Germany.' s__HamisMiliyanaAlgeria 'The &%City of &%HamisMiliyana in &%Algeria.' s__HamraWestBank 'The &%City of &%Hamra in &%WestBank.' s__HannoverGermany 'The &%City of &%Hannover in &%Germany.' s__HarBrachaWestBank 'The &%City of &%HarBracha in &%WestBank.' s__HarerEthiopia 'The &%City of &%Harer in &%Ethiopia.' s__HavanaCuba 'The &%City of &%Havana in &%Cuba.' s__HawanaIraq 'The &%City of &%Hawana in &%Iraq.' s__HeartAfghanistan 'The &%City of &%Heart in &%Afghanistan.' s__HebronWestBank 'The &%City of &%Hebron in &%WestBank.' s__HermeshIsrael 'The &%City of &%Hermesh in &%Israel.' s__HernaniSpain 'The &%City of &%Hernani in &%Spain.' s__HerzliyaIsrael 'The &%City of &%Herzliya in &%Israel.' s__HilversumNetherlands 'The &%City of &%Hilversum in &%Netherlands.' s__HizmaWestBank 'The &%City of &%Hizma in &%WestBank.' s__HuallgaPeru 'The &%City of &%Huallga in &%Peru.' s__HurghadaEgypt 'The &%City of &%Hurghada in &%Egypt.' s__HyderabadIndia 'The &%City of &%Hyderabad in &%India.' s__IbsrilIraq 'The &%City of &%Ibsril in &%Iraq.' s__IpilPhilippines 'The &%City of &%Ipil in &%Philippines.' s__IrbilIraq 'The &%City of &%Irbil in &%Iraq.' s__IslamabadPakistan 'The &%City of &%Islamabad in &%Pakistan.' s__IstanbulTurkey 'The &%City of &%Istanbul in &%Turkey.' s__ItamarWestBank 'The &%City of &%Itamar in &%WestBank.' s__IzmirTurkey 'The &%City of &%Izmir in &%Turkey.' s__JMainWestBank 'The &%City of &%JMain in &%WestBank.' s__JaffaIsrael 'The &%City of &%Jaffa in &%Israel.' s__JaffnaSriLanka 'The &%City of &%Jaffna in &%SriLanka.' s__JakartaIndonesia 'The &%City of &%Jakarta in &%Indonesia.' s__JalahIndia 'The &%City of &%Jalah in &%India.' s__JammuIndia 'The &%City of &%Jammu in &%India.' s__JangasPeru 'The &%City of &%Jangas in &%Peru.' s__JeninWestBank 'The &%City of &%Jenin in &%WestBank.' s__JerusalemIsrael 'The capital and largest City in Israel. It is regarded as a holy city by Muslims, Jews, and Christians.' s__JerusalemHillsIsrael 'The &%City of &%JerusalemHills in &%Israel.' s__JerusalemOldCityIsrael 'The &%City of &%JerusalemOldCity in &%Israel.' s__JohannesburgSouthAfrica 'The &%City of &%Johannesburg in &%SouthAfrica.' s__JoloPhilippines 'The &%City of &%Jolo in &%Philippines.' s__JubialSaudiArabia 'The &%City of &%Jubial in &%SaudiArabia.' s__JullundurIndia 'The &%City of &%Jullundur in &%India.' s__KabacanPhilippines 'The &%City of &%Kabacan in &%Philippines.' s__KabulAfghanistan 'The &%City of &%Kabul in &%Afghanistan.' s__KafrAkabWestBank 'The &%City of &%KafrAkab in &%WestBank.' s__KafrIdnaWestBank 'The &%City of &%KafrIdna in &%WestBank.' s__KalkilyaWestBank 'The &%City of &%Kalkilya in &%WestBank.' s__KalmunaiSriLanka 'The &%City of &%Kalmunai in &%SriLanka.' s__KampalaUganda 'The &%City of &%Kampala in &%Uganda.' s__KandySriLanka 'The &%City of &%Kandy in &%SriLanka.' s__KanihamaIndia 'The &%City of &%Kanihama in &%India.' s__KarachiPakistan 'The &%City of &%Karachi in &%Pakistan.' s__KarkurIsrael 'The &%City of &%Karkur in &%Israel.' s__KarmeiTzurWestBank 'The &%City of &%KarmeiTzur in &%WestBank.' s__KarneiShomronWestBank 'The &%City of &%KarneiShomron in &%WestBank.' s__KashmirIndia 'The &%City of &%Kashmir in &%India.' s__KedumimWestBank 'The &%City of &%Kedumim in &%WestBank.' s__KfarBaAnehIsrael 'The &%City of &%KfarBaAneh in &%Israel.' s__KfarDaromGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%KfarDarom in &%GazaStrip.' s__KfarHessIsrael 'The &%City of &%KfarHess in &%Israel.' s__KfarSabaIsrael 'The &%City of &%KfarSaba in &%Israel.' s__KfarTzurifWestBank 'The &%City of &%KfarTzurif in &%WestBank.' s__KfarYamGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%KfarYam in &%GazaStrip.' s__KfarDaromNetzarimIsrael 'The &%City of &%KfarDaromNetzarim in &%Israel.' s__KhankalaChechnya 'The &%City of &%Khankala in &%Chechnya.' s__KhartoumSudan 'The &%City of &%Khartoum in &%Sudan.' s__KhelilAlgeria 'The &%City of &%Khelil in &%Algeria.' s__KhobarSaudiArabia 'The &%City of &%Khobar in &%SaudiArabia.' s__KibbutzGalEdIsrael 'The &%City of &%KibbutzGalEd in &%Israel.' s__KibbutzMeravIsrael 'The &%City of &%KibbutzMerav in &%Israel.' s__KibbutzSheluhotIsrael 'The &%City of &%KibbutzSheluhot in &%Israel.' s__KidapawanPhilippines 'The &%City of &%Kidapawan in &%Philippines.' s__KigaliRwanda 'The &%City of &%Kigali in &%Rwanda.' s__KirikkaleTurkey 'The &%City of &%Kirikkale in &%Turkey.' s__KiryatArbaWestBank 'The &%City of &%KiryatArba in &%WestBank.' s__KiryatMotzkinIsrael 'The &%City of &%KiryatMotzkin in &%Israel.' s__KiryatNetafimWestBank 'The &%City of &%KiryatNetafim in &%WestBank.' s__KissufimGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%Kissufim in &%GazaStrip.' s__KiursehirBoztepTurkey 'The &%City of &%KiursehirBoztep in &%Turkey.' s__KlaiyatLebanon 'The &%City of &%Klaiyat in &%Lebanon.' s__KohlanYemen 'The &%City of &%Kohlan in &%Yemen.' s__KomsomoLabadTajikistan 'The &%City of &%KomsomoLabad in &%Tajikistan.' s__KuwaitCityKuwait 'The &%City of &%KuwaitCity in &%Kuwait.' s__LIleRousseFrance 'The &%City of &%LIleRousse in &%France.' s__LaCeibaHonduras 'The &%City of &%LaCeiba in &%Honduras.' s__LaGabarraVenezuela 'The &%City of &%LaGabarra in &%Venezuela.' s__LaGuajiraColombia 'The &%City of &%LaGuajira in &%Colombia.' s__LaPazBolivia 'The &%City of &%LaPaz in &%Bolivia.' s__LaVictoriaVenezuela 'The &%City of &%LaVictoria in &%Venezuela.' s__LahorePakistan 'The &%City of &%Lahore in &%Pakistan.' s__LarbaAlgeria 'The &%City of &%Larba in &%Algeria.' s__LarnacaCyprus 'The &%City of &%Larnaca in &%Cyprus.' s__LasarteSpain 'The &%City of &%Lasarte in &%Spain.' s__LeizaSpain 'The &%City of &%Leiza in &%Spain.' s__LibertadorVenezuela 'The &%City of &%Libertador in &%Venezuela.' s__LiceTurkey 'The &%City of &%Lice in &%Turkey.' s__LimaPeru 'The &%City of &%Lima in &%Peru.' s__LindosRhodes 'The &%City of &%Lindos in &%Rhodes.' s__LinzAustralia 'The &%City of &%Linz in &%Australia.' s__LockerbieUnitedKingdom 'The &%City of &%Lockerbie in &%UnitedKingdom.' s__LogronoSpain 'The &%City of &%Logrono in &%Spain.' s__LondonberryNorthernIreland 'The &%City of &%Londonberry in &%NorthernIreland.' s__LosBancosVenezuela 'The &%City of &%LosBancos in &%Venezuela.' s__LuandaAngola 'The &%City of &%Luanda in &%Angola.' s__LuebeckGermany 'The &%City of &%Luebeck in &%Germany.' s__LundaNorteAngola 'The &%City of &%LundaNorte in &%Angola.' s__LuxorEgypt 'The &%City of &%Luxor in &%Egypt.' s__LyonsFrance 'The &%City of &%Lyons in &%France.' s__MaAlehMichmashWestBank 'The &%City of &%MaAlehMichmash in &%WestBank.' s__MaccabimIsrael 'The &%City of &%Maccabim in &%Israel.' s__MadhuSriLanka 'The &%City of &%Madhu in &%SriLanka.' s__MadrasIndia 'The &%City of &%Madras in &%India.' s__MadridSpain 'The &%City of &%Madrid in &%Spain.' s__MagdalenaColombia 'The &%City of &%Magdalena in &%Colombia.' s__MaidanSharAfghanistan 'The &%City of &%MaidanShar in &%Afghanistan.' s__MakhachkalaRussia 'The &%City of &%Makhachkala in &%Russia.' s__MalagaSpain 'The &%City of &%Malaga in &%Spain.' s__ManaguaNigeria 'The &%City of &%Managua in &%Nigeria.' s__ManamaBahrain 'The &%City of &%Manama in &%Bahrain.' s__ManchesterUnitedKingdom 'The &%City of &%Manchester in &%UnitedKingdom.' s__ManilaPhilippines 'The &%City of &%Manila in &%Philippines.' s__MaonIsrael 'The &%City of &%Maon in &%Israel.' s__MapourditSudan 'The &%City of &%Mapourdit in &%Sudan.' s__MarSabaWestBank 'The &%City of &%MarSaba in &%WestBank.' s__MarawiPhilippines 'The &%City of &%Marawi in &%Philippines.' s__MardanPakistan 'The &%City of &%Mardan in &%Pakistan.' s__MarmarisTurkey 'The &%City of &%Marmaris in &%Turkey.' s__MarseillesFrance 'The &%City of &%Marseilles in &%France.' s__MashaWestBank 'The &%City of &%Masha in &%WestBank.' s__MatsumotoJapan 'The &%City of &%Matsumoto in &%Japan.' s__MawdiyahYemen 'The &%City of &%Mawdiyah in &%Yemen.' s__MeaShearimIsrael 'The &%City of &%MeaShearim in &%Israel.' 'The &%City of &%Mecca in &%SaudiArabia.' s__MechoraWestBank 'The &%City of &%Mechora in &%WestBank.' s__MedanIndonesia 'The &%City of &%Medan in &%Indonesia.' s__MedellinColombia 'The &%City of &%Medellin in &%Colombia.' s__MegidoIsrael 'The &%City of &%Megido in &%Israel.' s__MeholaIsrael 'The &%City of &%Mehola in &%Israel.' s__MekholahIsrael 'The &%City of &%Mekholah in &%Israel.' s__MersinTurkey 'The &%City of &%Mersin in &%Turkey.' s__MetaColombia 'The &%City of &%Meta in &%Colombia.' s__MetullaIsrael 'The &%City of &%Metulla in &%Israel.' s__MetzerIsrael 'The &%City of &%Metzer in &%Israel.' s__MilanItaly 'The &%City of &%Milan in &%Italy.' s__MindanaoPhilippines 'The &%City of &%Mindanao in &%Philippines.' s__MiranShahPakistan 'The &%City of &%MiranShah in &%Pakistan.' s__MituColombia 'The &%City of &%Mitu in &%Colombia.' s__ModiinIllitWestBank 'The &%City of &%ModiinIllit in &%WestBank.' s__MombassaKenya 'The &%City of &%Mombassa in &%Kenya.' s__MoshavHagorIsrael 'The &%City of &%MoshavHagor in &%Israel.' s__MoshavTomerWestBank 'The &%City of &%MoshavTomer in &%WestBank.' s__MukallahAdenYemen 'The &%City of &%MukallahAden in &%Yemen.' s__MunchenGladbachGermany 'The &%City of &%MunchenGladbach in &%Germany.' s__MunsterGermany 'The &%City of &%Munster in &%Germany.' s__MurloughNorthernIreland 'The &%City of &%Murlough in &%NorthernIreland.' s__MusMusIsrael 'The &%City of &%MusMus in &%Israel.' s__MutataColombia 'The &%City of &%Mutata in &%Colombia.' s__MutturSriLanka 'The &%City of &%Muttur in &%SriLanka.' s__NaAlinWestBank 'The &%City of &%NaAlin in &%WestBank.' s__NablusWestBank 'The &%City of &%Nablus in &%WestBank.' s__NahalOzGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%NahalOz in &%GazaStrip.' s__NaharaimIsrael 'The &%City of &%Naharaim in &%Israel.' s__NahariyaIsrael 'The &%City of &%Nahariya in &%Israel.' s__NairobiKenya 'The &%City of &%Nairobi in &%Kenya.' s__NajafIraq 'The &%City of &%Najaf in &%Iraq.' s__NaquraLebanon 'The &%City of &%Naqura in &%Lebanon.' s__NarayangangBangladesh 'The &%City of &%Narayangang in &%Bangladesh.' s__NataniaIsrael 'The &%City of &%Natania in &%Israel.' s__NearAdarim 'The &%City of NearAdarim.' s__NearAleiZahav 'The &%City of NearAleiZahav.' s__NearJenin 'The &%City of NearJenin.' s__NetanyaIsrael 'The &%City of &%Netanya in &%Israel.' s__NetzarimGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%Netzarim in &%GazaStrip.' s__NetzerHazaniGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%NetzerHazani in &%GazaStrip.' s__NeveDanielWestBank 'The &%City of &%NeveDaniel in &%WestBank.' s__NeveDekalim 'The &%City of NeveDekalim.' s__NeveYaminIsrael 'The &%City of &%NeveYamin in &%Israel.' s__NewDelhiIndia 'The &%City of &%NewDelhi in &%India.' 'The largest &%City in the &%UnitedStates. A worldwide center of finance and culture, it is comprised of five boroughs.' s__NiameyNiger 'The &%City of &%Niamey in &%Niger.' s__NissanitGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%Nissanit in &%GazaStrip.' s__NitzaneiOzWestBank 'The &%City of &%NitzaneiOz in &%WestBank.' s__NitzanimIsrael 'The &%City of &%Nitzanim in &%Israel.' s__NorteDeSantanderColombia 'The &%City of &%NorteDeSantander in &%Colombia.' s__NovogroznyRussia 'The &%City of &%Novogrozny in &%Russia.' s__NovyyAtagiRussia 'The &%City of &%NovyyAtagi in &%Russia.' s__OberwartAustria 'The &%City of &%Oberwart in &%Austria.' s__OfraWestBank 'The &%City of &%Ofra in &%WestBank.' s__OkaraPakistan 'The &%City of &%Okara in &%Pakistan.' s__OlayaHerreraColombia 'The &%City of &%OlayaHerrera in &%Colombia.' s__OmaghNorthernIreland 'The &%City of &%Omagh in &%NorthernIreland.' s__OrYehudaIsrael 'The &%City of &%OrYehuda in &%Israel.' s__OranAlgeria 'The &%City of &%Oran in &%Algeria.' s__OsakaJapan 'The &%City of &%Osaka in &%Japan.' s__OsloNorway 'The &%City of &%Oslo in &%Norway.' s__OssnabruckGermany 'The &%City of &%Ossnabruck in &%Germany.' s__OtnielWestBank 'The &%City of &%Otniel in &%WestBank.' s__OtzarinWestBank 'The &%City of &%Otzarin in &%WestBank.' s__OzamisPhilippines 'The &%City of &%Ozamis in &%Philippines.' s__PahalgamIndia 'The &%City of &%Pahalgam in &%India.' s__PalorinyaUganda 'The &%City of &%Palorinya in &%Uganda.' s__PamplonaSpain 'The &%City of &%Pamplona in &%Spain.' s__PanamaCityPanama 'The &%City of &%PanamaCity in &%Panama.' s__PantrasGreece 'The &%City of &%Pantras in &%Greece.' s__PapayinColombia 'The &%City of &%Papayin in &%Colombia.' s__PapuaIndonesia 'The &%City of &%Papua in &%Indonesia.' s__PatikulPhilippines 'The &%City of &%Patikul in &%Philippines.' s__PauFrance 'The &%City of &%Pau in &%France.' s__PeAtSadehGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%PeAtSadeh in &%GazaStrip.' s__PeshawarPakistan 'The &%City of &%Peshawar in &%Pakistan.' s__PetahTikva 'The &%City of PetahTikva.' s__PetahTikvahIsrael 'The &%City of &%PetahTikvah in &%Israel.' s__PhnomPenhCambodia 'The &%City of &%PhnomPenh in &%Cambodia.' s__PortadownIreland 'The &%City of &%Portadown in &%Ireland.' s__PragueCzechRepublic 'The &%City of &%Prague in &%CzechRepublic.' s__PuertoAlviraColombia 'The &%City of &%PuertoAlvira in &%Colombia.' s__PuertoLlerasColombia 'The &%City of &%PuertoLleras in &%Colombia.' s__PunjabPakistan 'The &%City of &%Punjab in &%Pakistan.' s__QuettaPakistan 'The &%City of &%Quetta in &%Pakistan.' s__QuitoEcuador 'The &%City of &%Quito in &%Ecuador.' s__RadaAmanYemen 'The &%City of &%RadaAman in &%Yemen.' s__RafahGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%Rafah in &%GazaStrip.' s__RamaJunctionWestBank 'The &%City of &%RamaJunction in &%WestBank.' s__RamalDeAspusanaPeru 'The &%City of &%RamalDeAspusana in &%Peru.' s__RamallahWestBank 'The &%City of &%Ramallah in &%WestBank.' s__RamatGanIsrael 'The &%City of &%RamatGan in &%Israel.' s__RaminWestBank 'The &%City of &%Ramin in &%WestBank.' s__RamleIsrael 'The &%City of &%Ramle in &%Israel.' s__RawalpindiPakistan 'The &%City of &%Rawalpindi in &%Pakistan.' s__ReusSpain 'The &%City of &%Reus in &%Spain.' s__RigaLatvia 'The &%City of &%Riga in &%Latvia.' s__RijekaCroatia 'The &%City of &%Rijeka in &%Croatia.' s__RishonLeZionIsrael 'The &%City of &%RishonLeZion in &%Israel.' s__RiyadhSaudiArabia 'The &%City of &%Riyadh in &%SaudiArabia.' s__RoermondNetherlands 'The &%City of &%Roermond in &%Netherlands.' s__RosasSpain 'The &%City of &%Rosas in &%Spain.' s__RostovOnDonRussia 'The &%City of &%RostovOnDon in &%Russia.' s__RuhengeriRwanda 'The &%City of &%Ruhengeri in &%Rwanda.' s__SaadaYemen 'The &%City of &%Saada in &%Yemen.' s__SabatenaColombia 'The &%City of &%Sabatena in &%Colombia.' s__SacramentoUnitedStates 'The &%City of &%Sacramento in &%UnitedStates.' s__SaintAvoldFrance 'The &%City of &%SaintAvold in &%France.' s__SaintSebastianSpain 'The &%City of &%SaintSebastian in &%Spain.' s__SaintJeanDeLuzFrance 'The &%City of &%SaintJeanDeLuz in &%France.' s__SairanbarIraq 'The &%City of &%Sairanbar in &%Iraq.' s__SajaIAGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%SajaIA in &%GazaStrip.' s__SallentDeGallegoSpain 'The &%City of &%SallentDeGallego in &%Spain.' s__SamariaWestBank 'The &%City of &%Samaria in &%WestBank.' s__SamashkiRussia 'The &%City of &%Samashki in &%Russia.' s__SanDiegoColombia 'The &%City of &%SanDiego in &%Colombia.' s__SanJoseCostaRica 'The &%City of &%SanJose in &%CostaRica.' s__SanLuisColombia 'The &%City of &%SanLuis in &%Colombia.' s__SanMiguelElSalvador 'The &%City of &%SanMiguel in &%ElSalvador.' s__SanPabloColombia 'The &%City of &%SanPablo in &%Colombia.' s__SanSebastianSpain 'The &%City of &%SanSebastian in &%Spain.' s__SanaaYemen 'The &%City of &%Sanaa in &%Yemen.' s__SangaldanIndia 'The &%City of &%Sangaldan in &%India.' s__SantaMartaColombia 'The &%City of &%SantaMarta in &%Colombia.' s__SantaPolaSpain 'The &%City of &%SantaPola in &%Spain.' s__SantiagoChile 'The &%City of &%Santiago in &%Chile.' s__SanurIsrael 'The &%City of &%Sanur in &%Israel.' s__SarajevoBosniaAndHerzegovina 'The &%City of &%Sarajevo in &%BosniaAndHerzegovina.' s__SatkhiraBangladesh 'The &%City of &%Satkhira in &%Bangladesh.' s__SegoviaColombia 'The &%City of &%Segovia in &%Colombia.' s__SeoulSouthKorea 'The &%City of &%Seoul in &%SouthKorea.' s__SevilleSpain 'The &%City of &%Seville in &%Spain.' s__ShadmotMeholaWestBank 'The &%City of &%ShadmotMehola in &%WestBank.' s__ShaveiShomronWestBank 'The &%City of &%ShaveiShomron in &%WestBank.' s__SheikhAjlunGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%SheikhAjlun in &%GazaStrip.' s__ShiloWestBank 'The &%City of &%Shilo in &%WestBank.' s__ShimiEcuador 'The &%City of &%Shimi in &%Ecuador.' s__ShlomiIsrael 'The &%City of &%Shlomi in &%Israel.' s__SidiHalifahLibya 'The &%City of &%SidiHalifah in &%Libya.' s__SidonLebanon 'The &%City of &%Sidon in &%Lebanon.' s__SiirtTurkey 'The &%City of &%Siirt in &%Turkey.' s__SilatADaharWestBank 'The &%City of &%SilatADahar in &%WestBank.' s__Sitra 'The &%City of Sitra.' s__SitrahBahrain 'The &%City of &%Sitrah in &%Bahrain.' s__SoporeIndia 'The &%City of &%Sopore in &%India.' s__SrinagarIndia 'The &%City of &%Srinagar in &%India.' s__SrinigarIndia 'The &%City of &%Srinigar in &%India.' s__SriperumbudurIndia 'The &%City of &%Sriperumbudur in &%India.' s__StewartstownNorthernIreland 'The &%City of &%Stewartstown in &%NorthernIreland.' s__StockholmSweden 'The &%City of &%Stockholm in &%Sweden.' s__StrasbourgFrance 'The &%City of &%Strasbourg in &%France.' s__SukaiManiyah 'The &%City of SukaiManiyah.' s__SulawesiIndonesia 'The &%City of &%Sulawesi in &%Indonesia.' s__SulaymaniyahIraq 'The &%City of &%Sulaymaniyah in &%Iraq.' s__SumayrYemen 'The &%City of &%Sumayr in &%Yemen.' s__SusiyaWestBank 'The &%City of &%Susiya in &%WestBank.' s__TBilisiGeorgia 'The &%City of &%TBilisi in &%RepublicOfGeorgia.' s__TailaPakistan 'The &%City of &%Taila in &%Pakistan.' s__TamezGuidaAlgeria 'The &%City of &%TamezGuida in &%Algeria.' s__TandySriLanka 'The &%City of &%Tandy in &%SriLanka.' s__TaxilaPakistan 'The &%City of &%Taxila in &%Pakistan.' s__TegucigalpaHonduras 'The &%City of &%Tegucigalpa in &%Honduras.' s__TeheranIran 'The &%City of &%Teheran in &%Iran.' s__Tehran 'The &%City of Tehran.' s__TekoaWestBank 'The &%City of &%Tekoa in &%WestBank.' s__TelAvivIsrael 'The &%City of &%TelAviv in &%Israel.' s__TelQateifaGazaStrip 'The &%City of &%TelQateifa in &%GazaStrip.' s__TelRumeiydaIsrael 'The &%City of &%TelRumeiyda in &%Israel.' s__TelemIsrael 'The &%City of &%Telem in &%Israel.' s__TenaWestBank 'The &%City of &%Tena in &%WestBank.' s__TheHagueNetherlands 'The &%City of &%TheHague in &%Netherlands.' s__ThekraguriIndia 'The &%City of &%Thekraguri in &%India.' s__TiaretAlgeria 'The &%City of &%Tiaret in &%Algeria.' s__TiratAlgeria 'The &%City of &%Tirat in &%Algeria.' s__TokyoJapan 'The capital and largest City in Japan.' s__TolosaSpain 'The &%City of &%Tolosa in &%Spain.' s__TopkakiTurkey 'The &%City of &%Topkaki in &%Turkey.' s__TrabzonTurkey 'The &%City of &%Trabzon in &%Turkey.' s__TripoliLibya 'The &%City of &%Tripoli in &%Libya.' s__TulkaremWestBank 'The &%City of &%Tulkarem in &%WestBank.' s__TulkarmWestBank 'The &%City of &%Tulkarm in &%WestBank.' s__TunceliTurkey 'The &%City of &%Tunceli in &%Turkey.' s__TurbatPakistan 'The &%City of &%Turbat in &%Pakistan.' s__UmAlFahmIsrael 'The &%City of &%UmAlFahm in &%Israel.' s__UmmQasrIraq 'The &%City of &%UmmQasr in &%Iraq.' s__UrenaVenezuela 'The &%City of &%Urena in &%Venezuela.' s__UrraColombia 'The &%City of &%Urra in &%Colombia.' s__UrsMartanRussia 'The &%City of &%UrsMartan in &%Russia.' s__ValenciaSpain 'The &%City of &%Valencia in &%Spain.' s__ValleduparColombia 'The &%City of &%Valledupar in &%Colombia.' s__VanTurkey 'The &%City of &%Van in &%Turkey.' s__VavuniyaSriLanka 'The &%City of &%Vavuniya in &%SriLanka.' s__ViennaAustria 'The &%City of &%Vienna in &%Austria.' s__VientianeLaos 'The &%City of &%Vientiane in &%Laos.' s__VillavicencioColombia 'The &%City of &%Villavicencio in &%Colombia.' s__VitoriaSpain 'The &%City of &%Vitoria in &%Spain.' s__VitrollesFrance 'The &%City of &%Vitrolles in &%France.' s__VladikavkazRussia 'The &%City of &%Vladikavkaz in &%Russia.' s__VladivostokRussia 'The &%City of &%Vladivostok in &%Russia.' s__VolgodonskRussia 'The &%City of &%Volgodonsk in &%Russia.' s__WadiAlDabaatYemen 'The &%City of &%WadiAlDabaat in &%Yemen.' s__WadiAraIsrael 'The &%City of &%WadiAra in &%Israel.' s__WadiKeltWestBank 'The &%City of &%WadiKelt in &%WestBank.' 'The &%capitalCity of the &%UnitedStates.' s__WattyanBahrain 'The &%City of &%Wattyan in &%Bahrain.' s__WestBeirutLebanon 'The &%City of &%WestBeirut in &%Lebanon.' s__XiAnChina 'The &%City of &%XiAn in &%China.' s__YaAbadWestBank 'The &%City of &%YaAbad in &%WestBank.' s__YagurJunctionIsrael 'The &%City of &%YagurJunction in &%Israel.' s__YehudIsrael 'The &%City of &%Yehud in &%Israel.' s__YerevanArmenia 'The &%City of &%Yerevan in &%Armenia.' s__YitzharWestBank 'The &%City of &%Yitzhar in &%WestBank.' s__YokotaJapan 'The &%City of &%Yokota in &%Japan.' s__YopalColombia 'The &%City of &%Yopal in &%Colombia.' s__YuksekovaTurkey 'The &%City of &%Yuksekova in &%Turkey.' s__ZaitaIsrael 'The &%City of &%Zaita in &%Israel.' s__ZamarYemen 'The &%City of &%Zamar in &%Yemen.' s__ZamboangaPhilippines 'The &%City of &%Zamboanga in &%Philippines.' s__ZamboangoPhilippines 'The &%City of &%Zamboango in &%Philippines.' s__ZaragozaSpain 'The &%City of &%Zaragoza in &%Spain.' s__ZarauzSpain 'The &%City of &%Zarauz in &%Spain.' s__ZekharyaIsrael 'The &%City of &%Zekharya in &%Israel.' s__ZuliaColombia 'The &%City of &%Zulia in &%Colombia.' s__ZumaiaSpain 'The &%City of &%Zumaia in &%Spain.' s__ZumarragaSpain 'The &%City of &%Zumarraga in &%Spain.' s__ZvornikBosniaAndHerzegovina 'The &%City of &%Zvornik in &%BosniaAndHerzegovina.' 'Adana' 'Addis Ababa' 'Aden' 'Adora' 'Afula' 'Agri' 'Ain Defla' 'Ain el Hajar' 'Ajaccio' 'Al-Balamand ' 'Alei Sinai' 'Alei Zahav' 'Aley' 'Algiers' 'Alkhan-Yurt' 'Alon Moreh' 'Ambon' 'Amman' 'An Nuwaydirat' 'Andean' 'Angkor Wat ' 'Ankara' 'Antalya' 'Antioquia' 'Antwerp' 'Apumirac' 'Apure' 'Arauca' 'Argun' 'Ariel' 'Armagh' 'Arzew' 'Ashdod' 'Askelon' 'Asmara' 'Assam' 'Aswan' 'Asyut' 'Athens' 'Atrush' 'Atzmona' 'Avnei Hefetz' 'Ayacucho' 'Azor' 'Bad Vilbel' 'Baghdad' 'Bagre' 'Bahawalpur' 'Baka al-Garbiyeh' 'Bakka al-Sharkiya' 'Baku' 'Bale' 'Banbridge' 'Bangkok' 'Bangor' 'Bangui' 'Barcelona' 'Barkeo' 'Barrancabermeja' 'Basra' 'Bat Yam' 'Batman' 'Beasain' 'Beer Sheva' 'Beirut' 'Beit El' 'Beit Haggai' 'Beit Sahur' 'Beit Shean' 'Beit Shemesh' 'Beledweyne' 'Belfast' 'Belgrade' 'Berlin' 'Bet LeHiyeh' s__BetLidJunctionIsrael 'Bet Lid Junction' 'Beth El' 'Bethlehem' 'Bidya' 'Bilbao' 'Billabona' 'Binyamina' 'Bkaot' 'Bnei Ayish' 'Bogota' 'Bologna' 'Bonn' s__BosphorousStraitsTurkey 'BosphorousStraits' 'Bouira' 'Bouze-guene' 'Brussels' 'Bucaramanga' 'Bucharest' 'Buenos Aires' 'Buinaksk' s__BwindiforestUganda 'Bwindi forest' 'Cabinda' 'Caglayan' 'Cairo' 'Calcutta' 'Cali' 'Camp Zama' 'Cankiri' 'Cape Town' s__CaritasPolandChechnya 'Caritas Poland' 'Carmel' 'Carmen de Bolivar' 'Carrejon' 'Chaman' 'Charar-e-Sharif ' 'Charsaada' 'Cherno-rechye' 'Chicago' 'Chisimayu' 'Chittagong' 'Choba' 'Choco' 'Chorros-quero' s__ClarkAirbasePhilippines 'Clark Airbase' 'Coimbatore' 'Cologne' 'Colombia City' 'Colombia' 'Colombo' 'Comayagua' 'Copaca-bana' 'Copenhagen' 'Corsica' 'Corte' 'Corum' 'Cundi-namarca' 'Cupiagua' 'Cuzco' 'Dagestan' 'Dahuk' s__DangDistrictNepal 'Dang district' 'Dar es Salaam' 'Darvaz' 'Deba' 'Delhi' 'Dhahran' 'Dhaka' 'Dinan' 'Dir Naballah' 'Dire Dawa' s__DistrictOfMansehraPakistan 'district of Mansehra' 'Djakashari' 'Djerba' 'Doda' 'Dortmund' 'Dublin' 'Duesseldorf' 'Dugit' 'Durango' 'Dushanbe' s__DushanbeAirportTajikistan 'Dushanbe airport' 'Dushanbe Garm' 'East Jerusalem' 'Efrat' 'Eilat' 'Einav' 'El Bagre' 'El Bireh' 'El Playon' 'El Ripial Apure' 'Elayo' 'el-Azzariya' 'Elei Sinai' 'Emmanuel' 'Erez' s__FethiyeAndMarmarisTurkey 'Fethiye and Marmaris' s__FloridaUnitedStates 'Florida' 'Formeque' 'Frankfurt' 'French Hill' 'Fuengirola' 'Fusagasusa' 'Gali Abkhazia' 'Ganim' 'Gashuri ' 'General Santos' 'Geneva' 'Getxo' 'Ghalebieh' s__GhaziabadUttarPradeshIndia 'Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh' 'Gilo' 'Givat Zeev' 'Giza' 'Gonegalle' 'Granada' 'Graz' 'Grozny' 'Guilin' 'Gujarat' 'Gush Etzion' s__GushKatifGazaStrip 'Gush Katif' 'Hadera' 'Haifa' 'Hamburg' 'Hamis Miliyana' 'Hamra' 'Hannover' 'Har Bracha' 'Harer' 'Havana' 'Hawana' 'Heart' 'Hebron' 'Hermesh' 'Hernani' 'Herzliya' 'Hilversum' 'Hizma' s__HodayaJunctionIsrael 'Hodaya Junction' s__HolonJunctionIsrael 'Holon Junction' 'Huallga' 'Hurghada' 'Hyderabad' 'Ibsril' s__IncirlikAirbaseTurkey 'Incirlik Airbase' 'Ipil' 'Irbil' 'Islamabad' s__IslandOfBaliIndonesia 'Island of Bali' 'Istanbul' 'Itamar' 'Izmir' 'Jaffa' 'Jaffna' 'Jakarta' 'Jalah' s__JalpaiguriRailwayStationIndia 'Jalpaiguri Railway Station' 'Jammu' 'Jangas' 'Jenin' 'Jerusalem' 'Jmain' 'Johannesburg' 'Jolo' 'Jubial' 'Jullundur' 'Kabacan' 'Kabul' 'Kafr Akab' 'Kafr Idna' 'Kalkilya' 'Kalmunai' 'Kampala' 'Kandy' 'Kanihama' 'Karachi' 'Karkur' 'Karmei Tzur' 'Karnei Shomron' 'Kashmir' s__KatmanduAirportNepal 'Katmandu Airport' 'Kedumim' s__KedumimSettlementWestBank 'Kedumim Settlement' 'Kfar Baaneh' 'Kfar Darom' 'Kfar Hess' 'Kfar Saba' 'Kfar Tzurif' 'Kfar Yam' 'Kfar-Darom Netzarim' 'Khankala' 'Khartoum' 'Khelil' 'Khobar' 'Kibbutz Gal Ed' 'Kibbutz Merav' 'Kibbutz Sheluhot' 'Kidapawan' 'Kigali' 'Kirikkale' 'Kiryat Arba' 'Kiryat Motzkin' 'Kiryat Netafim' 'Kissufim' 'Kiursehir-Boztep' 'Klaiyat' 'Kohlan' 'Komsomo-labad' 'Kuwait City' 'La Ceiba' 'La Gabarra' 'La Guajira' 'La Paz' 'La Victoria' 'Lahore' 'Larba' 'Larnaca' 'Lasarte' 'Leiza' s__LesEucalyptusDistrictAlgeria 'Les Eucalyptus district' 'Libertador' 'Lice' 'LIle-Rousse' 'Lima' 'Lindos' 'Linz' 'Lockerbie' 'Logorno' 'London' 'Londonberry' 'Los Angeles' s__LosAngelesInternationalAirportUnitedStates 'Los Angeles International Airport' 'Los Bancos' s__LosKatiosNationalParkColombia 'Los Katios National Park' 'Luanda' 'Luebeck' 'Lunda Norte' 'Luxor' 'Lyons' 'Maaleh Michmash' 'Maccabim ' 'Madhu' 'Madras' 'Madrid' 'Magdalena' 'Maidan Shar' 'Makhachkala' 'Malaga' s__MalukkaIslandsIndonesia 'Malukka islands' 'Managua' 'Manama' 'Manchester' s__MangalsenAndSanpheBagarNepal 'Mangalsen and Sanphe Bagar ' 'Manila' 'Maon' 'Mapourdit' 'Mar Saba' 'Marawi' 'Mardan' 'Marmaris' 'Marseilles' 'Masha' 'Matsumoto' 'Mawdiyah' 'Mea Shearim' 'Mecca' 'Mechora' 'Medan' 'Medellin' 'Megido' 'Mehola' 'Mekholah' 'Mersin' 'Meta' 'Metulla' 'Metzer' 'Milan' 'Mindanao' s__MinharotRoadWestBank 'Minharot Road' 'Miran Shah ' 'Mitu' 'Modiin Illit' 'Mombassa' s__MoragJunctionGazaStrip 'Morag Junction' 'Moscow' 'Moshav Hagor' 'Moshav Tomer' 'Mukallah-Aden' 'Munchen-Gladbach' 'Munchen' 'Munich' 'Munster' 'Murlough' 'Mus Mus' 'Mutata' 'Muttur' 'Naalin' 'Nablus' 'Nahal Oz' 'Naharaim' 'Nahariya' 'Nairobi' 'Najaf' s__NallurAreaSriLanka 'Nallur Area' 'Naqura' 'Narayangang' 'Netanya' 'Netzarim' 'Netzer Hazani' 'Neve Daniel' 'Neve Yamin' 'New Delhi' 'New York City' s__NeztarimSettlementGazaStrip 'Neztarim Settlement' 'Niamey' 'Nissanit' 'Nitzanei Oz' 'Nitzanim' s__NokdimTekoaRdWestBank 'Nokdim-Tekoa Rd.' 'Norte de Santander' s__NorthernCaucasiusChechnya 'Northern Caucasius' 'Novogrozny' 'Novyy Atagi ' 'Nuremburg' s__NuremburgGermany 'Oberwart' 'Ofra' s__OilbaseAlgeria 'Oil base' s__oilfieldsVenezuela__m oilfields 'Okara' 'Olaya Herrera' 'Omagh' 'Or Yehuda' 'Oran' 'Osaka' 'Oslo' 'Ossnabruck' s__OthnielJunctionIsrael 'Othniel Junction' 'Otniel' 'Otzarin' 'Ozamis' 'Pahalgam' 'Palorinya' 'Pamplona' 'Panama City' 'Pantras' 'Papayin' 'Papua' 'Paris' 'Patikul' 'Pau' 'Peat Sadeh' 'Peshawar' 'Petah Tikvah' 'Phnom Penh' 'Portadown' 'Prague' 'Puerto Alvira' 'Puerto Lleras' 'Punjab' 'Quetta' 'Quito' 'Rada-Aman' 'Rafah' 'Rama Junction' 'Ramal de Aspusana' 'Ramallah' 'Ramat Gan' 'Ramin' 'Ramle' 'Rawalpindi' 'Reus' 'Riga' 'Rijeka' s__RimalDistrictGazaStrip 'Rimal district' 'Rishon Le Zion' 'Riyadh' 'Roermond' 'Rome' 'Rosas' 'Rostov-on-Don' 'Ruhengeri' 'Saada' s__SaadaPakistan 'Sabatena' 'Sacramento' 'Saint Avold' 'Saint Sebastian' 'Saint-Jean-de-Luz' 'Sairanbar' 'Sajaia ' 'Sallent de Gallego' 'Samaria' 'Samashki' 'San Diego' 'San Jose' 'San Luis' 'San Miguel' 'San Pablo' 'San Sebastian' 'Sanaa' 'Sangaldan' 'Santa Marta' 'Santa Pola' s__SantaRitaMountainsPanama 'Santa Rita Mountains' 'Santiago' 'Sanur' 'Sarajevo' 'Satkhira' 'Segovia' 'Seoul' 'Seville' 'Shadmot Mehola' 'Shavei Shomron' 'Sheikh Ajlun' 'Shilo' 'Shimi' 'Shlomi' 'Sidi Halifah' 'Sidon' 'Siirt' 'Silat a-Dahar' s__SipadanIslandMalaysia 'Sipadan Island' 'Sitrah' 'Sopore' 'Srinagar' 'Srinigar' 'Sriperumbudur' 'Stewartstown' 'Stockholm' 'Strasbourg' s__SukaimaniyahIraq 'Sukai-maniyah' 'Sulawesi' 'Sulaymaniyah' 'Sumayr' 'Susiya' 'Taila' 'Tamez-guida' 'Tandy' 'Taxila' 'Tbilisi' 'Tegucigalpa' 'Teheran' 'Tekoa' 'Tel Aviv' 'Tel-Aviv' s__TelHaShomerJunctionIsrael 'Tel HaShomer Junction' 'Tel Qateifa' 'Tel Rumeiyda' 'Telem' 'Tena' 'The Hague' s__TheKyrgyzCapitalBishkekChina 'The Kyrgyz capital Bishkek.' 'Thekraguri' 'Tiaret' 'Tirat' 'Tokyo' 'Tolosa' 'Topkaki' 'Trabzon' s__TrincomaleeHarborSriLanka 'Trincomalee Harbor' 'Tripoli' 'Tulkarem' 'Tulkarm' 'Tunceli' 'Turbat' 'Um al-Fahm' 'Umm Qasr' 'Urena' 'Urra' 'Urs-Martan' s__UWaIndianReservationColombia 'Uwa Indian reservation' 'Valencia' 'Valledupar' 'Van' 'Vavuniya' 'Vienna' 'Vientiane' 'Villavicencio' 'Vitoria' 'Vitrolles' 'Vladikavkaz' 'Vladivostok' 'Volgodonsk' 'Wadi al-Dabaat' 'Wadi Ara' 'Wadi Kelt' 'Warsaw' 'Washington DC.' 'Wattyan' 'West Beirut' 'Xian' 'Yaabad' 'Yagur Junction' 'Yehud' 'Yerevan' 'Yitzhar' 'Yokota' 'Yopal' 'Yuksekova' 'Zaita' 'Zamar' 'Zamboanga' 'Zaragoza' 'Zarauz' s__ZeifIntersectionWestBank 'Zeif intersection' 'Zekharya' 'Zulia' 'Zumaia' 'Zumarraga' s__PalestinianLiberationOrganization 'A dependency of the &%UnitedStates' 'A dependency of the &%UnitedKingdom' 'A dependency of the &%Netherlands' 'A dependency of &%Australia' 'A dependency of &%France' 'A dependency of &%Norway' s__ChannelIslands s__DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea 'A dependency of &%NewZealand' 'A dependency of &%Denmark' 'A dependency of &%China' s__USVirginIslands s__PoliticalOrganization s__Antarctica 'Burundi' 'Central African Republic' 'Chad' 'Democratic Republic of the Congo' 'Rwanda' 'Djibouti' 'Eritrea' 'Ethiopia' 'Kenya' 'Seychelles' 'Somalia' 'Tanzania' 'Uganda' 'Algeria' 'Egypt' 'Libya' 'Mauritania' 'Morocco' 'Sudan' 'Tunisia' 'Western Sahara' 'Angola' 'Bassas da India' 'Botswana' 'Bouvet Island' 'Comoros' 'Europa Island' 'Glorioso Islands' 'Heard Island and McDonald Islands' 'Juan de Nova Island' 'Lesotho' 'Basutoland' 'Madagascar' 'Malawi' 'Mauritius' 'Mayotte' 'Mozambique' 'Namibia' 'Reunion' 'South Africa' 'Swaziland' 'Tromelin Island' 'Zambia' 'Zimbabwe' 'Benin' 'Burkina Faso' 'Cameroon' 'Cape Verde' 'Cote dIvoire' 'Equatorial Guinea' 'Gabon' 'Gambia' 'Ghana' 'Guinea' 'Guinea Bissau' 'Liberia' 'Mali' 'Niger' 'Nigeria' 'Sao Tome and Principe' 'Senegal' 'Sierra Leone' 'Togo' 'Saint Helena' 'Bahrain' 'Cyprus' 'Gaza Strip' 'Iran' 'Iraq' 'Israel' 'Jordan' 'Kuwait' 'Lebanon' 'Oman' 'Qatar' 'Saudi Arabia' 'Syria' 'United Arab Emirates' 'West Bank' 'Yemen' 'Austria' 'Czech Republic' 'Germany' 'Hungary' 'Liechtenstein' 'Poland' 'Slovakia' 'Slovenia' 'Switzerland' 'Belarus' 'Estonia' 'Latvia' 'Lithuania' 'Moldova' 'Ukraine' 'Denmark' 'Faroe Islands' 'Finland' 'Iceland' 'Jan Mayen Island' 'Norway' 'Svalbard' 'Sweden' 'Greece' 'Holy See' 'Italy' 'Malta' 'San Marino' 'Belgium' 'France' 'Guernsey' 'Ireland' 'Jersey' 'Luxembourg' 'Isle of Man' 'Monaco' 'Netherlands' 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland' 'United Kingdom' 'Great Britain' 'UK' 'Albania' 'Bosnia and Herzegovina' 'Bulgaria' 'Croatia' 'Macedonia' 'Romania' 'Turkey' 'Serbia and Montenegro' 'Andorra' 'Gibraltar' 'Portugal' 'Spain' 'Bermuda' 'United States' 'Canada' 'Greenland' 'Saint Pierre and Miquelon' 'Anguilla' 'Antigua and Barbuda' 'Aruba' 'Bahamas' 'Barbados' 'British Virgin Islands' 'BVI' 'Cayman Islands' 'Cuba' 'Dominica' 'Dominican Republic' 'Grenada' 'Guadeloupe' 'Haiti' 'Jamaica' 'Martinique' 'Montserrat' 'Navassa Island' 'Netherlands Antilles' 'Puerto Rico' 'Saint Kitts and Nevis' 'Saint Lucia' 'Saint Vincent and the Grenadines' 'Trinidad and Tobago' 'Turks and Caicos Islands' 'Virgin Islands' 'Belize' 'Clipperton Island' 'Costa Rica' 'El Salvador' 'Guatemala' 'Honduras' 'Mexico' 'Nicaragua' 'Panama' 'Bolivia' 'Paraguay' 'Brazil' 'French Guiana' 'Guyana' 'Suriname' 'Venezuela' 'Argentina' 'Chile' 'Falkland Islands' 'South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands' 'Uruguay' 'Ecuador' 'Peru' 'Kazakhstan' 'Kyrgyzstan' 'Tajikistan' 'Turkmenistan' 'Uzbekistan' 'China' 'Hong Kong' 'Japan' 'NorthKorea' 'SouthKorea' 'Macau' 'Taiwan' 'Republic of China' 'ROC' 'Mongolia' 'Russia' 'Afghanistan' 'Bangladesh' 'Bhutan' 'British Indian Ocean Territory' 'India' 'Maldives' 'Nepal' 'Pakistan' 'Sri Lanka' 'French Southern and Antarctic Lands' 'Ashmore and Cartier Islands' 'Brunei' 'Cambodia' 'Christmas Island' 'Cocos Keeling Islands' 'East Timor' 'Indonesia' 'Laos' 'Malaysia' 'Myanmar' 'Papua New Guinea' 'Paracel Islands' 'Philippines' 'Singapore' 'Spratly Islands' 'Thailand' 'Vietnam' 'Armenia' 'Azerbaijan' 'Republic Of Georgia' 'American Samoa' 'Australia' 'Baker Island' 'Cook Islands' 'Coral Sea Islands' 'Fiji' 'French Polynesia' 'Guam' 'Howland Island' 'Jarvis Island' 'Johnston Atoll' 'Kingman Reef' 'Kiribati' 'Gilbert Islands' 'Marshall Islands' 'Micronesia' 'Federated States of Micronesia' 'Midway Islands' 'Nauru' 'New Caledonia' 'New Zealand' 'Niue' 'Norfolk Island' 'Northern Mariana Islands' 'Palau' 'Palmyra Atoll' 'Pitcairn Islands' 'Samoa' 'Solomon Islands' 'Tokelau' 'Tonga' 'Tuvalu' 'Ellice Islands' 'Vanuatu' 'New Hebrides' 'Wake Island' 'Wallis and Futuna' s__RedRiver 'A tributary of the Mississippi River.' 'An &%Island in the &%PacificOcean that is a protectorate of the &%UnitedStates.' s__Coffeeshop s__Cafeteria s__Coffeeshop__t 'a type of &%Cafeteria that specializes in serving &%Coffee' 'coffee shop' s__CommercialService s__Selling s__Coffee s__Brewpub s__Tavern s__Brewpub__t 'a type of &%Tavern that brews &%Beer and whose primary service is selling that &%Beer to customers' 'Brewpub' s__Making s__Beer s__Bakery s__Business s__Bakery__t 'a type of &%Business that specializes in the production and selling of the &%result of the process &%Baking' bakery s__Baking s__Steakhouse s__Restaurant s__Steakhouse__t 'a type of &%Restaurant that specializes in serving steak, which is cooked &%Beef' steakhouse s__Cooking s__Beef s__Corkage s__ChargingAFee s__Corkage__t s__ChargingAFee__t '&%Corkage is a &%FinancialTransaction imposed by an &%Agent to a customer for bringing items not purchased from &%Agent' corkage s__corkageFee__m '(&%corkageFee ?AMT ?ITEM ?AGENT) refers to the amount ?AMT that ?AGENT charges during a &%Corkage when a customer brings in ?ITEM' 'corkage fee' s__OutdoorDiningArea s__DiningArea s__OutdoorDiningArea__t '&%OutdoorDiningArea refers to a place for eating that is not inside a building' 'outdoor dining' s__DiningRoom s__Outdoors s__Menu 'a &%Menu is a type of &%Catalog that specifically contains the classes of food that is expected to be or proposed to be cooked and served' menu s__SetMenu s__SetMenu__t 'a &%SetMenu is a type of &%Menu that contains a specific set of prepared food which is all served and is given one price' 'set menu' s__BeverageMenu s__BeverageMenu__t s__Menu__t 'a &%BeverageMenu is a &%Menu of &%Beverages' 'drinks menu' s__Beverage s__AlcoholMenu s__AlcoholMenu__t 'an &%AlcoholMenu is a &%Menu of &%AlcoholicBeverage' 'cocktail menu' s__AlcoholicBeverage s__WineMenu s__WineMenu__t 'a &%WineMenu is a &%Menu of &%Wine' 'wine list' s__Braille s__PerceptualAttribute '&%Braille is an &%Attribute that describes &%ContentBearingObject that can be interpreted by a &%Blind &%Human' s__ContentBearingObject s__Blind s__Interpreting s__Buffet s__Buffet__t '&%Buffet refers to a &%Collection of food that is served in a central location where guests can get their own servings' buffet s__CommunalAttribute s__Getting s__Breakfast '(! [V__FOOD] : ((s__instance(V__FOOD,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__X,s__Collection)) => (s__member(V__FOOD,V__X) => s__attribute(V__FOOD,s__Breakfast))))' s__subjectiveAttribute__m '(&%subjectiveAttribute ?ENTITY ?ATTR ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT attaches ?ATTR to ?ENTITY' 'subjective attribute' s__Classifying s__facility__m '(&%facility ?AGENT ?OBJ) means that an ?AGENT provides some ?OBJ to fulfill some goal or need' facility s__businessHours__m '(&%businessHours ?TIMEINT ?AGENT) means that an ?AGENT conducts business-related activities during ?TIMEINT' 'business hours' s__standardRetailHours__m '(%&standardRetailHours ?TIMEINT ?AGENT) means that an ?AGENT initiates face-to-face processes with customers only within the time specified by ?TIMEINT' 'standard retail hours' s__NightClub s__NightTime s__BankCardPayment s__BankCardPayment__t 'a &%BankCardPayment is a type of &%Payment where a &%CreditCard or a &%DebitCard is used as the &%FinancialInstrument in the transaction.' 'bank card payment' s__BankCard s__CashPayment s__CashPayment__t s__Payment__t 'a &%CashPayment is a type of &%Payment where &%Cash is used as the &%FinancialInstrument in the transaction' 'cash payment' s__Cash s__Outfit s__Outfit__t '&%Outfit describes the set of clothes worn by a person' outfit s__dressCode__m '(&%dressCode ?CODE ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT obligates his customers to wear at the minimum clothes that fulfill ?CODE' s__AmbienceAttribute '(s__subjectiveAttribute(V__OUTFIT,V__CODE,V__AGENT) & s__instance(V__OUTFIT,s__Outfit) & s__customer(V__CUST,V__AGENT) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(s__located(V__CUST,V__AGENT)),(! [V__ITEM] : ((s__instance(V__ITEM,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__ITEM,s__WearableItem) & s__instance(V__AGENT,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__instance(V__CUST,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__instance(V__CUST,s__Animal) & s__instance(V__CODE,s__AmbienceAttribute) & s__instance(V__OUTFIT,s__Collection)) => (s__member(V__ITEM,V__OUTFIT) => s__wears(V__CUST,V__ITEM))))))' s__DeliveryService s__DeliveryService__t '&%DeliveryService refers to the &%Transfer of an &%Agent bringing objects purchased from &%Agent to a location indicated by the customer' 'delivery service' s__deliveryRegion__m '(&%deliveryRegion ?AGENT ?REGION ?DELIVERY) means that ?AGENT only does a &%DeliveryService if the destination is within ?REGION' s__CateringService s__ServiceProcess s__CateringService__t '&%CateringService refers to the &%ServiceProcess of an &%Agent to prepare food and beverage for consumption in a location away from where the agent is located' catering s__FoodPickup '&%FoodPickup is a type of &%CateringService where the customer has to pick up the food from the agents location with the intent of eating it somewhere else.' 'food pickup' s__DriveThru s__DriveThru__t s__FoodPickup__t '&%DriveThru is a type of &%FoodPickup where the customer uses a vehicle to drive thru a driveway and take the food from a window' 'Drive-thru' s__Reservation s__Reservation__t 'a &%Reservation is a type of &%Agreement between 2 agents that some resource offered by the one agent is allotted for use or consumption by another at a specific bounded time' reservation s__Reserving s__reservingEntity__m '(&%reservingEntity ?ENTITY ?RESERVE) means that ?ENTITY is the &%Agent reserving a particular resource indicated by ?RESERVE' s__reservationChannel__m '(&%reservationChannel ?ENTITY ?RESERVE) means that ?ENTITY was used by the &%reservingEntity in order to create the reservation, like an intermediary agent.' s__fulfillingEntity__m '(&%fulfillingEntity ?ENTITY ?RESERVE) means that ?ENTITY is the &%Agent who will execute the agreement' s__reservationStart__m '(&%reservationStart ?TIME ?RESERVE) means that the use of a resource or consumption of a service which is the object of ?RESERVE starts at ?TIME' s__reservationEnd__m '(&%reservationEnd ?TIME ?RESERVE) means that the use of a resource or consumption of a service which is the object of ?RESERVE is expected to end at ?TIME' s__numberOfCustomers__m '(&%numberOfCustomers ?NUM ?RESERVE) refers to the number of patrons the reservation is for.' s__PositiveInteger s__GroupOfPeople s__DiningReservation s__DiningReservation__t 'a &%DiningReservation is a type of &%Reservation intended to reserve seats at a &%Restaurant' 'dining reservation' s__Committing s__Reserving__t '&%Reserving is a type of &%Committing that dedicates a specific object or service to a destination resource or service for a specific time interval' reserving s__potentialCustomer__m '(&%potentialCustomer ?CUST ?AGENT) means that it is a possibility for ?CUST to participate in a financial transaction with ?AGENT in exchange for goods or services' s__Chef s__Profession '&%Chef refers to the &%Profession of cooking food' chef s__BoosterChair s__Chair s__BoosterChair__t '&%BoosterChair is a &%Chair that is made for children' 'booster chair' s__HumanChild '(s__attribute(V__H,s__Sitting) & s__eventLocated(V__H,V__BC))' s__contestObject__m '(&%contestObject ?CONTEST ?OBJ ?AGENT) refers to the ?OBJ entered by ?AGENT in a ?CONTEST in cases where winning is based on judging an &%Object instead of some physical process between opponents' s__Contest s__Won s__Judging s__capabilityDuring__m '(&%capabilityDuring ?PROCESS ?ROLE ?OBJ ?TIMEINT) means that ?OBJ has the ability to play the role of ?ROLE in the process ?PROCESS during the time indicated by ?TIMEINT' 'capable during' s__View s__VisualContentBearingPhysical s__View__t '&%View refers to the patient of a &%Seeing process' view s__OpenLayout '&%OpenLayout refers to different functional areas that are adjacent to each other and are visible from one area to another' 'open layout' s__Room s__Adjacent s__Seeing s__PlayArea s__PlayArea__t '&%PlayArea refers to a &%Region where children engage in recreational activities' playground '(? [V__K,V__REC] : (s__instance(V__REC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__K,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__REC,s__RecreationOrExercise) & s__eventLocated(V__REC,V__P) & s__instance(V__K,s__HumanChild) & s__agent(V__REC,V__K)))' s__Organic s__NormativeAttribute '&%Organic describes the minimal use of chemicals in the production of an object' organic s__Favorite '&%Favorite is an attribute that describes how an agent prefers one thing over another' favorite s__TimeAttribute s__SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute '&%TimeAttribute refers to the class of attributes that include and assessment of how long it takes an agent to do something' s__Quick s__TimeAttribute__t '&%Quick describes how a process takes less time than expected' quick s__Slow '&%Slow describes how a process takes more time than expected' slow '&%AmbienceAttribute describes the atmosphere or general feeling that something evokes' ambience s__RomanticAttribute '&%RomanticAttribute describes that something is of an amorous or non-platonic nature' romantic s__UnconventionalAttribute '&%UnconventionalAttribute describes that something does not conform to the ordinary or the usual' unconventional s__TrendyAttribute '&%TrendyAttribute describes that something is in accord with the latest fad' trendy s__ConventionalAttribute '&%ConventionalAttribute describes that something conforms to norms and expectations' conventional s__CasualAttribute '&%CasualAttribute describes that something is appropriate for ordinary or routine occasions' casual s__FormalAttribute '&%FormalAttribute describes that something is refined or meets a certain standard' formal s__BusinessCasualAttribute '&%BusinessCasualAttribute describes that something is appropriate for a normal business setting' 'business casual' s__BusinessFormalAttribute s__AmbienceAttribute__t '&%BusinessFormalAttribute describes that something is appropriate for a stricter or more refined business setting' 'business formal' s__CasualDressyAttribute '&%CasualDressyAttribute describes that something is fancier than &%CasualAttribute, normally applied to clothing but can also be applied to things like the ambience of a club or bar' 'casual dressy' s__DressyAttribute '&%DressyAttribute describes a less laid-back and fancier atmosphere, normally applied to clothing but can also be applied to things like the ambience of a club, bar or event' dressy s__FoodAttribute '&%FoodAttribute are descriptors that apply to &%Food but are highly subjective' 'food attribute' s__PreparedFood s__ComfortFood '&%ComfortFood describes &%PreparedFood that gives a sense of well-being, typically associated with childhood or with home cooking' 'comfort food' s__HeartHealthyFood s__FoodAttribute__t '&%HeartHealthyFood describes &%PreparedFood that has is low in sodium and other ingredients that may foster heart disease' 'heart-healthy food' s__FamilyStylePortion '&%FamilyStylePortion means that an instance of food can be shared by 3 or more people' 'family-style portions' s__Table '(? [V__GRP2,V__E2] : (s__instance(V__E2,s__Process) & s__instance(V__GRP2,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__E2,s__Eating) & s__agent(V__E2,V__GRP2) & (~ (V__GRP1 = V__GRP2)) & s__instance(V__GRP2,s__GroupOfPeople) & s__eventLocated(V__E2,V__X2) & s__meetsTemporally(s__WhenFn(V__E1),s__WhenFn(V__E2)) & (V__X = V__X2)))' s__PrivateAttribute '(~ (? [V__GRP2] : (s__instance(V__GRP2,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__customer(V__GRP2,V__REST) & (~ (V__GRP1 = V__GRP2)) & s__instance(V__E2,s__Eating) & s__agent(V__E2,V__GRP2) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__E1),s__eventLocated(V__E2,V__DR)))))' s__Cuisine s__Cuisine__t 'Cuisine is an attribute applied to classes of PreparedFood to specify that it is typical of a particular region or culture. Note that it cannot be applied to a single Animal or Plant, even if a particular such entity is endemic to a particular region. It captures not just the reality of a particular combination of ingredients, but also the intent of the preparer to conform to a particular style of food and food preparation.' s__AsianCuisine 'Asian Cuisine' s__CaribbeanCuisine 'Caribbean Cuisine' s__EuropeanCuisine 'European Cuisine' s__LatinAmericanCuisine 'Latin American Cuisine' s__AfricanCuisine 'African Cuisine' s__AmericanCuisine 'American Cuisine' s__AustralianCuisine 'Australian Cuisine' s__CanadianCuisine 'Canadian Cuisine' s__FusionCuisine 'Fusion Cuisine' s__JewishCuisine 'Jewish Cuisine' s__HealthFoodCuisine 'Health Food Cuisine' s__CentralAfricanCuisine 'Central African Cuisine' s__EastAfricanCuisine 'East African Cuisine' s__HornOfAfricaCuisine 'Horn of Africa Cuisine' s__NorthAfricanCuisine 'North African Cuisine' s__SouthernAfricanCuisine 'Southern African Cuisine' s__WestAfricanCuisine 'West African Cuisine' s__IndianCuisine 'Indian Cuisine' s__SouthAsianCuisine 'South Asian Cuisine' s__SoutheastAsianCuisine 'Southeast Asian Cuisine' s__EastAsianCuisine 'East Asian Cuisine' s__WestAsianCuisine 'West Asian Cuisine' s__ChineseCuisine 'Chinese Cuisine' s__PanAsianCuisine 'Pan-Asian Cuisine' s__JapaneseCuisine 'Japanese Cuisine' s__EasternEuropeanCuisine 'Eastern European Cuisine' s__MediterraneanCuisine 'Mediterranean Cuisine' s__NorthernEuropeanCuisine 'Northern European Cuisine' s__WesternEuropeanCuisine 'Western European Cuisine' s__AlpineCuisine 'Alpine Cuisine' s__ContinentalCuisine 'Continental Cuisine' s__ArabCuisine 'Arab Cuisine' s__BritishCuisine 'British Cuisine' s__NordicCuisine 'Nordic Cuisine' s__IrishCuisine 'Irish Cuisine' s__ScottishCuisine 'Scottish Cuisine' s__IndonesianCuisine 'Indonesian Cuisine' s__SpanishCuisine 'Spanish Cuisine' s__AustrianCuisine 'Austrian Cuisine' s__GermanCuisine 'German Cuisine' s__FrenchCuisine 'French Cuisine' s__DutchCuisine 'Dutch Cuisine' s__SwissCuisine 'Swiss Cuisine' s__VienneseCuisine 'Viennese Cuisine' s__BosnianCuisine 'Bosnian Cuisine' s__BolivianCuisine 'Bolivian Cuisine' s__BelgianCuisine 'Belgian Cuisine' s__NativeAmericanCuisine 'Native American Cuisine' s__NorthAmericanCuisine 'North American Cuisine' s__MidwesternCuisine 'Midwestern Cuisine' s__AmishCuisine 'Amish Cuisine' s__CreoleCuisine 'Creole Cuisine' s__SouthernCuisine 'Southern Cuisine' s__CalifornianCuisine 'Californian Cuisine' s__ChesapeakeCuisine 'Chesapeake Cuisine' s__SouthwesternCuisine 'Southwestern Cuisine' s__FloridianCuisine 'Floridian Cuisine' s__HawaiianCuisine 'Hawaiian Cuisine' s__NewEnglandCuisine 'New England Cuisine' s__NewMexicanCuisine 'New Mexican Cuisine' s__PennsylvaniaDutchCuisine 'Pennsylvania Dutch Cuisine' s__YemeniCuisine 'Yemeni Cuisine' s__NewZealandCuisine 'New Zealand Cuisine' s__BajanCuisine 'Bajan Cuisine' s__CubanCuisine 'Cuban Cuisine' s__DominicanCuisine 'Dominican Cuisine' s__HaitianCuisine 'Haitian Cuisine' s__JamaicanCuisine 'Jamaican Cuisine' s__TinidadianCuisine 'Trinidadian Cuisine' s__CentralAsianCuisine s__AfghanCuisine 'Afghan Cuisine' s__MongolianCuisine 'Mongolian Cuisine' s__TibetanCuisine 'Tibetan Cuisine' s__UzbekiCuisine 'Uzbeki Cuisine' s__CantoneseCuisine 'Cantonese Cuisine' s__HunanCuisine 'Hunan Cuisine' s__MandarinCuisine 'Mandarin Cuisine' s__PekingeseCuisine 'Pekingese Cuisine' s__SichuanCuisine 'Sichuan Cuisine' s__SzechuanCuisine 'Szechuan Cuisine' s__KoreanCuisine 'Korean Cuisine' s__TaiwaneseCuisine 'Taiwanese Cuisine' s__CzechCuisine 'Czech Cuisine' s__HungarianCuisine 'Hungarian Cuisine' s__PolishCuisine 'Polish Cuisine' s__RomanianCuisine 'Romanian Cuisine' s__RussianCuisine 'Russian Cuisine' s__UkrainianCuisine 'Ukrainian Cuisine' s__AlsatianCuisine 'Alsatian Cuisine' s__AuvergneCuisine 'Auvergne Cuisine' s__AveyronCuisine 'Aveyron Cuisine' s__CorsicaCuisine 'Corsica Cuisine' s__BrittanyCuisine 'Brittany Cuisine' s__BurgundyCuisine 'Burgundy Cuisine' s__GasconyCuisine 'Gascony Cuisine' s__HauteCuisine 'Haute Cuisine' s__LyonCuisine 'Lyon Cuisine' s__ProvencalCuisine 'Provencal Cuisine' s__EurasianCuisine 'Eurasian Cuisine' s__AsianFusionCuisine 'Asian Fusion Cuisine' s__EuropeanFusionCuisine 'European Fusion Cuisine' s__FloribbeanCuisine 'Floribbean Cuisine' s__FrenchIndianCuisine 'French Indian Cuisine' s__InternationalCuisine 'International Cuisine' s__GlobalCuisine 'Global Cuisine' s__IslandCuisine 'Island Cuisine' s__NewWorldCuisine 'New World Cuisine' s__PacificRimCuisine 'Pacific Rim Cuisine' s__SenegambianCuisine 'Senegambian Cuisine' s__SenegaleseCuisine s__GambianCuisine s__SeychellesCuisine 'Seychelles Cuisine' s__SouthPacificCuisine 'South Pacific Cuisine' s__ThaiFrenchCuisine 'Thai French Cuisine' s__ThaiCuisine s__BavarianCuisine 'Bavarian Cuisine' s__EritreanCuisine 'Eritrean Cuisine' s__EthiopianCuisine 'Ethiopian Cuisine' s__EastIndianCuisine 'East Indian Cuisine' s__NorthIndianCuisine 'North Indian Cuisine' s__NortheastIndianCuisine 'Northeast Indian Cuisine' s__SouthIndianCuisine 'South Indian Cuisine' s__WestIndianCuisine 'West Indian Cuisine' s__HimalayanCuisine 'Himalayan Cuisine' s__JavaneseCuisine 'Javanese Cuisine' s__AbruzzeseCuisine s__ItalianCuisine 'Abruzzese Cuisine' s__EmilianCuisine 'Emilian Cuisine' s__FlorentineCuisine 'Florentine Cuisine' s__LigurianCuisine 'Ligurian Cuisine' s__LombardianCuisine 'Lombardian Cuisine' s__MarchigianaCuisine 'Marchigiana Cuisine' s__MilaneseCuisine 'Milanese Cuisine' s__NeapolitanCuisine 'Neapolitan Cuisine' s__RomanCuisine 'Roman Cuisine' s__PiedmonteseCuisine 'Piedmontese Cuisine' s__SardinianCuisine 'Sardinian Cuisine' s__SicilianCuisine 'Sicilian Cuisine' s__TuscanCuisine 'Tuscan Cuisine' s__VenetianCuisine 'Venetian Cuisine' s__ArgentineanCuisine 'Argentinean Cuisine' s__BrazilianCuisine 'Brazilian Cuisine' s__CapeVerdeanCuisine 'CapeVerdean Cuisine' s__CentralAmericanCuisine 'Central American Cuisine' s__ChileanCuisine 'Chilean Cuisine' s__ColombianCuisine 'Colombian Cuisine' s__MexicanCuisine 'Mexican Cuisine' s__CostaRicanCuisine 'Costa Rican Cuisine' s__EcuadorianCuisine 'Ecuadorian Cuisine' s__GuatemalanCuisine 'Guatemalan Cuisine' s__GuyaneseCuisine 'Guyanese Cuisine' s__HonduranCuisine 'Honduran Cuisine' s__NicaraguanCuisine 'Nicaraguan Cuisine' s__PanLatinCuisine 'Pan Latin Cuisine' s__ParaguayanCuisine 'Paraguayan Cuisine' s__PeruvianCuisine 'Peruvian Cuisine' s__PuertoRicanCuisine 'Puerto Rican Cuisine' s__SalvadoranCuisine 'Salvadoran Cuisine' s__UruguayanCuisine 'Uruguayan Cuisine' s__VenezuelanCuisine 'Venezuelan Cuisine' s__PalestinianCuisine s__LevantineCuisine 'Palestinian Cuisine' 'Italian Cuisine' s__CypriotCuisine 'Greek Cypriot Cuisine' s__CroatianCuisine 'Croatian Cuisine' s__GreekCuisine 'Greek Cuisine' s__SerbianCuisine 'Serbian Cuisine' s__SlavicCuisine 'Slavic Cuisine' s__TurkishCuisine 'Turkish Cuisine' s__MayanCuisine 'Mayan Cuisine' s__ArmenianCuisine 'Armenian Cuisine' s__CaspianCuisine s__PersianCuisine 'Caspian Cuisine' s__IranianCuisine s__MiddleEasternCuisine 'Iranian Cuisine' s__IraqiCuisine 'Iraqi Cuisine' s__IsraeliCuisine 'Israeli Cuisine' s__LebaneseCuisine 'Lebanese Cuisine' s__MesopotamianCuisine 'Mesopotamian Cuisine' 'Persian Cuisine' s__SyrianCuisine 'Syrian Cuisine' s__TunisianCuisine 'Tunisian Cuisine' s__DanishCuisine 'Danish Cuisine' s__FinnishCuisine 'Finnish Cuisine' s__IcelandicCuisine 'Icelandic Cuisine' s__NorwegianCuisine 'Norwegian Cuisine' s__SwedishCuisine 'Swedish Cuisine' s__EgyptianCuisine 'Egyptian Cuisine' s__MoroccanCuisine 'Moroccan Cuisine' s__BangladeshiCuisine 'Bangladeshi Cuisine' s__NepaleseCuisine 'Nepalese Cuisine' s__PakistaniCuisine 'Pakistani Cuisine' s__SriLankanCuisine 'Sri Lankan Cuisine' s__BurmeseCuisine 'Burmese Cuisine' s__CambodianCuisine 'Cambodian Cuisine' s__FilipinoCuisine 'Filipino Cuisine' s__MalaysianCuisine 'Malaysian Cuisine' s__LaotianCuisine 'Laotian Cuisine' s__SingaporeanCuisine 'Singaporean Cuisine' 'Thai Cuisine' s__VietnameseCuisine 'Vietnamese Cuisine' s__SouthAfricanCuisine 'South African Cuisine' s__TexMexCuisine 'Tex Mex Cuisine' s__BasqueCuisine 'Basque Cuisine' s__IberianCuisine 'Iberian Cuisine' s__ValencianCuisine 'Valencian Cuisine' s__AndalusianCuisine 'Andalusian Cuisine' s__CantabrianCuisine 'Cantabrian Cuisine' s__CastilianCuisine 'Castillan Cuisine' s__CatalanCuisine 'Catalan Cuisine' s__GalicianCuisine 'Galician Cuisine' s__MadrilianCuisine 'Madrilian Cuisine' s__NavarraiseCuisine 'Navarraise Cuisine' s__GhanianCuisine 'Ghanian Cuisine' 'Senegalese Cuisine' 'Gambian Cuisine' 'Levantine Cuisine' 'Middle Eastern Cuisine' s__CajunCuisine 'Cajun Cuisine' s__PortugueseCuisine 'Portuguese Cuisine' s__PolynesianCuisine 'Polynesian Cuisine' s__ShanghaineseCuisine 'Shanghainese Cuisine' s__economyType__m s__EconomicAttribute s__attribute__m '(&%economyType ?POLITY ?TYPE) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY has an economic system of &%TYPE.' s__EconomicDevelopmentLevel '&%EconomicDevelopmentLevel is a subclass of &%EconomicAttribute containing terms used to describe the economic development level of a &%Nation or &%GeopoliticalArea. This class is further subdivided into different scales devised or used by different agencies.' s__UNEconomicDevelopmentLevel '&%UNEconomicDevelopmentLevel is a subclass of &%EconomicDevelopmentLevel containing terms used to represent economic development classifications used by &%UnitedNations agencies. The top level of this classification scheme includes the concepts of &%DevelopedCountry, &%FormerSovietOrEasternEuropeanCountry, and &%LessDevelopedCountry.' s__DevelopedCountry s__UNEconomicDevelopmentLevel__t 'First World' 'Developed Country' 'industrial country' 'the North' '&%DevelopedCountry (DC) is a term used to describe members of the top group in the &%UNEconomicDevelopmentLevels. &%DevelopedCountry includes market-oriented economies of mainly democratic nations, including members of the &%OrganizationForEconomicCooperationAndDevelopment (OECD). DCs are also known as First World countries, the North, and industrial countries. Developed countries generally have high incomes (high per capita GDP or GNI), but there are exceptions to DC membership both above and below that standard. There is significant overlap, but not perfect congruence, between the UN category &%DevelopedCountry and the IMF category &%AdvancedEconomy.' "35" s__FormerSovietOrEasternEuropeanCountry 'Former Soviet or Eastern European Country' 'Former Soviet' 'Former Eastern European' 'Second World' s__CountryInTransition '&%FormerSovietOrEasternEuropeanCountry (former USSR-EE) is an &%Attribute that characterizes countries that were part of the former Soviet Union or its sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. This level occupies a middle position between &%DevelopedCountry (DC) and &%LessDevelopedCountry (LDC) in &%UNEconomicDevelopmentLevels. Previously, former USSR-EE countries had a &%CentrallyPlannedEconomy and were Marxist-Leninist states. Many are now evolving away from command economies to market economic systems. During the 1980s, the group included Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), Hungary, North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, the USSR, Vietnam and Yugoslavia.' s__LessDevelopedCountry 'Less Developed Country' 'Third World' '&%LessDevelopedCountry (LDC) is the &%Attribute used to describe the bottom group in the hierarchy of &%UNEconomicDevelopmentLevels. Less developed countries are countries or dependent areas with low levels of production, living standards, and technology. Per capita GDP (&%perCapitaGDPInPeriod), or GDI (Gross Domestic Income), is generally less than $5,000 and often below $1,500. Subgroups of LDC, however, include countries that have higher per capita incomes, as well as advanced technology, and rapid rates of growth. Subgroups of LDC include: advanced developing countries, the Four Dragons (also known as Four Tigers), &%LeastDevelopedCountry (LLDCs), low-income countries, middle-income countries, newly industrializing economies (NIEs), the South (from the location of most LDC countries, relative to Northern developed countries), Third World (obsolete), &%UnderdevelopedCountry, &%UndevelopedCountry.' 'the South' 'LDC' "172" s__AdvancedDevelopingCountry s__EconomicDevelopmentLevel__t 'Advanced Developing Country' '&%AdvancedDevelopingCountry is an &%Attribute used to describe a &%LessDevelopedCountry (LDC) that is undergoing rapid industrial development. Also called newly industrializing economy (or country).' s__NewlyIndustrializingEconomy 'Newly Industrializing Economies' 'NIE' 'Newly Industrializing Countries' 'NIC' '&%NewlyIndustrializingEconomy is an &%Attribute used to describe a &%LessDevelopedCountry (LDC) that is undergoing rapid industrial development. Also called newly industrializing economy (or country).' s__FourDragonsEconomy 'Four Dragons' 'Four Tigers' '&%FourDragonsEconomy describes four small Asian countries that achieved rapid economic growth in the 1990s. Some systems of &%EconomicDevelopmentLevel place them as a &%LessDevelopedCountry, but the IMF includes them in &%AdvancedEconomy.' s__AdvancedEconomy s__UnderdevelopedCountry '&%UnderdevelopedCountry is an &%Attribute describing less developed countries that have potential for above-average economic growth. See also &%LessDevelopedCountry.' s__LeastDevelopedCountry 'Least Developed Countries' 'Undeveloped Country' 'Undeveloped Economy' 'LLDC' "42" '&%LeastDevelopedCountry is a sub-classification of &%LessDevelopedCountry characterizing those countries that have no significant economic growth, a per capita GDP of less than $1,000 &%UnitedStatesDollars, and low literacy. Also known as undeveloped countries.' s__WorldBankGNIPerCapitaLevel 'GNI per capita' 'gross national income per capita' '&%WorldBankGNIPerCapitaLevel is the subclass of &%EconomicDevelopmentLevel containing attributes that characterize countries according to their per capita gross national income (GNI), as determined by the &%WorldBankGroup. The World Bank uses the Atlas method for making cross-country comparisons of national income.' s__LowIncomeCountry s__LowerMiddleIncomeCountry s__UpperMiddleIncomeCountry s__HighIncomeCountry s__WorldBankGNIPerCapitaLevel__t '&%LowIncomeCountry is an &%Attribute representing the World Bank classification for any country where the per capita GNI is $755 or below in &%UnitedStatesDollars.' '&%LowerMiddleIncomeCountry is an &%Attribute representing the World Bank classification for any country where the per capita GNI is between $756 and $2,995 (inclusive) in &%UnitedStatesDollars.' '&%LowerMiddleIncomeCountry is an &%Attribute representing the World Bank classification for any country where the per capita GNI is between $2,996 and $9,266 (inclusive) in &%UnitedStatesDollars.' '&%HighIncomeCountry is an &%Attribute representing the World Bank classification for any country where the per capita GNI is equal to or greater than &9,266 in &%UnitedStatesDollars.' s__OrganizationOfPetroleumExportingCountries s__IMFDevelopmentLevel s__DevelopingCountry '&%IMFDevelopmentLevel is a collection of &%Attributes representing economic development levels used by the &%InternationalMonetaryFund (IMF) to characterize national economies. The hierarchy of IMF levels includes: &%AdvancedEconomy, &%CountryInTransition, and &%DevelopingCountry. There is some, but not complete, overlap with concepts used by &%UnitedNations agencies. See ' s__IMFDevelopmentLevel__t '&%AdvancedEconomy is an &%Attribute used to represent the &%InternationalMonetaryFunds top category of development levels (&%AdvancedEconomy,, countries in transition, and developing countries. Generally (but not exactly) corresponds with &%DevelopedCountry classification used by &%UnitedNations agencies.' '&%CountryInTransition is a term used by the &%InternationalMonetaryFund (IMF) to describe the middle group in its hierarchy of advanced countries, countries in transition, and developing countries. Most of the countries with this attribute are former USSR or Eastern European countries. Generally corresponds with &%FormerSovietOrEasternEuropeanCountry classification used by &%UnitedNations agencies.' s__Yugoslavia '&%DevelopingCountry is a term used by the &%InternationalMonetaryFund (IMF) for the bottom group in its hierarchy of advanced countries, countries in transition, and developing countries. Generally corresponds to the attribute &%LessDevelopedCountry used by &%UnitedNations agencies. Not to be confused with &%DevelopedCountry.' "126" s__MajorIndustrialEconomy '&%MajorIndustrialEconomy is an &%Attribute used to describe countries with the largest, industrialized, non-communist economies in the world.' s__GroupOf7 s__HighTechIndustrialEconomy '&%HighTechIndustrialEconomy is an &%Attribute used to describe industrialized countries whose infrastructure uses the most advanced kinds of technology.' s__EconomicSystemAttribute '&%EconomicSystemAttribute is the class of &%Attributes that describe the type of economic system that a country or area has. For example, &%CapitalistEconomy or &%SocialistEconomy.' s__CapitalistEconomy s__EconomicSystemAttribute__t s__PrivateEnterpriseEconomy '&%CapitalistEconomy is the &%Attribute used to characterize a country whose economy is based on private ownership of the means of production and distribution, and on private accumulation of capital.' s__PureCapitalistEconomy s__MixedEconomy '&%PureCapitalistEconomy is an &%Attribute representing a capitalist economy that has no admixture of socialism.' '&%PrivateEnterpriseEconomy is the &%Attribute used to characterize a country in which private enterprise is the main source of economic wealth.' s__MarketEconomy '&%MarketEconomy is an &%Attribute that describes an economy in which market forces, specifically supply and demand, provide input for privately managed decisions about pricing and production of goods.' s__SocialistEconomy '&%SocialistEconomy is the &%Attribute used to characterize a country in which there is government ownership or direction of the means of production and distribution.' s__PureSocialistEconomy '&%PureSocialistEconomy is an &%Attribute representing a socialist economy that has no admixture of capitalism.' s__DemocraticSocialism '&%DemocraticSocialism is an &%Attribute that describes a country in which socialism is promoted by a political party or parties within a democratic government. Under &%DemocraticSocialism, the government participates in central planning of the economy and may also manage nationalized industries.' s__Democracy s__MarketSocialism s__PartialMarketEconomy s__CommunalLandOwnershipEconomy '&%MixedEconomy is the &%Attribute of a country whose economy has elements of more than one pure economic system, e.g., a market economy with government welfare for unemployed workers. A mixed-economy country may be a &%CountryInTransition, as from a prior communist economy to capitalism, but a mixed economy may also be a stable combination of different economic approaches in different areas of a national economy, e.g., nationally managed health care and education systems in an otherwise private-enterprise economy.' s__GovernmentRegulatedEconomy '&%GovernmentRegulatedEconomy is an &%Attribute that describes the economy of a country in which the government determines prices, production, wages, allocation of resources, or other economic factors. An economy that is wholly government planned is a &%CentrallyPlannedEconomy.' s__CentrallyPlannedEconomy '&%CentrallyPlannedEconomy is a term used mainly to describe communist or formerly communist states, many of which are now evolving away from command economies towards market-oriented systems. Also known as a command economy.' s__CommunistState s__PrivatizingEconomy '&%PrivatizingEconomy is an &%Attribute that describes a country in which formerly government- owned industries are being transferred into private holdings.' s__NationalizedIndustryEconomy '&%NationalizedIndustryEconomy is an &%Attribute describing an economy in which the major industries, such as energy and transportation, are owned by the national government.' s__GovernmentSubsidizedEconomy '&%GovernmentSubsidizedEconomy is an &%Attribute describing an economy in which the government provides subsidies to various industries, workers, or other groups as part of its economic policy.' s__WelfareCapitalism '&%WelfareCapitalism is an &%Attribute describing an economy in which the government provides economic subsidies to unemployed or disabled individuals.' s__FinancialSectorAttribute '&%FinancialSectorAttribute is a class of &%Attributes that are used to indicate which financial sectors are most important in the economy of a &%Nation or &%GeopoliticalArea.' s__DiversifiedEconomy s__FinancialSectorAttribute__t s__ManufacturingBasedEconomy s__TradeBasedEconomy s__PetroleumBasedEconomy s__TourismBasedEconomy s__ServiceBasedEconomy s__AgricultureBasedEconomy s__SubsistenceAgricultureEconomy s__TwoTierLaborMarketEconomy s__ControlledLaborMarketEconomy s__OffshoreFinancialSectorEconomy s__TaxHavenEconomy s__OffshoreBankingSectorEconomy s__totalGDPInPeriod__m s__PPPBasedEconomicValuation '(&%totalGDPInPeriod ?AREA ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means that the value of all final goods and services produced within the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is ?AMOUNT in the period indicated by ?PERIOD, measured in U.S. dollars calculated on a purchasing power parity basis. (See &%PPPBasedEconomicValuation.) This is the Gross Domestic Product for ?AREA for a specified period.' s__totalGDP__m '(&%totalGDP ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the value of all final goods and services produced within the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is ?AMOUNT, in U.S. dollars, calculated on a purchasing power parity basis. This represents Gross Domestic Product (GDP). See &%PPPBasedEconomicValuation.' s__Relation '&%PPPBasedEconomicValuation is a class of relations used to state international economic information in U.S. dollar amounts. The U.S. dollar amounts are derived from Purchasing Power Parity conversions of economic totals (e.g., GDP) given in local currency. This contrasts with a method of conversion based on currency exchange rates. The PPP method is used by the CIA World Fact Book for the purpose of presenting economic data for all countries covered. Their basis for PPP dollar price weights is the UN International Comparison Program (UNICP) and the work of Professors Robert Summers and Alan Heston of the University of Pennsylvania.' s__realGrowthRateOfGDPInPeriod__m '(&%realGrowthRateOfGDPInPeriod ?AREA ?RATE ?PERIOD) means that the annual rate of growth in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is the fraction ?RATE in the period ?PERIOD, adjusted for inflation, with GDP calculated on a purchasing power parity basis. See &%PPPBasedEconomicValuation.' s__realGrowthRateOfGDP__m '(&%realGrowthRateOfGDP ?AREA ?RATE) means that the annual rate of growth in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is the fraction ?RATE, adjusted for inflation, with GDP calculated on a purchasing power parity basis. See &%PPPBasedEconomicValuation.' s__perCapitaGDPInPeriod__m '(&%perCapitaGDPInPeriod ?AREA ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means that the Gross Domestic Product, on a per capita basis, for the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is ?AMOUNT during the period indicated by ?PERIOD, calculated in U.S. dollars on a purchasing power parity basis. See &%PPPBasedEconomicValuation.' s__perCapitaGDP__m '(&%perCapitaGDP ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the Gross Domestic Product, on a per capita basis, for the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is ?AMOUNT, calculated in U.S. dollars on a purchasing power parity basis. See &%PPPBasedEconomicValuation.' s__sectorCompositionOfGDPInPeriod__m s__PPPBasedEconomicValuation__t s__IndustryAttribute '(&%sectorCompositionOfGDPInPeriod ?AREA ?SECTOR ?FRACTION ?PERIOD) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, the economic sector ?SECTOR contributes the amount ?FRACTION to the Gross National Product during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD.' "1.0" s__sectorCompositionOfGDP__m '(&%sectorCompositionOfGDP ?AREA ?SECTOR ?FRACTION) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, the economic sector ?SECTOR contributes the amount ?FRACTION to the Gross National Product.' s__sectorValueOfGDPInPeriod__m '(&%sectorValueOfGDPInPeriod ?AREA ?SECTOR ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means that for the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, the economic sector ?SECTOR contributes ?AMOUNT to the Gross National Product during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD, evaluated in U.S. dollars on a purchasing power parity basis. See &%PPPBasedEconomicValuation.' s__sectorValueOfGDP__m '(&%sectorValueOfGDP ?AREA ?SECTOR ?AMOUNT) means that for the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, the economic sector ?SECTOR contributes ?AMOUNT to the Gross National Product, evaluated in U.S. dollars on a purchasing power parity basis. See &%PPPBasedEconomicValuation.' s__AgriculturalSector s__IndustrialSector s__ServiceSector s__AgricultureForestryFishingAndHunting s__populationFractionBelowPovertyLineInPeriod__m '(&%populationFractionBelowPovertyLineInPeriod ?AREA ?FRACTION ?PERIOD) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, the segment of the population living below the (locally defined) poverty line is ?FRACTION during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD. Note that the definition of the poverty line varies internationally.' s__populationFractionBelowPovertyLine__m '(&%populationFractionBelowPovertyLine ?AREA ?FRACTION) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, the segment of the population living below the (locally defined) poverty line is ?FRACTION. Note that the definition of the poverty line varies internationally.' s__lowestDecileShareOfHouseholdIncomeInPeriod__m '(&%lowestDecileShareOfHouseholdIncomeInPeriod ?AREA ?FRACTION ?PERIOD) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, the lowest decile (0-10%) of households with respect to household income (or consumption) had ?FRACTION amount of the total household income (or consumption), during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD. Data from different countries may not be directly comparable due to variation in the basis of the data (e.g., based on household income versus based on household consumption).' s__lowestDecileShareOfHouseholdIncome__m '(&%lowestDecileShareOfHouseholdIncome ?AREA ?FRACTION) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, the lowest decile (0-10%) of households with respect to household income (or consumption) had ?FRACTION amount of the total household income (or consumption). Data from different countries may not be directly comparable due to variation in the basis of the data (e.g., based on income versus based on consumption).' s__highestDecileShareOfHouseholdIncomeInPeriod__m '(&%highestDecileShareOfHouseholdIncomeInPeriod ?AREA ?FRACTION ?PERIOD) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, the highest decile (90-100%) of households with respect to household income (or consumption) had ?FRACTION amount of the total household income (or consumption), during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD. Data from different countries may not be directly comparable due to variation in the basis of the data (e.g., based on household income versus based on household consumption).' s__highestDecileShareOfHouseholdIncome__m '(&%highestDecileShareOfHouseholdIncome ?AREA ?FRACTION) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, the highest decile (90-100%) of households with respect to household income (or consumption) had ?FRACTION amount of the total household income (or consumption). Data from different countries may not be directly comparable due to variation in the basis of the data (e.g., based on income versus based on consumption).' s__incomeDistributionByGiniIndexInPeriod__m s__NonnegativeRealNumber '(&%incomeDistributionByGiniIndexInPeriod ?AREA ?INDEX ?PERIOD) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, the distribution of family income is ?INDEX, as measured by the Gini index, during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD.' "100" s__incomeDistributionByGiniIndex__m '(&%incomeDistributionByGiniIndex ?AREA ?INDEX) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, the distribution of family income is ?INDEX, as measured by the Gini index for family income distribution.' s__inflationRateOfConsumerPricesInPeriod__m '(&%inflationRateOfConsumerPricesInPeriod ?AREA ?FRACTION ?PERIOD) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, the annual change in consumer prices was ?FRACTION, for the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD, compared with prices from the prior period.' s__inflationRateOfConsumerPrices__m '(&%inflationRateOfConsumerPrices ?AREA ?FRACTION) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, the annual change in consumer prices was ?FRACTION, compared with prices from the previous year.' s__laborForceTotalInPeriod__m '(&%laborForceTotalInPeriod ?AREA ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means that the total labor force of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is ?AMOUNT during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD. This includes unemployed workers.' s__laborForceTotal__m '(&%laborForceTotal ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the total labor force of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is ?AMOUNT. This includes unemployed workers.' s__laborForceFractionByOccupationInPeriod__m '(&%laborForceFractionByOccupationInPeriod ?AREA ?SECTOR ?FRACTION ?PERIOD) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, workers in the job area ?SECTOR make up ?FRACTION of the labor force, during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD. The unemployed are not included in these figures. Occupation may be indicated by an &%OccupationalRole or an &%IndustryAttribute.' s__laborForceFractionByOccupation__m '(&%laborForceFractionByOccupation ?AREA ?SECTOR ?FRACTION) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, workers in the job area ?SECTOR make up ?FRACTION of the labor force. The unemployed are not included in these figures. Occupation may be indicated by an &%OccupationalRole or an &%IndustryAttribute.' s__unemploymentRateOfAreaInPeriod__m '(&%unemploymentRateOfAreaInPeriod ?AREA ?RATE ?PERIOD) means that the unemployment rate in the &%GeographicalArea ?AREA is ?RATE, during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD.' s__unemploymentRateOfArea__m '(&%unemploymentRateOfArea ?AREA ?RATE) means that the unemployment rate in the &%GeographicalArea ?AREA is ?RATE.' s__annualRevenuesOfAreaInPeriod__m '(&%annualRevenuesOfAreaInPeriod ?AREA ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means that the annual budgetary revenues of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA are ?AMOUNT for the annual &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD, calculated in U.S. dollars according to the currency exchange rate method.' s__annualRevenuesOfArea__m '(&%annualRevenuesOfArea ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the annual budgetary revenues of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA are ?AMOUNT, calculated in U.S. dollars according to the currency exchange rate method.' s__annualExpendituresOfAreaInPeriod__m '(&%annualExpendituresOfAreaInPeriod ?AREA ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means that the annual budgetary expenditures of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA are ?AMOUNT for the annual &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD, calculated in U.S. dollars according to the currency exchange rate method.' s__annualExpendituresOfArea__m '(&%annualExpendituresOfArea ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the annual budgetary expenditures of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA are ?AMOUNT, calculated in U.S. dollars according to the currency exchange rate method.' s__capitalExpendituresOfAreaInPeriod__m '(&%capitalExpendituresOfAreaInPeriod ?AREA ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means that the annual capital expenditures of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA are ?AMOUNT for the annual &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD, calculated in U.S. dollars according to the currency exchange rate method. This figure is a portion of the &%annualExpendituresOfArea for ?AREA in ?PERIOD.' s__capitalExpendituresOfArea__m '(&%capitalExpendituresOfArea ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the annual capital expenditures of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA are ?AMOUNT, calculated in U.S. dollars according to the currency exchange rate method. This figure is a portion of the &%annualExpendituresOfArea for ?AREA.' s__industryOfArea__m '(&%industryOfArea ?AREA ?SECTOR) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA produces goods or services in the economic area ?SECTOR.' s__industryRankByOutput__m '(&%industryRankByOutput ?AREA ?SECTOR ?NTH) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, the economic area ?SECTOR is ?NTH with respect to the value of its annual output.' s__industryProductType__m '(&%industryProductType ?INDUSTRY ?TYPE) means that organizations with the &%IndustryAttribute ?INDUSTRY produce products of the kind ?TYPE.' s__organizationProductType__m '(&%organizationProductType ?BUSINESS ?TYPE) means that the &%Organization ?BUSINESS produces products of the kind ?TYPE.' s__industryServiceType__m s__IntentionalProcess '(&%industryServiceType ?INDUSTRY ?TYPE) means that organizations with the &%IndustryAttribute ?INDUSTRY provide services of the kind ?TYPE.' s__organizationServiceType__m '(&%organizationServiceType ?BUSINESS ?TYPE) means that the &%Organization ?BUSINESS provides services of the kind ?TYPE.' s__resultType__m '(&%resultType ?PROCESS ?TYPE) means that the &%Process ?PROCESS produces some result(s) of the type ?TYPE.' s__AircraftManufacturing s__Aircraft s__AluminaRefining s__Alumina s__AutomobileManufacturing s__CementManufacturing s__Cement s__CoalIndustry s__CoalMining s__CoalProductsManufacturing s__Coal s__PetroleumAndCoalProductsManufacturing s__ConsumerGoodsIndustry s__CopperIndustry s__CopperOreMining s__PrimarySmeltingAndRefiningOfCopper s__CopperRollingDrawingExtrudingAndAlloying s__CopperFoundriesExceptDieCasting s__CopperOre s__CopperOreAndNickelOreMining s__FertilizerIndustry s__FertilizerManufacturing s__FertilizerMineralMining s__OtherChemicalAndFertilizerMineralMining s__Fertilizer s__FoodManufacturing s__Footwear s__Footwear__t s__FootwearManufacturing s__FurnitureIndustry s__FurnitureAndRelatedProductManufacturing s__FurnitureAndHomeFurnishingWholesalers s__FurnitureAndHomeFurnishingsStores s__FurnitureManufacturing s__Furniture s__HandicraftIndustry s__HandwovenCarpetManufacturing s__LeadIndustry s__LeadOreMining s__LeadManufacturing s__LeadOreAndZincOreMining s__LeadOre s__LumberIndustry s__ForestryAndLogging s__WoodProductManufacturing s__Millwork s__LumberPlywoodMillworkAndWoodPanelWholesalers s__Timber s__MachineryManufacturing s__Machinery s__MetallurgyIndustry s__IndustryAttribute__t s__MetallurgicalPlant s__MetalworkingMachineryManufacturing s__MachineTool s__MiningIndustry s__MiningExceptOilAndGas s__SupportActivitiesForMetalMining s__SupportActivitiesForNonmetallicMineralsExceptFuels s__NickelOreMining s__IndustrialSandMining s__Sand s__IronOreMining s__IronOre s__KaolinAndBallClayMining s__Clay s__NickelOre s__StoneMiningAndQuarrying s__Rock s__MotorVehicleIndustry s__MotorVehicleManufacturing s__MotorVehiclePartsManufacturing s__MotorVehicleBodyAndTrailerManufacturing s__MotorVehicleAndMotorVehiclePartsAndSuppliesWholesalers s__MotorVehicleAndPartsDealers s__TruckTrailerManufacturing s__Wagon s__NaturalGasIndustry s__NaturalGasLiquidExtraction s__NaturalGasDistribution s__PipelineTransportationOfNaturalGas s__NaturalGas s__PetroleumIndustry s__PetroleumProductsManufacturing s__PetroleumRefineries s__CrudePetroleumExtraction s__DrillingOilAndGasWells s__SupportActivitiesForOilOperations s__AsphaltPavingRoofingAndSaturatedMaterialsManufacturing s__SupportActivitiesForOilAndGasOperations s__PetroleumLubricatingOilAndGreaseManufacturing s__CrudePetroleumAndNaturalGasExtraction s__Petroleum s__RefinedPetroleumProduct s__PetroleumLubricant s__Asphalt s__RefrigeratorAndFreezerIndustry s__RefrigerationEquipmentManufacturing s__RefrigerationEquipmentAndSuppliesWholesalers s__RefrigeratedWarehousingAndStorage s__CommercialAndIndustrialRefrigerationAndEquipmentManufacturing s__AirConditioningAndWarmAirHeatingEquipmentAndCommercialAndIndustrialRefrigerationEquipmentManufacturing s__HouseholdRefrigeratorAndHomeFreezerManufacturing s__SoapAndOtherDetergentManufacturing s__Detergent s__SteelIndustry s__SteelMills s__SteelForging s__SteelFoundriesExceptInvestment s__SteelInvestmentFoundries s__SteelProductManufacturingFromPurchasedSteel s__IronAndSteelMills s__IronMills s__IronAndSteelForging s__IronForging s__TextileIndustry s__TextileMills s__TextileProductMills s__FabricMills s__Fabric s__TourismIndustry '&%TourismIndustry is an &%Attribute that describes organizations that provide services or products for travellers who stay temporarily in a region to experience local attractions. There is an overlap between &%TourismIndustry and each of the following industries: &%TravelArrangementAndReservationServices, &%TravelerAccommodation, &%MuseumsHistoricalSitesAndSimilarInstitutions, &%AmusementGamblingAndRecreationIndustries, and &%ArtsEntertainmentAndRecreation.' s__TravelArrangementAndReservationServices s__TravelerAccommodation s__MuseumsHistoricalSitesAndSimilarInstitutions s__AmusementGamblingAndRecreationIndustries s__ArtsEntertainmentAndRecreation s__VegetableOilIndustry s__GrainAndOilseedMilling s__ZincIndustry s__ZincOreMining s__ZincOre s__ZincManufacturing s__industrialProductionGrowthRateInPeriod__m '(&%industrialProductionGrowthRateInPeriod ?AREA ?RATE ?PERIOD) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, the annual percentage increase in industrial production is ?RATE, for the &%TimeInterval ?PERIOD.' s__industrialProductionGrowthRate__m '(&%industrialProductionGrowthRate ?AREA ?RATE) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, the annual percentage increase in industrial production is ?RATE.' s__electricityProductionInPeriod__m '(&%electricityProductionInPeriod ?AREA ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA generates ?AMOUNT of electricity, measured in &%KilowattHours, during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD.' s__annualElectricityProduction__m '(&%annualElectricityProduction ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the amount of electricity generated annually in the &%GeographicalArea ?AREA is ?AMOUNT, measured in &%KilowattHours.' s__KilowattHour s__CompositeUnitOfMeasure kWh '&%KilowattHour is a &%UnitOfMeasure for energy that represents 1000 &%Watts (1 kW) of power expended over one hour (1 h) of time. This is the unit commonly used in commercial power contexts. It is equivalent to 3,600,000 &%Joules.' "3.6" s__Joule "3600000" "0.0002778" s__Watt s__electricityFractionFromSourceInPeriod__m s__PowerGeneration '(&%electricityFractionFromSourceInPeriod ?AREA ?SOURCE ?FRACTION ?PERIOD) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, ?SOURCE provides ?FRACTION of the total electricity production during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD.' s__electricityFractionFromSource__m '(&%electricityFractionFromSource ?AREA ?SOURCE ?FRACTION) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, ?SOURCE provides ?FRACTION of the total electricity production.' '&%PowerGeneration is the class of &%Processes in which some kind of power is generated either for immediate use in a &%Device or to be stored for future use.' s__ElectricalPowerGeneration '&%ElectricalPowerGeneration is the subclass of &%PowerGeneration processes in which electricity is generated.' s__FossilFuelPowerGeneration s__PowerGeneration__t s__HydroElectricPowerGeneration s__ElectricalPowerGeneration__t s__NuclearPowerGeneration s__OtherSourcePowerGeneration '&%OtherSourcePowerGeneration represents all non-fossil fuel, non-hydroelectric, and non-nuclear power generation processes, e.g., wind power generation.' s__electricityConsumptionInPeriod__m '(&%electricityConsumptionInPeriod ?AREA ?AMOUNT ?YEAR) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA used ?AMOUNT of electricity (measured in &%KilowattHours) during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?YEAR.' s__annualElectricityConsumption__m '(&%annualElectricityConsumption ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA uses ?AMOUNT of electricity (measured in &%KilowattHours) annually.' s__electricityExportInPeriod__m '(&%electricityExportInPeriod ?AREA ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA exported the total ?AMOUNT of electricity (measured in &%KilowattHours) during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD.' s__annualElectricityExport__m '(&%annualElectricityExport ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA exported the total ?AMOUNT of electricity (measured in &%KilowattHours) annually.' s__electricityImportInPeriod__m '(&%electricityImportInPeriod ?AREA ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA imported the total ?AMOUNT of electricity (measured in &%KilowattHours) during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD.' s__annualElectricityImport__m '(&%annualElectricityImport ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA imported the total ?AMOUNT of electricity (measured in &%KilowattHours) annually.' s__agriculturalProductType__m '(&%agriculturalProductType ?AREA ?TYPE) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA produces a crop or other agricultural product of ?TYPE.' s__agriculturalProductTypeByRank__m '(&%agriculturalProductTypeByRank ?AREA ?TYPE ?NTH) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA produces a crop or other agricultural product of ?TYPE, which is its ?NTH most important crop.' s__exportTotalInPeriod__m '(&%exportTotalInPeriod ?AREA ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means that the total value of exports from the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is ?AMOUNT (in &%UnitedStatesDollars) for the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD. Export value is calculated on a Free on Board (F.O.B.) basis.' s__annualExportTotal__m '(&%annualExportTotal ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the total value of exports from the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is ?AMOUNT (in &%UnitedStatesDollars) annually. Export value is calculated on a Free on Board (F.O.B.) basis.' s__exportCommodityType__m '(&%exportCommodityType ?AREA ?TYPE) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA exports the commodity ?TYPE.' s__Exporting s__exportCommodityTypeByRank__m '(&%exportCommodityTypeByRank ?AREA ?TYPE ?NTH) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA has the commodity ?TYPE as its ?NTH most valuable export.' s__exportPartnerInPeriod__m '(&%exportPartnerInPeriod ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2 ?PERIOD) means that the &%Agent ?AGENT1 exports goods to the &%Agent ?AGENT2 during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD.' s__exportPartner__m s__IrreflexiveRelation '(&%exportPartner ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2) means that the &%Agent ?AGENT1 exports goods to the &%Agent ?AGENT2.' s__ChangeOfPossession s__Exporting__t '&%Exporting is the class of actions in which there is a &%ChangeOfPossession of goods shipped from a provider in one &%Nation to a destination in another &%Nation. Typically, there are &%Selling and &%Buying events associated with an &%Exporting. Either the seller or the exporting country may be considered the &%origin of &%Exporting.' s__exportPartnerByRankInPeriod__m '(&%exportPartnerByRankInPeriod ?AREA1 ?AREA2 ?NTH ?PERIOD) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA1 exports goods to &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA2 and is the ?NTH most important export partner of ?AREA1, in the &%TimeInterval ?PERIOD, based on U.S. dollar value of exports.' s__exportPartnerByRank__m '(&%exportPartnerByRank ?AREA1 ?AREA2 ?NTH) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA1 exports goods to &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA2 and is the ?NTH most important export partner of ?AREA1, based on U.S. dollar value of exports.' s__exportPartnerByFractionInPeriod__m s__PositiveRealNumber '(&%exportPartnerByFractionInPeriod ?AREA1 ?AREA2 ?FRACTION ?PERIOD) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA1 exports goods to &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA2 and receives ?FRACTION of the &%exportTotalInPeriod of ?AREA1 in the &%TimeInterval ?PERIOD, based on U.S. dollar value of exports.' s__exportPartnerByFraction__m '(&%exportPartnerByFraction ?AREA1 ?AREA2 ?FRACTION) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA1 exports goods to &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA2 and receives ?FRACTION of the &%exportTotalInPeriod of ?AREA1, based on U.S. dollar value of exports.' s__importTotalInPeriod__m '(&%importTotalInPeriod ?AREA ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means that the total value of imports to the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is ?AMOUNT (in &%UnitedStatesDollars) for the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD. Import value is calculated on a Cost, Insurance, and Freight (C.I.F.) or a Free on Board (F.O.B.) basis.' s__annualImportTotal__m '(&%annualImportTotal ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the total value of imports to the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is ?AMOUNT (in &%UnitedStatesDollars) annually. Import value is calculated on a Cost, Insurance, and Freight (C.I.F.) or a Free on Board (F.O.B.) basis.' s__importCommodityType__m '(&%importCommodityType ?AREA ?TYPE) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA imports the commodity ?TYPE.' s__importCommodityTypeByRank__m '(&%importCommodityTypeByRank ?AREA ?TYPE ?NTH) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA has the commodity ?TYPE as its ?NTH most valuable import.' s__importPartnerInPeriod__m '(&%importPartnerInPeriod ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2 ?PERIOD) means that the &%Agent ?AGENT1 imports goods from the &%Agent ?AGENT2 during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD.' s__importPartner__m '(&%importPartner ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2) means that the &%Agent ?AGENT1 imports goods from the &%Agent ?AGENT2.' s__importPartnerByRankInPeriod__m '(&%importPartnerByRankInPeriod ?AREA1 ?AREA2 ?NTH ?PERIOD) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA1 imports goods from &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA2 is the ?NTH most important import partner of ?AREA1 during the &%TimeInterval ?PERIOD, based on U.S. dollar value of imports.' s__importPartnerByRank__m '(&%importPartnerByRank ?AREA1 ?AREA2 ?NTH) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA1 imports goods from &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA2 is the ?NTH most important import partner of ?AREA1, based on U.S. dollar value of imports.' s__importPartnerByFractionInPeriod__m '(&%importPartnerByFractionInPeriod ?AREA1 ?AREA2 ?FRACTION ?PERIOD) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA1 imports goods from &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA2 and provides ?FRACTION of the &%importTotalInPeriod of ?AREA1 during the &%TimeInterval ?PERIOD, in U.S. dollar value of imports.' s__importPartnerByFraction__m '(&%importPartnerByFraction ?AREA1 ?AREA2 ?FRACTION) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA1 imports goods from &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA2 and provides ?FRACTION of the &%importTotalInPeriod of ?AREA1, based on U.S. dollar value of imports.' s__externalDebtInPeriod__m '(&%externalDebtInPeriod ?COUNTRY ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?COUNTRY owes the total sum ?AMOUNT of debt (public and private) to nonresidents during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD. The amount is valued in U.S. dollars but may be repayable in foreign currency, goods, or services.' s__externalDebt__m '(&%externalDebt ?COUNTRY ?AMOUNT) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?COUNTRY owes the total sum ?AMOUNT of debt (public and private) to nonresidents. The amount is valued in U.S. dollars but may be repayable in foreign currency, goods, or services.' s__economicAidDonatedInPeriod__m '(&%economicAidDonatedInPeriod ?AGENT ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AGENT donated ?AMOUNT of aid (valued in U.S. dollars) to developing countries and multilateral organizations during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD. This figure covers net official development assistance (ODA), which is net financial assistance from nations belonging to the &%OrganizationForEconomicCooperationAndDevelopment (OECD), with the main goal of promoting economic development and welfare. Such aid contains a grant element of at least 25%. This statistic does not cover private flows of assistance or other official flows (OOF).' s__economicAidDonated__m '(&%economicAidDonated ?AGENT ?AMOUNT) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA donated ?AMOUNT of aid (valued in U.S. dollars) to developing countries and multilateral organizations. This figure covers net official development assistance (ODA), which is net financial assistance from nations belonging to the &%OrganizationForEconomicCooperationAndDevelopment (OECD), with the main goal of promoting economic development and welfare. Such aid contains a grant element of at least 25%. This statistic does not cover private flows of assistance or other official flows (OOF).' s__economicAidReceivedNetInPeriod__m '(&%economicAidReceivedNetInPeriod ?AREA ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA had a net inflow of Official Development Finance (ODF) of ?AMOUNT during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD. ODF includes funds from the World Bank, the IMF, other international organizations, and individual donor nations, including both grants and loans. The figure includes formal commitments of aid not yet disbursed. The figure is the net amount of inflow after deducting repayments, valued in U.S. dollars.' s__economicAidReceivedNet__m '(&%economicAidReceivedNet ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA had a net inflow of Official Development Finance (ODF) of ?AMOUNT. ODF includes funds from the World Bank, the IMF, other international organizations, and individual donor nations, including both grants and loans. The figure includes formal commitments of aid not yet disbursed. The figure is the net amount of inflow after deducting repayments, valued in U.S. dollars.' s__currencyType__m s__UnitOfCurrency '(&%currencyType ?AREA ?UNIT) means that the official currency used in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is the &%UnitOfMeasure ?UNIT.' s__AfghanAfghani s__BritishPound s__CanadianDollar s__FrenchFranc s__GermanMark s__ItalianLire s__JapaneseYen s__TajikSomoni s__AfghanAfghaniCoin s__CurrencyCoin s__AfghanAfghaniCoin__t s__BritishPoundCoin s__BritishPoundCoin__t s__CanadianDollarCoin s__CanadianDollarCoin__t s__EuroCentCoin s__EuroCentCoin__t s__EuroCent s__EuroCoin s__EuroCoin__t s__FrenchFrancCoin s__FrenchFrancCoin__t s__GermanMarkCoin s__GermanMarkCoin__t s__ItalianLireCoin s__ItalianLireCoin__t s__JapaneseYenCoin s__JapaneseYenCoin__t s__TajikSomoniCoin s__TajikSomoniCoin__t s__UnitedStatesCentCoin s__UnitedStatesCentCoin__t s__UnitedStatesCent s__UnitedStatesFiveCentCoin s__UnitedStatesFiveCentCoin__t "5" s__UnitedStatesTenCentCoin s__UnitedStatesTenCentCoin__t "10" s__UnitedStatesQuarterCoin s__UnitedStatesQuarterCoin__t "25" s__UnitedStatesDollarBill s__CurrencyBill s__UnitedStatesDollarBill__t s__UnitedStatesDollar s__AlbanianLek s__AlgerianDinar s__AngolanKwanza s__ArgentineAustral s__ArmenianDram s__AustralianDollar s__AustrianSchilling s__AzerbaijaniManat s__BahamianDollar s__BahrainianDinar s__BangladeshiTaka s__BarbadosDollar s__BelarusianRubel s__BelgianFranc s__BelizeDollar s__BeninFranc s__BermudaDollar s__BhutaneseNgultrum s__BolivianBoliviano s__BotswanaPula s__BrazilianReal s__BruneiDollar s__BulgarianLev s__BurkinaFasoFranc s__BurundiFranc s__CambodianRiel s__CameroonFranc s__CapeVerdeEscudo s__CaymanIslandsDollar s__CentralAfricanRepublicFranc s__ChadianFranc s__ChileanPeso s__ChineseYuan s__ColombianPeso s__CongoFranc s__CostaRicanColon s__CubanPeso s__CypriotPound s__CzechKoruna s__DanishKrone s__DjiboutiFranc s__DominicanDollar s__DominicanPeso s__DutchGuilder s__EcuadoranSucre s__EgyptianPound s__ElSalvadoranColon s__EstonianKroon s__EthiopianBirr s__FijiDollar s__FinnishMarkka s__GabonFranc s__GambianDalasi s__GeorgianLari s__GhanianCedi s__GreekDrachma s__GrenadaDollar s__GuatemalanQuetzal s__GuineaBissauPeso s__GuineanFranc s__GuyanaDollar s__HaitianGourde s__HonduranLempira s__HongKongDollar s__HungarianForint s__IcelandicKrona s__IndianRupee s__IndonesianRupiah s__IranianRial s__IraqiDinar s__IrishPound s__IsraeliShekel s__IvoryCoastFranc s__JamaicanDollar s__JordanianDinar s__KazakhstaniTenge s__KenyanShilling s__KiribatiDollar s__KuwaitiDinar s__KyrgyzstaniSom s__LaotianKip s__LatvianLats s__LebanesePound s__LesothoLoti s__LiberianDollar s__LibyanDinar s__LithuanianLitas s__LuxembourgFranc s__MacaoPataca s__MadagascarFranc s__MalawianKwacha s__MalaysianRinggit s__MaliFranc s__MalteseLira s__MauritanianOuguiya s__MauritianRupee s__MexicanPeso s__MoldovanLeu s__MongolianTugrik s__MoroccanDirham s__MozambiqueMetical s__MyanmarKyat s__NepaleseRupee s__NewZealandDollar s__NicaraguanCordoba s__NigerFranc s__NigerianNaira s__NorthKoreanWon s__NorwegianKrone s__OmaniRiyal s__PakistaniRupee s__PanamanianBalboa s__PapuanKina s__ParaguayanGuarani s__PeruvianInti s__PhilippinePeso s__PolishZloty s__PortugueseEscudo s__QatariRiyal s__RomanianLeu s__RussianRuble s__RwandaFranc s__SaoThomeEPrincipeDobra s__SaudiArabianRiyal s__SenegaleseFranc s__SeychellesRupee s__SierraLeoneLeone s__SingaporeDollar s__SlovakianKoruna s__SomalianShilling s__SouthAfricanRand s__SouthKoreanWon s__SpanishPeseta s__SriLankanRupee s__SudanesePound s__SurinameseGuilder s__SwazilandLilangeni s__SwedishKrona s__SwissFranc s__SyrianPound s__TaiwanDollar s__TajikistaniRuble s__TanzanianShilling s__ThaiBaht s__TogoFranc s__TonganPaanga s__TrinidadAndTobagoDollar s__TunisianDinar s__TurkishLira s__TurkmenManat s__TuvaluDollar s__UgandanShilling s__UkranianHryvnia s__UnitedArabEmirateDirham s__UruguayanPeso s__UzbekistaniSom s__VenezuelanBolivar s__VietnameseDong s__WesternSamoanTala s__YemeniRial s__YugoslavianDinar s__ZambianKwacha s__ZimbabweanDollar s__currencyValue__m s__Currency 'The currencyValue is a relation between a physical instrument of currency, such as a bill or coin, and the measure of its worth in a particular currency.' s__currencyCode__m s__abbreviation__m '(&%currencyCode ?CODE ?UNIT) means that ?CODE is the &%InternationalOrganizationForStandardization (ISO) 4217 alphabetic currency code for the national &%CurrencyMeasure ?UNIT.' s__currencyExchangePerUSDollar__m '(&%currencyExchangePerUSDollar ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means that one &%UnitedStatesDollar is worth ?AMOUNT (in a non-U.S. &%CurrencyMeasure), during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD. The rate of exchange may be based either on international market forces or official fiat.' s__currencyExchangeRateInPeriod__m '(&%currencyExchangeRateInPeriod ?UNIT ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means that the currency denomination ?UNIT is worth ?AMOUNT (which is expressed in another &%UnitOfCurrency) during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD.' s__currencyExchangeRate__m '(&%currencyExchangeRate ?UNIT ?AMOUNT) means that the currency denomination ?UNIT is worth ?AMOUNT (which is in another &%CurrencyMeasure).' s__fiscalYearPeriod__m 'The predicate &%fiscalYearPeriod indicates the period that an &%Agent or &%Organization uses as its 12-month accounting period. (&%fiscalYearPeriod ?AGENT &%Year) means that ?AGENT observes its 12-month accounting period during the regular calendar year (CY), from &%January to &%December. For fiscal years with other beginning and ending months (FYs), use (&%fiscalYearPeriod ?AGENT (&%RecurrentTimeIntervalFn ?STARTMONTH ?ENDMONTH)). For example, (&%fiscalYearPeriod (&%GovernmentFn &%UnitedStates) (&%RecurrentTimeIntervalFn &%October &%September)). For FYs that begin or end mid-month, days may be specified within &%RecurrentTimeIntervalFn.' s__FiscalYearFn__m '(&%FiscalYearFn ?PLACE) denotes the subclass of &%TimeIntervals that are &%fiscalYearPeriods of the &%Organization or &%GeopoliticalArea ?PLACE.' s__YearDuration s__FiscalYearStartingFn__m '(&%FiscalYearStartingFn ?PLACE ?YEAR) denotes the particular fiscal year that is observed in ?PLACE and begins during the calendar &%Year indicated by ?YEAR.' s__CerealGrass s__Grass s__PaddyRice s__PaddyRice__t s__Sorghum s__Sorghum__t s__CerealGrass__t maize s__MaizeGrain corn s__OatGrain s__CerealGrain s__OatGrain__t s__BarleyGrain s__BarleyGrain__t s__RyeGrain s__RyeGrain__t s__SorghumGrain s__SorghumGrain__t s__MilletGrain s__MilletGrain__t s__GroceryProduce s__Sugar s__FruitOrVegetable s__Vegetable s__LeafyGreenVegetable s__LeafyGreenVegetable__t s__Cucumber s__Cucumber__t s__Cabbage s__Cabbage__t s__Cauliflower s__Cauliflower__t s__Eggplant s__Eggplant__t s__SweetPepper s__SweetPepper__t s__Vegetable__t s__RootVegetable 'root vegetable' 'root crop' s__Radish s__Radish__t s__RootVegetable__t 'A &%PlantRoot that is often used in salads.' s__EdibleTuber s__EdibleTuber__t s__RootStarch s__RootStarch__t s__Turnip s__Turnip__t s__Carrot s__Carrot__t s__Squash s__Squash__t s__SugarBeet s__SugarBeet__t s__PotatoTuber s__PotatoTuber__t s__SweetPotatoTuber s__SweetPotatoTuber__t s__GroceryProduce__t s__TaroTuber s__TaroTuber__t s__YamTuber s__YamTuber__t s__Cassava s__Cassava__t cassava tapioca manioc s__Legume s__Legume__t s__Bean s__Bean__t s__Soybean s__Soybean__t s__Pea s__CowPea s__CowPea__t s__Pulse s__Lentil s__Lentil__t s__Pulse__t s__SugarCane s__SugarCane__t s__Fruit s__Fruit__t s__Tomato s__Tomato__t s__Grape s__Grape__t s__Melon s__Watermelon s__Watermelon__t s__Melon__t s__Berry s__Berry__t s__Apple s__Olive s__Olive__t s__CitrusFruit s__LemonFruit s__LemonFruit__t 'A citrus &%FruitOrVegetable that has a &%Yellow skin and a tart, acidic flavor.' s__OrangeFruit s__OrangeFruit__t s__CitrusFruit__t 'A citrus &%FruitOrVegetable that has an &%OrangeColor skin and a sweet, acidic flavor.' s__Lime s__Lime__t s__TropicalFruit s__Avocado s__Banana s__Banana__t s__Breadfruit s__Breadfruit__t s__Coconut s__DateFruit s__Mango s__Mango__t s__Papaw s__Papaw__t papaw pawpaw s__Papaya s__Papaya__t s__PassionFruit s__PassionFruit__t s__TropicalFruit__t s__Pineapple s__Pineapple__t s__Plantain s__Plantain__t s__Spice s__Vanilla s__Vanilla__t s__Clove s__Clove__t s__Nutmeg s__Nutmeg__t s__Mace s__Mace__t s__Cardamom s__Cardamom__t s__BlackPepper s__BlackPepper__t s__SpicePepper s__SpicePepper__t s__Cinnamon s__Cinnamon__t s__Spice__t s__Ginger s__Ginger__t s__ReproductiveBody s__EdibleNut s__Walnut s__Walnut__t s__AlmondNut s__AlmondNut__t s__EdibleNut__t s__PecanNut s__PecanNut__t s__CashewNut s__CashewNut__t s__MacademiaNut s__MacademiaNut__t s__SheaNut s__SheaNut__t s__Peanut s__Peanut__t s__Groundnut s__Groundnut__t s__NorfolkIslandPineSeed s__Seed s__NorfolkIslandPineSeed__t s__KentiaPalmSeed s__KentiaPalmSeed__t s__SunflowerSeed s__SunflowerSeed__t s__Sunflower s__FloweringPlant s__Sunflower__t s__Oilseed s__Oilseed__t s__PalmOilNut s__PalmOilNut__t s__Nut__t 'palm oil nut' 'coquilla nut' s__VegetableOil s__VegetableOil__t s__PalmOil s__PalmOil__t s__OliveOil s__OliveOil__t s__CoffeeBean s__CoffeeBean__t s__Cocoa s__Cocoa__t s__CocoaBean s__CocoaBean__t '&%Cocoa is the class of powdered &%PlantAgriculturalProduct derived from cacao beans.' s__TeaPlantAerialPart s__TeaLeaf s__TeaLeaf__t s__TeaPlantAerialPart__t '&%TeaPlantAerialPart is the class of all parts of the tea plant from which tea may be made, including leaves, stems, and twigs.' s__GumArabic s__GumArabic__t s__Narcotic s__ControlledSubstance s__ControlledSubstance__t s__Opium s__Narcotic__t s__Cocaine s__Cocaine__t '&%Narcotic is a subclass of addictive &%BiologicallyActiveSubstances that have damping effects on the nervous system and may be fatal in large doses.' s__BiologicallyActiveSubstance '&%ControlledSubstance is the subclass of &%BiologicallyActiveSubstances whose distribution and use is controlled by government regulation.' s__Alfalfa s__Plant s__Fodder s__Alfalfa__t s__Clover s__Clover__t s__ForageCrop s__ForageCrop__t s__Poppy s__Poppy__t s__OpiumPoppy s__OpiumPoppy__t s__Orchid s__Orchid__t s__Chrysanthemum s__Chrysanthemum__t s__Pyrethrum s__Pyrethrum__t '&%Pyrethrum is the subclass of &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance consisting of insecticidal derivations from the flower heads of Chrysanthemums.' s__Livestock s__DomesticAnimal s__Livestock__t '&%Livestock is the class of live animals raised as &%AgriculturalProducts.' s__Cattle s__HoofedMammal s__Cattle__t s__GuernseyCattle s__GuernseyCattle__t s__SenepolCattle s__SenepolCattle__t s__Goat s__Goat__t s__WaterBuffalo s__WaterBuffalo__t s__Reindeer s__Reindeer__t s__Deer s__Deer__t s__Camel s__Mammal s__Camel__t s__TurkeyBird s__Poultry s__TurkeyBird__t s__Turtle s__Reptile s__Turtle__t s__OrnamentalFish s__Fish s__OrnamentalFish__t s__Mutton s__Meat s__Mutton__t s__Veal s__Veal__t s__LambMeat s__LambMeat__t s__TurkeyMeat s__TurkeyMeat__t s__WaterBuffaloMeat s__WaterBuffaloMeat__t s__AnimalSkin s__BodyCovering s__AnimalSkin__t '&%AnimalSkin is the subclass of &%BodyCovering that includes the skins, or parts of skins, of animals.' s__Pelt pelt hide '&%Pelt is the subclass of &%AnimalSkin that comprises the pelts or hides of animals that are used in the manufacture of wearable or household items.' s__Sheepskin s__Sheepskin__t s__Pelt__t s__Lambskin s__Lambskin__t s__ProductPackage s__Container s__ProductPackage__t '&%ProductPackage is the class of objects designed to contain &%Products for shipping and sale.' bauxite s__Bauxite '&%Bauxite is an impure mixture of earthy hydrous aluminum oxides and hydroxides that is the principal source of aluminum.' s__Bauxite__t s__Alumina__t 'aluminum oxide' alumina '&%Alumina is the naturally occurring oxide of aluminum which is found in corundum and bauxite.' s__Timber__t s__BotanicalTree timber '&%Timber is wood from trees that is suitable for use for building or other human purposes.' s__IronOre__t 'iron ore' s__Mineral '&%IronOre is a subclass of &%CompoundSubstance that contains compounds of iron, of which the most common are hematite and limonite. Iron is obtained from smelting iron ores.' s__Separating s__Iron s__CopperOre__t s__Copper s__NickelOre__t s__Nickel s__LeadOre__t s__ZincOre__t s__Zinc s__PetroleumProduct s__Petroleum__t petroleum 'crude oil' 'Petroleum is commonly known as crude oil. It is a thick, dark brown or greenish flammable liquid, which exists in the upper strata of some areas of the Earths crust. It consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, largely of the methane series, but may vary much in appearance, composition, and purity. (from Wikipedia) Crude oil has not be subject to the distillation that will yield a &%RefinedPetroleumProduct.' s__Distilling s__Distilling__t 'Distillation is a means of separating &%Liquids through differences in their &%boilingPoints. The device used in distillation is referred to as a still and consists at a minimum of a pot in which the source material is heated, a condenser in which the heated &%Gas is cooled back to the liquid state, and a receiver in which the concentrated or purified liquid is collected. The equipment may effect separation by one of two main methods. Firstly the vapours given off by the heated mixture may consist of two liquids with significantly different boiling points. Thus, the vapour that is given off is in the vast majority of one or the other liquid, which after condensation and collection effects the separation. The second method (fractional distillation) relies upon a gradient of temperatures existing in the condenser stage of the equipment. Often in this technique, a vertical condenser, or column, is used. By extracting products that are liquid at different heights up the column, it is possible to extract liquids that have different boiling points. (from Wikipedia)' s__CapitalGood s__Product '&%CapitalGoods are those that are used in the production of other &%Products. For example, raw materials from which end products are manufactured, or machines and other structures used in the production process.' s__IndustrialRawMaterial s__IndustrialRawMaterial__t s__CapitalGood__t s__IndustrialSupply s__IndustrialSupply__t '&%IndustrialSupply is the class of products that are used in industry but which are not raw materials for products being manufactured. &%IndustrialSupply includes maintenance, repair, and operation (MRO) supplies, including janitorial, electrical, bearings, tools, machinery, accessories, fire and safety equipment, and other industrial items.' s__IndustrialMachineryManufacturing s__IndustrialMachineryAndEquipmentWholesalers s__MachineryEquipmentAndSuppliesWholesalers s__Machinery__t '&%Machinery is the class of products that includes &%Machines, tools, and machine parts used in industrial or other commercial processes.' s__MachineTool__t s__ChemicalProduct s__ChemicalProduct__t '&%ChemicalProduct is the subclass of &%Product comprising all chemical compounds that are end products or industrial products used in the manufacture of end products.' s__Concrete s__Concrete__t s__ConcretePipeBrickAndBlockManufacturing s__OtherConcreteProductManufacturing '&%Concrete is a class of &%CompoundSubstances used as building materials. Concrete is made up of &%Mineral pieces (sand or gravel) and a &%Cement material used to bind them together.' s__ReadyMixConcrete s__ReadyMixConcrete__t s__ReadyMixConcreteManufacturing s__Cement__t '&%Cement is a subclass of &%CompoundSubstance whose instances may contain various minerals or ores, prepared by heating and pulverizing, and used in binding &%Concrete or in laying brick or stone.' s__RefinedPetroleumProduct__t 'A &%Substance that is the result of the &%Distilling of &%Petroleum.' s__LiquefiedPetroleumGas 'PetroleumLubricant is the subclass of RefinedPetroleumProducts that are lubricants.' s__MotorOil s__MotorOil__t s__PetroleumLubricant__t 'MotorOil is the subclass of PetroleumLubricants that are used to lubricate motors.' s__Asphalt__t s__FossilFuel 'Asphalt is a highly viscous liquid that occurs naturally in most crude petroleums. Asphalt can be separated from the other components in crude oil (such as naphtha, gasoline and diesel) by the process of fractional distillation, usually under vacuum conditions. Both tars and asphalts are classified as bitumens, a classification that includes all materials entirely soluble in carbon disulphide. Asphalt is commonly used in roofing shingles, and combined with mineral aggregate to make asphalt concrete for making roads. (definition from Wikipedia)' s__Soap s__Surfactant s__Soap__t 'Soap is a &%Surfactant &%Cleaning mixture used for personal or minor cleaning. It usually comes in solid moulded form. In the developed world, synthetic detergents have superseded soap as a laundry aid. Many soaps are mixtures of sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids which can be derived from oils or fats by reacting them with an alkali (such as sodium or potassium hydroxide) at 80-100 degrees Celsius in a process known as saponification. (from Wikipedia)' s__Fertilizer__t 'Any Mixture which is used to provide nutrients to living Plants. Fertilizers can be made up of plant or animal material, e.g. compost, or they can be entirely synthetic, e.g. ammonium nitrate.' s__Nitrogen s__Potash s__PhosphoricAcid s__PhosphoricAcid__t s__Phosphorus s__PersonalAdornment s__PersonalAdornment__t '&%PersonalAdornment is the subclass of &%WearableItems that are worn primarily for decorative purposes.' s__Gemstone s__PreciousGemstone s__PreciousGemstone__t '&%PreciousGemstone is the class of &%Minerals and fossilized substances that have great monetary value.' s__SemipreciousGemstone s__SemipreciousGemstone__t s__Gemstone__t '&%SemipreciousGemstone is the class of &%Minerals and other substances that have significant monetary value, but less than those of the class &%PreciousGemstone.' s__Pearl s__Pearl__t '&%Gemstone is the subclass of &%Mineral items that are especially valued for use in jewelry and other decorative items, and also in some mechanical and industrial applications.' '&%Jewelry is the subclass of &%PersonalAdornment items that are typically made of metals (especially precious metals), gems, and other non-cloth materials.' s__CerealGrainFarming s__OilseedAndGrainFarming s__CornFarming s__RiceFarming s__WheatFarming s__WheatGrain s__RiceGrain s__OatFarming s__OtherGrainFarming s__BarleyFarming s__RyeFarming s__SorghumFarming s__MilletFarming s__FruitFarming s__FruitAndTreeNutFarming s__VegetableFarming s__VegetableAndMelonFarming s__TreeNutFarming s__PeanutFarming s__CattleRanchingAndFarming s__SheepFarming s__Sheep s__GoatFarming s__HogAndPigFarming s__Pork s__PotatoFarming s__SugarBeetFarming s__CottonFarming s__Cotton s__PoultryAndEggProduction s__WineGrapeVineyards s__GrapeVineyards s__OpiumPoppyFarming s__Farming s__OpiumPoppyFarming__t s__FinancialOrganization 'The class &%FinancialOrganization includes, as subclasses, &%Bank-FinancialOrganization, &%CreditUnion and &%SavingsAnLoans.' s__Bank_FinancialOrganization s__Bank_FinancialOrganization__t 'An organization, chartered by a state or federal government, which does most or all of the following: receives &%Deposits, honors &%FinancialInstruments drawn on them, and pays &%Interest on them, discounts &%Notes, makes &%Loans, and invests in &%SecuredLoans, collects &%Checks, &%Drafts and &%Notes, certifies depositors checks, and issues drafts and Cashiers checks.' s__CreditUnion s__CreditUnion__t s__FinancialOrganization__t 'Credit unions are non-profit, member-owned, financial cooperatives. They are operated entirely by and for their members. When you deposit money in a credit union, you become a member of the union because your deposit is considered partial ownership in the credit union. Many large organizations have established credit unions for their employees.' s__SavingsAndLoans s__SavingsAndLoans__t 'A federally or state chartered &%FinancialOrganization that takes &%Deposits from individuals, funds &%Mortgages, and pays &%Dividends.' s__FinancialAsset 'Any item of economic value owned by an individual or corporation, especially that which could be converted to cash. Examples are cash, securities, accounts receivable, inventory, office equipment, a house, a car, and other property.' s__FinancialContract s__Contract 'A financial agreement between two or more parties' s__FinancialAccount 'A formal banking, brokerage, or business relationship established to provide for regular services, dealings, and other financial transactions.' s__ServiceContract s__ControllingAnAccount s__Note s__FinancialInstrument s__Note__t 'A legal document that obligates a borrower to repay a loan at a specified interestRate during a specified period of time or on demand' s__Check s__Check__t 'A &%FinancialInstrument drawn against deposited funds, to pay a specified amount of money to a specific person upon demand.' s__ProcessingACheck s__Withdrawal s__Deposit s__DepositingACheck s__Certificate s__DrawingACheck s__MonthDuration s__PayCheck s__PayCheck__t 'A check issued to an employee in payment of salary or wages' s__Giving 'A &%CreditCard or a &%DebitCard issued by a &%FinancialOrganization.' s__DebitCard s__DebitCard__t 'A card which allows customers to access their funds immediately, electronically. Unlike a credit card, a debit card does not have any float.' s__DepositAccount s__CreditCard 'Any card that may be used repeatedly to borrow money or buy products and services on credit. Issued by banks, savings and loans, retail stores, and other businesses.' s__CreditCardAccount s__accountAt__m s__partyToAgreement__m '(&%accountAt ?Account ?Bank) means that ?Account is a &%FinancialAccount opened in the &%FinancialOrganization ?Bank.' s__cardAccount__m '(&%cardAccount ?Card ?Account) means that ?Account is the &%FinancialAccount linked to a BankCard ?Card.' s__checkAccount__m '(&%checkAccount ?Check ?Account) means that ?Account is the &%FinancialAccount from which the amount specifed on the check is paid.' s__accountHolder__m '(&%accountHolder ?Account ?Agent) means that ?Agent is the account holder of the &%FinancialAccount ?Account.' s__signedBy__m '(&%signedBy ?Instrument ?Agent) means that ?Instrument has been signed by ?Agent.' s__CurrencyFn__m 'A unary function that maps a &%FinancialAccount to the currency linked to the account.' s__OpeningAnAccount s__OpeningAnAccount__t 'An activity of opening a financial account' s__UsingAnAccount s__UsingAnAccount__t 'An activity of using a financial account' s__DrawingACheck__t 'An activity of paying by a check.' s__DepositingACheck__t 'An activity of depositing a check into a &%FinancialOrganization.' 'An activity of controlling a financial account' s__ProcessingACheck__t s__ControllingAnAccount__t s__AuthorizationOfTransaction s__AuthorizationOfTransaction__t 'An activity of paying the amount specified on the check from funds on deposit.' s__RegulatoryProcess s__FinancialService 'An activity which approves or disapproves a transaction.' s__ClosingAnAccount s__ClosingAnAccount__t 'An activity of closing a financial account' 'The partial or complete discharge of an obligation by its settlement in the form of the transfer of funds, assets, or services equal to the monetary value of part or all of the debtors obligation.' s__Deposit__t 'An Activity of money being transferred into a customers account at a financial institution.' s__Withdrawal__t 'An activity of money being transferred from a customers account at a financial institution.' s__Investing s__Investing__t 'An activity of commiting money or capital in order to gain a financial return.' '(? [V__Profit] : (s__instance(V__Profit,s__CurrencyMeasure) & s__profit(V__Investing,V__Profit)))' s__AutomaticTransaction s__AutomaticTransaction__t '&%Transactions which occur through computer networks and which do not require direct management.' s__Interest s__Interest__t 'Money paid for the use of money.' s__InterestRate s__ConstantQuantity s__InterestRate__t 'The usual way of calculating Interest, as a percentage of the sum borrowed.' s__interestEarned__m '(&%interestEarned ?Account ?Interest ?Period) means that ?Interest is the amount earned on the &%FinancialAccount ?Account, for the duration ?Period.' s__simpleInterest__m '(&%simpleInterest ?Account ?Amount ?Time) means that ?Amount is the interest calculated on a principal sum, not compounded on earned interest, for the duration ?Time.' s__compoundInterest__m '(&%compoundInterest ?Account ?Amount ?Time) means that ?Amount is the interest which is calculated not only on the initial principal but also the accumulated interest of prior periods. Compound interest can be calculated annually, semi-annually, quartely, monthly, or daily.' s__interestRatePerPeriod__m '(interestRatePerPeriod ?ACCOUNT ?RATE ?TIME) means that ?RATE is the interest per the period TIME divided by principal amount, expressed as a percentage' s__primeInterestRate__m 'The interest rate that commercial banks charge their most creditworthy borrowers, such as large corporations. The prime rate is a lagging indicator.' s__PersonalAccount s__currentInterestRate__m '(&%currentInterestRate ?Account ?Day ?Rate) means that ?Rate is the interest rate of the Account on a specific day ?Day.' s__fixedInterestRate__m '(&%fixedInterestRate ?Account ?Rate) holds if ?Rate is the interest rate that does not change during the entire term of the account.' s__maturityDate__m s__agreementExpirationDate__m 'The date on which the principal amount of the account becomes due and payable.' s__amountDue__m '(&%amountDue ?ACCOUNT ?AMOUNT ?DATE) means ?DATE is the date on which the amount of Money ?AMOUNT of a particular ?ACCOUNT is due and payable' '(s__instance(V__Payment,s__Payment) & s__transactionAmount(V__Payment,V__Amount) & (s__destination(V__Payment,s__CurrencyFn(V__Account)) | s__origin(V__Payment,s__CurrencyFn(V__Account))) & s__date(V__Payment,V__Date) & s__beforeOrEqual(s__EndFn(V__Date),s__BeginFn(V__DueDate)))' s__currentAccountBalance__m '(&%currentAccountBalance ?Account ?Date ?Amount) means that ?Amount is the balance of the FinancialAccount ?Account as of the date ?Date.' s__minimumBalance__m '(&%minimumBalance ?Account ?ActivityType ?Amount) means that ?Amount is the mimimum amount required by the type of &%FinancialTransaction ?ActivityType.' s__Penalty s__originalBalance__m '(&%originalBalance ?ACCOUNT ?BALANCE) means that ?BALANCE is the balance of the account at the time the account is opened.' s__principalAmount__m '(&%principalAmount ?ACCOUNT ?BALANCE) means that ?BALANCE is the amount borrowed, or the part of the amount borrowed which remains unpaid (excluding interest).' s__periodicPayment__m '(&%periodicPayment ?Pay ?Amount ?Period) holds if ?Pay is one of the periodic payments for the amount ?Amount.' s__minimumPayment__m s__LiabilityAccount 'The smallest amount which can be paid on a revolving charge account to avoid a penalty.' s__overdraft__m 'The amount by which withdrawals exceed deposits.' "0" s__creditLimit__m s__CreditAccount '(&%creditLimit ?ACCOUNT ?AMNT) holds if ?AMNT is the maximum amount of credit that a bank or other lender will extend to a customer.' s__floorLoan__m s__Loan 'A minimum amount that a lender is willing to loan' s__downPayment__m 'The part of the purchase price paid in cash up front, reducing the amount of the loan or mortgage.' s__Prepayment s__Prepayment__t 'Prepayment is the payment of all or part of a debt prior to its due date.' s__netWorth__m s__SingleValuedRelation 'Total assets minus total liabilities of an individual or company.' '(V__Amount = s__WealthFn(V__Agent))' 'An activity of a fee being charged' s__serviceFee__m 'A charge to the customer levied by a &%FinancialOrganization for a &%FinancialTransaction, such as &%OpeningAnAccount or &%UsingAnAccount.' s__amountCharged__m s__transactionAmount__m '(&%amountCharged ?Fee ?Amount) means that ?Amount is the amount of the fee charged.' s__Penalty__t 'A fee charged as a penalty.' s__Tax s__Tax__t 'A fee charged by a government on a product, income, or activity.' s__Government s__TaxReturn s__FormText s__TaxReturn__t 'A &%FormText that is used for calculating the amount of income tax owed in a given year.' '(? [V__CALCULATE,V__AMOUNT,V__TAX] : (s__instance(V__TAX,s__FinancialTransaction) & s__instance(V__AMOUNT,s__CurrencyMeasure) & s__instance(V__CALCULATE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__CALCULATE,s__Calculating) & s__instrument(V__CALCULATE,V__RETURN) & s__result(V__CALCULATE,V__AMOUNT) & s__transactionAmount(V__TAX,V__AMOUNT) & s__instance(V__TAX,s__Tax)))' s__IncomeTax s__IncomeTax__t 'A &%Tax on annual income.' s__DutyTax s__DutyTax__t 'A &%Tax that is levied on imports and/or exports.' s__InterestBearingAccount s__InterestBearingAccount__t s__FinancialAccount__t 'FinancialAccounts that have a fixed or adjustable interest rate.' s__FixedRateAccount s__FixedRateAccount__t s__AdjustableRateAccount 'An &%InterestBearingAccount in which the interest rate does not change during the entire term of the loan.' s__AdjustableRateAccount__t 'An &%InterestBearingAccount in which the interest rate is adjusted periodically, usually based on a standard market rate outside the control of the bank or savings institution, such as that prevailing on &%TreasuryBill or the &%primeInterestRate.' s__PersonalAccount__t 'This is the class of personal accounts, as opposed to &%CorporateAccounts.' s__JointAccount s__JointAccount__t 'An account owned by two or more people, usually sharing a household and expenses. Each co-owner has equal access to the account. Most types of accounts, whether its basic checking, savings or money market, allow for joint use' s__CorporateAccount s__CorporateAccount__t 'This is the class of accounts held by corporations. This class is disjoint with &%PersonalAccounts.' 'An account where money is deposited for checking, savings or brokerage use.' s__SavingsAccount 'An account in a bank on which interest is usually paid and from which withdrawals can be made usually only by presentation of a passbook or by written authorization on a prescribed form.' s__MoneyMarket s__MoneyMarket__t '&%MoneyMarket is for borrowing and lending money for three years or less. The securities in a money market can be U.S. government bonds, TreasuryBills and commercial paper from banks and companies.' s__HighLiquidity s__Investment s__LowRisk s__TreasuryBill s__TreasuryBill__t 'A negotiable debt obligation issued by the U.S. government and backed by its full faith and credit, having a maturity of one year or less. Exempt from state and local taxes' s__CertificateOfDeposit s__CertificateOfDeposit__t 'CDs (certificates of deposit) are bank, credit union or savings and loan instruments that allow the depositor to lock in an interest rate for a specific period of time (e.g. six months, one year, five years). If the money is withdrawn from the CD before the CD matures, there is likely to be an early-withdrawal penalty -- often three months interest. Generally, the longer the time period of the CD, the higher the interest paid.' s__TraditionalSavingsAccount s__TraditionalSavingsAccount__t 'Accounts that pay interest, usually at below-market interest rates, that do not have a specific maturity, and that usually can be withdrawn upon demand' s__CheckingAccount s__CheckingAccount__t s__DepositAccount__t 'A bank account against which the depositor can draw checks' s__InvestmentAccount 'An account acquired for future financial return or benefit' s__MutualFundAccount s__MutualFundAccount__t 'An open-ended fund operated by an investment company which raises money from shareholders and invests in a group of assets, in accordance with a stated set of objectives. Benefits include diversification and professional money management. Shares are issued and redeemed on demand, based on the funds net asset value which is determined at the end of each trading session.' s__Liability 'A financial obligation, debt, claim, or potential loss' s__LiabilityAccount__t 'An account for which a person is liable' s__PensionPlan 'A qualified retirement plan set up by a corporation, labor union, government, or other organization for its employees. Examples include profit-sharing plans, stock bonus and employee stock ownership plans, thrift plans, target benefit plans, money purchase plans, and defined benefit plans.' s__FinancialCompany s__ProfitSharingPlan s__ProfitSharingPlan__t 'An arrangement in which an employer shares its profits with its employees. The compensation can be stocks, bonds or cash, and can be immediate or deferred until retirement.' 'Credit extended by a business to a customer' s__CreditCardAccount__t s__CreditAccount__t 'A type of &%CreditAccount which uses a &%CreditCard for &%FinancialTransactions.' 'An arrangement in which a lender gives money or property to a borrower, and the borrower agrees to return the property or repay the money, usually along with interest, at some future point(s) in time.' s__lender__m '(&%lender ?Loan ?Agent) means that ?Agent is a private, public or institutional entity that put up the funds for the ?Loan.' s__Lending s__borrower__m '(&%borrower ?Loan ?Agent) means that ?Agent is a borrower of the ?Loan' s__Borrowing s__loanForPurchase__m '(&%loanForPurchase ?ACCOUNT ?PRODUCT) means that ?ACCOUNT is a loan to finance the purchase of ?PRODUCT.' s__Collateral s__Collateral__t 'Assets pledged by a borrower to secure a loan or other credit, and subject to seizure in the event of &%FinancialDefault.' s__SecuredLoan s__securedBy__m 'Assets pledged by a borrower to secure a loan or other credit, and subject to seizure in the event of FinancialDefault.' s__SecuredLoan__t s__UnsecuredLoan s__UnsecuredLoan__t s__RealEstate s__RealEstate__t 'Land, including all the natural resources and permanent buildings on it.' s__Trespassing s__Mortgage s__Mortgage__t 'A loan to finance the purchase of real estate, usually with specified payment periods and interest rates.' s__totalBalance__m 'The initial balance of a loan, which is the amount borrowed.' s__BalloonLoan s__BalloonLoan__t 'A long-term loan, often a mortgage, that has one large payment (the balloon payment) due upon maturity. Often done when refinancing or a major cash flow event is anticipated.' '(s__date(V__Payment,V__Date) & s__transactionAmount(V__Payment,V__Amount) & s__destination(V__Payment,s__CurrencyFn(V__Loan)))' s__Call s__Call__t s__CallableLoan s__CallableLoan__t 'A loan that must repaid upon the lenders demand.' '(s__destination(V__Payment,V__Lender) & s__time(V__Payment,s__ImmediateFutureFn(s__WhenFn(V__Call))) & s__transactionAmount(V__Payment,V__Amount))' s__Refinancing s__Refinancing__t 'Paying off an existing loan with the proceeds from a new loan, using the same property as collateral.' s__LoanCommitment 'A formal offer by a lender making explicit the terms under which it agrees to lend money to a borrower over a certain period of time.' s__appraisedValue__m s__monetaryValue__m s__BankTermLoan s__BankTermLoan__t 'A bank loan terminating in one year or more.' s__BridgeLoan s__BridgeLoan__t 'Short-term financing which is expected to be paid back relatively quickly, such as by a subsequent longer-term loan.' s__BrokerLoan s__BrokerLoan__t 'Money lent to brokers by banks, for financing the underwriting of new issues, financing customer margin accounts, and other purposes.' s__Broker s__ConsolidationLoan s__ConsolidationLoan__t 'The replacement of multiple loans with a single loan, often with a lower monthly payment and a longer repayment period.' s__FHALoan s__FHALoan__t s__ConventionalMortgage 'A government mortgage that is insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA).' s__FederalHousingAdministration s__FederalHousingAdministration__t s__ConventionalMortgage__t 'A mortgage that is not insured or guaranteed by the government.' s__DayLoan s__DayLoan__t s__Loan__t 'A bank loan to a broker for the purchase of securities pending delivery through clearing later the same day.' s__DayDuration s__PiggybankLoan s__PiggybankLoan__t 'Two lenders participating in the same loan.' s__SinglePaymentLoan s__SinglePaymentLoan__t 'A loan whose principal is due in total with a single payment at maturity.' s__EvergreenLoan s__EvergreenLoan__t 'A short-term loan which is continually renewed rather than repaid.' s__IndexedLoan s__IndexedLoan__t 'A loan in which payments change in response to changes in an index such as the Consumer Price Index.' s__InterestOnlyLoan s__InterestOnlyLoan__t 'A non-amortized loan in which interest is due at regular intervals until maturity, when the full principal on the loan is due.' s__Index s__PerformanceMeasure 'A benchmark against which financial or economic performance is measured, such as the S&P 500 or the Consumer Price Index.' s__EconomicIndicator 'Data which provide information about or predict the overall health of the economy or the financial markets, examples are inflation, interest rates, employment, etc.' s__PerformanceMeasure__t s__benchmark__m 'A standard by which something can be measured or judged.' s__Inflation s__Inflation__t s__EconomicIndicator__t 'The overall general upward price movement of goods and services in an economy, usually as measured by the Consumer Price Index and the Producer Price Index.' s__ConsumerPriceIndex s__ProducerPriceIndex s__InflationIndex s__inflationRate__m 'The percentage increase in the price of goods and services, usually annually.' s__inflationRateInCountry__m 'The annually percentage increase in the price of goods and services for the given &%Nation.' s__ConsumerPriceIndex__t 'An inflationary indicator that measures the change in the cost of a fixed basket of products and services, including housing, electricity, food, and transportation. The CPI is published monthly.' s__ProducerPriceIndex__t s__InflationIndex__t 'An inflationary indicator published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics to evaluate wholesale price levels in the economy.' s__StockIndex s__StockIndex__t s__Index__t 'Any index which is intended to gauge upward or downward trends in stock prices.' s__Stock s__listedOn__m s__AsymmetricRelation s__NASDAQCompositeIndex s__NASDAQCompositeIndex__t 'A market-value weighted index of all common stocks listed on NASDAQ.' s__NASDAQ 'National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations system.' s__MarketShareWeightedIndex s__MarketShareWeightedIndex__t 'A stock index in which each stock affects the index in proportion to its number of shares outstanding.' s__MarketValueWeightedIndex s__MarketValueWeightedIndex__t 'A stock index in which each stock affects the index in proportion to its market value. Examples include NASDAQ Composite Index, S&P 500, Wilshire 5000 Equity Index, Hang Seng Index, and EAFE Index.' s__StockMarket s__StockMarket__t 'General term for the organized trading of stocks through exchanges and over-the-counter.' s__PriceWeightedIndex s__PriceWeightedIndex__t 'A stock index in which each stock affects the index in proportion to its price per share.' s__NikkeiIndex s__NikkeiIndex__t 'Index of 225 leading stocks traded on the Tokyo Stock Exchange.' s__Investment__t s__FinancialAsset__t 'An item of value purchased for income or capital appreciation.' s__Investor s__Investor__t 'A person who purchases income-producing assets.' s__AssetAllocation s__AssetAllocation__t 'The process of dividing investments among different kinds of assets, such as Stocks, Bonds, RealEstate and cash, to optimize the risk/reward tradeoff based on an individuals or institutions specific situation and goals.' s__InvestmentAttribute s__liquidity__m s__LiquidityAttribute 'Degree to which accounts can be easily converted to cash.' s__LowLiquidity 'A class of attributes which describe the degree to which accounts can be easily converted to cash.' s__LiquidityAttribute__t 'An &%Attribute of &%FinancialAccounts which can be easily converted to cash.' 'An &%Attribute of &%FinancialAccounts which cannot be easily converted to cash.' s__riskLevel__m s__RiskAttribute 'Relates an instance of &%Investing to the level of risk associated with the investment.' s__HighRisk 'A class of attributes which describe the degree of risk of a particular investment.' s__RiskAttribute__t 'An &%Attribute that characterizes investments which are likely to lose their principal.' s__yieldLevel__m s__YieldAttribute 'Relates a &%FinancialAccount to the yield level (i.e. the type of profit) which can be expected from the account.' s__HighYield s__LowYield 'A class of attributes which describe the degree to which accounts are profitable.' s__YieldAttribute__t 'An &%Attribute that characterizes accounts that are very profitable.' 'An &%Attribute that characterizes accounts that are not very profitable.' s__potentialLoss__m 'The maximum amount of money the Agent can lose by choosing this type of Investment.' s__bidPrice__m s__price__m '(bidPrice ?Obj ?Money ?Agent) means that ?Agent offers to buy ?Obj for the amount of ?Money.' s__Offering '(? [V__Buying] : (s__instance(V__Buying,s__FinancialTransaction) & s__instance(V__Offering,s__Process) & s__instance(V__Buying,s__Buying) & s__agent(V__Buying,V__Agent) & s__patient(V__Buying,V__Obj) & s__transactionAmount(V__Buying,V__Money)))' s__askPrice__m '(askPrice ?Obj ?Money ?Agent) means that ?Agent offers to sell ?Obj for the amount of ?Money.' '(? [V__Selling] : (s__instance(V__Selling,s__FinancialTransaction) & s__instance(V__Offering,s__Process) & s__instance(V__Selling,s__Selling) & s__agent(V__Selling,V__Agent) & s__patient(V__Selling,V__Obj) & s__transactionAmount(V__Selling,V__Money)))' s__FinancialOrder s__FinancialOrder__t s__ServiceContract__t 'A request from a client to a broker to buy (buy order) or sell (sell order) a specified amount of a particular security or commodity at a specific price or at the market price.' s__PlacingAnOrder s__PlacingAnOrder__t s__MarketOrder s__MarketOrder__t 'An order to buy or sell security at the best prices available.' s__orderFor__m s__Security '(&%orderFor ?Order ?Transaction ?Security) means that the content of ?Order is to realize an instance of ?Transaction where ?Security is the patient of ?Transaction.' '(? [V__Transaction] : (s__instance(V__Transaction,s__Process) & s__instance(V__Transaction,V__TransactionType) & s__patient(V__Transaction,V__Shares)))' '(s__instance(V__Transaction,V__TransactionType) & s__patient(V__Transaction,V__Shares))' s__LimitOrder s__LimitOrder__t 'LimitOrder is an order to a &%Broker to buy a specified quantity of a &%Security at or below a specified price, or to sell it at or above a specified &%limitPrice.' s__limitPrice__m '(&%limitPrice ?Order ?Money) means that ?Money is the limit price for the limit order ?Order. If ?Order is a buy order, then ?Money specifies the maximum price to be paid. If ?Order is a sell order, then ?Money specifies the minimum price to be paid.' '(s__instance(V__Buy,s__Buying) & s__patient(V__Buy,V__Object) & s__measure(V__Object,V__Quantity) & (s__WhenFn(V__Buy) = V__BuyingTime) & s__overlapsTemporally(V__Time,V__BuyingTime))' '(s__instance(V__Sell,s__Selling) & s__patient(V__Sell,V__Object) & s__measure(V__Object,V__Quantity) & (s__WhenFn(V__Sell) = V__SellingTime) & s__overlapsTemporally(V__SellingTime,V__Time))' s__Broker__t 'An individual or firm which acts as an intermediary between a buyer and seller, usually charging a commisssion.' s__StopOrder s__StopOrder__t 'A market order to buy or sell a certain quantity of a certain security if a specified price (the stopPrice) is reached or passed.' s__Liquidation s__Liquidation__t 'The class of events of selling all of a companys assets, paying outstanding debts, and distribution of the remainder to shareholders, and them going out of business.' s__Dividend s__Dividend__t 'A taxable payment declared by a companys board of directors and given to its &%shareHolders out of the companys current or retained earnings. Usually quarterly. Usually given as cash, but it can also take the form of &%Stock or other property.' s__Security__t 'An investment instrument, other than an insurance policy or &%FixedAnnuity insurance policy or fixed annuity issued by a corporation, government, or other organization which offers evidence of debt or equity.' s__Annuity 'A contract sold by an insurance company designed to provide payments to the holder at specified intervals, usually after retirement. &%FixedAnnuities guarantee a certain payment amount, while &%VariableAnnuities do not, but do have the potential for greater returns, but both are relatively safe, low-yielding investments.' s__FixedAnnuity 'An investment vehicle offered by an insurance company, that guarantees a stream of fixed payments over the life of the annuity. The insurer, not the insured, takes the investment risk.' s__VariableAnnuity s__VariableAnnuity__t s__Annuity__t 'An investment vehicle offered by an insurance company that does not guarantee a payment amount but does have the potential for greater returns than a &%FixedAnnuity.' s__ShareUnit s__ShareUnit__t 'The &%UnitOfMeasure representing one share in a corporation. Note that the number of shares in a corporation can change over time, as does their value. The percentage ownership that a share entails is time dependent, as well as being dependent on the rules of the legal jurisdiction that is relevant, and rules set in place by the corporation.' s__Share s__Share__t 'Certificate, representing one unit of ownership in a corporation, &%MutualFund, or limited partnership.' s__shareOf__m s__shareHolder__m '(&%shareHolder ?Stock ?Agent) means that ?Agent possesses shares of &%Stock in a corporation or mutual fund.' s__TaxFreeInvestment s__TaxFreeInvestment__t s__TaxableInvestment s__TaxableInvestment__t s__FinancialDefault s__FinancialDefault__t 'Failure to make required debt payments on a timely basis or to comply with other conditions of an obligation or agreement.' 'An instrument that signifies an ownership position, or equity, in a &%Corporation, and represents a claim on its proportionate share in the corporations assets and profits.' s__CommonStock s__CommonStock__t 'Securities representing equity, ownership in a Corporation, providing voting rights, and entitling the holder to a share of the companys success through dividends and/or capital appreciation. In the event of liquidation, common stock holders have rights to a companys assets only after bondholders, other debt holders, and &%PreferredStock holders have been satisfied.' s__PreferredStock s__PreferredStock__t '&%CapitalStock which provides a specific &%Dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stock holders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Usually does not carry voting rights.' s__BlueChipStock s__BlueChipStock__t '&%Stock with a solid and stable earnings record from a company that either leads or dominates or is a major player in a specific industry.' s__GrowthStock s__GrowthStock__t s__Stock__t 'Investment term that is applied to a &%Stock that is expected to appreciate in value at a high rate, pay big dividends or split.' s__ValueStock s__ValueStock__t 'When the shares in a company are considered attractive because the company is undervalue, usually because it has a low P/E ratio.' s__DefensiveStock s__DefensiveStock__t '&%DefensiveStocks are stocks of food companies, drug manufacturers and utility companies.' s__RestrictedStock s__RestrictedStock__t '&%Securities, usually issued in private placements, that have limited transferability.' s__PennyStock s__PennyStock__t 'Extremely speculative, high-risk &%Stock, usually with a price of less than 5 dollars per share. In the U.S., nearly all are traded on the over-the-counter bulletin board.' s__stockHolder__m '(stockHolder ?Stock ?Agent) means that ?Agent possesses the &%Stock ?Stock.' s__StockSplit s__StockSplit__t 'Exchange of the number of shares of stock outstanding for a larger number.' s__splitFor__m '((V__N3 = times(V__Number,V__N2)) & (V__NewNumber = divide(V__N3,V__N1)) & s__measure(V__Stocks,s__MeasureFn(V__NewNumber,s__ShareUnit)))' s__Bond 'A debt instrument issued for a period of more than one year with the purpose of raising capital by borrowing. The Federal government, states, cities, corporations, and many other types of institutions sell bonds. A bond is generally a promise to repay the principal along with interest on a specified &%maturityDate.' s__yield__m 'The annual rate of return on an investment, expressed as a percentage. For bonds and notes, it is the coupon rate divided by the market price.' s__couponInterest__m '(&%couponInterest ?BOND ?INTEREST) means that ?INTEREST is the periodic interest payment made to bondholders during the life of the ?BOND.' s__accruedInterest__m 'The accumulated coupon interest, paid to the seller of a bond by the buyer unless the bond is in default.' s__faceValue__m 'The nominal dollar amount assigned to a security by the issuer. For an equity security, par is usually a very small amount that bears no relationship to its market price, except for preferred stock, in which case par is used to calculate dividend payments. For a debt security, par is the amount repaid to the investor when the bond matures (usually, corporate bonds have a par value of $1000, municipal bonds $5000, and federal bonds $10,000).' s__CouponBond s__CouponBond__t 'An unregistered, negotiable bond on which interest and principal are payable to the holder, regardless of whom it was originally issued to. The coupons are attached to the bond, and each coupon represents a single interest payment. The holder submits a coupon, usually semi-annually, to the issuer or paying agent to receive payment. Coupon bonds are being phased out in favor of registered bonds.' s__AccountFn__m 'A unary function that maps a &%FinancialAsset to the &%FinancialAccount associated with the Asset.' s__ZeroCouponBond s__ZeroCouponBond__t 'A bond in which no periodic coupon is paid over the life of the contract. Instead, both the principal and the interest are paid at the maturity date.' s__RegisteredBond s__RegisteredBond__t 'A bond issued with the name of the owner printed on the face of the certificate. It can be transferred to another individual only with the owners endorsement.' s__MunicipalBond s__MunicipalBond__t 'Bond issued by a state, city, or local government to finance operations or special projects, interest on it is often tax-free.' s__CorporateBond s__CorporateBond__t 'A bond issued by a corporation. Such bonds usually have a par value of $1,000, are taxable, have a term maturity, are paid for out of a sinking fund accumulated for that purpose, and are traded on major exchanges.' s__SecuredBond s__SecuredBond__t 'Bond backed by collateral, such as a mortgage or lien, the title to which would be transferred to the bondholders in the event of default.' s__MortgageBond s__MortgageBond__t 'These are bonds generally bought through a government agency that deals in the real estate market. They are bonds issued by mortgage lenders.' s__JunkBond s__JunkBond__t 'A high-risk, non-investment-grade bond with a low credit rating, usually BB or lower, as a consequence, it usually has a high yield.' s__D_Rating s__GovernmentBond s__GovernmentBond__t 'A bond sold by the U.S. government.' s__AAA_Rating s__IndexBond s__IndexBond__t 'A bond whose cash flow is inflation-adjusted, by being linked to the purchasing power of a particular currency.' s__PerformanceBond s__PerformanceBond__t s__Bond__t 'A bond issued by an insurance company to guarantee satisfactory completion of a project by a contractor.' s__TreasuryBond s__TreasuryBond__t 'A negotiable, coupon-bearing debt obligation issued by the U.S. government and backed by its full faith and credit, having a maturity of more than 7 years. Interest is paid semi-annually. Exempt from state and local taxes.' s__CallableBond s__CallableBond__t 'A bond which the issuer has the right to redeem prior to its maturity date, under certain conditions.' s__callDate__m 'Date, prior to maturity, on which a callable bond may be redeemed.' s__FinancialRating 'The highest rating is usually AAA-Rating, and the lowest is D-Rating.' s__creditRanking__m '(&%creditRanking ?Agent ?Rating) holds if ?Rating is a &%FinancialRating based on financial analysis by a credit bureau, of ones financial history, specifically as it relates to ones ability to meet debt obligations. Lenders use this information to decide whether to approve a loan.' s__bondRating__m 'A measure of the quality and safety of a bond, based on the issuers financial condition. More specifically, an evaluation from a rating service indicating the likelihood that a debt issuer will be able to meet scheduled interest and principal repayments. Typically, AAA is highest (best), and D is lowest (worst).' s__FinancialRating__t 'The highest rating given by bond rating agencies' s__B_Rating 'A mid-range rating given by bond rating agencies.' s__C_Rating 'The lowest rating given by bond rating agencies.' s__Option 'An option is a contract to buy or sell 100 shares of a stock at a fixed price (the strike price) on or before a fixed date.' s__CallOption s__PutOption s__ConventionalOption 'Short-term option contracts.' "9" s__LEAPS 'Calls and puts with an expiration as long as thirty-nine months. Currently, equity LEAPS have two series at any time with a January expiration. For example, in October 2000, LEAPS are available with expirations of January 2002 and January 2003.' "39" s__optionHolder__m '(&%optionHolder ?Option ?Agent) means that ?Agent is the holder of the option.' s__optionSeller__m '(&%optionSeller ?Option ?Agent) means that ?Agent is the writer of the option.' s__strikePrice__m 'The specified price on an option contract at which the contract may be exercised, whereby a call option buyer can buy the underlier or a put option buyer can sell the underlier.' 'An option contract that gives the holder the right to buy a certain quantity (usually 100 shares) of an underlying security from the writer of the option, at a specified price (the strike price) up to a specified date (the expiration date).' '(s__instance(V__Buy,s__Buying) & s__patient(V__Buy,V__Stocks) & s__time(V__Buy,V__Time) & s__measure(V__Stocks,s__MeasureFn(100,s__ShareUnit)) & s__agent(V__Buy,V__Agent))' '(s__instance(V__Sell,s__Selling) & s__patient(V__Sell,V__Stocks) & s__time(V__Sell,V__Time) & s__measure(V__Stocks,s__MeasureFn(100,s__ShareUnit)) & s__agent(V__Sell,V__Agent))' 'An option contract that gives the holder the right to sell a certain quantity of an underlying security to the writer of the option, at a specified price (strike price) up to a specified date (expiration date).' s__StockOption 'An option in which the underlier is the common stock of a corporation, giving the holder the right to buy or sell its stock, at a specified price, by a specific date.' s__premium__m 'Total price of an option.' s__underlier__m '(&%underlier ?Option ?Instrument) means that ?Instrument is a security which is subject to delivery upon exercise of ?Option.' s__ExerciseAnOption 'An activity when the owner of the the &%Option contract invokes his rights. In the case of a call, the option owner buys the underlying stock. In the case of a put, the option owner sells the underlying stock.' s__AmericanStyleOption 'An option that can be exercised at any time prior to its expiration date' '(? [V__Exercise] : (s__instance(V__Exercise,s__Process) & s__instance(V__Exercise,s__ExerciseAnOption) & s__patient(V__Exercise,V__Option) & s__before(s__EndFn(s__WhenFn(V__Exercise)),s__EndFn(V__Day))))' s__EuropeanStyleOption 'An option that can be exercised only during a specified period of time just prior to its expiration.' s__EquityOption 'An option on shares of an individual common stock.' s__FillingAnOrder s__FillingAnOrder__t 'Execute an order or buy or sell a security or commodity.' s__CancellingAnOrder s__CancellingAnOrder__t '(~ s__attribute(V__Order,s__ActiveAgreement))' s__IOCOrder s__IOCOrder__t 'Immediate or cancel Order is a type of option order which gives the trading crowd one opportunity to take the other side of the trade. After being announced, the order will be either partially or totally filled with any remaining balance immediately cancelled. An IOC order, which can be considered a type of day order, cannot be used as part of a GTC order since it will be cancelled shortly after being entered. The difference between fill-or-kill (FOK) orders and IOC orders is that a IOC order may be partially executed.' s__FOKOrder s__FOKOrder__t 'Fill-or-kill order is a type of option order which requires that the order be executed completely or not at all. A fill-or-kill order is similar to an all-or-none (AON) order. The difference is that if the order cannot be completely executed (i.e., filled in its entirety) as soon as it is announced in the trading crowd, it is to be killed (i.e., cancelled) immediately. Unlike an AON order, a FOK order cannot be used as part of a GTC order.' s__AONOrder s__AONOrder__t 'All-or-none order (AON) is a type of option order which requires that the order be executed completely or not at all. An AON order may be either a day order or a GTC order.' s__DayOrder s__GTCOrder s__GTCOrder__t 'Good-til-cancelled (GTC) order is a type of limit order that remains in effect until it is either executed (filled) or cancelled, as opposed to a day order, which expires if not executed by the end of the trading day. A GTC option order is an order which if not executed will be automatically cancelled at the options expiration' s__DayOrder__t 'A type of option order which instructs the broker to cancel any unfilled portion of the order at the close of trading on the day the order is first entered.' s__MNHOrder s__MNHOrder__t 'A Market-not-held order is a type of market order which allows the investor to give discretion to the floor broker regarding the price and/or time at which a trade is executed.' s__MOCOrder s__MOCOrder__t 'A Market-on-close order is a type of option order which requires that an order be executed at or near the close of trading on the day the order is entered. A MOC order, which can be considered a type of day order, cannot be used as part of a GTC order' s__NHOrder s__NHOrder__t 'A not-held order is a type of order which releases normal obligations implied by the other terms of the order. For example, a limit order designated as not-held allows discretion to the floor trader in filling the order when the market trades at the limit price of the order. In this case, there is no obligation to provide the customer with an execution if the market trades through the limit price on the order.' s__OCOOrder s__OCOOrder__t 'One-cancels-other order (OCO) is a type of option order which treats two or more option orders as a package, whereby the execution of any one of the orders causes all the orders to be reduced by the same amount. For example, the investor would enter an OCO order if he/she wished to buy 10 May 60 calls or 10 June 60 calls or any combination of the two which when summed equaled 10 contracts. An OCO order may be either a day order or a GTC order' s__Bullish s__Bullish__t 'An attribute describing the opinion that a stock, or the market in general, will rise in price -- a positive or optimistic outlook.' s__Bearish s__Bearish__t s__InvestmentAttribute__t 'An adjective describing the opinion that a stock, or a market in general, will decline in price -- a negative or pessimistic outlook.' s__IndexOption s__IndexOption__t s__Option__t 'An option whose underlying interest is an index. Generally, index options are cash-settled.' s__inTheMoney__m 'A call option is in the money if the stock price is above the strike price. A put option is in the money if the stock price is below the strike price.' s__atTheMoney__m 'A term that describes an option with a strike price that is equal to the current market price of the underlying stock.' s__outOfTheMoney__m 'A call option is out of the money if the stock price is below its strike price. A put option is out of the money if the stock price is above its strike price.' s__OptionStrategy s__OptionStrategy__t 'A collection of buying/selling options whose purpose is to result in an optimal profit for the investor.' s__SingleOption s__SingleOption__t 'A put or call option by itself, as opposed to multiple options as used in a spread or straddle.' s__SpreadOption s__SpreadOption__t 'The purchase of one option and the simultaneous sale of a related option, such as two options of the same class but different strike prices and/or expiration dates.' s__ButterflySpread s__ButterflySpread__t 'A complex option strategy that involves selling two calls and buying two calls on the same or different markets, with several maturity dates. One of the options has a higher exercise price and the other has a lower exercise price than the other two options. The payoff diagram resembles the shape of a butterfly.' s__Straddle s__Straddle__t 'The purchase or sale of an equal number of puts and calls, with the same strike price and expiration dates.' '(s__instance(V__Call,s__CallOption) & s__part(V__Call,V__Straddle))' '(s__instance(V__Put,s__PutOption) & s__part(V__Put,V__Straddle))' s__LongStraddle s__LongStraddle__t 'A straddle in which a long position is taken in both a put and a call option' s__ShortSale s__ShortSale__t 'Borrowing a security (or commodity futures contract) from a broker and selling it, with the understanding that it must later be bought back (hopefully at a lower price) and returned to the broker. SEC rules allow investors to sell short only on an uptick or a zero-plus tick, to prevent pool operators from driving down a stock price through heavy short-selling, then buying the shares for a large profit.' s__BorrowedStock s__BorrowedStock__t 'Stock in a short sale.' s__StockMarketTransaction 'Any &%FinancialTransaction which involves &%Stock and which occurs in a &%StockMarket.' s__Uptick s__Uptick__t 'A stock market transaction (or sometimes, a quote) at a price higher than the preceding one for the same security.' s__Downtick s__Downtick__t s__StockMarketTransaction__t 'A stock market transaction (or sometimes, a quote) at a price lower than the preceding one for the same security.' s__Employment s__income__m '(&%incomeOf ?Agent ?Money ?Period) means that ?Money is the amount of money or its equivalent received during a period of time in exchange for labor or services, from the sale of goods or property, or as profit from financial investments' s__monthlyIncome__m '(&%monthlyIncome ?Agent ?Money) means that ?Money is the amount of money received during one month period' s__incomeEarned__m s__OrganizationalProcess '(&%incomeEarned ?Agent ?Money ?Action) means that ?Agent earned the amount of money ?Money from performing ?Action. Note that &%incomeEarned denotes that amount of money made before taxes are deducted.' s__taxDeferredIncome__m 'Income whose taxes can be postponed until a later date. Examples include IRA, 401(k), Keogh Plan, annuity, Savings Bond and Employee Stock Ownership Plan.' s__afterTaxIncome__m 'An amount (usually income) after taxes have been subtracted.' s__beforeTaxIncome__m 'Income before taxes are deducted' s__employeeContribution__m 'An individuals contribution to his/her own retirement plan, often tax-deferred.' s__compensationPackage__m 'The total monetary value an employee receives during a certain time period.' s__Working s__IndividualRetirementAccount s__IndividualRetirementAccount__t s__SavingsAccount__t 'A tax-deferred retirement account for an individual that permits individuals to set aside up to $2,000 per year, with earnings tax-deferred until withdrawals begin at age 59 1/2 or later (or earlier, with a 10% penalty). Only those who do not participate in a pension plan at work or who do participate and meet certain income guidelines can make deductible contributions to an IRA. All others can make contributions to an IRA on a non-deductible basis. Such contributions qualify as a deduction against income earned in that year and interest accumulates tax-deferred until the funds are withdrawn.' s__RothIRAAccount s__RothIRAAccount__t 'An individual retirement account in which a person can set aside after-tax income up to a specified amount each year. Earnings on the account are tax-free, and tax-free withdrawals may be made at retirement age.' s__SavingsPlan_401K s__DefinedContributionPlan s__SavingsPlan_401K__t s__DefinedContributionPlan__t 'A defined contribution plan offered by a corporation to its employees, which allows employees to set aside tax-deferred income for retirement purposes. The name 401(k) comes from the IRS section describing the program.' 'A company retirement plan, such as a 401(k) or 403(b), in which the employee elects to defer some amount of his/her salary into the plan and bears the investment risk.' s__SavingsPlan_403B s__SavingsPlan_403B__t 'A retirement plan similar to a 401(k) plan, but one which is offered by non-profit organizations, such as universities and some charitable organizations, rather than corporations.' s__SARSEPPlan s__SARSEPPlan__t s__Rollover s__Rollover__t 'A tax-free reinvestment of a distribution from a qualified retirement plan into an IRA or other qualified plan within 60 days. Also called IRA rollover. Or more generally, a movement of funds from one investment to another.' s__DirectRollover s__DirectRollover__t 'A distribution from qualified pension plan, 401(k) plan, or 403(b) plan, that is remitted directly to the trustee, custodian, or issuer of the receiving IRA and is reported to the IRS as a rollover. This can only be done once per year, per account.' s__SavingsPlan_408K s__SavingsPlan_408K__t s__PensionPlan__t 'A simpler alternative to a 401(k) plan available only to companies with 25 or fewer employees, which gives employees the opportunity to make contributions to their SEP accounts with pre-tax dollars and reduce their current years net income.' s__accountNumber__m s__stockSymbol__m 'A unique symbol assigned to a security. NYSE and AMEX listed stocks have symbols of three characters or less. NASDAQ-listed securities have four or five characters.' s__VisaCard s__VisaCard__t s__CreditCard__t s__MasterCard s__MasterCard__t s__DiscoverCard s__DiscoverCard__t s__AmericanExpressCard s__AmericanExpressCard__t s__checkNumber__m s__netAmount__m 'The amount due the supplier after commissions have been deducted.' s__BrokerageAccount s__InvestmentAccount__t 'A fund that a customer has entrusted to a securities brokerage.' s__closingPrice__m '(&%closingPrice ?Stock ?Amount ?Day) means that the closing price of the &%Stock ?Stock on the &%Day ?Day was ?Amount.' s__finalPrice__m s__Cash__t 'Circulating paper money' s__riskTolerance__m s__cardCode__m s__represents__m '(&%cardCode ?Code ?Card) means that ?Code represents the account number of the BankCard ?Card.' s__Encoding s__ValidCard s__ValidCard__t s__BankCard__t 'A class of valid BankCards' s__ExpiredCard s__ExpiredCard__t 'A class of expired BankCards.' s__pin__m '(&%pin ?PIN ?Card) means that ?PIN is a personal identification number linked to the ?Card.' s__EnteringAPin s__EnteringAPin__t s__EnteringAPing s__ContentDevelopment s__EnteringAPing__t 'A subclass of &%AuthorizationOfTransaction where a customer enters his/her personal identification number.' s__VerifyingCardCode s__VerifyingCardCode__t 'A subclass of &%AuthorizationOfTransaction where an ATM machine checks the code of the BankCard inserted to this machine.' s__Decoding s__ATMMachine s__ATMMachine__t '(Automatic Teller Machine) A banking terminal that accepts deposits and dispenses cash. ATMs are activated by inserting a cash or credit card that contains the users account number and PIN on a magnetic stripe. The ATM calls up the banks computers to verify the balance, dispenses the cash and then transmits a completed transaction notice.' '(? [V__Transaction] : (s__instance(V__Transaction,s__Process) & s__instance(V__Transaction,s__FinancialTransaction) & s__destination(V__Transaction,V__Org) & s__origin(V__Transaction,V__Customer)))' s__customerRepresentative__m '(&%customerRepresentative ?PERSON1 ?PERSON2 ?ORG) means that ?PERSON1 acts as a representative of &%Organization ?ORG in a &%SocialInteraction involving ?PERSON2.' s__Manager s__Position 'One who directs a business or other enterprise.' s__Banker s__SkilledOccupation 'Any &%SkilledOccupation which involves working in a &%Bank-FinancialOrganization.' s__ATMSlot s__ATMSlot__t 'A narrow opening in an ATM machine where cards are inserted.' s__phoneNumber__m s__refers__m '(&%phoneNumber ?Phone ?Agent) holds if ?Phone is a phone number corresponding to the Telephone ?Phone.' s__dayPhone__m '(&%dayPhone ?Phone ?Agent) means that ?Phone is a phone number corresponding to the location where ?Agent can be reached during the day.' s__eveningPhone__m '(&%eveningPhone ?Phone ?Agent) means that ?Phone is a phone number corresponidng to the location where ?Agent can be reached during the evening.' s__financialAccount__m 'A formal banking, brokerage, or business relationship established to provide for regular services, dealings, and other financial transactions. (&%financialAccount ?ACCOUNT ?ORG) means that ?ACCOUNT is a financial account opened at the &%FinancialCompany ?ORG.' s__availableBalance__m '(&%availableBalance ?Account ?Day ?Amount) means that ?Amount is the balance which is available for withdrawal from the &%FinancialAccount ?Account.' s__availableCash__m '(&%availableCash ?Account ?Day ?Cash) holds if ?Cash is a cash amount available for withdrawal from the &%FinancialAccount ?Account.' s__paymentsPerPeriod__m '(&%paymentsPerPeriod ?Account ?Amount ?Period) holds if ?Amount is the amount paid on the FinancialAccount ?Account during the time period ?Period.' s__purchasesPerPeriod__m '(&%purchasesPerPeriod ?Account ?Amount ?Period) holds if ?Amount is the amount of purchases added to the FinancialAccount ?Account during the time period ?Period.' s__creditsPerPeriod__m '(&%creditsPerPeriod ?Account ?Amount ?Period) holds if ?Amount is the amount credited to the FinancialAccount ?Account during the time period ?Period.' s__confirmationNumber__m s__BankStatement s__BankStatement__t 'A monthly report sent to a debtor or bank depositor.' s__lastStatement__m '(&%lastStatement ?Account ?Statement) means that ?Statement is the most recent monthly report sent to a debtor or bank depositor.' s__loanInterest__m s__Title s__Title__t 'The instrument, such as a deed, that constitutes evidence of a legal right of possession or control.' s__bankAccount__m '(&%bankAccount ?Type ?Bank) holds if ?Type is a type of the financial accounts offered by the bank.' s__ServiceAttribute 'The class of attributes which describe &%CommercialServices, such as &%OpenService and &%ClosedService.' s__OpenService s__ServiceAttribute__t s__ClosedService 'The attribute which describes services that are ready to transact business.' 'The attribute which describes services that are shut or closed.' s__Receipt 'A written acknowledgment that a specified article, sum of money, or shipment of merchandise has been received.' s__FinancialRequest s__FinancialRequest__t 'A request for financial data sent in order to get a &%FinancialResponse.' s__FinancialResponse s__FinancialResponse__t 'The response data provided to fulfil a &%FinancialRequest.' s__financialResponseTo__m '(&%financialResponseTo ?Response ?Request) means that ?Response is a &%FinancialResponse to the &%FinancialRequest ?Request.' s__dailyLimit__m '(&%dailyLimit ?Account ?TransactionType ?Amount) means that ?Amount is the daily limit of the ?Account for the type of &%FinancialTransactions ?TransactionType.' s__accountStatus__m s__StatusAttribute '(&%accountStatus ?Account ?Status) holds if ?Status describes the status of the account, such as &%Active, &%Locked, &%New or &%Pending.' 'A class of four &%Attributes indicating the status of a &%FinancialAccount, viz. &%Active, &%Locked, &%New, and &%Pending.' s__New s__StatusAttribute__t s__Active s__Locked s__Pending s__administrator__m s__administratorStatus__m '(&%administratorStatus ?Administrator ?Status) holds is ?Status describes the status of the administrator.' s__dateOfStatement__m '(&%dateOfStatement ?Statement ?Date) holds if ?Date is the date when BankStatement was issued.' s__ContentBearingPhysical s__lastStatementBalance__m '(&%lastStatementBalance ?Account ?Amount) holds if ?Amount is the balance shown on the last statement.' s__statementAccount__m '(&%statementAccount ?Statement ?Account) means that ?Account is the account of the BankStatement ?Statement.' s__statementPeriod__m '(&%statementPeriod ?Statement ?Period) means that ?Period is the time period of the BankStatement ?Statement.' s__statementInterest__m '(&%statementInterest ?Statement ?Amount) holds if ?Amount is the interest amount as shown on the BankStatement ?Statement.' s__buyingPowerAmount__m '(&%buyingPowerAmount ?Account ?Day ?Amount) holds if ?Amount is the buying power amount of the &%FinancialAccount ?Account on the &%Day ?Day.' s__marginBalanceAmount__m '(&%marginBalanceAmount ?Account ?Day ?Amount) holds if ?Amount is the margin balance amount of the &%FinancialAccount ?Account on the &%Day ?Day.' s__shortBalanceAmount__m '(&%shortBalanceAmount ?Account ?Day ?Amount) holds if ?Amount is the short balance amount of the &%FinancialAccount ?Account on the &%Day ?Day.' s__marketValueAmount__m '(&%marketvalueAmount ?Account ?Day ?Amount) holds if ?Amount is the market value amount of the &%FinancialAccount ?Account on the &%Day ?Day.' s__ExternalTransfer s__ExternalTransfer__t 'A subclass of &%FinancialTransactions from one &%FinancialOrganization to another.' s__InternalTransfer s__InternalTransfer__t 'A subclass of &%FinancialTransactions within one &%FinancialOrganization.' s__Update s__Update__t 'To change data in a file or database' s__loanFeeAmount__m '(&%loanFeeAmount ?Loan ?Amount) means that ?Amount is the fee amount of the Loan ?Loan.' s__ingredient__m s__material__m '(&%ingredient ?ING ?FOOD) means that ?ING is a material that makes up ?FOOD' ingredient s__ingredientAmount__m '(&%ingredientAmount ?ING ?FOOD ?AMT means that ?AMT of ?ING is used to make ?FOOD' 'amount of ingredient' s__Meal s__Meal__t '&%Meal refers to a &%Collection of (%&FoodForFn &%Human) that is eaten at one time' meal '(? [V__E] : (s__instance(V__E,s__Process) & s__instance(V__E,s__Eating) & s__patient(V__E,V__X)))' '&%Breakfast describes food that is usually the first meal of the day, eaten during the morning' breakfast '(s__during(s__WhenFn(V__E),V__TIME) & s__instance(V__TIME,s__BreakfastTime))' s__ContinentalBreakfast '&%ContinentalBreakfast refers to food that is normally served during &%BreakfastTime in &%NorthAmerica or &%Europe' 'continental breakfast' s__Lunch '&%Lunch refers to something that is usually eaten mid-day' lunch '(s__during(s__WhenFn(V__E),V__TIME) & s__instance(V__TIME,s__LunchTime))' s__Dinner '&%Dinner refers to something that is typically eaten during the evening' dinner '(s__during(s__WhenFn(V__E),V__TIME) & s__instance(V__TIME,s__DinnerTime))' s__HighTea '&%HighTea refers to something eaten mid-day that consists of light snacks and tea' 'high tea' s__Tea s__Brunch '&%Brunch refers the combination of breakfast and lunch' brunch s__BreakfastTime s__BreakfastTime__t '&%BreakfastTime is the time interval by which the first meal of the day is typically eaten, which is in the morning' 'breakfast time' s__Morning s__LunchTime s__LunchTime__t '&%LunchTime is the time interval by which lunch, or the mid-day meal, is typically eaten, which is usually sometime between 11am and 3pm' 'lunch time' "11" "15" s__DinnerTime s__DinnerTime__t '&%DinnerTime is the time interval by which dinner, or the evening meal, is typically eaten, which is usually sometime during the evening' 'dinner time' s__MealAttributeFn__m '(&%MealAttributeFn ?MEAL ?AREA) returns a &%RelationalAttribute to describe the &%Meal ?MEAL in a specific &%Region ?AREA. This coveres the cases where Steak and Eggs would be dinner in Asia but breakfast in the US.' 'meal attribute function' s__Seafood '&%Seafood refers to &%Meat from &%Animal that inhabit &%BodiesOfWater' seafood s__BodyOfWater s__FishMeat s__FishMeat__t '&%Meat that was originally part of a &%Fish.' s__SalmonMeat s__SalmonMeat__t '&%SalmonMeat is &%Meat that comes from &%Salmon.' s__Shellfish '&%Shellfish refers to &%Seafood coming from crustaceans, which are creatures live in bodies of water that have an exoskeleton' s__CrabMeat s__CrabMeat__t s__Shellfish__t s__Crab crab s__CrayfishMeat s__CrayfishMeat__t crayfish s__LobsterMeat s__LobsterMeat__t s__Lobster lobster s__PrawnMeat s__PrawnMeat__t s__Prawn prawn s__Shrimp s__Crustacean s__Shrimp__t s__ShrimpMeat s__ShrimpMeat__t shrimp s__MolluskMeat s__Seafood__t '&%MolluskMeat refers to &%Seafood coming from soft-bodied invertebrates that is usually contained in a shell.' mollusk s__Mollusk s__AbaloneMeat s__AbaloneMeat__t abalone s__ClamMeat s__ClamMeat__t clam s__ConchMeat s__ConchMeat__t conch s__LocoMeat s__LocoMeat__t loco s__MusselMeat s__MusselMeat__t mussel s__OysterMeat s__OysterMeat__t s__Oyster oyster s__ScallopMeat s__ScallopMeat__t s__Scallop scallop s__WaterSnailMeat s__WaterSnailMeat__t 'water snail' s__CuttlefishMeat s__CuttlefishMeat__t cuttlefish s__OctopusMeat s__OctopusMeat__t s__MolluskMeat__t octopus s__SquidMeat s__SquidMeat__t s__Squid squid s__PoultryMeat '&%PoultryMeat refers to &%Meat coming from &%Poultry' poultry s__Bird s__DuckMeat s__DuckMeat__t duck s__Duck s__GooseMeat s__GooseMeat__t goose s__Goose s__PoultryMeat__t turkey s__QuailMeat s__QuailMeat__t quail s__QuailBird s__Absolut 'A brand of vodka' s__Vodka s__Absolut__t s__Aioli s__Aioli__t 'is a garlic mayonnaise. It is a traditional Provenxal sauce made of garlic, olive oil, and (typically) egg. There are many variations, such as the addition of mustard or, in Catalonia, pears. It is usually served at room temperature.' s__Garlic s__Almond s__Almond__t 'Almond (Prunus dulcis, syn. Prunus amygdalus Batsch., Amygdalus communis L., Amygdalus dulcis Mill.), is the nut of this species of tree native to the Middle East and South Asia. [Wikipedia]' s__Amaretto s__Liqueur s__Amaretto__t s__Aperitif s__DistilledAlcoholicBeverage s__Aperitif__t 'A class that includes digestifs. A bitter alcoholic beverage taken with food, supposed to aid in digestion. This class does not include wine, brandy or other alcoholic beverages that may be used as aperitifs.' s__Bitterness s__Sweetness s__TasteAttribute s__Sourness s__Saltiness s__UmamiTaste s__Arugula s__Arugula__t s__Bacardi s__Rum s__Bacardi__t s__Bacon 'A cut of &%Pork that is cured in salt, then dried.' s__Bacon__t s__Salt s__Bagel s__BreadOrBiscuit s__Bagel__t s__Baileys s__Baileys__t s__Liqueur__t s__Bamboo s__Bamboo__t s__Basil s__Basil__t 'An herb commonly used in Italian and Thai cooking, native to India.' 'http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Basil-Basilico-Ocimum_basilicum-albahaca.jpg' s__Blueberry s__Blueberry__t s__Brie s__Cheese s__Brie__t s__Broccoli s__Broccoli__t 'http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Broccoli_in_a_dish_2.jpg' s__Butterfly s__Insect s__Butterfly__t s__ButternutSquash s__ButternutSquash__t s__Squid__t s__Calamari s__Calamari__t s__Campari s__Campari__t s__Cappuccino s__Cappuccino__t 'Espresso with foamed milk' s__Milk s__Celery s__Celery__t s__Chambord s__Chambord__t s__Champagne s__Wine s__Champagne__t s__CheddarCheese s__CheddarCheese__t s__Chocolate s__Chocolate__t s__Cilantro s__Cilantro__t s__CocaCola s__Soda s__CocaCola__t s__Cod s__Cod__t s__Cointreau s__Cointreau__t s__Couscous s__Pasta s__Couscous__t s__Crab__t s__Cream s__Cream__t s__Daikon s__Daikon__t s__EggYolk s__EggYolk__t s__Egg s__Embryonic '(? [V__I] : (s__instance(V__I,s__Process) & s__instance(V__Y,s__Object) & s__instance(V__I,s__Ingesting) & s__agent(V__I,V__O) & s__resource(V__I,V__Y)))' s__Endive s__Endive__t s__Espresso s__Espresso__t s__Feta s__Feta__t s__Frying s__Frying__t s__Oil 'Allium sativum, is a species in the onion family Alliaceae. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and rakkyo. Garlic has been used throughout history for both culinary and medicinal purposes. [Wikipedia]' s__Garlic__t s__GoatMeat s__GoatMeat__t s__Gouda s__Gouda__t s__Grapefruit s__Grapefruit__t s__JamesonsWhiskey s__Whiskey s__JamesonsWhiskey__t s__Juice 'A liquid (at room temperature) created by squeezing, crushing, or pureeing a &%FruitOrVegetable.' s__Juice__t s__JuiceOfFn__m 'This function defines the class of &%Juice created from a given &%FruitOrVegetable.' s__Kahlua s__Kahlua__t s__Ketchup s__Ketchup__t s__Lettuce s__Lettuce__t s__Linguine s__Linguine__t s__Spaghetti 'A sweet alcoholic beverage that has been flavored with one of various substances.' s__Lobster__t s__GrandMarnier s__GrandMarnier__t s__Mayonnaise s__Mayonnaise__t 'Mayonnaise, is a stable emulsion of oil, &%EggYolk and either vinegar or &%Lemon juice, with many options for embellishment with other herbs and spices. Lecithin in the egg yolk is the emulsifier. It is often cream in color, and may range in texture from that of light running cream to thick. In countries influenced by &%France, mustard is also a common ingredient. In &%Spain, &%OliveOil is used as the oil and mustard is never included. Numerous other sauces can be created from it with addition of various herbs, spices, and finely chopped pickles. Where mustard is used, it is also an emulsifier. [Wikipedia].' s__Mint s__Mint__t s__Mozzarella s__Mozzarella__t s__Mushroom 'A mushroom is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source. Like all fungi, mushrooms are not plants and do not undergo photosynthesis. The standard for the name mushroom is the cultivated white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus; hence the word mushroom is most often applied to those fungi (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) that have a stem (stipe), a cap (pileus), and gills (lamellae, sing. lamella) or pores on the underside of the cap. [Wikipedia]' s__Fungus s__Mustard s__Mustard__t s__Omelette s__Omelette__t s__Onion s__Onion__t s__Oyster__t s__Pancake s__Pancake__t 'A pancake is a thin, flat, round cake prepared from a batter, or dough in some cases, and cooked on a hot griddle or frying pan. Most Pancakes are quick breads; some use a yeast-raised or fermented batter. Most Pancakes are cooked one side on a griddle and flipped partway through to cook the other side. Depending on the region, Pancake may be served at any time, with a variety of toppings or fillings including jam, chocolate chips, fruit, syrup or meat. [Wikipedia]' s__ParmesanCheese s__ParmesanCheese__t s__Parsley s__Parsley__t s__Pasta__t 'Pasta is a generic term for a boiled food of different shapes made from an unleavened dough of wheat or buckwheat flour and water, sometimes with other ingredients such as eggs and vegetable extracts. Pastas include varieties that are filled with other ingredients like ravioli and tortellini. [Wikipedia]' s__Flour s__PatronTequilla s__Tequila s__PatronTequilla__t s__Tequila__t s__Peach s__Peach__t s__Penne s__Penne__t 'Pasta consisting of medium length tubes with ridges, cut diagonally at both ends. [Wikipedia]' s__Fillable s__Pickle s__Pickle__t 'A pickled cucumber (commonly known as a pickle in Australia, Canada, and the United States or generically as Gherkins in the UK) is a cucumber that has been pickled in a brine, vinegar, or other solution and left to ferment for a period of time, by either immersing the cucumbers in an acidic solution or through souring by lacto-fermentation. [Wikipedia]' s__AcidicPH 'Having a pH of less than 7.' s__BasicPH 'Having a pH of more than 7.' 'Banana is the common name for herbaceous plants of the genus Musa and for the fruit they produce. Bananas come in a variety of sizes and colors when ripe, including yellow, purple, and red. There is no formal botanical distinction between bananas and plantains, and the use of either term is based purely on how the fruits are consumed. [Wikipedia]' s__PortabelloMushroom s__PortabelloMushroom__t s__Mushroom__t s__Prawn__t 'Prawns are decapod crustaceans, belonging to the sub-order Dendrobranchiata. The term prawn is also used in various contexts for other animals, especially caridean shrimp. They are found worldwide and include commercially significant species, such as the whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, Atlantic white shrimp Penaeus setiferus, Indian prawn Fenneropenaeus indicus and tiger prawn Penaeus monodon. [Wikipedia]' s__Provolone s__Provolone__t s__Cheese__t s__Radicchio s__Radicchio__t s__Raisin s__Raisin__t 'A raisin is a dried grape.' s__Drying s__Raspberry s__Raspberry__t s__RicottaCheese s__RicottaCheese__t s__RomaineLettuce s__RomaineLettuce__t 'A distilled spirit made from molasses or sugarcane that is then aged.' s__Rum__t s__Scallion s__Scallion__t s__Scallop__t s__Schnapps 'A &%Liqueur made from distilling fruit.' s__Schnapps__t s__Seaweed s__Alga s__Seaweed__t 'Seaweed is a loose, colloquial term encompassing macroscopic, multicellular, benthic marine algae. The term includes some members of the red, brown and green algae. [text courtesy Wikipedia]' s__Sesame s__Sesame__t s__Shallot s__Shallot__t s__Skate s__Skate__t 'Skates are cartilaginous fish belonging to the family Rajidae in the superorder Batoidea of rays. There are more than 200 described species in 27 genera. There are two subfamilies, Rajinae (hardnose skates) and Arhynchobatinae (softnose skates). [text courtesy Wikipedia]' s__CarbonDioxide s__CarbonDioxide__t 'Carbon dioxide is a common compound in the Earths atmosphere, and an essential compound used in the cycle of photosynthesis.' s__Molecule s__Atom s__Soda__t s__Sorbet s__Sorbet__t 'Sorbet is a frozen dessert made from sweetened water flavored with fruit (typically juice or puree), and also sometimes wine and/or liqueur. [Wikipedia]' s__Spaghetti__t 'Spaghetti is a long, thin, cylindrical pasta. Spaghetti is made of semolina or flour and water. Italian dried spaghetti is made from durum wheat semolina, but outside of Italy it may be made with other kinds of flour. Traditionally most spaghetti was 50 cm (20ins) long, but shorter lengths gained in popularity during the latter half of the 20th century and now spaghetti is most commonly available in 25x30 cm (10x12 in) lengths. [Wikipedia]' s__Spinach s__Spinach__t s__Steak s__Steak__t s__Stolichnoya s__Stolichnoya__t 'A brand of &%Vodka.' s__Strawberry s__Strawberry__t s__TamarindFruit s__TamarindFruit__t 'A &%DistilledAlcoholicBeverage made from the &%BlueAgave plant.' s__BlueAgave s__BlueAgave__t 'A succulent that is native to Jalisco, Mexico, and used in the production of &%Tequila.' s__Tofu s__Tofu__t 'Tofu or bean curd is a food made by, coagulating soy milk and then pressing the resulting curds into soft white blocks. [Wikipedia]' s__Tuna s__Tuna__t s__Turmeric s__Turmeric__t s__Vegetarian s__Vegan s__Dairy s__Fermentation s__BiologicalProcess s__Fermentation__t 'Fermentation in food processing typically is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohols and carbon dioxide or organic acids using yeasts, bacteria, or a combination thereof, under anaerobic conditions. [Wikipedia]' s__Carbohydrate s__Microorganism s__Vinegar 'Vinegar is an acidic liquid produced from the fermentation of ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient, acetic acid (ethanoic acid). It also may come in a diluted form. pH of table vinegar ranges from 2.4 to 3.4 (higher if diluted). The acetic acid concentration typically ranges from 4% to 8% by volume for table vinegar and up to 18% for pickling. Natural vinegars also contain small amounts of tartaric acid, citric acid, and other acids. Vinegar has been used since ancient times and is an important element in European, Asian, and other cuisines. [Wikipedia]' s__Vinegar__t s__Cask s__Cask__t 'A &%FluidContainer made of &%Wood, typically used during the modern area for ageing of alcoholic beverages.' s__Wood s__Vodka__t 'A &%DistilledAlcoholicBeverage made from a &%CerealGrain to which water is added prior to drinking.' 'A distilled alcoholic beverage made from a &%CerealGrain typically aged in oak casks.' s__Whiskey__t s__Brandy s__Brandy__t 'A &%DistilledAlcoholicBeverage that is prepared by distilling &%Wine.' s__WaterChestnut s__WaterChestnut__t s__Ziti s__Ziti__t s__Zucchini s__Zucchini__t 'Central Africa' 'Eastern Africa' 'Northern Africa' 'Southern Africa' 'Western Africa' 'Middle East' 'Central Europe' 'Eastern Europe' 'Northern Europe' 'Southern Europe' 'Western Europe' 'Southeastern Europe' 'Southwestern Europe' 'North America' 'Northern North America' 'Caribbean Region' 'Caribbean' 'Middle America' 'Central South America' 'Eastern South America' 'Northern South America' 'Southern South America' 'Western South America' 'Central Asia' 'Eastern Asia' 'Northern Asia' 'Southern Asia' 'Southeastern Asia' 'Southwestern Asia' 'Oceania' '&%MiddleEastRegion is a &%GeopoliticalArea that comprises countries of Southwestern &%Asia and (in some definitions) Northwestern &%Africa. Here this term is defined as in the CIA World Fact Book, in which the Middle East includes: Bahrain, Cyprus, the Gaza Strip, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen.' s__NorthernHemisphere s__EasternHemisphere s__SouthernHemisphere s__WesternHemisphere s__North s__West s__East s__Northeast s__Northwest s__Southeast s__Southwest s__Latitude s__Latitude__t latitude parallel '&%Latitude is the class of &%Regions, associated with areas on the Earths surface, which are parallels measured in &%PlaneAngleDegrees from the &%Equator.' s__Longitude s__Longitude__t longitude meridian '&%Longitude is the class of &%Regions, associated with areas on the Earths surface, which are meridians measured in &%PlaneAngleDegrees from the &%PrimeMeridian through &%GreenwichEnglandUK.' s__GreenwichEnglandUK s__objectGeographicCoordinates__m '(&%objectGeographicCoordinates ?OBJECT ?LAT ?LONG) means that the &%Object ?OBJECT is found at the geographic coordinates ?LAT and ?LONG.' s__GeographicCenterFn__m 'geographic center' '(&%GeographicCenterFn ?REGION) denotes the geographical center of the &%GeographicArea ?REGION.' s__AngularDegree "360" s__ArcMinute s__UnitOfAngularMeasure '&%ArcMinute represents a &%UnitOfMeasure equivalent to 1/60th of an &%AngularDegree.' "60" s__ArcSecond '&%ArcSecond represents a &%UnitOfMeasure equivalent to 1/60th of an &%ArcMinute.' s__LatitudeFn__m s__VariableArityRelation s__VariableArityRelation__t s__Function s__Function__t s__AngleMeasure 'Latitude' '&%LatitudeFn is a &%VariableArityRelation used to denote a parallel of latitude. Examples: (&%LatitudeFn &%North (&%MeasureFn 38 &%AngularDegree)), (&%LatitudeFn &%South (&%MeasureFn 23 &%AngularDegree) (&%MeasureFn 30 &%ArcMinute)), (&%LatitudeFn &%South (&%MeasureFn 60 &%AngularDegree) (&%MeasureFn 0 &%ArcMinute) (&%MeasureFn 0 &%ArcSecond)), (&%LatitudeFn &%North (&%MeasureFn 42 &%AngularDegree) (&%MeasureFn 7.89 &%ArcMinute)).' "90" s__NauticalMile s__LongitudeFn__m 'Longitude' "180" s__DirectionalSubregionFn__m '(&%DirectionalSubregionFn ?DIRECTION ?AREA) denotes the part of &%GeographicArea ?AREA that lies in ?DIRECTION from the geographic center of ?AREA. For example, (&%DirectionalSubregionFn &%Iraq &%North) denotes the Northern part of &%Iraq. Such subregions are defined purely by geographical points of reference, not by sociological ones. For example, (&%DirectionalSubregionFn &%UnitedStatesOfAmerica &%South) denotes the Southern half of the United States, it does not denote the American South as distinguished for historical, literary, or cultural purposes.' s__mapOfArea__m '(&%mapOfArea ?AREA ?POINTER) means that a map of the &%Region ?AREA can be found at the location ?POINTER.' s__totalArea__m '(&%totalArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that the total area of ?REGION is the &%AreaMeasure ?AMOUNT.' s__landAreaOnly__m '(&%landAreaOnly ?REGION ?MEASURE) means that the total area(s) of solid ground within the &%GeographicArea ?REGION has the &%AreaMeasure ?AMOUNT. The pieces of solid ground need not be continuous within the region.' s__waterAreaOnly__m '(&%waterAreaOnly ?REGION ?MEASURE) means that the total area(s) of surface water within the &%GeographicArea ?REGION has the &%AreaMeasure ?AMOUNT. The pieces of water need not be continuous within the region.' s__UnitOfArea s__SurfaceGroundArea s__SurfaceGroundArea__t '&%SurfaceGroundArea is a subclass of &%GeographicArea that is restricted to regions whose surface is solid ground. A &%SurfaceGroundArea may be a discontinuous region overlapping a larger, continuous &%GeographicArea but excluding any &%WaterAreas enclosed therein. Rivers, lakes, reservoirs and other surface water areas are not part of any &%SurfaceGroundArea.' s__WaterArea s__WaterOnlyArea s__WaterOnlyArea__t '&%WaterOnlyArea is a subclass of &%GeographicArea that is restricted to regions whose surface is water. A &%WaterOnlyArea may be a discontinuous region overlapping a larger, continuous &%GeographicArea but excluding any &%LandAreas enclosed therein. Dry land areas, including islands, are not part of any &%WaterOnlyArea.' s__SquareKilometer '&%SquareKilometer represents a &%UnitOfMeasure equal to one square kilometer.' s__Meter "1000000" s__SquareMeter s__comparativeArea__m s__RelationExtendedToQuantities '(&%comparativeArea ?REGION1 ?RELATION ?FACTOR ?REGION2) means that the total area of &%GeographicArea ?REGION1 has the relation ?RELATION to the total area of &%GeographicArea ?REGION2 times ?FACTOR. For example, that France is (slightly) less than twice the size of Colorado is represented by (&%comparativeArea &%France &%lessThan 2 &%Colorado).' s__totalLandBoundary__m '(&%totalLandBoundary ?REGION ?LENGTH) means that the &%GeographicArea ?REGION has a total &%LengthMeasure ?LENGTH of land boundaries between it and other countries. Note that the boundaries included in the total length may be discontinuous, as when interrupted by stretches of &%Seacoast.' s__BorderFn__m border '(&%BorderFn ?AREA1 ?AREA2) denotes the border area where the &%GeographicAreas ?AREA1 and ?AREA2 meet.' s__InternationalBorder s__Near s__InternationalBorder__t '&%InternationalBorder is the subclass of &%GeographicAreas where the areas of two &%Nations meet.' s__Checkpoint s__Checkpoint__t 'An area on or very near a border, usually along a road connecting two regions, where &%MilitaryPersons or &%Police restrict the flow of traffic in order to extract tarrifs, deny movement to certain kinds of people or goods, or other enforement actions. Because of the power relationship involved, such areas are often the site of illegal activities conducted by the officials in order to extract favors or bribes.' s__Road s__sharedBorderLength__m 'The &%length of the boundary between two &%GeographicRegions.' s__PerimeterArea s__PerimeterArea__t 'A &%PerimeterArea is a region that extends outward from a boundary with another region, surrounding or partially surrounding it, but which is not part of that other region. See &%BorderFn and &%PerimeterAreaFn.' s__PerimeterAreaFn__m '(&%PerimeterAreaFn ?REGION) denotes a class including any peripheral zones extending outward from the &%Region ?REGION.' s__MaritimeClaimsTerritorialSeaFn__m '(&%MaritimeClaimsTerritorialSeaFn ?REGION) denotes a peripheral zones of maritime control extending outward from the &%Region ?REGION.' s__UniformPerimeterArea s__InnerBoundaryFn__m '(&%InnerBoundaryFn ?REGION) denotes the inner boundary of the &%Region ?REGION, where ?REGION has an inner and outer &%orientation with respect to another object.' s__OuterBoundaryFn__m '(&%OuterBoundaryFn ?REGION) denotes the outer boundary of the &%Region ?REGION, where ?REGION has an inner and outer &%orientation with respect to another object.' s__UniformPerimeterArea__t 'A &%UniformPerimeterArea is one that has a defined uniform &%width.' s__Outside s__totalCoastline__m '(&%totalCoastline ?AREA ?COASTLENGTH) means that the total length of all boundaries between the &%GeographicArea ?AREA and the ocean is the &%LengthMeasure ?COASTLENGTH. The coastline counted may be discontinuous and may even be along different oceans (as in &%Columbia). A &%totalCoastline of zero indicates a &%LandlockedArea. Note that only &%Ocean coastlines are counted, not any shores with inland waters.' s__LandlockedArea s__LandlockedArea__t '&%LandlockedArea is the class of &%LandAreas that lack access to an &%Ocean or to a &%Waterway providing a link to the ocean.' s__Seacoast s__UnitOfLength s__MaritimeClaimArea s__Ocean s__SaltWaterArea s__claimedTerritory__m s__dependentGeopoliticalArea__m '(&%claimedTerritory ?AREA ?POLITY) means that some right over the &%GeographicArea ?AREA is claimed by the &%Agent or &%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY. If two politically independent states or agents claim the same area, that area is a disputed territory.' s__maritimeClaimType__m '(&%maritimeClaimType ?POLITY ?TYPE) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY claims rights over a &%MaritimeClaimArea of ?TYPE.' 'A &%MaritimeClaimArea is a &%GeographicArea delimited by a geopolitical states claim, under the &%LawOfTheSea, of rights to certain resources, activities, or jurisdiction in the claimed area. &%MaritimeClaimAreas can pertain to &%WaterAreas, &%SubmergedLandAreas, and &%Airspace.' s__MaritimeContiguousZone s__MaritimeContiguousZone__t '&%MaritimeContiguousZone is the subclass of &%MaritimeClaimArea that includes areas over which a geopolitical state may exercise some control of activities beyond the 12-mile zone of its &%TerritorialSea. In general, the authorized control is for preventing or punishing activities that would violate laws applying within the 12-mile zone (that is, authorization to chase and intercept). According to the &%LawOfTheSea, a &%MaritimeContiguousZone may extend up to 24 nautical miles from the coast.' s__MaritimeContiguousZoneFn__m '(&%MaritimeContiguousZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the &%MaritimeContiguousZone that is claimed by the &%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.' s__MaritimeShelfArea s__MaritimeClaimArea__t s__SubmergedLandArea s__MaritimeShelfArea__t s__SubmergedLandArea__t '&%MaritimeShelfArea is a subclass of &%MaritimeClaimArea that covers &%SubmergedLandAreas claimed by an adjacent geopolitical area. The &%LawOfTheSea defines the continental shelf as extending up to 200 miles (NM) offshore and including the resources found therein. The defined claim area does not correspond exactly to a geological &%ContinentalShelf, but if there is one, the two areas will overlap spatially.' "200" s__ContinentalShelf s__MaritimeShelfAreaFn__m '(&%MaritimeShelfAreaFn ?POLITY) denotes the &%MaritimeShelfArea that is claimed by the &%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.' s__MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone s__MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone__t '&%MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone is the subclass of &%MaritimeClaimArea that represents the offshore area that coastal nations can claim for fishing and other uses of the ocean water and seabed found there.' s__MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZoneFn__m '(&%MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the &%MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone that is claimed by the &%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.' s__ExclusiveFishingZone s__ExclusiveFishingZone__t '&%ExclusiveFishingZone is the subclass of &%MaritimeClaimArea including offshore areas over which a nation claims exclusive jurisdiction only for fishing purposes (cf. &%MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone). Zone widths vary up to 200 miles (NM).' s__ExclusiveFishingZoneFn__m '(&%ExclusiveFishingZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the &%ExclusiveFishingZone that is claimed by the &%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.' s__ExtendedFishingZone s__ExtendedFishingZone__t '&%ExtendedFishingZone is the subclass of &%MaritimeClaimArea that includes offshore areas over which a nation claims fishing rights, beyond that nations &%ExclusiveFishingZone. Zone widths vary, from as little as 12 miles (NM) up to a width of 200 miles (NM).' s__ExtendedFishingZoneFn__m '(&%ExtendedFishingZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the ExtendedFishingZoneFn that is claimed by the &%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY, beyond its &%ExclusiveFishingZone.' s__TerritorialSea s__TerritorialSea__t '&%TerritorialSea is the class of contiguous waters over which a &%GeopoliticalArea claims jurisdiction in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the &%LawOfTheSea (LOS), Part II. A territorial sea may be up to 12 miles (&%NauticalMiles) in breadth. A subclass of &%MaritimeClaimArea.' s__TerritorialSeaFn__m '(&%TerritorialSeaFn ?POLITY) denotes the &%TerritorialSea that is claimed by the &%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.' s__climateTypeInArea__m s__ClimateZone '(&%climateTypeInArea ?TYPE ?REGION) means that all or &%part of the &%GeographicArea ?REGION is of the &%ClimateZone ?TYPE.' '&ClimateZone is a subclass of &%GeographicArea in which regions are classified according to their long-term weather conditions. The subclasses of &%ClimateZone are based on the Koeppen Climate Classification system. In the Koeppen system, climate zones are distinguished based on temperatures and rainfall.' s__TropicalClimateZone s__TropicalClimateZone__t '&%TropicalClimateZone is a subclass of &%ClimateZone in which the average temperature of the coldest month is greater than 18 degrees Celsius. This is Class A in the Koeppen climate classification system.' "18" s__CelsiusDegree s__averageRainfallForPeriod__m '(averageRainfallForPeriod ?AREA ?MO ?AMOUNT) means that ?AREA receives ?AMOUNT of rain in month ?MO in an average year. Note that ?AMOUNT is a linear measure indicating the depth of water that would accumulate over ?AREA if all water were captured.' s__WetTropicalClimateZone s__WetTropicalClimateZone__t '&%WetTropicalClimateZone is the subclass of &%TropicalClimateZone that is characterized by having no dry months. At least 60 mm of rainfall occur in the driest month. This is subtype Af in the Koeppen climate system.' s__MonsoonClimateZone s__MonsoonClimateZone__t '&%MonsoonClimateZone is the class of &%TropicalClimateZones in which there is a short dry season between rains heavy enough to keep the ground wet all through the year. This is Koeppen climate system subtype Aw.' s__AridClimateZone '&%AridClimateZone is the class of regions in which the climate is characterized by a distinct dry season. Annual rate of moisture evaporation exceeds annual rate of precipitation. This is Class B in the Koeppen climate system.' s__SteppeClimateZone s__SteppeClimateZone__t s__AridClimateZone__t '&%SteppeClimateZone is the class of &%AridClimateZones where the dominant vegetation type is grasses, with no trees. Koeppen system BS.' s__DesertClimateZone s__DesertClimateZone__t 'DesertClimateZone is the class of &%AridClimateZones characterized by sparse, desert vegetation. Koeppen system BW.' s__SubtropicalDesertClimateZone s__SubtropicalDesertClimateZone__t '&%SubtropicalDesertClimateZone is a subclass of &%DesertClimateZone that is characterized by an average temperature greater than 18 degrees Celsius, as well as very low rainfall. This is Koeppen system BWh.' s__MiddleLatitudeDesertClimateZone s__MiddleLatitudeDesertClimateZone__t '&%MiddleLatitudeDesertClimateZone is the subclass of &%DesertClimateZone characterized by a cool dry climate typical of middle latitude deserts. This is subtype BWk in the Keoppen climate system.' s__SemiaridClimateZone s__SemiaridClimateZone__t s__TemperateClimateZone s__TemperateClimateZone__t s__ClimateZone__t '&%TemperateClimateZone is the subclass of &%ClimateZone whose warmest month has an average temperature greater than 10 degrees Celsius and whose coolest month has an average temperature between 18 degrees and -3 degrees Celsius. This is Class C in the Koeppen climate system.' "-3" s__MediterraneanClimateZone s__MediterraneanClimateZone__t '&%MediterraneanClimateZone is a subclass of &%TemperateClimateZone that is characterized by mild, cool, wet winters and warm dry summers. Mediterranean shores are the archetype, but the Mediterranean climate is also found elsewhere.' s__WinterSeason s__SummerSeason s__ContinentalClimateZone s__ContinentalClimateZone__t '&%ContinentalClimateZone is a subclass of &%TemperateClimateZone that is characterized by cold winters and hot summers.' s__MidlatitudeContinentalClimateZone s__MidlatitudeContinentalClimateZone__t '&%MidlatitudeContinentalClimateZone is a subclass of &%TemperateClimateZone that is characterized by cool winters and hot summers.' s__TemperateWinterDryClimateZone s__TemperateWinterDryClimateZone__t '&%TemperateWinterDryClimateZone is a subclass of &%TemperateClimateZone characterized by having at least 10 times as much precipitation in the wettest summer month as in the driest winter month. Koeppen climate system type Cw.' s__TemperateSummerDryClimateZone s__TemperateSummerDryClimateZone__t '&%TemperateSummerDryClimateZone is the subclass of &%TemperateClimateZone that is characterized by dry summers, and in which the wettest winter month has at least three times the moisture of the driest summer month. The driest month has less than an average of 30 mm of precipitation. Koeppen climate system type Cs.' s__ColdClimateZone '&%ColdClimateZone is the subclass of &%ClimateZone that is characterized by a warmest month with average temperature less than 10 degrees Celsius and a coldest month with average temperature less than -3 degrees Celsius. This is Koeppen climate system Type D.' s__ColdDampClimateZone s__ColdDampClimateZone__t '&%ColdDampClimateZone is the subclass of &%ColdClimateZone that is characterized by having more than 30 mm of precipitation in the driest month. This is subtype Df in the Koeppen climate system.' s__DryWinterColdClimateZone s__DryWinterColdClimateZone__t s__ColdClimateZone__t '&%DryWinterColdClimateZone is a subclass of &%ColdClimateZone that is characterized by having at least ten times as much precipitation in the wettest summer month as in the driest winter month. This is Koeppen climate system subtype Dw.' s__PolarClimateZone '&%PolarClimateZone is a subclass of &%ClimateZone characterized by having an average temperature less than 10 degrees Celsius in the warmest month. This is Koeppen climate system Type E. No agriculture is supported in polar climates.' s__TundraClimateZone s__TundraClimateZone__t s__PolarClimateZone__t 'TundraClimateZone is a subclass of &%PolarClimateZone characterized by having an average temperature above zero degrees Celsius (but below 10 degrees) in the warmest month. Koeppen subtype ET.' s__PolarTypeFClimateZone s__PolarTypeFClimateZone__t '&%PolarTypeFClimateZone is a subclass of &%PolarClimateZone characterized by having no month in which the temperature rises to 10 degrees Celsius or above.' s__rainySeasonInArea__m '(&%rainySeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) means that in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA, the rainy or wet season occurs during the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL. For example, (&%rainySeasonInArea &%Angola (&%RecurringTimeIntervalFn &%November &%April)).' s__warmSeasonInArea__m '(&%warmSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) means that in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA, the warm season occurs during the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL.' s__drySeasonInArea__m '(&%drySeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) means that in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA, the dry season occurs during the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL. For example, (&%drySeasonInArea &%Angola (&%RecurringTimeIntervalFn &%May &%October)).' s__coolSeasonInArea__m '(&%coolSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) means that in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA, the cool season occurs during the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL. For example, (&%coolSeasonInArea &%Angola (&%RecurringTimeIntervalFn &%May &%October' s__hotSeasonInArea__m '(&%hotSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) means that in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA, the hot season occurs during the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL. For example, (&%hotSeasonInArea &%Angola (&%RecurringTimeIntervalFn &%November &%April)).' s__coldSeasonInArea__m '(&%coldSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) means that in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA, the cold season occurs during the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL.' s__SpringSeason s__March s__May s__June s__August s__FallSeason s__September s__November s__December s__February s__slopeGradient__m '(&%slopeGradient ?AREA ?SLOPE) means that in the &%LandArea ?AREA there is an incline of ?slope, where ?SLOPE is the percent of vertical rise over horizontal distance. &%slopeGradient gives an approximate value for nonzero slope over ?AREA, without regard to orientation. For example, (&%slopeGradient ?AREA 0.10) means that there is a 10% incline across the area, without specifying the orientation in which the land rises or falls. Also see &%slopeGradientTowardsOrientation.' s__slopeGradientTowardsOrientation__m s__RationalNumber '(&%slopeGradientTowardsOrientation ?AREA ?DIRECTION ?SLOPE) means that in the &%LandArea ?AREA, there is an incline of ?SLOPE towards the &%DirectionalAttribute ?DIRECTION. ?SLOPE is a &%RationalNumber representing the percent of vertical rise over horizontal distance.' s__Uphill '&%Uphill is a &%PositionalAttribute that describes the relation between two things, one of which is located up a slope from the other.' s__Downhill '&%Downhill is a &%PositionalAttribute that describes the relation between two things, one of which is located down a slope from the other.' s__terrainInArea__m s__TerrainAttribute '(&%terrainInArea ?AREA ?ATTRIBUTE) means that the &%GeographicArea ?AREA is or includes a region with the features of &%TerrainArea ?ATTRIBUTE.' '&%TerrainAttribute is a class of &%Attributes that describe terrain.' s__FlatTerrain '&%FlatTerrain is a &%TerrainAttribute describing regions within which there is very little variation in &%altitude.' "0.005" s__LowTerrain s__TerrainAttribute__t '&%LowTerrain is terrain in which the slope is less than 3%.' "0.03" s__SteepTerrain 'A &%TerrainAttribute of a region in which there is a wide variation in &%elevation and &%slopeGradients of more than 10%.' "0.1" s__MountainousTerrain 'An area of &%MountainousTerrain is an area of rugged terrain in which there are many mountains.' s__UplandArea s__Mountain s__MountainRange s__FertileTerrain '&%FertileTerrain describes an area that has the type of soil and climate conditions needed to produce good quality crops.' s__Agriculture s__eventLocated__m s__Yellow s__GeologicallyStable '&%GeologicallyStable is a &%TerrainAttribute of a &%GeographicArea in which the geological substructure is stable, i.e., there are no active &%Volcanoes, no major fault lines, no blasting or other destabilizing activity.' s__Volcano s__VolcanicallyActive s__VolcanicEruption s__EarthTremor s__GeologicalFault s__elevation__m '(&%elevation ?OBJECT ?HEIGHT) means that the physical &%Object ?OBJECT is located on the surface of &%PlanetEarth at the vertical distance ?HEIGHT above (or below, for a negative quantity) &%SeaLevel. ?OBJECT may be a &%superficialPart of Earths surface, such as a &%GeographicArea. Elevation is measured from &%SeaLevel to the vertical top of the object.' s__PlanetEarth s__SeaLevel s__Vertical s__LandForm s__ElevationLowPointFn__m '(&%ElevationLowPointFn ?AREA) denotes the area within the &%GeographicArea ?AREA that has the lowest &%elevation.' s__ElevationHighPointFn__m '(&%ElevationHighPointFn ?AREA) denotes the area within the &%GeographicArea ?AREA that has the highest &%elevation.' s__naturalResourceTypeInArea__m '(&%naturalResourceTypeInArea ?REGION ?TYPE) means that the &%GeographicArea ?REGION has resources of the kind ?TYPE.' s__Barite s__Barite__t barite '&%Barite is Barium Sulfate occurring as a mineral.' s__BrownCoal s__BrownCoal__t 'brown coal' lignite '&%BrownCoal is a soft &%Coal harder than peat and softer than bituminous coal. Also called lignite, it is brownish in color.' s__Chromite 'A mineral that consists of an oxide of iron and chromium.' s__Chromite__t chromite s__Coal__t coal '&%Coal is a black or brownish black solid combustible substance formed by the partial decomposition of vegetable matter without free access of air and under the influence of moisture and often increased pressure and temperature. &%Coal is a sedimentary rock containing a high proportion of carbon.' s__HydropowerWaterArea s__HydropowerWaterArea__t '&%HydropowerWaterArea is the class of &%WaterAreas with waterflow strength adequate for the production of hydropower.' s__NaturalGas__t 'natural gas' '&%NaturalGas is a combustible mixture of methane and higher hydrocarbons.' s__Phosphate s__Phosphate__t phosphate '&%Phospate is a salt or ester of a phosphoric acid.' s__Potash__t potash '&%Potash is a Potassium carbonate from wood ashes or a potassium compound.' s__Talc s__Talc__t talc '&%Talc is a very soft &%Mineral that is a basic silicate of magnesium.' s__ArableLand s__ArableLand__t '&%ArableLand is the subclass of &%LandArea that represents land in cultivation with crops that are replanted after each harvest, e.g., wheat and rice.' s__arableLandArea__m '(&%arableLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that the &%GeographicArea ?REGION has ?AMOUNT of land under cultivation with crops that are replanted after each harvest. ?AMOUNT may be expressed in physical units or with a percent or fraction. Cf. &%permanentCropLandArea.' s__PermanentCropLand s__PermanentCropLand__t '&%PermanentCropLand is the subclass of &%LandArea that represents land cultivated for crops that are produced without replanting after every harvest, such as fruit trees, coffee, rubber, nuts, and vineyards. Does not include timberland. Cf. &%arableLandArea.' s__permanentCropLandArea__m '(&%permanentCropLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that the &%GeographicArea ?REGION has ?AMOUNT of land under cultivation with crops that are not replanted after each harvest. This includes orchards, vineyards, coffee and rubber plantations. Timberland is excluded. ?AMOUNT may be expressed in physical units or with a percent or fraction. Cf. &%permanentCropLandArea.' s__otherLandUseArea__m 'This predicate is used to represent information from the CIA World Fact Book. (&%otherLandUseArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that in the &%GeographicArea ?REGION, the ?AMOUNT of land has some use other than planting seasonal or permanent crops. ?AMOUNT may be expressed in physical units or with a percent or fraction. See also &%arableLandArea and &%permanentLandArea.' s__IrrigatedLand s__IrrigatedLand__t '&%IrrigatedLand is the subclass of &%LandArea representing land whose water supply is artificially supplied or supplemented.' s__irrigatedLandArea__m '(&%irrigatedLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that the &%GeographicArea ?REGION has the ?AMOUNT of irrigated land. ?AMOUNT may be expressed in physical units or with a percent or fraction.' s__naturalHazardTypeInArea__m '(&%naturalHazardTypeInArea ?AREA ?TYPE) means that in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA, &%Processes of ?TYPE occur with some frequency and may cause damage or danger to human lives and property.' s__AvalancheProcess s__Impelling s__AvalancheProcess__t '&%AvalancheProcess is a subclass of &%Motion that represents events in which a loosened mass of snow, ice, rock, or earth rapidly descends a steep slope, with a destructive force.' s__LandslideProcess s__LandslideProcess__t '&%LandslideProcess is a subclass of &%Motion that represents events in which a loosened mass of mud, dirt, or rock slides down a slope, by the force of gravity.' s__Drought s__WeatherProcess s__Drought__t '&%Drought is the subclass of &%WeatherProcess that represents long periods without precipitation, which is damaging to crops, livestock, and human life.' s__Raining s__Earthquake s__GeologicalProcess s__Earthquake__t '&%Earthquake is the class of events in which the earth shakes while its layers readjust due to tensional stresses in the surface of the earth. A single earthquake may consist of one or more &%EarthTremors.' 'An &%EarthTremor is an individual seismic event in which the earth shakes due to release of seismic pressures.' s__Aftershock s__Aftershock__t s__EarthTremor__t '&%Aftershock is the subclass of &%EarthTremors that occur after the main tremor(s) of an &%Earthquake.' 'Richter magnitude' s__RichterMagnitude 'Richter scale' 'A &%RichterMagnitude is a measure of the severity of an &%EarthTremor. For example, (&%MeasureFn 6.5 RichterMagnitude) denotes the value of 6.5 on the Richter scale.' '&%GeologicalFault is the subclass of &%GeographicAreas in which there is a fracture in the Earths crust and differential movement can occur on the two sides of the fault. Such movement results in &%EarthTremors and is the cause of &%Earthquakes.' s__DipSlipFault s__DipSlipFault__t s__GeologicalFault__t s__NormalFault s__NormalFault__t s__ThrustFault s__ThrustFault__t s__StrikeSlipFault s__StrikeSlipFault__t s__ForestFire s__ForestFire__t s__Forest s__GrassFire s__GrassFire__t s__Hurricane s__TropicalCyclone s__Hurricane__t s__TropicalCyclone__t s__Permafrost s__Tornado s__Tornado__t s__Tsunami s__Tsunami__t '&%Tsunami is the class of highly destructive ocean waves caused by offshore seismic processes.' '&%VolcanicEruption is the subclass of &%GeologicalProcesses in which &%Volcanoes erupt.' s__Heating s__environmentalProblemTypeInArea__m '(&%environmentalProblemTypeInArea ?AREA ?PROBLEM) means that objects or processes of type ?PROBLEM is an environmental problem in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA.' s__Acidification s__Combining s__Acidification__t '&%Acidification is the process of lowering soil and water pH due to acid rain or other types of acid deposition. Potential harmful effects include killing freshwater fish and plants.' s__AirPollution s__Pollution s__AirPollution__t s__Pollution__t '&%AirPollution is the subclass of &%Pollution processes in which air is contaminated.' s__AcidRainfall s__AcidRainfall__t '&%AcidRainfall is the subclass of &%Raining in which the precipitate contains harmful amounts of sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide. The standard for acid rain is below 5.6 pH.' pH s__PHValue s__NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure '&%PHValue (pH) is a &%UnitOfMeasure used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. The pH of a neutral solution is 7. Acid solutions have a pH value less than seven. Alkaline solutions have a value greater than seven.' "14" "5.6" s__CarbonDioxideEmission s__CarbonDioxideEmission__t s__Afforestation s__Planting s__Afforestation__t '&%Afforestation is the process of planting trees and plants on spaces that are either empty or in agricultural use.' '&%Planting is the class of processes in which botanical &%Plants are planted or transplanted, whether as seeds, seedlings, or mature plants.' s__Reforestation s__Reforestation__t s__Planting__t '&%Reforestation is the process of replanting trees on land where they were cut or burned.' s__NonFullyFormed s__Asbestos s__Asbestos__t '&%Asbestos is a &%Mineral.' s__BiodiversityAttribute s__BiodiversityAttribute__t '&%BiodiversityAttribute is the class of &%Attributes that describe the level of biodiversity present in a &%GeographicArea or &%Ecosystem.' s__LowBiodiversity s__MediumBiodiversity s__HighBiodiversity s__bioindicatorForHabitat__m '(&%bioindicatorForHabitat ?AREA ?SPECIES) means that the health of the individuals in ?SPECIES indicates the condition of their habitat in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA.' s__totalBiomass__m '(&%totalBiomass ?PLACE ?MASS) means that the total amount (in weight or volume) of living matter in the &%Region ?PLACE is ?MASS.' s__CarbonCycle s__CarbonCycle__t '&%CarbonCycle is the class of &%GeologicalProcesses in which carbon in various forms is passed between air, water, earth, and the biosphere.' s__WaterCatchment s__WaterCatchment__t '&%WaterCatchment is the subclass of &%Artifacts used to capture rainwater or runoff as a source of &%Freshwater.' s__DDT s__DDT__t 'dichoro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane' 'DDT' '&%DDT (dichoro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane) is a highly toxic insecticide also harmful to most other animal species. DDT was banned in the &%UnitedStates in 1972.' s__Defoliant s__PureSubstance s__Defoliant__t '&%Defoliant is the class of substances that are used to make plants lose their leaves, typically used in agriculture or warfare. Defoliants may have detrimental environmental side effects.' s__Deforestation s__Deforestation__t s__Desertification s__Desertification__t '&%Desertification represents the &%Process by which desert conditions are spread over an area.' s__Dredging s__Dredging__t s__Ecosystem s__Ecosystem__t '&%Ecosystem is a subclass of &%GeographicAreas considered together with their organisms and environment as a functioning whole.' s__Effluent s__Effluent__t '&%Effluent is a &%Substance that generically covers any waste matter that is released into the environment, including sewage and industrial pollutants.' s__EndangeredSpecies s__EndangeredSpecies__t '&%EndangeredSpecies is the subclass of &%Organism that includes plants and animals that are in danger of extinction from destruction of individuals or of habitat.' s__Erosion '&%Erosion is a wearing process on &%LandForms by wind, running water, ice, heat, and other processes, in which rock and soil material are removed from one area and deposited elsewhere.' '(? [V__SIZE2] : (s__instance(V__SIZE2,s__PhysicalQuantity) & s__measure(V__LAND,V__SIZE2) & s__instance(V__SIZE2,s__VolumeMeasure) & less(V__SIZE2,V__SIZE1)))' s__Fishing s__Hunting s__Fishing__t '&%Fishing is the class of &%Processes in which &%Fish are hunted.' s__ForestDamage s__Damaging s__ForestDamage__t s__DriftnetFishing s__DriftnetFishing__t s__FreshwaterOverutilization s__SocialInteraction s__FreshwaterOverutilization__t s__Freshwater '&%Freshwater is the subclass of &%Water that has low soluble mineral content. See also &%PotableWater.' s__GreenhouseGas s__GreenhouseGas__t '&%GreenhouseGas is the subclass of substances that, when present in the atmosphere, trap infrared radiation and cause global warming. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapor.' s__Groundwater s__Groundwater__t '&%Groundwater is the subclass of &%Water that is found in deposits in the earth.' s__IndustrialPollution s__IndustrialPollution__t '&%IndustrialPollution is the subclass of &%Pollution characterized by pollutants that originate in industrial processes.' s__MetallurgicalPlant__t '&%MetallurgicalPlant is the subclass of &%Organization that includes metal refining and manufacturing plants. Such plants typically release extremely toxic waste which can pollute air and groundwater if not properly treated.' s__NoxiousSubstance s__NoxiousSubstance__t '&%NoxiousSubstance is the class of &%Substances that are harmful to &%Humans.' s__Overgrazing s__Overgrazing__t '&%Overgrazing is the class of processes in which grazing animals consume vegetation faster than it can regrow.' s__OzoneShield s__AtmosphericRegion s__earthAltitude__m 'The altitude of an object above the sea level of &%PlanetEarth' 'The &%OzoneShield is a layer in &%EarthsAtmosphere, located about 25 miles above Earths surface, composed of ozone gas that absorbs ultraviolent radiation from the Sun that can be damaging to living things.' s__Mile s__PesticidePollution s__PesticidePollution__t '&%PesticidePollution is the subclass of &%Pollution in which the pollutant is a pesticide.' s__Poaching s__Poaching__t '&%Poaching is the illegal killing of non-human animals.' '&%Pollution is the contamination of an environment by man-made wastes.' s__PotableWater s__PotableWater__t s__Freshwater__t '&%PotableWater is the subclass of &%Water that represents safely drinkable water.' s__ShortageFn__m '(&%ShortageFn ?TYPE) means that there is a shortage of objects of ?TYPE, which are used as &%resources.' s__Salination s__Salination__t '&%Salination is the class of processes in which either &%Freshwater or &%Topsoil becomes imbued with &%SodiumChloride from sea water or from the evaporation of irrigation water.' s__SodiumChloride s__Sanitation '&%Sanitation is the class of processes by which human waste and garbage are disposed of.' s__SewageDisposal s__SewageDisposal__t s__Sanitation__t s__SolidWasteDisposal s__SolidWasteDisposal__t s__Siltation s__Siltation__t '&%Siltation is the class of processes in which &%WaterAreas become filled in with silt or mud, due to soil &%Erosion.' s__SlashAndBurnAgriculture s__SlashAndBurnAgriculture__t '&%SlashAndBurnAgriculture is the subclass of &%Agriculture processes in which land is cleared by cutting and burning trees, and crops are farmed until the soil is depleted, at which point the plot is abandoned to regrowth. This rotational technique is viable only with low populations and infrequent re-use.' s__SoilDegradation s__SoilDegradation__t '&%SoilDegradation is a class of processes in which the productive capacity of soil is lowered by over-fertilization, overuse of pesticides, erosion, or soil compaction.' s__SoilErosion s__SoilErosion__t s__Erosion__t '&%SoilErosion is the subclass of &%Erosion in which the matter removed by wind or water is topsoil.' s__SoilSalination s__SoilSalination__t s__VehicularPollution s__VehicularPollution__t '&%VehicularPollution is the subclass of &%Pollution in which the pollutants are vehicle emissions.' s__WaterOverutilization s__WaterOverutilization__t s__WaterPollution s__WaterPollution__t '&%WaterPollution is the subclass of &%Pollution processes in which &%Water is the polluted substance.' s__InternationalAgreement s__InternationalAgreement__t '&%InternationalAgreement is the subclass of &%Agreements which are made by and between &%Nations.' s__DocumentFn__m '(&%DocumentFn ?PROP) denotes a class of &%Text objects that contain the information ?PROP.' s__Communication s__TreatyDocument s__TreatyDocument__t '&%TreatyDocument is the subclass of &%Texts that represent written agreements between &%Nations.' s__AgreementOrganizationFn__m '(&%AgreementOrganizationFn ?AGR) denotes the official &%Organization established by the &%Agreement ?AGR to administer or enforce the terms of that agreement.' s__OrganizationOfNations s__dateOpenedForSignature__m '(&%dateOpenedForSignature ?PROP ?DATE) means that as of a date indicated by ?DATE, document(s) may officially be signed (by the appropriate agents) to effect commitments to the &%Agreement ?PROP.' s__unratifiedSignatoryToAgreement__m '(&%unratifiedSignatoryToAgreement ?AGENT ?PROP) means that the &%Agent ?AGENT has signed a document to begin the process of committing to the &%Agreement ?PROP, but that a ratification process required to complete the commitment has not yet occurred.' s__SigningAnAgreement s__SigningAnAgreement__t '&%SigningAnAgreement is the class of actions in which an agent affixes a signature, stamp, or other evidence of authorization or attestation to a document. The document and signature may be electronic. Signings count as &%SocialInteractions even if done in private, because their significance derives from a social context.' s__LinguisticExpression s__AirPollutionConvention 'Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution' 'Air Pollution' s__AirPollution_NitrogenOxidesProtocol 'Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes' s__AirPollution_PeristentOrganicPollutantsProtocol 'Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants' s__AirPollution_Sulphur85Protocol 'Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or Their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30%' s__AirPollution_Sulphur94Protocol 'Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions' s__AirPollution_VolatileOrganicCompoundsProtocol 'Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes' s__Antarctic_EnvironmentalProtocol 'Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty' s__Antarctic_MarineLivingResourcesConvention 'Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources' 'Antarctic-Marine Living Resources' s__AntarcticSealsConvention 'Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals' 'Antarctic Seals' s__AntarcticTreaty 'Antarctic Treaty' "1959" "23" "1961" s__BiodiversityConvention 'Convention on Biological Diversity' s__ClimateChangeConvention 'United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change' 'Climate Change' s__ClimateChange_KyotoProtocol 'Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change' 'Kyoto Protocol' 'Climate Change Kyoto Protocol' s__DesertificationConvention 'United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought or Desertification, Particularly in Africa' 'Desertification' s__EndangeredSpeciesConvention 'Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna' 'EndangeredSpecies' 'CITES' s__EnvironmentalModificationConvention 'Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques' 'Environmental Modification' s__HazardousWastesConvention 'Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal' 'Basel Convention' 'Hazardous Wastes' s__LawOfTheSeaConvention 'United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea' 'Law of the Sea' 'LOS' s__MarineDumpingConvention 'Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter' 'Marine Dumping' 'London Convention' s__MarineLifeConservationConvention 'Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas' 'Marine Life Conservation' s__NuclearTestBanTreaty 'Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water' 'Nuclear Test Ban' s__OzoneLayerProtectionProtocol 'Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer' 'Ozone Layer Protection' 'Montreal Protocol' s__ShipPollutionProtocol 'Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973' 'Ship Pollution' 'MARPOL' s__TropicalTimber83Agreement 'International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983' 'Tropical Timber 83' s__TropicalTimber94Agreement 'International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994' 'Tropical Timber 94' s__WetlandsConvention 'Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat' 'Wetlands' 'Ramsar Convention' s__WhalingConvention 'International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling' 'Whaling' s__Star s__AstronomicalBody '&%Star is the class of hot gaseous astronomical bodies.' s__Sol s__Star__t '&%Sol is the nearest &%Star to &%PlanetEarth and the focus of its &%SolarSystem.' s__Sunlight s__SolarSystem s__SolarSystem__t '&%SolarSystem is the class of systems that consist of a star or stars and any encircling astronomical bodies.' '&%Satellite is the collection of bodies that revolve around some astronomical body, e.g., planets around a star. This class includes both artificial and &%NaturalSatellites.' s__orbits__m '(&%orbits ?SATELLITE ?FOCUS) means that the &%Object ?SATELLITE revolves around the &%AstronomicalBody ?FOCUS.' s__NaturalSatellite '&%NaturalSatellite is the class of large, naturally occurring astronomical bodies orbiting some other &%AstronomicalBody.' s__Moon s__Moon__t s__NaturalSatellite__t '&%Moon is the class of &%NaturalSatellites that orbit planets or large asteroids.' s__EarthsMoon 'EarthsMoon is the Moon of PlanetEarth.' s__Planet '&%Planet is the class of large &%NaturalSatellites that revolve around a star.' s__PlanetMercury s__PlanetVenus s__PlanetMars s__PlanetJupiter s__PlanetSaturn s__PlanetNeptune s__PlanetUranus s__PlanetPluto s__Planet__t s__Meteorite s__Meteoroid s__Meteorite__t s__Meteoroid__t 'Any &%Meteoroid that leaves traces on the surface of &%Earth.' 'According to the International Astronomical Union, a &%Meteoroid is a solid object moving in interplanetary space, of a size considerably smaller than an asteroid and considerably larger than an atom.' s__OuterSpaceRegion s__Hemisphere '&%Hemisphere is the class of &%GeographicAreas that are halves of the Earth, as traditionally divided into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres along the equator and into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres along a north-south line running 20xW and 160xE.' 'The half of the Earth that lies above the equator.' 'The half of the Earth that lies below the equator.' s__Hemisphere__t 'The half of the Earth that includes Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia.' 'The half of the Earth that includes North and South America.' 'Africa' 'South America' 'Antarctica' 'Europe' 'Asia' s__ArcticRegion 'Arctic' 'the Arctic' 'The area above the Artic Circle, which is 66 degrees 33 minutes and 38 seconds north latitude. It is dark for at least 24 hours at some point during the year, with an increasing period of yearly continuous darkness as one gets closer to the North Pole.' '(~ s__attribute(V__REGION,s__Illuminated))' s__Tropics 'Tropics' 'the Tropics' 'The &%Tropics is the region of &%PlanetEarth that lies between approximately 23 and one half degrees &%North latitude and 23 and one half degrees &%South latitude, encircling the globe. The Tropics. See also &%TropicArea.' s__AntarcticArea s__AntarcticArea__t 'The area below the AntarcticCircle, which is 66 degrees 33 minutes and 38 seconds south latitude. It is dark for at least 24 hours at some point during the year, with an increasing period of yearly continuous darkness as one gets closer to the South Pole.' s__oppositeDirection__m s__SymmetricRelation '(&%oppositeDirection ?DIR1 ?DIR2) means that the &%PositionalAttribute ?DIR1 points in the compass direction opposite to the &%DirectionalAttribute ?DIR2.' '&%Northeast represents the compass direction of Northeast.' '&%Southeast represents the compass direction of Southeast.' '&%Southwest represents the compass direction of Southwest.' '&%Northwest represents the compass direction of Northwest.' s__headingWRTTrueNorth__m s__PlaneAngleMeasure '(&%headingWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ ?DEGREE) means that the front-to-back axis of the &%Object ?OBJ points in the direction ?DEGREE, with respect to true North.' s__headingWRTMagneticNorth__m '(&%headingWRTMagneticNorth ?OBJ ?DEGREE) means that the front-to-back axis of the &%Object ?OBJ points in the direction ?DEGREE, with respect to magnetic North.' s__headingWRTCompassNorth__m '(&%headingWRTCompassNorth ?OBJ ?DEGREE) means that the front-to-back axis of the &%Object ?OBJ points in the direction ?DEGREE, according to the compass carried by ?OBJ.' s__courseWRTTrueNorth__m '(&%courseWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?HEADING) means that the course heading or track from ?OBJ1 to ?OBJ2 is ?HEADING, in &%AngularDegrees, with the reference point of 000 degrees being true North.' "270" "45" "135" "225" "315" s__magneticVariation__m '(&%magneticVariation ?AREA ?DEGREE ?DIRECTION) means that in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA, the magnetic variation of a compass from 000 degrees true is ?DEGREE &%AngularDegrees in ?DIRECTION (&%East or &%West).' s__courseWRTMagneticNorth__m '(&%courseWRTMagneticNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?HEADING) means that the course heading from ?OBJ1 to ?OBJ2 is ?HEADING in &%AngularDegrees, with the reference point of 000 degrees being the magnetic North pole.' s__courseWRTCompassNorth__m '(&%courseWRTCompassNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?HEADING) means that the course heading from ?OBJ1 to ?OBJ2 is ?HEADING in &%AngularDegrees, with the reference point of 000 degrees North as measured by compass on or at ?OBJ1.' s__relativeBearing__m '(&%relativeBearing ?OBJ1?OBJ2 ?DEGREES) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are separated by the amount ?DEGREES of &%PlaneAngleMeasure.' fathom s__Fathom s__FootLength '&%Fathom is a &%UnitOfMeasure used for measuring water depth. One fathom is equal to six feet.' 'nautical mile' '&%NauticalMile represents the international unit used for measuring distance in sea and air navigation. The unit is based on the length of a minute of arc of a great circle of &%PlanetEarth.' "6076.1" "1852" "1.852" "1.151" knot s__KnotUnitOfSpeed kt '&%KnotUnitOfSpeed is a unit for measuring speed. One &%KnotUnitOfSpeed is equal to one &%NauticalMile per one &%HourDuration.' s__HourDuration '&%SquareMeter represents a &%UnitOfMeasure equal to one square &%Meter.' s__SquareUnitFn__m '(&%SquareUnitFn ?UNIT) denotes the &%UnitOfMeasure that is the square of the &%UnitOfMeasure ?UNIT. For example, (&%SquareUnitFn (&%KiloFn &%Meter)) denotes the unit of a square kilometer.' 'A &%LandForm is the class of geographically and/or geologically distinct areas that occur on Earths surface, including mountains, hills, plains, valleys, deltas, and features of submerged land areas such as the ocean floor.' 'An &%UplandArea is a &%LandArea elevated above the surrounding terrain.' s__LowlandArea s__LowlandArea__t 'A &%LowlandArea is a land area lower than the surrounding region, and usually level land.' s__UndergroundArea s__UndergroundArea__t 'The class of regions &%located &%Below the surface of the earth.' s__Below s__MountainRange__t 'A &%MountainRange is a row or chain of connected mountains.' s__Mountain__t 'A &%Mountain is a high, rocky &%LandForm, usually with steep sides and a pointed or rounded top, and higher than a &%Hill.' s__SlopedArea s__Hill 'A &%Hill is a raised part of the earths surface with sloping sides - an old mountain which because of erosion has become shorter and more rounded.' 'A &%Volcano in the broadest sense, i.e., a region containing a vent through which magmous and/or pyroclastic materials are passed from the interior of the Earth to its surface (atmospheric or underwater).' s__VolcanoStatus s__VolcanoStatus__t s__VolcanicallyDormant s__VolcanicallyExtinct s__VolcanicMountain s__VolcanicMountain__t 'A &%VolcanicMountain is a cone-shaped mountain formed out of rock or ash thrown up from inside the earth, frequently with an opening or depression at the top.' s__VolcanicCone s__VolcanicCone__t s__Hill__t s__Volcano__t 'A &%VolcanicCone is a hill of lava or pyroclastics surrounding a volcanic vent. Not as high as a &%VolcanicMountain.' s__WatershedDivide s__WatershedDivide__t 'A &%WatershedDivide is a summit area, or narrow tract of higher ground that constitutes the watershed boundary between two adjacent drainage basins, it divides the surface waters that flow naturally in one direction from those that flow in the opposite direction.' s__SlopedArea__t 'A &%SlopedArea is a land surface which lies at an angle to the horizontal so that some points on it are higher than others, a slope.' s__Cliff s__Cliff__t 'A &%Cliff is any high, very-steep-to-perpendicular or overhanging face of rock or earth, a precipice.' "0.60" "1.20" s__Plateau s__Plateau__t 'A &%Plateau is a flat upland area with one steep face, elevated plain.' s__Mesa s__Mesa__t s__UplandArea__t 'A &%Mesa is a land formation having a relatively flat top and steep rock walls.' s__Butte s__Butte__t 'A &%Butte is an &%Upland raised sharply from the surrounding region. Smaller in area than a &%Mesa.' s__Piedmont s__Piedmont__t 'A &%Piedmont is a &%LandArea at the foot of mountains.' s__Plain 'A &%Plain is a broad, flat or gently rolling area, usually low in elevation.' s__Valley s__Valley__t 'A &%Valley is an area of low-lying land flanked by higher ground. Valleys typically contain a stream or river flowing along the valley floor.' s__Basin s__Basin__t 'A &%Basin is an area of land enclosed or partially enclosed by higher land.' s__Canyon s__Canyon__t 'A &%Canyon is a narrow valley with steep sides, usually created by erosion.' s__groundSurfaceType__m '(%&groundSurfaceType ?area ?substance) means that the predominant &%Substance at the ground surface of the &%LandArea ?area is ?substance.' s__groundSubsurfaceType__m '(&%groundSubsurfaceType ?area ?subsoil) means that the predominant &%Substance in the subsoil or subsurface layer of the &%LandArea ?area is of type ?subsoil.' s__Above s__SoilSolution s__Solution s__SoilSolution__t '&%SoilSolution is the liquid component of soils, which is largely water containing a number of mineral substances in solution, as well as comparatively large amounts of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide.' s__Loam s__Loam__t 'Type of soil intermediate in texture between clay and sand, consisting of a mixture of clay, sand, gravel, silt, and organic matter.' s__Gravel s__Silt s__BodySubstance s__Sand__t '&%Sand is loose fragments of minerals or rocks. Smaller than gravel and larger than silt and clay, sand particles range from 8/10,000 to 8/100 inch (0.02 to 2 millimeters) in diameter. &%Sand is formed by the &%Erosion of rocks through the action of water, ice, or air.' s__Silt__t '&%Silt is sand or earth which is carried along by flowing water and deposited at a bend in a river or at a rivers opening.' s__Centimeter "0.00002" s__Gravel__t '&%Gravel is small rounded stones, often mixed with sand.' s__Marble s__Marble__t 'A metamorphic &%Rock that is used in &%Constructing and in creating &%Sculptures.' s__Stone s__Stone__t 'A &%Stone is any small fragment of rock or mineral matter.' s__Salt__t 'A &%Salt is a chemical substance which is a combination of a metal or a base with an acid.' 'A &%BodyOfWater is a connected body of water with established boundaries marked by either geographical features or conventional borders.' s__WorldOcean 'world ocean' 'the ocean' 'The &%WorldOcean is the collective mass of sea water that covers 70% of the surface of &%PlanetEarth, surrounding all of its dry land areas. Earths individual &%Oceans are parts of the &%WorldOcean.' s__Ocean__t '&%Ocean is the class containing the oceans that are the major subdivisions of the &%WorldOcean. According to the International Hydrographic Association, there are five oceans: the &%AtlanticOcean, &%PacificOcean, &%IndianOcean, &%SouthernOcean, and &%ArcticOcean. Note: The largest oceans, the Atlantic and Pacific, are subdivided into Northern and Southern regions, but those regions are not separate &%Oceans.' s__AtlanticOcean 'Atlantic Ocean' '&%AtlanticOcean represents the Atlantic Ocean.' 'North Atlantic Ocean' 'North Atlantic' '&%NorthAtlanticOcean denotes the northern &%geographicSubregion of the &%AtlanticOcean.' 'South Atlantic Ocean' 'South Atlantic' '&%SouthAtlanticOcean denotes the southern &%geographicSubregion of the &%AtlanticOcean.' 'Pacific Ocean' '&%PacificOcean represents the Pacific Ocean.' s__NorthPacificOcean 'North Pacific Ocean' 'North Pacific' '&%NorthPacificOcean denotes the northern &%geographicSubregion of the &%PacificOcean.' s__SouthPacificOcean 'South Pacific Ocean' 'South Pacific' '&%SouthPacificOcean denotes the southern &%geographicSubregion of the &%PacificOcean.' 'Indian Ocean' '&%IndianOcean represents the Indian Ocean.' s__PersianGulf s__SouthernOcean 'Arctic Ocean' '&%ArcticOcean represents the Arctic Ocean.' 'Southern Ocean' '&%SouthernOcean represents the Southern Ocean.' "20327000" "65" "17968" greater__m s__CyclonicStorm s__Iceberg s__SeaIce "-7235" s__SouthSandwichTrench s__AntarcticCircumpolarCurrent s__WaterMotion "21000" s__OpenSea '&%OpenSea is the &%Attribute of a &%WaterArea that is open ocean beyond five &%NauticalMiles of land, also known as blue water.' s__LandlockedWater 'An &%Iceberg is a large chunk of ice that has broken off from a glacier and fallen into the sea. The larger part of an &%Iceberg floats underwater.' s__Sea '&%Sea is the class of smaller subdivisions of the &%WorldOcean, typically partially surrounded by land. However, for inland salt water bodies that are sometimes called Sea, see &%SaltLake.' s__MediterraneanSea s__CaribbeanSea s__BlackSea s__RedSea s__BeringSea s__Sea__t s__BalticSea s__ArabianSea s__NorthSea '&%SeaLevel designates the global Mean Sea Surface (MSS). Note that &%SeaLevel represents a &%GeographicArea that comprises all the local Mean Sea Level (MSL) areas used as references for measuring altitude. In fact, there are local variations in MSL, due to tides and long- and short- term weather conditions.' s__meanSeaLevel__m '(&%meanSeaLevel ?place ?measure) means that the Mean Sea Level (MSL) at ?place is ?measure. ?measure is a &%distance representing the sea level at ?place measured against a benchmark (and averaged over a long time). MSL is measured by tide gauges for maritime purposes, while geodesists use the difference between the local sea surface and an ideal level ocean surface (the geoid).' s__DatumFn__m '(&%DatumFn ?place) denotes the point of MLLW (Mean Lower Low Water) used as the initial data point for a coastal or &%WaterArea given on a nautical chart. High and low tides are calculated with reference to this point.' s__FlowFn__m s__FlowRegion '(&%FlowFn ?FLUID) denotes the &%Motion process associated with the constitutive &%pieces of the &%FlowRegion ?FLUID.' s__FlowRegionFn__m '(&%FlowRegionFn ?FLOW) denotes the region in which the coherent &%LiquidMotion process ?FLOW is occurring.' s__WaterCurrent s__WaterCurrent__t '&%WaterCurrent is a subclass of &%FlowRegions consisting of moving water, especially those currents found within a well-identified area and having an established pattern of movement, such as an &%OceanCurrent, a &%RipTide, or a &%River. &%WaterCurrent is &%disjoint with &%StaticWaterArea. As a consequence, &%Lakes for example cannot be &%FlowRegions, however, currents may be present in a lake.' s__StaticWaterArea s__Tide s__Tide__t 'A &%Tide is a vertical movement of the water level in a &%BodyOfWater due to the gravitational attraction between Earth and the moon. Tides are diurnally recurrent events. In most regions with tides, every day there are two high tides and two low tides. &%MixedTide represents a process in which the tides at either extreme are unequal.' s__TidalProcess s__InternalChange s__TidalProcess__t '&%TidalProcess is the class of daily recurring events in which the water level in a &%BodyOfWater rises and falls with the changing position between Earth and the Moon.' s__LowTide '&%LowTide is the class of &%TidalProcesses that occur twice a day in marine waters, in which the water level falls below the mean sea level.' s__LowerLowTide s__LowerLowTide__t s__LowTide__t '&%LowerLowTide is the subclass of &%LowTide processes that occur in marine waters with a &%MixedTideProcess.' s__HighTide '&%HighTide is the class of &%TidalProcesses that occur twice a day in marine waters, in which the water level rises above the mean sea level.' s__HigherHighTide s__HigherHighTide__t s__HighTide__t '&%HigherHighTide is the subclass of &%HighTide processes that occur in marine waters with a &%MixedTideProcess.' s__MixedTideProcess s__MixedTideProcess__t '&%MixedTideProcess is the subclass of &%TidalProcesses consisting of daily cycles in which the two low and two high tides are of unequal height. In areas with this kind of pattern, the chart (based on average low water) is determined by the Mean Lower Low Water.' s__highTide__m '(&%highTide ?PLACE ?TIME ?AMOUNT) means that there is a &%HighTide at the &$Region ?PLACE at the &%TimeInterval ?TIME with the relative height ?AMOUNT. The height is given in relation to the datum on a standard chart.' s__lowTide__m '(&%lowTide ?PLACE ?TIME ?AMOUNT) means that there is a &%LowTide at the &$Region ?PLACE at the &%TimeInterval ?TIME with the relative height ?AMOUNT. The height is given in relation to the datum on a standard chart.' s__LittoralCurrent '&%LittoralCurrent is the subclass of &%WaterCurrents that occur near a &%ShoreArea. Examples include &%TidalEbb, &%TidalFlow, and &%RipCurrents.' s__TidalFlow s__TidalFlow__t '&%TidalFlow is the subclass of &%WaterCurrents that are temporary and variable, but regular, currents of ocean water flowing landward up to and during the time of high tide. Alternating with &%TidalEbb.' s__TidalEbb s__TidalEbb__t '&%TidalEbb is the subclass of &%WaterCurrents that are temporary and variable, but regular, currents of ocean water flowing seaward up to and during the time of low tide. Alternating with &%TidalFlow.' s__TidalBore s__TidalBore__t s__LittoralCurrent__t 'A &%TidalBore is an unusally high, fast tidal inflow from the sea, resulting from a high volume of water rushing from a wide-mouthed bay or &%Estuary into narrower landward areas.' s__RipCurrent s__RipCurrent__t 'A &%RipCurrent is a fast narrow surface current that flows seaward from a &%ShoreArea.' s__LandlockedWater__t '&%LandlockedWater includes water areas that are surrounded by land, including salt lakes, fresh water lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and (more or less) wetlands.' s__SaltLake '&%SaltLake is the class of landlocked bodies of salt water, including those referred to as Seas, e.g., the &%CaspianSea. But note that the &%MediterraneanSea is a &%Sea.' s__CaspianSea 'Caspian Sea' s__AralSea 'Aral Sea' s__GreatSaltLake 'Great Salt Lake' s__DeadSea s__SaltLake__t 'Dead Sea' s__SaltonSea 'Salton Sea' s__LakeEyre 'Lake Eyre' s__KokoNor 'Koko Nor' 'Qinghai Hu' s__LakeBakhtegan 'Lake Bakhtegan' s__PoopoLake 'Poopo Lake' s__LakeMareotis 'Lake Mareotis' 'Lake Maryut' s__LakeWalker 'Lake Walker' s__LakeTorrens 'Lake Torrens' s__Gulf '&%Gulf is the class of extensions of a &%Sea or &%Ocean that reach into a land mass or are partially enclosed by a &%LandArea. A &%Gulf is typically larger than a &%Bay.' s__Bay 'Persian Gulf' s__StraitOfHormuz s__GulfOfOman s__Gulf__t 'Gulf of Oman' s__GulfOfAden 'Gulf of Aden' 'Gulf of Mexico' s__Estuary s__Inlet s__Estuary__t s__Inlet__t '&%Estuary is the subclass of &%BodyOfWater that represents &%WaterAreas where a sea or ocean &%Tide meets a &%River current.' s__RiverMouth '&%Inlet is the class of bays or other recesses into the shore of a lake, sea, or river, includes &%InletPassages, which are passages leading from open water through some barrier to a bay or lagoon.' s__FreshWaterArea s__InletPassage s__InletPassage__t '&%InletPassage is the class of water passages connecting an area of open water to a bay or lagoon, through some land barrier(s) close on either side.' s__Bay__t '&%Bay is the class of extensions of a body of water (salt or fresh) that reach into the land, usually smaller than a &%Gulf.' s__Cove s__Cove__t 'A &%Cove is a small part of a body of water that reaches into a coast.' s__Sound s__Sound__t 'A &%Sound is a long, relatively narrow waterway lying along the shore of a land mass and protected from open water by another land area, an island or group of islands. Some sounds open at both ends into the same body of water (e.g., Long Island Sound), while others connect two different bodies of water (e.g., Melville Sound). A &%Sound may occur in salt or fresh water bodies. Generally wider than a &%Strait.' s__Strait s__Strait__t 'Strait is the subclass of &%BodyOfWater that consists of narrow water areas connecting two larger bodies of water. Straits are naturally occurring bodies of water.' 'Strait of Hormuz' s__Channel s__Channel__t 'A &%Channel is a narrow deep waterway connecting two larger bodies of water. May be natural or dredged, salt or fresh water.' s__InlandWaterSystem s__InlandWaterSystem__t 'An instance of &%InlandWaterSystem comprises two or more lakes or rivers, canals, or other waterways that are interconnected.' s__LakeRegion s__LakeRegion__t 'A &%LakeRegion is a &%GeographicArea including land surrounding one or more &%Lakes.' s__Lake s__StreamWaterArea s__flows__m s__tributary__m s__connected__m '(&%flows ?FLUID1 ?FLUID2) means that the &%Physical ?FLUID1 moves towards the &%Physical ?FLUID2, to which it is &%connected.' s__Upstream s__Downstream s__connectedDownstream__m '(&%connectedDownstream ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is connected, remotely or immediately, with ?OBJ2 along a directed system such as a &%RiverSystem.' '&%River is the class of large streams of fresh water flowing through land into a lake, ocean, or other body of water.' s__StreamWaterConfluence s__StreamWaterConfluence__t 'A &%StreamWaterConfluence is the place where a stream or other tributary joins a river.' s__RiverSystem s__RiverSystem__t 'A &%RiverSystem comprises all the tributary streams and rivers (&%StreamWaterAreas) that drain along converging paths into the main river of the system, which discharges into a &%StaticWaterArea.' s__Waterfall s__Waterfall__t '&%Waterfall is the subclass of &%StreamWaterAreas where running water falls steeply downhill.' s__flowCurrent__m 'The relation between &%WaterMotion &%Processes and the region in which they occur continuously over at least hours, but typically months or years. A water balloon bursting and flowing downhill would not use this relation, because there would be no &%StreamWaterArea to relate to.' s__Canal s__Waterway s__Canal__t s__Waterway__t '&%Canal is the subclass of navigable &%Waterways flowing through an artificial course. Typically, a canal is a &%Transitway connecting two bodies of water.' s__CanalStructure s__CanalStructure__t 'A &%CanalStructure is the constructed framework, including &%Locks, that contains the waters of a &%Canal.' s__Dam s__Dam__t '&%Dam is the subclass of &%StationaryArtifacts that are walls built across a stream or river to hold back water.' s__Reservoir s__Reservoir__t 'A &%Reservoir is an artifically made (or artifically enlarged) holding area where water is collected and stored for future use.' s__ReservoirLake s__ReservoirLake__t s__Lake__t 'A &%ReservoirLake is an artifically made (or artifically enlarged) lake used for water collection and storage.' s__Rapids s__Rapids__t '&%Rapids is the class of &%WaterAreas that are parts of a &%StreamWaterArea where the currents move swiftly over rocks.' s__RiverMouth__t '&%RiverMouth is the subclass of &%WaterAreas that are the outfalls of a river or stream into another body of water.' s__Creek s__Creek__t s__BodyOfWater__t 'Creek is the class of small streams of fresh water flowing through land, usually into a &%River.' s__streamOutfall__m '(&%streamOutfall ?WATER ?RIVER) means that the &%WaterArea ?MOUTH is the outfall of the &%River ?RIVER.' s__IrrigationChannel s__IrrigationChannel__t '&%IrrigationChannel is the class of artificially created channels used for transporting water to agricultural fields for &%Irrigating crops.' s__Irrigating s__Irrigating__t '&%Irrigating is the process of transporting and applying water to crops by artificial means.' '&%Lake is the subclass of &%BodyOfWater whose instances are naturally occurring static bodies of water surrounded by land.' s__CoastalPlain s__CoastalPlain__t '&%CoastalPlain is the class of broad plains areas adjacent to a &%Sea or &%Ocean. A coastal plain includes a narrower &%ShoreArea adjacent to a body of water.' s__ShoreArea s__RiverBank s__RiverBank__t s__LandForm__t 'A &%RiverBank is the &%ShoreArea adjacent to a river.' s__LittoralZone s__LittoralZone__t 'A &%LittoralZone is an area along the shore of a large body of water, especially an &%Ocean or &%Sea, including the area extending from the high tide mark out to a depth of 200 meters. The littoral zone is of interest for its land features, e.g., slope gradient and soil composition, including features of its &%SubmergedLandArea.' s__Delta s__Delta__t 'A &%Delta is a &%LandForm composed of silt or other alluvium, deposited at or near the mouth of a river or stream as it enters a body of relatively static water. Typically a delta is flat and fan-shaped.' 'A &%Peninsula is a piece of land that extends into a body of water and is surrounded on three sides by water. Typically connected by an &%Isthmus or neck of land that is narrower than its main portion (contrast with &%Cape).' s__Cape s__Cape__t 'A &%Cape is a piece of land projecting into a body of water.' s__Isthmus s__Isthmus__t 'An &%Isthmus is a narrow strip of land that connects two larger land masses and is bordered on two sides by water.' 'An &%Archipelago is a group of islands.' s__ArchipelagicArea s__ArchipelagicArea__t 'An &%ArchipelagicArea is a &%GeographicArea including an &%Archipelago and the surrounding &%WaterArea.' s__Reef s__Reef__t 'A &%Reef is a ridge of rock, coral, or sand at or near the surface of a &%WaterArea.' s__Coral s__Invertebrate s__Coral__t 'Corals are gastrovascular marine cnidarians (phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa) existing as small anemone-like polyps, typically forming colonies of many individuals. The group includes the important reef builders known as hermatypic corals, found in tropical oceans, and belonging to the subclass Zoantharia of order Scleractinia (formerly Madreporaria). The hermatypic corals obtain much of their nutrient requirement from symbiotic unicellular algae called zooxanthellae, and so are dependent upon growing in sunlight. As a result, these corals are usually found not far beneath the surface, although in clear waters corals can grow at depths of 60 m (200 ft). Corals breed by spawning, with all corals of the same species in a region releasing gametes simultaneously over a period of one to several nights around a full moon. (from Wikipedia)' s__CoralReef '&%CoralReef is the subclass of &%Reefs that are formed from living organisms that produce the limestone formations of the reef. Coral reefs include fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and &%Atolls.' s__Atoll s__Atoll__t s__CoralReef__t '&%Atoll is the class of &%CoralReefs which surround a lagoon.' s__Glacier s__Glacier__t 'A &%Glacier is a large body of slow-moving ice. Glaciers displace soil and rock while moving over land surfaces and break apart, forming &%Icebergs, when they reach the sea.' s__Cave s__Cave__t 'A &%Cave is a naturally formed opening beneath the surface of the Earth, generally formed by dissolution of carbonate bedrock. Caves may also form by erosion of coastal bedrock, partial melting of glaciers, or solidification of lava into hollow tubes.' s__Burrow s__Burrow__t 'A small &%Cave created by an &%Animal for the purpose of inhabiting it.' s__CaveMatrix s__CaveMatrix__t 'A &%CaveMatrix is the framework of earth or rock in which a &%Cave is embedded.' '&%SubmergedLandArea is the class of land regions that are located beneath bodies of water.' s__On s__ContinentalShelf__t 'A &%ContinentalShelf is a natural undersea extension of land around a &%Continent. The shelf is a gently sloped (average less than one percent) plain that is an extension of the &%CoastalPlain found off the coast of most continents.' s__ContinentalMargin s__ContinentalMargin__t '&%ContinentalMargin is class of &%SubmergedLandAreas that are the extension of land underwater at the edge of a continent, before a drop to the sea floor. A &%ContinentalMargin includes the &%ContinentalShelf and the continental break, slope, or rise at the outer edge.' s__SeabedArea s__SeabedArea__t '&%SeabedArea is the class of &%SubmergedLandAreas that are part of the sea floor.' s__SeacoastFn__m '(&%SeacoastFn ?LAND ?SEA) denotes the &%Seacoast where the &%GeographicArea ?LAND borders the &%SaltWaterArea ?SEA.' s__Seacoast__t 'A &%Seacoast is the &%ShoreArea along the margin of an ocean, extending inland approximately 1-3 km from the low water mark.' s__Shoreline s__Shoreline__t '&%Shoreline is the class of &%LandAreas that are the edge of a larger land mass abutting a bordering &%WaterArea.' s__ShorelineFn__m '(&%ShorelineFn ?LAND ?WATER) denotes the &%Shoreline where the &%GeographicArea ?LAND borders the &%WaterArea ?WATER.' s__Atmosphere '&%Atmosphere is a mixture of gases surrounding any celestial object that has a gravitational field strong enough to prevent the gases from escaping.' s__EarthsAtmosphere s__Atmosphere__t 'EarthsAtmosphere is the layer of gases, a mixture of mainly oxygen and nitrogen, surrounding PlanetEarth. See also Air.' s__AirStream s__AirStream__t '&%AirStream is the class of &%FlowRegions that consist of air.' s__JetStream s__JetStream__t '&%JetStream is the class of high-velocity &%AirStreams that blow constantly in the upper atmosphere with constant speed and direction, though their location shifts somewhat. There are four &%JetStreams in &%EarthsAtmosphere.' s__WindFlow s__WindFlow__t '&%WindFlow is the class of variable &%AirStreams that are in the &%EarthsAtmosphere.' s__Wind s__surfaceWindVelocity__m '(&%surfaceWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?TOWARD) means that the surface &%Wind blowing at ?PLACE has a speed of ?SPEED and is moving toward the &%DirectionalAttribute ?TOWARD. Surface wind is found at the surface of the planet, everyday wind. Technically, &%Winds moving through the atmosphere up to an altitude of 500 feet.' s__surfaceWindSpeed__m '(&%surfaceWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) means that the speed of the surface &%Wind at the &%GeographicArea ?PLACE is ?RATE. Wind speed may be expressed in knots (&%KnotUnitOfSpeed) or as any distance per time unit (using (&%SpeedFn ?DISTANCE ?TIME)). Surface wind is found at the surface of the planet, everyday wind. Technically, &%Winds moving through the atmosphere up to an altitude of 500 feet.' s__surfaceWindDirection__m '(&%surfaceWindDirection ?PLACE ?DIRECTION) means that at ?PLACE the wind is coming from the compass point ?DIRECTION. For example, (&%surfaceWindDirection &%SanFranciscoBay &%Northwest) means that the wind in San Francisco Bay is coming from the Northwest. The wind is within 500 feet of Earths surface.' s__lowAltitudeWindVelocity__m '(&%lowAltitudeWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?DIRECTION) means that the low-altitude &%Wind blowing at ?PLACE has a speed of ?SPEED and comes from the compass point ?DIRECTION. Low-altitude wind is wind blowing between 500-10,000 feet.' s__lowAltitudeWindSpeed__m '(&%lowAltitudeWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) means that the &%Wind blowing between 500-10,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?RATE. &%Wind speed may be expressed in knots (&%KnotUnitOfSpeed) or as any distance per time unit (using (&%SpeedFn ?DISTANCE ?TIME)).' s__mediumAltitudeWindVelocity__m '(&%mediumAltitudeWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?TOWARD) means that the &%Wind blowing between 10,000-25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?SPEED and is moving toward the &%DirectionalAttribute ?TOWARD.' s__mediumAltitudeWindSpeed__m '(&%mediumAltitudeWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) means that the &%Wind blowing between 10,000-25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?RATE.' s__highAltitudeWindVelocity__m '(&%highAltitudeWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?TOWARD) means that the &%Wind blowing above 25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?SPEED and is moving toward the &%DirectionalAttribute ?TOWARD.' s__highAltitudeWindSpeed__m '(&%highAltitudeWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) means that the &%Wind blowing above 25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?RATE.' s__Upwind '&%Upwind is a &%PositionalAttribute that indicates relative position upwind (windward) with respect to the direction that the &%Wind is blowing.' s__Downwind '&%Downwind is a &%PositionalAttribute that indicates relative position downwind (leeward) with respect to the direction that the &%Wind is blowing.' s__windRelativePosition__m '(&%windRelativePosition ?OBJECT ?POSITION) means that the &%Wind blows at ?OBJECT from the relative vector ?POSITION. E.g., &%Crosswind, &%Headwind, &%Tailwind.' s__Crosswind '&%Crosswind is the relative attribute of a &%Wind to an object when the force of the wind is applied to a lateral &%side of the object.' s__Headwind '&%Headwind is the relative attribute of a &%Wind to an object when the force of the wind is applied to the front of the object (&%FrontFn). A headwind can negatively affect the speed capability of a vehicle.' s__Tailwind '&%Tailwind is the relative attribute of a &%Wind to an object when the force of the wind is applied to the back of the object (&%BackFn). A tailwind can positively affect the speed capability of a vehicle.' s__BeaufortNumber '&%BeaufortNumber is the &%Attribute for indicating wind force, according to classifications based on observable weather conditions and later related to wind speed ranges.' s__BeaufortNumberOne s__BeaufortNumberTwo s__BeaufortNumberThree s__BeaufortNumberFour s__BeaufortNumberFive s__BeaufortNumber__t s__BeaufortNumberSix s__BeaufortNumberSeven s__BeaufortNumberEight s__BeaufortNumberNine s__BeaufortNumberTen s__BeaufortNumberEleven s__BeaufortNumberTwelve s__WeatherSeason '&%WeatherSeason is the class of seasonal processes that are characterized by various weather patterns. &%WeatherSeasons may recur on a regular annual basis, on a different pattern, or irregularly.' s__Monsoon s__Monsoon__t s__HurricaneSeason s__HurricaneSeason__t s__ElNino s__ElNino__t s__WeatherSeason__t s__WeatherSystem '&%WeatherSystem is the class of large-scale atmospheric processes that influence weather in a region for 2-5 days.' s__LowPressureWeatherSystem s__LowPressureWeatherSystem__t '&%LowPressureWeatherSystem is the class of weather systems characterized by low or unstable &%barometricPressures. Low pressure systems typically introduce unsettled weather, frequently including storms.' s__InchMercury "29.5" s__Windstorm '&%CyclonicStorm is the class of &%LowPressureWeatherSystems that involve a low pressure area surrounded by rapidly rotating winds, with the whole system typically moving forward at 20-30 mph.' s__CyclonicStorm__t '&%TropicalCyclone is the class of &%CyclonicStorms that occur in the &%Tropics and typically have rotational winds of hurricane force (74 mph or higher).' s__Typhoon s__Typhoon__t s__HighPressureWeatherSystem s__HighPressureWeatherSystem__t s__WeatherSystem__t '&%HighPressureWeatherSystem is the class of weather systems characterized by high &%barometricPressures. High pressure systems typically cause clear weather.' "30.2" s__StormSystem s__StormSystem__t s__WeatherFront '&%WeatherFront is the class of weather processes that are involve relationships between two air masses, such as a high pressure weather system or a low pressure system.' s__WarmFront s__WarmFront__t '&%WarmFront is the class of transitional weather processes occurring between a warm air mass that is advancing upon a cool air mass.' s__ColdFront s__ColdFront__t s__WeatherFront__t '&%ColdFront is the class of transitional weather processes occurring between a cold air mass that is advancing upon a warm air mass.' s__OccludedFront s__OccludedFront__t '&%OccludedFront is the class of complex weather transition processes in which a cold air mass overtakes a warm air mass.' s__StationaryFront s__StationaryFront__t '&%StationaryFront is the class of boundary areas between two air masses that are stationary, with neither mass presently replacing the other.' s__Thunderstorm s__Thunderstorm__t s__Waterspout s__Waterspout__t s__daylightHoursInterval__m '(&%daylightHoursInterval ?PLACE ?DAY ?INTERVAL) means that in the &%Region ?PLACE, on the &%Day indicated by ?DAY, there is daylight during the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL.' s__daylightHoursTotal__m '(&%daylightHoursTotal ?PLACE ?DAY ?TIME) means that in the &%Region ?PLACE, on the &%Day indicated by ?DAY, there is daylight for a total &%TimeDuration ?LENGTH.' s__cloudCoverFraction__m '(&%cloudCoverFraction ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that in the &%Region ?AREA, the fraction ?AMOUNT of the sky is covered with clouds.' s__ClearWeather s__ClearWeather__t '&%ClearWeather represents a condition in which less than 30% of the sky is covered with clouds.' "0.3" s__PartlyCloudyWeather s__PartlyCloudyWeather__t '&%PartlyCloudyWeather represents a condition in which between 30% and 70% of the sky is covered with clouds.' "0.7" s__OvercastWeather s__OvercastWeather__t '&%OvercastWeather represents a condition in which more than 70% of the sky is covered with clouds.' s__overcastDaysInPeriod__m '(&%overcastDaysInPeriod ?AREA ?PERIOD ?NUMBER) means that during the time ?PERIOD, the &%GeographicArea ?AREA experienced ?NUMBER of &%OvercastWeather days.' s__seaSurfaceTemperature__m '(&%seaSurfaceTemperature ?AREA ?TEMP) means that the temperature of the sea surface at ?AREA is ?TEMP. Temperature may be expressed in some &%UnitOfTemperature, including &%CelsiusDegree and &%FahrenheitDegree, among others.' s__averageTemperatureForPeriod__m '(&%averageTemperatureForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means that at the &%GeographicArea ?PLACE, and during the &%TimeDuration ?PERIOD, the average daily temperature was ?AMOUNT. Temperature may be expressed in some &%UnitOfTemperature, including &%CelsiusDegree and &%FahrenheitDegree, among others.' s__highestTemperatureForPeriod__m '(&%highestTemperatureForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means that at the &%GeographicArea ?PLACE, during the &%TimeDuration ?PERIOD, the highest temperature was ?AMOUNT. Temperature may be expressed in some &%UnitOfTemperature, including &%CelsiusDegree and &%FahrenheitDegree, among others.' s__lowestTemperatureForPeriod__m '(&%lowestTemperatureForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means that at the &%GeographicArea ?PLACE, during the &%TimeDuration ?PERIOD, the highest temperature was ?AMOUNT. Temperature may be expressed in some &%UnitOfTemperature, including &%CelsiusDegree and &%FahrenheitDegree, among others.' s__relativeHumidity__m '(&%relativeHumidity ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the amount of moisture in the air at ?AREA is ?AMOUNT. Relative humidity expresses the amount of moisture as a percentage, or ratio, between the actual moisture saturation of the air compared to the potential moisture saturation of the air. At full (potential) saturation, precipitation would occur.' s__Precipitation s__Raining__t '&%Raining is a precipitation process in which water falls in a &%Liquid state.' s__FreezingRain s__FreezingRain__t s__Snowing 'Snowing is a precipitation process in which water falls in a &%Solid state.' s__Snowing__t s__Sleeting s__Sleeting__t s__Hailing s__Hailing__t 'Hailing is a precipitation process in which &%Water falls in a &%Solid state with round, hard pellets.' s__precipitationState__m s__PhysicalState '(&%precipitationState ?EVENT ?STATE) means that in the &%Precipitation ?EVENT, the stuff falling is in the &%PhysicalState ?STATE (e.g., &%Liquid or &%Solid ice).' s__precipitationRate__m '(&%precipitationRate ?EVENT ?RATE) means that in the &%Precipitation ?EVENT, the precipitation falls at a rate of ?RATE.' s__precipitationAmount__m '(&%precipitationAmount ?EVENT ?AMOUNT) means that in the &%Precipitation process ?EVENT, the quantity of precipitation that fell was ?AMOUNT.' s__averagePrecipitationForPeriod__m '(&%averagePrecipitationForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means that at the &%GeographicArea ?PLACE, and during the &%TimeDuration ?PERIOD, the average daily precipitation was ?AMOUNT.' s__totalPrecipitationForPeriod__m '(&%totalPrecipitationForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means that at the &%GeographicArea ?PLACE, and during the &%TimeDuration ?PERIOD, the total amount of precipitation was ?AMOUNT.' s__vegetationType__m '(&%vegetationType ?area ?type) associates a particular &%GeographicArea with a type of &%Plant that is found there.' s__vegetationTypePattern__m '(&%vegetationTypePattern ?AREA ?TYPE ?DENSITY) means that in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA the &%Plant ?TYPE is found with ?DENSITY.' s__CanopiedVegetation '&%CanopiedVegetation describes the density of vegetation in a &%RainForest or &%Jungle.' s__DenseVegetation '&%DenseVegetation describes the density of vegetation in a &%Forest.' s__GroundCoverVegetation '&%GroundCoverVegetation describes the density of uniform low vegetation in a field or meadow.' s__ScatteredVegetation '&%ScatteredVegetation describes the pattern of vegetation in which plants appear at intervals.' s__SparseVegetation '&%SparseVegetation describes the pattern of vegetation in an area where there is very little vegetation.' s__Shrub s__Shrub__t '&%Shrub is the class of low, perennial, typically multi-stemmed woody plants, called shrubs or bushes.' s__Lichen s__NonFloweringPlant s__Lichen__t '&%Lichen is the class of complex thallyphytic plants made up of &%Alga and &%Fungus growing symbiotically.' s__Biome '&%Biome is the class of &%GeographicAreas representing major kinds of ecological communities, that is, areas in which certain kinds of plants, animals, weather, and terrain interact to produce and support a distinctive ecosystem.' s__Field '&%Forest is the class of large &%LandAreas that are covered by trees and associated undergrowth, either growing wild or managed for the purpose of timber production.' s__RainForest s__RainForest__t '&%RainForest is the subclass of &%LandAreas that are densely planted with trees.' s__TropicalRainForest s__TropicalRainForest__t s__TemperateRainForest s__TemperateHardwoodForest s__TemperateRainForest__t s__TemperateHardwoodForest__t s__Forest__t s__BorealForest s__BorealForest__t s__PineTree s__PineTree__t 'Pines are coniferous &%BotanicalTrees of the genus Pinus, in the family Pinaceae. They are evergreens, with needle- shaped leaves and propagate by dropping pine cones, which contains seeds. (from Wikipedia)' s__Jungle s__Jungle__t '&%Jungle is a subclass of fertile &%LandAreas that are overgrown with tropical vegetation.' s__Swamp s__Swamp__t '&%Swamp is a subclass of &%Biome that is &%Damp and overgrown with vegetation.' s__Damp s__Desert s__Desert__t '&%Desert is a subclass of &%LandAreas that are arid regions having sparse or no vegetation.' s__Dry s__Oasis s__Oasis__t '&%Oasis is a subclass of &%LandAreas that are fertile places within a desert, which have water and some vegetation.' s__Grassland s__Grassland__t '&%Grassland is the class of &%LandAreas where the predominant vegetation is some kind of grass.' s__Prairie s__Prairie__t '&%Prairie is a class of large plains &%LandAreas with tall grass vegetation.' s__Pampa s__Pampa__t s__Plain__t '&%Pampa is a class of vast, level, typically grassy &%Plains of land in South America.' s__Savanna s__Savanna__t '&%Savanna is a class of tropical or subtropical &%Grasslands, typically treeless.' s__Steppe s__Steppe__t '&%Steppe is a subclass of &%Plain, representing vast, level, treeless areas of land in Asia or SE Europe.' s__Veldt s__Veldt__t '&%Veldt is a subclass of &%Grasslands which have scattered shrubs or trees.' s__Tundra s__Tundra__t s__Biome__t s__ArcticRegion__t '&%Tundra is a subclass of flat, treeless &%Plains areas lying within the &%ArcticRegion. Subsoil in &%Tundra is permanently frozen.' s__Moss s__Landslide s__Mudslide s__Mudslide__t s__Landslide__t s__Mudflow s__Mudflow__t s__Rockslide s__Rockslide__t s__WindProcess s__Windstorm__t s__StrongWind s__StrongWind__t s__WindProcess__t s__Sirocco s__Sirocco__t s__HarmattanWind s__HarmattanWind__t s__Khamsin s__Khamsin__t s__Mistral s__Mistral__t s__Ghibli s__Ghibli__t s__ChinookWind s__ChinookWind__t s__Pampero s__Pampero__t s__Squall s__Squall__t s__SevereThunderstorm s__SevereThunderstorm__t s__HeavyRaining s__HeavyRaining__t s__DustStorm s__DustStorm__t s__Sandstorm s__Sandstorm__t s__Blizzard s__Blizzard__t s__Zud s__Zud__t s__HeavySurf s__HeavySurf__t s__CoastalFlooding s__Flooding s__CoastalFlooding__t s__FlashFlooding s__FlashFlooding__t s__MaritimeHazard s__MaritimeHazard__t s__Shoal s__Shoal__t s__Iceberg__t s__Ice s__SeaIce__t s__Icing s__Freezing s__Icing__t s__Fogging s__Fogging__t s__AtmosphericHazing s__AtmosphericHazing__t s__VolcanicGasRelease s__VolcanicGasRelease__t s__VolcanicEruption__t s__LandSubsidence s__LandSubsidence__t '(? [V__HEIGHT2] : (s__instance(V__HEIGHT2,s__LengthMeasure) & s__elevation(V__LAND,V__HEIGHT2) & less(V__HEIGHT2,V__HEIGHT1)))' s__Locust s__Locust__t s__Swarming s__Swarming__t s__Famine s__Famine__t s__regionalIssue__m s__AreaOfConcern '(&%regionalIssue ?AREA ?ISSUE) means that the &%AreaOfConcern ?ISSUE is relevant to a problem in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA.' s__EnvironmentalIssue s__AreaOfConcern__t 'The class of Attributes that stand for issues of environmental concern.' s__AcidificationIssue s__AcidRainIssue s__AerosolParticulateIssue s__DeforestationIssue s__SoilQualityIssue s__SoilErosionIssue s__SoilDegradationIssue s__SoilExhaustionIssue s__SoilQualityIssue__t s__EnvironmentalWaterIssue s__EnvironmentalIssue__t s__LimitedFreshWaterIssue s__EnvironmentalWaterIssue__t s__InadequatePotableWaterIssue s__OvergrazingIssue s__DesertificationIssue s__AirPollutionIssue s__PollutionIssue s__SoilPollutionIssue s__WaterPollutionIssue s__GroundwaterPollutionIssue s__IndustrialPollutionIssue s__VehicleEmissionsIssue s__PowerPlantEmissionsIssue s__PollutionIssue__t s__ToxicWasteDisposalIssue s__RawSewagePollutionIssue s__WaterInfrastructureIssue s__WastewaterIssue s__SolidWasteDisposalIssue s__OverpopulationIssue s__BiodiversityIssue s__SiltationIssue s__OzoneDepletionIssue s__UVLevelsIssue s__ClimateChangeIssue s__ClimateWarmingIssue s__WaterManagementIssue s__EndangeredSpeciesIssue s__EndangeredMarineWildlifeIssue s__FragileEcosystemIssue s__ThinningPolarIcepackIssue s__ToxicChemicalPollutionIssue s__NuclearEnvironmentalIssue s__OilPollutionIssue s__FishStockDepletionIssue s__UrbanizationIssue s__SoilSalinityIssue s__FarmingPracticesIssue s__AgriculturalChemicalsIssue s__PesticideIssue s__LandClearingIssue s__BiodiversityIssue__t s__ForestDegradation s__HydrocarbonEmissionsIssue s__CoastalDegradation s__CoralReefDecayIssue s__CoastalMarinePollutionIssue s__PopulationMigrationIssue s__DiseaseConditionsIssue s__DiseaseConditionsIssue__t s__WaterBorneDiseaseIssue s__InadequateSanitationIssue s__PollutedFishStocksIssue s__NuclearPollutionIssue s__WildlifePoachingIssue s__AsbestosDisposalIssue s__IllegalWildlifeTradeIssue s__WetlandDegradationIssue s__LossOfHabitatIssue s__AgriculturalExpansionIssue s__MiningPollutionIssue s__LandminesIssue s__DroughtIssue s__IndigenousPeoplesPreservationIssue s__InvasiveSpeciesIssue s__DriftNetFishingIssue s__UnexplodedOrdinanceIssue s__FamineIssue s__OverhuntingIssue s__GeographicPartTypeFn__m '(&%GeographicPartTypeFn ?TYPE ?AREA) evaluates to the &%Class of all &%instances of ?TYPE that are &%located in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA.' '&%England, with &%Wales, &%Scotland, and &%NorthernIreland, is one of the four constituent &%Nations of the &%UnitedKingdom.' s__Wales '&%Wales, with &%England, &%Scotland, and &%NorthernIreland, is one of the four constituent &%Nations of the &%UnitedKingdom.' s__conventionalLongName__m '(&%conventionalLongName ?NAME ?THING) means that the string ?NAME is the long form of the name conventionally used for ?THING.' 'official name' s__names__m s__conventionalShortName__m '(&%conventionalShortName ?NAME ?THING) means that the string ?NAME is the short form of the name conventionally used for ?THING. For a more specialized subset of short names, see &%abbreviation.' '(&%abbreviation ?STRING ?THING) means that ?STRING is an abbreviation used to refer to ?THING. Abbreviations include acronyms and other abbreviated forms.' acronym s__dependentAreaOfType__m '(&%dependentAreaOfType ?AREA ?COUNTRY ?TYPE) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is a dependency of the independent &%Nation ?COUNTRY, administered as a unit of ?TYPE. For example, (&%dependentAreaOfType &%SaintHelena &%UnitedKingdom &%OverseasArea).' s__NationalGovernment s__NationalGovernment__t '&%NationalGovernment is the class of national-level governments of &%Nations.' s__GovernmentOrganization s__governmentType__m s__FormOfGovernment '(&%governmentType ?BODY ?FORM) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea or &%Organization ?BODY has a government with characteristic(s) of the type ?FORM.' s__Monarchy s__HereditaryMonarchy s__Chiefdom s__ConstitutionalMonarchy s__Coprincipality s__Republic s__FederalRepublic s__FederalDemocraticRepublic s__ParliamentaryGovernment s__ParliamentaryRepublic s__ParliamentaryDemocracy s__ParliamentaryDemocraticRepublic s__FederalParliamentaryDemocracy s__PresidentialGovernment s__ConstitutionalGovernment s__ConstitutionalRepublic s__ConstitutionalParliamentaryDemocracy s__ConstitutionalDemocraticRepublic s__FederalGovernment s__Federation s__Commonwealth s__MultipartyDemocracy s__TransitionalGovernment s__EmergingDemocracy s__Factionalism s__Anarchy s__AuthoritarianRegime s__MilitaryDictatorship s__Dictatorship s__AuthoritarianSocialist s__TheocraticGovernment s__TheocraticRepublic s__EcclesiasticalGovernment s__IslamicGovernment s__CompactOfFreeAssociationWithUnitedStates s__CompactOfFreeAssociationWithNewZealand s__UnitaryRule '&%Monarchy is the attribute of a government that is ruled by a monarch, which is usually a hereditary role.' s__Monarch s__AbsoluteMonarchy '&%ParliamentaryGovernment is the attribute of a government whose chief &%LegislativeOrganization is a &%Parliament. A parliamentary government is compatible with various other government types, including &%Monarchy.' s__Parliament '&%FederalGovernment is the attribute of a government that is formed by agreement between a collection of political units that agree to give up some of their power to the central government, while reserving some powers to themselves. The government of the &%UnitedStates is a federal government, in which power is shared between the states and the central goverment, as set out in the U.S. Constitution.' '&%Republic is the attribute of a government whose power and authority are vested in its members, who elect representatives to exercise that power.' '&%Democracy is the attribute of a government whose authority and rule are based in the will of the people governed. The will of the people is usually expressed through &%Elections, direct or indirect.' '&%ConstitutionalGovernment is the attribute of a government whose authority and rule are guided by principles expressed in a written &%Constitution.' s__ConstitutionalDemocracy '&%AuthoritarianRegime is the attribute of a government that rules autocratically, not allowing opposition.' s__MilitaryCommander '&%TheocraticGovernment is the attribute of a government that bases its authority on &%Religion.' s__ReligiousOrganization '&%UnitaryRule is a &%FormOfGovernment in which the central government controls affairs at all levels, including the local level.' '&%TransitionalGovernment is the attribute of a government that is changing from one form of government to another. This may be accompanied by social unrest or instability.' s__capitalCity__m s__administrativeCenter__m '(&%capitalCity ?CITY ?REGION) means that the &%City ?CITY is the capital of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?REGION.' s__geopoliticalSubdivision__m '(&%administrativeCenter ?CENTER ?REGION) means that ?CENTER is the &%City (or other area) from which the larger &%GeopoliticalArea ?REGION is administered.' s__IndependentState s__primaryGeopoliticalSubdivision__m '(&%primaryGeopoliticalSubdivision ?AREA ?COUNTRY) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is one of the first-order administrative divisions of the &%Nation ?COUNTRY. For example, in the United States, any of the fifty states. This does not include subordinate regions that have a lesser status, such as British Crown colonies, U.S. territories, or protectorates. See &%geopoliticalSubdivision.' s__primaryGeopoliticalSubdivisionType__m '(&%primaryGeopoliticalSubdivisionType ?COUNTRY ?TYPE) means that the first-order administrative divisons of ?COUNTRY are of the type ?TYPE.' s__cardinality__m '(&%cardinality ?SET ?NUMBER) means that there are ?NUMBER of elements in the &%SetOrClass ?SET.' '(&%dependentGeopoliticalArea ?AREA1 ?AREA2) means that ?AREA1 is a geopolitical possession of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA2 and is not a &%geopoliticalSubdivision of ?AREA2. For example, (&%dependentGeopoliticalArea &%Guam &%UnitedStates), because Guam is a territory of the &%UnitedStates, not one of the fifty U.S. states. Contrast &%primaryGeopoliticalSubdivision.' '&%OverseasArea is the class of &%GeopoliticalAreas that are related to a &%Nation as overseas territories, possessions, protectorates, or departments.' s__OverseasAreaFn__m '(&%OverseasAreaFn ?AREA) denotes the class of &%OverseasAreas that belong to the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.' s__UnincorporatedUnitedStatesTerritory s__UnincorporatedUnitedStatesTerritory__t s__BritishCrownColony s__BritishCrownColony__t s__ParliamentaryTerritory s__ParliamentaryTerritory__t s__SelfGoverningTerritory s__SelfGoverningTerritory__t s__independenceDate__m '(&%independenceDate ?AREA ?DATE) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA achieved its sovereignty on the date ?DATE. For example, (&%independenceDate &%Afghanistan (&%DayFn 19 (&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1919)))).' '(! [V__COUNTRY] : ((s__instance(V__COUNTRY,s__GeopoliticalArea) & s__subclass(V__DATE,s__TimeInterval) & s__instance(V__DATE,s__SetOrClass) & s__instance(V__AREA,s__GeopoliticalArea)) => (~ s__dependentGeopoliticalArea(V__AREA,V__COUNTRY))))' s__nationalCelebration__m s__nationalHoliday__m '(&%nationalCelebration ?AREA ?HOLIDAY) means that the primary day of national celebration in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is ?HOLIDAY. For example, (&%nationalCelebration &%Afghanistan &%AfghanIndependenceDay).' '(&%nationalHoliday ?AREA ?HOLIDAY) means that ?HOLIDAY is a national holiday observed in ?AREA. The &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA observes a holiday on days specified as a ?HOLIDAY, during which national government offices and other facilities typically are closed. There may be multiple &%nationalHolidays. For example, (&%nationalHoliday &%UnitedStates &%UnitedStatesMemorialDay).' s__commemoratesDate__m '(&%commemoratesDate ?HOLIDAY ?DATE) means that instances of the &%Holiday ?HOLIDAY are observed to commemorate something that happened during the &%TimeInterval specified by ?DATE. For example, (&%commemoratesDate &%BastilleDay (&%DayFn 14 (&%MonthFn &%July (&%YearFn 1789)))).' s__FixedHoliday s__holidayTimeInArea__m '(&%holidayTimeInArea ?AREA ?TIME) means that ?TIME is a particular time period during which &%Holiday is observed, thus during which normal government, business, and other services may not operate.' s__Constitution s__Constitution__t 'The class &%Constitution includes the bodies of abstract principles formulated to guide the laws, institutions and practices of various &%Governments. Also see &%ConstitutionDocument.' s__Permission s__ConstitutionFn__m '(&%ConstitutionFn ?AREA) denotes a class containing all &%Constitutions adopted by the government of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA. For example, (&%ConstitutionFn &%UnitedStates) contains the &%ConstitutionOfTheUnitedStates.' s__ConstitutionDocument s__ConstitutionDocument__t '&%ConstitutionDocument is the class of information-containing objects in which the &$Constitution of a government is encoded.' s__agreementAdoptionDate__m '(&%agreementAdoptionDate ?AGR ?TIME) means that the agreement ?AGR was adopted on the date indicated by ?TIME. For example, (&%agreementAdoptionDate &%ConstitutionOfTheUnitedStates (&%DayFn 17 (&%MonthFn &%September (&%YearFn 1787)))).' s__agreementRevisionDate__m '(&%agreementRevisionDate ?AGR ?DATE ?CHANGE) means that the agreement ?AGR was revised at the time indicated by ?DATE, with respect to the part ?CHANGE. Revisions cover additions and removals.' s__agreementEffectiveDuring__m '(&%agreementEffectiveDuring ?AGR ?DATE) means that the agreement ?AGR is effective during the time indicated by ?DATE. The agreement may be effective for longer than ?DATE, but it is in effect at least throughout the time indicated by ?DATE.' s__legalSystemType__m s__LegalSystemAttribute '(&%legalSystemType ?AREA ?TYPE) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA has a legal system characterized by the &%LegalSystemAttribute ?TYPE. For example, (&%legalSystemType &%UnitedStates &%EnglishCommonLaw). A legal system may have multiple characteristics.' '&%LegalSystemAttribute is the class of &%Attributes that are used to characterize legal systems, as, e.g., according to their sources, areas of concern, or principles of organization.' s__CivilLaw s__LegalSystemAttribute__t '&%CivilLaw is the attribute of legal systems based ultimately on the code of civil law developed in Ancient Rome. Civil law systems are characterized by their expression of laws in written code and statute and by their effort to use general principles to define and rationalize the laws.' s__NapoleonicCode '&%NapoleonicCode is the specialization of &%CivilLaw developed in France under Napoleon Bonaparte. It is still the basis of French law as well as of legal systems developed under French influence.' s__EnglishCommonLaw '&%EnglishCommonLaw is the attribute of legal systems based on the common law developed in England and influential in its English-speaking colonies. Common law is characterized by laws and rulings based on precedent and custom, rather than on written statute.' s__RomanCanonLaw '&%RomanCanonLaw is the attribute of legal systems based on the Ecclesiastical law developed by the Roman Catholic Church.' s__IslamicLaw '&%IslamicLaw is the &%Attribute of legal systems that are based on religious principles of Islam.' s__AcceptsICJJurisdiction '&%AcceptsICJJurisdiction is the &%Attribute of a legal system that accepts rulings of the &%InternationalCourtOfJustice.' s__JudicialReviewOfLegislativeActs '&%JudicialReviewOfLegislativeActs is an attribute of legal systems in which the judiciary has authority to review acts of the legislature.' s__JudicialReviewOfExecutiveActs '&%JudicialReviewOfExecutiveActs is an attribute of legal systems in which the judiciary has authority to review acts of the executive branch.' s__RegionalLaw s__RegionalLaw__t '&%RegionalLaw is the class of regional laws, considered as a body, established by particular &%Governments to regulate activities under their jurisdictions. For example, (&%RegionalLawFn &%UnitedStates) represents the content of the laws, statutes, and rulings of the United States.' s__Law s__RegionalLawFn__m '(&%RegionalLawFn ?AREA) denotes the laws pertaining in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA that are established and enforced by the &%Government of ?AREA. For example, (&%RegionalLawFn &%UnitedStates) denotes the laws of the government of the &%UnitedStates and its constituent units.' s__SuffrageLaw '&%SuffrageLaw is a class that includes the various types of suffrage rules of different &%Nations. Instances of &%SuffrageLaw represent the propositional content of various suffrage laws.' s__VoterCitizenshipRequirement s__SuffrageLaw__t s__VoterAgeRequirement s__VoterAgeRequirement__t s__suffrageAgeMinimum__m '(&%suffrageAgeMinimum ?POLITY ?AGE) means that in the &%Organization or &%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY, a person must be ?AGE or older in order to vote in the elections of ?POLITY.' s__Election s__suffrageAgeMaximum__m '(&%suffrageAgeMaximum ?POLITY ?AGE) means that in the &%Organization or &%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY, a person must be ?AGE or younger in order to vote in the elections of ?POLITY.' s__UniversalSuffrageLaw '&%UniversalSuffrageLaw is a law that enfranchises all &%citizens of a country who have achieved the applicable age of maturity (&%suffrageAgeMinumum).' '(! [V__VOTINGAGE,V__AGE,V__ELECTION] : ((s__instance(V__ELECTION,s__Election) & s__instance(V__AGE,s__TimeDuration) & s__instance(V__VOTINGAGE,s__TimeDuration) & s__instance(V__AGENT,s__Human) & s__instance(V__POLITY,s__Nation)) => ((s__citizen(V__AGENT,V__POLITY) & s__suffrageAgeMinimum(V__POLITY,V__VOTINGAGE) & s__age(V__AGENT,V__AGE) & greatereq(V__AGE,V__VOTINGAGE) & s__instance(V__ELECTION,s__ElectionFn(V__POLITY))) => (? [V__VOTING] : (s__instance(V__VOTING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__VOTING,s__VotingFn(V__ELECTION)) & s__agent(V__VOTING,V__AGENT))))))' s__CompulsorySuffrageLaw '&%CompulsorySuffrageLaw is a law that requires all eligible voters in a country to vote, under threat of some penalty.' '(! [V__AGENT,V__VOTINGAGE,V__AGE,V__ELECTION] : ((s__instance(V__ELECTION,s__Election) & s__instance(V__AGE,s__TimeDuration) & s__instance(V__VOTINGAGE,s__TimeDuration) & s__instance(V__AGENT,s__Human) & s__instance(V__POLITY,s__Nation)) => ((s__citizen(V__AGENT,V__POLITY) & s__suffrageAgeMinimum(V__POLITY,V__VOTINGAGE) & s__age(V__AGENT,V__AGE) & greatereq(V__AGE,V__VOTINGAGE) & s__instance(V__ELECTION,s__ElectionFn(V__POLITY))) => (? [V__VOTING] : (s__instance(V__VOTING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__VOTING,s__VotingFn(V__ELECTION)) & s__agent(V__VOTING,V__AGENT))))))' s__RestrictedSuffrage '&%RestrictedSuffrage is a subclass of &%SuffrageLaw covering laws that restrict suffrage by further conditions beyond the basics of citizenship and age.' s__ExclusiveMaleSuffrage s__RestrictedSuffrage__t s__Female s__executiveBranch__m '(&%executiveBranch ?BRANCH ?ORG) means that the &%Organization ?BRANCH is the executive branch of the &%GeopoliticalArea or &%Organization ?ORG, that is, its executive offices and bodies, considered as a whole.' s__ExecutiveBranchFn__m '(&%ExecutiveBranchFn ?ORG) denotes the executive branch of ?ORG, with all its officials and agencies, considered as a whole.' s__Leader s__President s__PrimeMinister s__VicePresident s__GovernmentDeputy s__Chairman s__ViceChairman s__Queen s__King s__leaderPosition__m '(&%leaderPosition ?ORG ?ROLE) means that in the organization ?ORG, the leader is the person who holds the &%Position ?ROLE in the organization.' s__PresidentOfTheUnitedStates 'The position of being head of the &%UnitedStates.' s__GovernmentCabinet s__GovernmentCabinet__t '&%GovernmentCabinet is the class of &%GovernmentOrganizations whose purpose is to advise a &%President, &%Governor, or other political leader(s) on policy matters.' '(? [V__ADVICE,V__LEADER] : (s__instance(V__LEADER,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__ADVICE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__ADVICE,s__Stating) & s__agent(V__ADVICE,V__CAB) & s__patient(V__ADVICE,V__LEADER) & s__leader(V__LEADER,s__GovernmentFn(V__AREA))))' s__CabinetFn__m '(&%CabinetFn ?AREA) denotes the &%GovernmentCabinet associated with the government of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.' s__ExecutiveResidence s__PermanentResidence s__ExecutiveResidence__t 'A &%Residence of a &%chiefOfState, e.g. the White House, a state governors mansion, Buckingham Palace, etc.' s__chiefOfState__m '(&%chiefOfState ?POLITY ?ROLE ?PERSON) means that ?PERSON is the titular leader of the government of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY and represents it at official functions. The office held by this chief of state is ?ROLE (e.g., President, Queen, Chairman). Note: this term is defined as in the CIA World Fact Book.' s__chiefOfStateType__m '(&%chiefOfStateType ?NATION ?ROLE) means that the &%chiefOfState of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?NATION holds the &%Position ?ROLE in its government.' s__PopularElection s__headOfGovernment__m '(&%headOfGovernment ?POLITY ?ROLE ?PERSON) means that ?PERSON is the top administrative leader of the &%Government of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY, with authority for managing its day-to-day functions. The office held by this person is the &%Position ?ROLE (e.g., President, Prime Minister, Governor). Note: this term is defined as in the CIA World Fact Book.' s__Governor 'The head of the &%Government of a &%StateOrProvince.' s__LieutenantGovernor 'The second-in-command of some &%Governments of &%StateOrProvince.' s__Mayor 'The head of the &%Government of a &%City.' s__roleAppointsRole__m '(&%roleAppointsRole ?ORG ?APPOINTER ?APPOINTED) means that in the &%Organization or &%GeopoliticalArea ?ORG, the agent holding the &%SocialRole ?APPOINTER has the authority to appoint a person to fill the role ?APPOINTED.' s__roleApprovesRole__m '(&%roleApprovesRole ?ORG ?APPROVER ?APPOINTED) means that in the &%Organization or &%GeopoliticalArea ?ORG, the agent holding the &%SocialRole ?APPROVER has the authority to approve (or disapprove) of an appointee for the role ?APPOINTED.' s__roleNominatesRole__m '(&%roleNominatesRole ?ORG ?NOMINATOR ?NOMINATED) means that in the &%Organization or &%GeopoliticalArea ?ORG, the agent holding the &%SocialRole ?NOMINATOR has the authority to nominate one or more persons to fill the role ?NOMINATED.' s__termLength__m '(&%termLength ?ORG ?ROLE ?LENGTH) means that in the &%Organization or &%GeopoliticalArea ?ORG, the term of office for the position ?ROLE is the &%TimeDuration ?LENGTH.' s__ElectionFn__m '(&%ElectionFn ?ORG) denotes the class of &%Elections conducted by the &%GeopoliticalArea or &%Organization ?ORG, in which offices or issues pertaining to ?ORG are voted upon.' s__GeneralElection s__GeneralElection__t '&%GeneralElection is the subclass of &%Elections that are held at regular intervals and in which all or most constituencies of a &%GeopoliticalArea participate.' s__PopularElection__t '&%PopularElection is the class of &%Elections in which office-holders and issues are determined directly by the outcome of the votes cast by the enfranchised. For example, U.S. Senators and Representatives are elected by &%PopularElection. By contrast, U.S. Presidents are elected by indirect elections, in which the Electoral College determines the actual outcome. See &%electionWinner.' s__ElectoralCollegeElection s__ElectoralCollegeElection__t '&%ElectoralCollegeElection is the class of &%Elections in which the outcome is decided by the votes of electors who have been chosen by popular vote, rather than directly by results of the popular vote. &%ElectoralCollegeElection is an indirect method of election, in contrast to &%PopularElection.' s__VotingFn__m s__Voting '(&%VotingFn ?ELECTION) denotes the class of voting events that occur as part of the &%Election ?ELECTION.' s__electionDatePlannedForPosition__m '(&%electionDatePlannedForPosition ?AGENT ?TIME ?POSITION) means that the &%Agent ?AGENT (a &%Nation, &%Government, or &%Organization) plans to hold an &%Election on the date indicated by ?TIME for position(s) ?POSITION.' s__electionForPosition__m '(&%electionForPosition ?ELECTION ?POSITION) means that in the &%Election ?ELECTION, candidates run for election to the role(s) ?POSITION.' s__MemberFn__m '(&%MemberFn ?ORG) denotes the &%Position of a &%member in the &%Organization ?ORG.' s__MemberRoleFn__m '(&%MemberRoleFn ?ORG ?POSITION) denotes the role of having the &%Position ?POSITION the &%Organization ?ORG.' s__electionForOrganization__m '(&%electionForOrganization ?ELECTION ?GROUP) means that in the &%Election ?ELECTION, candidates run for election to the organization ?GROUP.' s__candidateForPosition__m '(&%candidateForPosition ?ELECTION ?POSITION ?CONTENDER) means that in the &%Election ?ELECTION for ?POSITION, the &%Agent ?CONTENDER was one of the candidates.' s__voteFractionReceived__m '(&%voteFractionReceived ?ELECTION ?POSITION ?CONTENDER ?FRACTION) means that in the &%Election ?ELECTION for ?POSITION, the &%Agent ?CONTENDER received ?FRACTION of the votes cast. Contenders may be either persons or political parties.' s__electionWinner__m '(&%electionWinner ?ELECTION ?POSITION ?CONTENDER) means that in the &%Election ?ELECTION, ?POSITION was won by the &%Agent ?CONTENDER. Contenders may be either persons or political parties.' s__seatsWonInElection__m '(&%seatsWonInElection ?ELECTION ?AGENT ?NUMBER) means that in the &%Election ?ELECTION, the &%PoliticalParty ?AGENT won this ?NUMBER of seats.' s__seatsHeldInOrganization__m '(&%seatsHeldInOrganization ?GROUP ?PARTY ?NUMBER) means that in the &%Organization ?GROUP, the &%PoliticalParty or other &%Agent ?AGENT, holds or controls this ?NUMBER of seats.' s__LegislativeOrganization '&%LegislativeOrganization is the class of &%Organizations that have as their main purpose the passing of laws or regulations.' s__PassingABill s__Parliament__t '&%Parliament is the subclass of &%LegislativeOrganizations similar to that of the United Kingdom.' s__UnitedStatesCongress s__LegislativeOrganization__t 'The legislative branch of the government of the &%UnitedStates.' s__BicameralLegislature '&%BicameralLegislature is the &%Attribute of governments whose legislative branches have two legislative chambers. For example, in the &%UnitedStates the legislative branch comprises the Senate and the House of Representatives.' s__LegislativeChamber s__UnicameralLegislature '&%UnicameralLegislature is the &%Attribute of legislatures or governments whose legislative branches have only one legislative chamber. For example, &%Albania has only the &%PeoplesAssembly constituting its legislative branch.' s__LegislativeChamber__t '&%LegislativeChamber is the class of &%LegislativeOrganizations which are a coherent body that considers and votes upon legislation in common session. For example, the United States Senate.' s__legislativeBranch__m '(&%legislativeBranch ?BRANCH ?ORG) means that the &%Organization ?BRANCH is the legislative branch of the &%GeopoliticalArea or &%Organization ?ORG.' s__LegislatureFn__m '(&%LegislatureFn ?AREA) denotes the legislative branch of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.' s__chamberOfLegislature__m s__subOrganization__m '(&%chamberOfLegislature ?CHAMBER ?LEGISLATURE) means that ?CHAMBER is a legislative body within the ?LEGISLATURE.' s__seatsInOrganizationCount__m '(&%seatsInOrganizationCount ?ORG ?NUMBER) means that there is a total ?NUMBER of seats in the &%Organization ?ORG.' s__JudicialOrganization s__judicialBranch__m '(&%judicialBranch ?BRANCH ?ORG) means that the &%Organization ?BRANCH is the judicial branch of the &%GeopoliticalArea or &%Organization ?ORG, that is, all of its courts and judicial offices, considered as a whole.' s__JudiciaryFn__m '(&%JudiciaryFn ?AREA) denotes the judicial branch of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, that is, the &%JudicialOrganization(s) associated with the government of ?AREA, considered as a whole.' s__IslamicLawCourt s__IslamicLawCourt__t '&%IslamicLawCourt is the subclass of &%JudicialOrganizations that are conducted according to principles of Islamic Law.' s__SupremeCourt s__SupremeCourt__t '&%SupremeCourt is the subclass of &%JudicialOrganizations that are the ultimate judicial authority for the matters on which they rule. For example, the &%UnitedStatesSupremeCourt, or the &%InternationalCourtOfJustice (World Court).' s__SupremeCourtFn__m '(&%SupremeCourtFn ?AREA) denotes the class of the highest court(s) in the judicial system of &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA. For example, the &%UnitedStatesSupremeCourt belongs to the class (&%SupremeCourtFn &%UnitedStates).' s__AppealsCourt s__AppealsCourt__t '&%AppealsCourt is the class of &%JudicialOrganizations that review cases from lower courts on appeal.' s__ConstitutionalCourt s__ConstitutionalCourt__t '&%ConstitutionalCourt is the class of &%JudicialOrganizations that rule on constitutional matters, in countries that have a &%Constitution.' s__JudgeAtLaw '&%JudgeAtLaw is the &%Position of a person who is a public official with the authority to decide legal matters in a governmental &%JudicialOrganization.' s__SupremeCourtJudge '&%SupremeCourtJudge is the &%Position of a person who is a &%JudgeAtLaw on some &%SupremeCourt.' s__politicalPartyOfCountry__m s__PoliticalParty s__agentOperatesInArea__m '(&%politicalPartyOfCountry ?PARTY ?AREA) means that the &%PoliticalParty ?PARTY participates in politics in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.' s__partlyLocated__m '(&%agentOperatesInArea ?AGENT ?AREA) means that the individual or &%Organization ?AGENT operates in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA.' s__PoliticalCoalition s__PoliticalCoalition__t '&%PoliticalCoalition is the class of political organizations that are constituted by political parties joined together for some common interest(s).' '&%PoliticalParty is the class of &%PoliticalOrganizations that may sponsor candidates for &%Elections.' s__Spokesperson s__PermanentRepresentative s__NationalCommitteeChairman s__CommunistParty s__CommunistParty__t 'Any &%PoliticalParty that advocates for a &%CommunistState.' s__NaziParty 'The German &%PoliticalParty headed by Adolf Hitler.' s__Guiding s__PartyPlatform s__FactualText s__PartyPlatform__t 'A &%Text which is authored by a &%PoliticalParty and which contains the core goals and principles of the &%PoliticalParty for a particular year or election cycle.' s__PoliticalPressureGroup s__PoliticalPressureGroup__t '&%PoliticalPressureGroup is the class of &%Organizations that exert political pressure and have leaders who are involved in politics but not standing for election. For example, corporate lobbying groups, Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), or the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).' s__Requesting s__ForeignTerroristOrganization s__TerroristOrganization s__ForeignTerroristOrganization__t 'A Foreign Terrorist Organization is an &%Organization designated by the &%USStateDeparment as one which conducts acts of terrorism. This designation makes it subject to the &%AntiterrorismAndEffectiveDeathPenaltyAct.' s__USStateDepartment 'The branch of the US &%Government that handles relations with foreign governments and entities. It is the chief diplomatic instrument of US foreign policy. It controls US embassies and consuls.' s__Declaring s__ImmigrationAndNationalityAct_US s__ImmigrationAndNationalityAct_Section219_US s__AntiterrorismAndEffectiveDeathPenaltyAct 'Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act modifies the Immigration and Nationality Act was enacted in 1996 and specifies that: (1) It is unlawful to provide funds or other material support to a designated FTO. (2) Representatives and certain members of a designated FTO can be denied visas or excluded from the United States. (3) US financial institutions must block funds of designated FTOs and their agents and must report the blockage to the US Department of the Treasury.' s__associateInOrganization__m s__member__m '(&%associateInOrganization ?AGENT ?GROUP) means that ?AGENT is associated in some way with the &%Group ?GROUP. This includes participation as a guest or observer, as well as being a full &%member. See &%member for a more specific relation.' s__associateWithStatus__m '(&%associateWithStatus ?AGT ?STATUS ?GROUP) means that the &%Agent ?AGT has the &%RelationalAttribute ?STATUS in the &%Group ?GROUP. For example, (&%associateWithStatus &%UnitedStates &%PermanentMember &%UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil) means that the &UnitedStates has the status of a permanent member in the U.N. Security Council.' s__FullMember s__SuspendedMember s__MemberStatus '&%MemberStatus is the class of &%RelationalAttributes that represent the different kinds of status that may be held in various organizations. Included in this class are membership types for &%InternationalOrganizations covered by the CIA World Fact Book.' s__MemberStatus__t s__ObserverStatus s__NonregionalMember s__RegionalMember s__AssociateMember s__DialoguePartner s__GuestStatus s__CooperatingState s__PartnersForCooperation s__MembershipApplicant s__MembershipPending s__NonstateParticipant s__SubbureauMember s__PartIMember s__PartIIMember s__CategoryIMember s__CategoryIIMember s__CategoryIIIMember s__CorrespondentMember s__SubscriberMember s__ExecutiveBoardMember s__ExecutiveCommitteeMember s__BoardOfTrusteesMember s__Commissioner s__AdvisoryCommittee s__PermanentStatus s__NonpermanentStatus s__InternationalOrNonregionalMember s__AssociatePartner s__SignatoryMember s__JoiningAnOrganization s__InternationalOrganization '&%InternationalOrganization is the class of &%Organizations whose activities have international scope and which typically have members who are, or are from, different &%Nations.' 'This is the class of &%Organizations whose members are &%Nations.' s__dateDissolved__m '(&%dateDissolved ?THING ?TIME) means that the &%Physical ?THING was dissolved, disbanded, or superseded on the date indicated by ?TIME. For example, (&%dateDissolved &%UnitedNationsPreventiveDeploymentForce (&%DayFn 25 (&%MonthFn &%March (&%YearFn 1999)))).' s__successorOrganization__m '(&%successorOrganization ?OLD ?NEW) means that the &%Organization ?OLD was transformed or merged into, or otherwise succeeded by, the &%Organization ?NEW.' s__aimOfOrganization__m '(&%aimOfOrganization ?GROUP ?DESCRIPTION) means that the &%Organization ?GROUP has the purpose ?DESCRIPTION, formulated as a quoted text.' s__organizationalObjective__m '(&%organizationalObjective ?AGENT ?FOCUS) means that the &%Agent ?AGENT has significant aims and concerns characterized by the &%AreaOfConcern ?FOCUS.' '&%AreaOfConcern is a subclass of &%Attributes that represent and classify the kinds of interests that agents have.' s__TransnationalIssue '&%TransnationalIssue is a class of &%Attributes that characterize the concerns of &%Nations, international Non-Governmental Institutions (NGOs), and other transnational agents.' s__InternationalPeaceAndSecurity s__TransnationalIssue__t s__BoundaryDetermination s__PromoteRegionalStability s__AdministrationAndManagement s__TransitionalAdministration s__PeacekeepingOperation s__EmigrationAndImmigrationIssues s__ObservationAndMonitoring s__WeaponsInspection s__ArmsControl s__ConventionalArmsControl s__ControlWeaponsOfMassDestruction s__ControlNuclearWeapons s__NuclearNonproliferation s__NuclearExportControls s__NuclearDisarmament s__ControlBiologicalAndChemicalWeapons s__CBWExportControls s__EliminateChemicalWeapons s__ReducingCrime s__SocialDevelopment s__CrimePrevention s__SupportLawEnforcement s__CivilPoliceTraining s__EconomicCooperation s__EconomicIntegration s__EconomicPolicyCoordination s__CoordinateCreditPolicy s__FinancialCooperation s__MonetaryUnion s__EnergyCooperation s__EnergyAndTheEnvironment s__EnvironmentalCooperation s__PeacefulUseOfAtomicPower s__InfrastructureCooperation s__TransportationCoordination s__CooperationInCivilAviation s__InformationStandards s__IndustryStandards s__CommunicationsCoordination s__IntellectualPropertyProtection s__InternationalMaritimeAffairs s__EconomicDevelopment s__AgriculturalDevelopment s__PromotionOfPrivateEnterprise s__PromotionOfTourism s__InternationalTradeSupport s__PromotionOfTradeAndInvestment s__PromotionOfFreeTrade s__EfficientCustomsAdministration s__MonetaryStability s__ReducePoverty s__PromoteSustainableDevelopment s__LaborIssues s__PromoteTradeUnionism s__WorldLaborIssues s__MilitaryCooperation s__MutualDefensePact s__PoliticalCooperation s__PoliticalIntegration s__PoliticalDevelopment s__JusticeIssues s__InternationalJustice s__WarCrimesProsecution s__CompensationAndReparation s__GenderEquality s__PublicHealthConcern s__SocialCooperation s__CulturalCooperation s__OrganizeOlympicGames s__EducationalCooperation s__HumanitarianAssistance s__InformationCooperation s__TechnologyCooperation s__SocioeconomicResearch s__ScientificCooperation s__SpaceResearchAndTechnology s__HumanRightsIssues s__HumanitarianAid s__FoodAid s__RefugeeAssistance s__ChildHealthServices s__ReproductiveHealthAndFamilyPlannning s__PopulationPolicySupport s__ImproveHumanSettlementConditions s__AfricanCaribbeanAndPacificGroupOfStates 'African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States' 'ACP Group' "1975" s__AfricanDevelopmentBank 'AfDB' 'Banque Africaine de Developpement' 'BAD' "1963" s__AgencyForTheFrenchSpeakingCommunity 'Agency for the French-Speaking Community' 'ACCT' 'Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation' "20" "1970" s__AgencyForTheProhibitionOfNuclearWeaponsInLatinAmericaAndTheCaribbean 'Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean' 'OPANAL' 'Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe' "1967" s__AndeanCommunityOfNations 'Andean Community of Nations' 'CAN' 'AndeanGroup' 'AG' 'Andean Parliament' 'Andean Common Market' 'Ancom' "26" "1969" s__AntarcticTreatyCouncil 'Antarctic Treaty Council' s__ArabBankForEconomicDevelopmentInAfrica 'Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa' 'ABEDA' 'Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique' 'BADEA' "1974" s__ArabCooperationCouncil 'Arab Cooperation Council' 'ACC' "16" "1989" s__ArabFundForEconomicAndSocialDevelopment 'Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development' 'AFESD' "1968" s__ArabLeague 'Arab League' 'League of Arab States' 'AL' 'LAS' "22" "1945" s__ArabMaghrebUnion 'Arab Maghreb Union' 'AMU' "17" s__ArabMonetaryFund 'Arab Monetary Fund' 'AMF' "27" s__April "1976" s__AsiaPacificEconomicCooperation 'Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation' 'APEC' "7" s__AsianDevelopmentBank 'Asian Development Bank' 'AsDB' "19" "1966" s__AssociationOfSoutheastAsianNations 'Association of Southeast Asian Nations' 'ASEAN' s__ASEANRegionalForum 'ASEAN Regional Forum' 'ARF' "1994" s__RegionalSecurity s__AustraliaGroup 'Australia Group' "1984" s__AustraliaNewZealandUnitedStatesSecurityTreaty 'Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty' 'ANZUS' "1951" s__BankForInternationalSettlements 'Bank for International Settlements' 'BIS' s__January "1930" s__BeneluxEconomicUnion 'Benelux Economic Union' 'Benelux' "1958" s__BigSeven 'Big Seven' s__BigSix 'Big Six' s__GroupOf6 s__BlackSeaEconomicCooperationZone 'Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone' 'BSEC' "1992" s__CaribbeanCommunityAndCommonMarket 'Caribbean Community and Common Market' 'Caricom' s__July "1973" s__CaribbeanDevelopmentBank 'Caribbean Development Bank' 'CDB' s__October s__CentralAfricanStatesDevelopmentBank 'Central African States Development Bank' 'BDEAC' 'Banque de Developpement des Etats de lAfrique Centrale' s__CentralAmericanBankForEconomicIntegration 'Central American Bank for Economic Integration' 'BCIE' 'Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico' "13" "1960" s__CentralAmericanCommonMarket 'Central American Common Market' 'CACM' s__CentralEuropeanInitiative 'Central European Initiative' 'CEI' 'Quadrilateral Initiative' 'Hexagonal Initiative' s__ColomboPlan 'Colombo Plan' 'CP' "1950" s__CommonwealthOfNations 'Commonwealth of Nations' 'Commonwealth' 'C' "31" "1931" s__CommonwealthOfIndependentStates 'Commonwealth of Independent States' 'CIS' "1991" s__CoordinatingCommitteeOnExportControls 'Coordinating Committee on Export Controls' 'COCOM' "1949" s__WassenaarArrangement 'The &%CoordinatingCommitteeOnExportControls was abolished as of March 31, 1994, and its members formed the &%WassenaarArrangement on July 12, 1996, with expanded membership and a post-Cold War aim of voluntary export controls on conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies.' s__CouncilForMutualEconomicAssistance 'Council for Mutual Economic Assistance' 'CEMA' 'CMEA' 'Comecon' s__CouncilOfArabEconomicUnity 'Council of Arab Economic Unity' 'CAEU' "1957" 'The &%CouncilOfArabEconomicUnity was established in 1957 but did not become effective until May 30, 1964.' s__CouncilOfEurope 'Council of Europe' 'CE' s__CouncilOfTheBalticSeaStates 'Council of the Baltic Sea States' 'CBSS' s__CouncilOfTheEntente 'Council of the Entente' 'Entente' "29" s__WorldCustomsOrganization 'Customs Cooperation Council' 'World Customs Organization' 'CCC' 'WCO' s__EastAfricanDevelopmentBank 'East African Development Bank' 'EADB' s__EconomicAndSocialCouncil 'Economic and Social Council' 'ECOSOC' 'The &%EconomicAndSocialCouncil is the coordinating organization for the social and economic work of the &%UnitedNations. It comprises five regional commissions and nine functional commissions.' s__UnitedNations s__CommissionForSocialDevelopment s__InternationalOrganization__t s__CommissionOnCrimePreventionAndCriminalJustice s__CommissionOnHumanRights s__CommissionOnNarcoticsDrugs s__CommissionOnPopulationAndDevelopment s__CommissionOnScienceAndTechnologyForDevelopment s__CommissionOnSustainableDevelopment s__CommissionOnTheStatusOfWomen s__EconomicAndSocialCommissionForAsiaAndThePacific s__EconomicAndSocialCommissionForWesternAsia s__EconomicCommissionForAfrica s__EconomicCommissionForEurope s__EconomicCommissionForLatinAmericaAndTheCaribbean s__FoodAndAgricultureOrganization s__InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency s__InternationalBankForReconstructionAndDevelopment s__InternationalCenterForSecretariatOfInvestmentDisputes s__InternationalCivilAviationOrganization s__InternationalDevelopmentAssociation s__InternationalFinanceCorporation s__InternationalFundForAgriculturalDevelopment s__InternationalLaborOrganization s__InternationalMaritimeOrganization s__InternationalMonetaryFund s__InternationalTelecommunicationUnion s__MulitlateralInvestmentGeographicAgency s__StatisticalCommission s__UnitedNationsEducationalScientificAndCulturalOrganization s__UnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization s__UniversalPostalUnion s__WorldHealthOrganization s__WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization s__WorldMeteorologicalOrganization s__WorldTourismOrganization s__WorldTradeOrganization s__WorldFoodProgram s__EconomicCommunityOfTheGreatLakesCountries 'Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries' 'CEPGL' 'Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs' s__EconomicCommunityOfWestAfricanStates 'Economic Community of West African States' 'ECOWAS' "28" s__EconomicCooperationOrganization 'Economic Cooperation Organization' 'ECO' "1985" s__EuroAtlanticPartnershipCouncil 'Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council' 'EAPC' 'North Atlantic Cooperation Council' s__EuropeanBankForReconstructionAndDevelopment 'European Bank for Reconstruction and Development' 'EBRD' s__EuropeanCommunity 'The &%EuropeanCommunity was merged into the &%EuropeanUnion on February 7, 1992.' 'European Community' 'European Communities' 'EC' "1965" s__EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation 'European Free Trade Association' 'EFTA' s__EuropeanInvestmentBank 'European Investment Bank' 'EIB' s__EuropeanMonetaryUnion 'European Monetary Union' 'European Economic and Monetary Union' 'EMU' s__EuroDollar s__EuropeanOrganizationForNuclearResearch 'European Organization for Nuclear Research' 'CERN' 'Conseil Europeenne pour la Recherche Nucleaire' "1953" s__EuropeanSpaceAgency 'European Space Agency' 'ESA' s__EuropeanUnion 'European Union' 'EU' 'Food and Agriculture Organization' 'FAO' s__FrancZone 'Franc Zone' 'Conference des Ministres des Finances des Pays de la Zone Franc' 'FZ' "1964" s__GroupOf3 'Group of 3' 'G-3' "1990" s__GroupOf5 'Group of 5' 'G-5' 'Group of 6' 'G-6' 'Groupe des Six Sur le Desarmement' 'Group of 7' 'G-7' 'The memberships of the &%BigSeven and the &%GroupOf7 include the same &%Nations.' s__GroupOf8 'Group of 8' 'G-8' 'The &%GroupOf8 members were participants in the Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC) between 1975-1977.' s__GroupOf9 'Group of 9' 'G-9' s__GroupOf10 'Group of 10' 'G-10' 'Paris Club' "1962" 'The &%GroupOf10 (also known as the Paris Club) is a group of (now) 11 major creditor nations that manage the repayment of loans by debtor countries. The Group of 10 works closely with the &%InternationalMonetaryFund.' s__GroupOf11 'Group of 11' 'Cartagena Group' 'G-11' s__GroupOf15 'Group of 15' 'G-15' 'The &%GroupOf15 was a result of the &%NonalignedMovement.' s__GroupOf24 'Group of 24' 'G-24' 'The &%GroupOf24 promotes the interests of developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America within the &%InternationalMonetaryFund.' s__GroupOf77 'Group of 77' 'G-77' s__GulfCooperationCouncil 'Gulf Cooperation Council' 'GCC' "1981" s__IndianOceanCommission 'Indian Ocean Commission' 'InOC' "21" "1982" s__InterAmericanDevelopmentBank 'Inter-American Development Bank' 'IADB' 'Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo' 'BID' s__InterGovernmentalAuthorityOnDevelopment 'Inter-Governmental Authority on Development' 'IGAD' 'Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development' 'IGADD' "1996" 'The &%InterGovernmentalAuthorityOnDevelopment is the revitalized successor organization of the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development, which had been established 15-16 January 1986.' 'International Atomic Energy Agency' 'IAEA' "1956" 'International Bank for Reconstruction and Development' 'World Bank' 'IBRD' "1944" s__InternationalChamberOfCommerce 'International Chamber of Commerce' 'ICC' "1919" 'International Civil Aviation Organization' 'ICAO' s__InternationalCommitteeOfTheRedCross 'International Committee of the Red Cross' 'ICRC' 'Red Cross' "1863" s__InternationalConfederationOfFreeTradeUnions 'International Confederation of Free Trade Unions' 'ICFTU' s__InternationalCourtOfJustice 'International Court of Justice' 'ICJ' 'World Court' 'The &%InternationalCourtOfJustice superseded the Permanent Court of International Justice.' s__InternationalCriminalPoliceOrganization 'International Criminal Police Organization' 'Interpol' 'Interpol is the successor organization to the International Criminal Police Organization, which had been established in 1923.' 'International Development Association' 'IDA' s__InternationalEnergyAgency 'International Energy Agency' 'IEA' 'The &%InternationalEnergyAgency was established by the &%OrganizationForEconomicAndCulturalDevelopment.' s__InternationalFederationOfRedCrossAndRedCrescentSocieties s__OrganizationOfNations__t 'International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies' 'IFRCS' 'League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies' 'LORCS' 'International Finance Corporation' 'IFC' "1955" 'The &%InternationalFinanceCorporation is affiliated with the &%InternationalBankForReconstructionAndDevelopment.' s__PromotePrivateEnterprise 'International Fund for Agricultural Development' 'IFAD' s__InternationalHydrographicOrganization 'International Hydrographic Organization' 'IHO' 'International Hydrographic Bureau' 'International Labor Organization' 'ILO' 'The &%InternationalLaborOrganization became affiliated with the &%UnitedNations in 1946.' 'International Maritime Organization' 'IMO' 'Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization' 'IMCO' "1948" 'The &%InternationalMaritimeOrganization was established in 1948 but became effective ten years later.' 'International Monetary Fund' 'IMF' s__InternationalOlympicCommittee 'International Olympic Committee' 'IOC' "1894" s__InternationalOrganizationForMigration 'International Organization for Migration' 'IOM' 'Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe' 'Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration' 'ICEM' 'Intergovernmental Committee for Migration' 'ICM' s__InternationalOrganizationForStandardization 'International Organization for Standardization' 'ISO' "1947" s__InternationalRedCrossAndRedCrescentMovement 'International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement' 'ICRM' "1928" 'International Telecommunication Union' 'ITU' "1865" 'International Telegraph Union' 'The &%InternationalTelecommunicationUnion became affiliated with the &%UnitedNations on November 15, 1947.' s__IslamicDevelopmentBank 'Islamic Development Bank' 'IDB' s__LatinAmericanEconomicSystem 'Latin American Economic System' 'LAES' 'Sistema Economico Latinoamericana' 'SELA' s__LatinAmericanIntegrationAssociation 'Latin American Integration Association' 'LAIA' 'Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion' 'ALADI' "1980" s__MonetaryAndEconomicCommunityOfCentralAfrica 'Monetary and Economic Community of Central Africa' 'CEMAC' 'Central African Customs and Economic Union' 'UDEAC' "1864" s__NonalignedMovement 'Nonaligned Movement' 'NAM' 'The &%NonalignedMovement was established to promote political and military cooperation outside of the traditional East and West power groups.' s__NordicCouncil 'Nordic Council' 'NC' "1952" s__NordicInvestmentBank 'Nordic Investment Bank' 'NIB' s__NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization 'North Atlantic Treaty Organization' 'NATO' s__NuclearEnergyAgency 'Nuclear Energy Agency' 'OECD Nuclear Energy Agency' 'NEA' s__OrganizationForEconomicCooperationAndDevelopment s__NuclearSuppliersGroup 'Nuclear Suppliers Group' 'NSG' 'London Suppliers Group' 'London Group' 'Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development' 'OECD' s__OrganizationForSecurityAndCooperationInEurope 'Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe' 'OSCE' 'Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe' 'CSCE' "1995" 'The &%OrganizationForSecurityAndCooperationInEurope, established January 1, 1995, grew out of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, which began meeting in 1975.' s__OrganizationForTheProhibitionOfChemicalWeapons 'Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons' 'OPCW' "1997" s__OrganizationOfAfricanUnity 'Organization of African Unity' 'African Union' 'OAU' 'The &%OrganizationOfAfricanUnity was renamed to African Union (Union-Africaine) in July, 2002.' s__OrganizationOfAmericanStates 'Organization of American States' 'OAS' 'International Union of American Republics' "1890" 'The &%OrganizationOfAmericanStates adopted its present charter on April 30, 1948.' s__OrganizationOfArabPetroleumExportingCountries 'Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries' 'OAPEC' s__OrganizationOfEasternCaribbeanStates 'Organization of Eastern Caribbean States' 'OECS' 'Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries' 'OPEC' s__OrganizationOfTheIslamicConference 'Organization of the Islamic Conference' 'OIC' s__PacificCommunity 'Pacific Community' 'South Pacific Commission' 'SPC' s__PacificIslandForum 'Pacific Island Forum' 'South Pacific Forum' "1971" s__PartnershipForPeace 'Partnership for Peace' 'PFP' s__PermanentCourtOfArbitration 'Permanent Court of Arbitration' 'PCA' "1899" s__RioGroup 'Rio Group' 'RG' 'Grupo de los Ocho' "1986" 'The &%RioGroup was the result of fusing the Contadora Group and the Lima (or Support) Group.' s__SouthAsianAssociationForRegionalCooperation 'South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation' 'SAARC' s__SouthPacificRegionalTradeAndEconomicCooperationAgreement 'South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement' 'Sparteca' s__SouthernAfricanCustomsUnion 'Southern African Customs Union' 'SACU' s__SouthernAfricanDevelopmentCommunity 'Southern African Development Community' 'SADC' 'Southern African Development Coordination Conference' 'SADCC' s__SouthernConeCommonMarket 'Southern Cone Common Market' 'Southern Common Market' 'Mercosur' 'Mercado Comun del Cono Sur' 'United Nations' 'UN' 'The &%UnitedNations has six principal &%subOrganizations: the Secretariat, the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council (currently inactive), and the International Court of Justice. The United Nations has numerous subordinate agencies and bodies within those six major subdivisions.' s__UnitedNationsChildrensFund 'United Nations Childrens Fund' 'UNICEF' 'UN International Childrens Emergency Fund' "1946" s__UnitedNationsCivilianPoliceMissionInHaiti 'United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti' 'MIPONUH' s__UnitedNationsConferenceOnTradeAndDevelopment 'United Nations Conference on Trade and Development' 'UNCTAD' "30" s__UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram 'United Nations Development Program' 'UNDP' s__UnitedNationsDisengagementObserverForce 'United Nations Disengagement Observer Force' 'UNDOF' 'The &%UnitedNationsDisengagementObserverForce was formed by the UN Security Council in order to observe the 1973 Arab-Israeli cease-fire.' 'United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization' 'UNESCO' s__UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram 'United Nations Environment Program' 'UNEP' "1972" s__UnitedNationsGeneralAssembly 'United Nations General Assembly' 'UN General Assembly' 'The &%UnitedNationsGeneralAssembly is the primary deliberative body of the &%UnitedNations.' s__UnitedNationsHighCommissionerForRefugees s__UnitedNationsInstituteForTrainingAndResearch s__UnitedNationsPopulationFund s__UnitedNationsReliefAndWorksAgencyForPalestineRefugeesInTheNearEast s__UnitedNationsResearchInstituteForSocialDevelopment s__UnitedNationsUniversity s__InternationalResearchAndTrainingInstituteForTheAdvancementOfWomen 'International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women' 'INSTRAW' s__UnitedNationsCenterForHumanSettlements 'United Nations Center for Human Settlements' 'UN-HABITAT' 'UNCHS' 'Habitat' s__UnitedNationsHighCommissionerForHumanRights 'United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights' 'UNHCHR' s__UnitedNationsInstituteForDisarmamentResearch 'United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research' 'UNIDIR' s__UnitedNationsInterregionalCrimeAndJusticeResearchInstitute 'United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute' 'UNICRI' 'United Nations Social Defense Research Institute' 'UNSDRI' 'The &%UnitedNationsInterregionalCrimeAndJusticeResearchInstitute was reconstituted (from UNSDRI) into its present form in 1989 to address broader demands introduced by the participation of more developing countries in the &%UnitedNations.' s__UnitedNationsOfficeOfProjectServices 'United Nations Office of Project Services' 'UNOPS' s__UnitedNationsSystemStaffCollege 'United Nations Systems Staff College' 'UNSSC' 'United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees' 'UNHCR' 'United Nations Industrial Development Organization' 'UNIDO' 'United Nations Institute for Training and Research' 'UNITAR' s__UnitedNationsInterimAdminstrationMissionInKosovo 'United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo' 'UNMIK' "1999" s__UnitedNationsInterimForceInLebanon 'United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon' 'UNIFIL' "1978" s__UnitedNationsIraqKuwaitObservationMission 'United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission' 'UNIKOM' s__UnitedNationsMilitaryObserverGroupInIndiaAndPakistan 'United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan' 'UNMOGIP' "24" s__UnitedNationsMissionForTheReferendumInWesternSahara 'United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara' 'MINURSO' s__UnitedNationsMissionInBosniaAndHerzegovina 'United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina' 'UNMIBH' s__UnitedNationsMissionInEthiopiaAndEritrea 'United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea' 'UNMEE' "2000" s__UnitedNationsMissionInSierraLeone 'United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone' 'UNAMSIL' s__UnitedNationsMissionOfObserversInPrevlaka 'United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka' 'UNMOP' s__UnitedNationsMissionOfObserversInTajikistan 'United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan' 'UNMOT' s__UnitedNationsMonitoringAndVerificationCommission 'United Nations Monitoring and Verification Commission' 'UNMOVIC' 'United Nations Special Commission for the Elimination of Iraqi Weapons of Mass Destruction' 'UNSCOM' s__UnitedNationsObserverMissionInGeorgia 'United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia' 'UNOMIG' "1993" s__UnitedNationsOrganizationMissionInTheDemocraticRepublicOfTheCongo 'United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo' 'MONUC' s__UnitedNationsPeaceKeepingForceInCyprus 'United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus' 'UNFICYP' 'United Nations Population Fund' 'UNFPA' 'UN Fund for Population Activities' s__UnitedNationsPreventiveDeploymentForce 'United Nations Preventive Deployment Force' 'UNPREDEP' 'United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East' 'UNRWA' 'United Nations Research Institute for Social Development' 'UNRISD' 'The &%UnitedNationsResearchInstituteForSocialDevelopment conducts research into problems of social and economic development. The Chair of its Board of Directors is appointed by the UN Secretary General. (No country members.)' s__UnitedNationsSecretariat 'United Nations Secretariat' 'The &%UnitedNationsSecretariat is the primary administrative body of the &%UnitedNations. It is headed by the United Nations Secretary General, and constituted by him and his staff. The UN General Assembly appoints the Secretary General for a five-year term.' s__UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil 'United Nations Security Council' s__InternationalCriminalTribunalForTheFormerYugoslavia s__InternationalCriminalTribunalForRwanda s__UnitedNationsCompensationCommission s__UnitedNationsInterimAdministrationMissionInKosovo s__UnitedNationsIraqKuwaitBoundaryDemarcationCommission s__UnitedNationsTransitionalAdministrationInEastTimor s__UnitedNationsTruceSupervisionOrganization 'International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia' 'ICTY' 'International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda' 'ICTR' 'United Nations Compensation Commission' 'UNCC' 'The &%UnitedNationsCompensationCommission was created to process claims and pay compensation for losses and damage suffered as a direct result of the unlawful invasion and occupation of Kuwait by Iraq.' 'United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Boundary Demarcation Commission' 'United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor' 'UNTAET' 'United Nations Truce Supervision Organization' 'UNTSO' s__UnitedNationsTrusteeshipCouncil 'United Nations Trusteeship Council' 'The &%UnitedNationsTrusteeshipCouncil is one of the six major organs of the &%UnitedNations, but it is currently inactive (though not dissolved) following the transition of the last UN trust territory to an independent government.' 'United Nations University' 'UNU' 'The Rector and 24 members of the &%UnitedNationsUniversity Council are appointed by the UN Secretary General and the Director General of UNESCO.' 'Universal Postal Union' 'UPU' "1874" 'The &%UniversalPostalUnion became affiliated with the &%UnitedNations on November 15, 1947.' s__WarsawPact 'Warsaw Pact' 'WP' 'Wassenaar Arrangement' s__WestAfricanDevelopmentBank 'West African Development Bank' 'WADB' 'Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement' 'BOAD' s__WestAfricanEconomicAndMonetaryUnion 'West African Economic and Monetary Union' 'WAEMU' 'Union Economique et Monetaire Ouest Africaine' s__WesternEuropeanUnion 'Western European Union' 'WEU' "1954" s__WorldBankGroup 'World Bank Group' s__WorldConfederationOfLabor 'World Confederation of Labor' 'WCL' "1920" 'International Federation of Christian Trade Unions' 'IFCTU' 'The &%WorldConfederationOfLabor was previously named the International Federation of Christian Trade Unions. It was renamed on October 4, 1968.' s__WorldFederationOfTradeUnions 'World Federation of Trade Unions' 'WFTU' 'World Food Program' 'WFP' 'World Health Organization' 'WHO' 'World Intellectual Property Organization' 'WIPO' 'World Meteorological Organization' 'WMO' 'World Tourism Organization' 'WToO' 'World Trade Organization' 'WTrO' 'The &%WorldTradeOrganization succeeded the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT).' s__ZanggerCommittee 'Zangger Committee' 'ZC' 'The &%ZanggerCommittee was established during the 1970s.' s__ForeignServicePosition '&%ForeignServicePosition is the subclass of &%Positions that belong to foreign service personnel working for a national government or international organization.' s__DiplomaticAgent s__ForeignServicePosition__t '&%DiplomaticAgent is a generic &%Attribute of persons charged to represent one national government to another nation or international organization. This includes any &%Ambassador or head of a diplomatic mission. Individuals with this attribute may also hold a career diplomatic position (see &%ForeignServicePosition).' s__Ambassador '&%Ambassador is the &%Attribute of the most highly-ranked foreign service representatives from the government of one country to another.' s__ConsulGeneral '&%ConsulGeneral is the &%Attribute of foreign service officers representing their governments abroad as Consuls General.' s__Consul '&%Consul is the &%Attribute of foreign service officers representing their governments abroad as Consuls.' s__ChargeDAffaires '&%ChargeDAffaires is the &%Attribute of foreign servicer officers representing their governments abroad as Charges dAffaires.' s__PermanentChargeDAffaires s__ActingConsulGeneral s__PrincipalOfficer s__chiefOfDiplomaticMission__m s__diplomaticRepresentativeInRole__m '(&%chiefOfDiplomaticMission ?AGENT1 ?PERSON ?RANK ?AGENT2) means that the chief diplomatic representative sent by the &%Agent ?AGENT1 to the &%Agent ?AGENT2 is ?PERSON, whose official position is ?RANK.' '(&%diplomaticRepresentativeInRole ?AGENT1 ?PERSON ?RANK ?AGENT2) means that the &%Agent ?AGENT1 sends the individual ?PERSON with the &%Position ?RANK as its representative to the &%Agent ?AGENT2. Note: it is possible for ?PERSON to be diplomatically accredited to more than one area. For example, currently the United States Ambassador to Papua New Guinea is also accredited to Vanuatu, and there is no embassy in Vanuatu.' s__DiplomaticOrganization s__diplomaticRepresentationType__m '(&%diplomaticRepresentationType ?AGENT1 ?RANK ?AGENT2) means that the &%Agent ?AGENT1 sends a representative with the &%Position ?RANK to the &%Agent ?AGENT2.' s__diplomaticRelations__m '(&%diplomaticRelations ?COUNTRY1 ?COUNTRY2) means that there are official diplomatic relations between the two &%Nations ?COUNTRY1 and ?COUNTRY2.' s__representativeAgentToAgent__m '(&$representativeAgentToAgent ?SENDER ?REP ?RECEIVER) means that the &%Agent ?SENDER has the &%Agent ?REP as its representative to the &%Agent ?RECEIVER. ?REP works for ?SENDER and is not assumed to be an impartial mediator.' s__diplomaticOrganizationType__m '(&%diplomaticOrganizationType ?AGENT1 ?ORG ?AGENT2) means that the &%Agent ?AGENT1 has a diplomatic organization of the type ?ORG in &%Agent ?AGENT2. For example, (&%diplomaticOrganizationType &%UnitedStates &%Embassy &%France), or (&%diplomaticOrganizationType &%UnitedStates &%ConsulateGeneral &%ShanghaiChina).' s__ConsulateGeneral s__Embassy s__DiplomaticOrganization__t '&%DiplomaticOrganization is the general class of government organizations that represent one nation in official government business with other nations.' s__Embassy__t '&%Embassy is the class of top-ranked &%GovernmentOrganizations that represent one nation within the boundaries of another. Not all nations have embassy-level representation from other nations.' s__ConsulateGeneral__t '&%ConsulateGeneral is a class of government organizations that represent one nation within the territory of a second nation. Consulates General offer a wider variety of services than do &%Consulates.' s__Consulate s__Consulate__t '&%Consulate is a class of government organizations that represent one nation within the territory of a second nation. Consulates offer services for citizens of their own country abroad, as well as for citizens of the host country who have dealings with the country represented by the consulate general. See also &%ConsulateGeneral.' s__AmericanInstituteInTaiwan 'The &%AmericanInstituteInTaiwan is a private, nonprofit corporation under United States government oversight that conducts relations with &%Taiwan.' s__chanceryAddressInArea__m '(&%chanceryAddressInArea ?AREA1 ?ADDRESS ?AREA2) means that the address of the main foreign service organization of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA1 for ?AREA2 is the &%SymbolicString ?ADDRESS.' s__chanceryMailingAddressInArea__m '(&%chanceryMailingAddressInArea ?AREA1 ?ADDRESS ?AREA2) means that the mailing address of the main foreign service organization of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA1 located in ?AREA2 is the &%SymbolicString ?ADDRESS.' s__chanceryTelephoneNumberInArea__m '(&%chanceryTelephoneNumberInArea ?AREA1 ?TELEPHONE ?AREA2) means that the telephone number of the main diplomatic office of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA1 located in ?AREA2 is ?TELEPHONE.' s__chanceryFAXNumberInArea__m '(&%chanceryFAXNumberInArea ?AREA1 ?FAX ?AREA2) means that the FAX number of the main diplomatic office of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA1 located in ?AREA2 is ?FAX.' s__flagDescription__m '(&%flagDescription ?AREA ?DESCRIPTION) means that the &%SymbolicString ?DESCRIPTION is a verbal description of the flag of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.' s__flagImage__m '(&%flagImage ?AREA ?POINTER) means that an image of the flag of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is found at the location given in the &%SymbolicString ?POINTER.' s__USCustomsAndBorderProtection 'US Customs and Border Protection' 'US Border Patrol' 'Border Patrol' s__DepartmentOfHomelandSecurity 'The US government organization charged with protecting the integrity of US national borders, primarily by detecting and preventing attempts at illegal immigration.' s__PoliceOrganization s__UnitedStatesDepartmentOfAgriculture 'Provides services to farmers in the UnitedStates.' s__UnitedStatesDepartmentOfDefense 'Entrusted with the national security of the &%UnitedStates.' s__UnitedStatesHouseOfRepresentatives 'One of the two legislatures that make up the &%UnitedStatesCongress.' s__UnitedStatesPostalService 'The &%GovernmentOrganization of the &%UnitedStates that is entrusted with delivering the mail.' s__UnitedStatesSenate "2002" 'The US Government organization founded in 2002 to consolidate and organize national-level preparations to thwart security threats, primarily terrorist attacks, against the United States of America.' 'Department of Homeland Security' s__ConfederateStatesOfAmerica 'The eleven states of the &%UnitedStates that tried to secede from the &%UnitedStates.' s__UnionStatesOfAmerica 'The states of the &%UnitedStates that the &%ConfederateStatesOfAmerica seceded from.' s__UnitedStatesDepartmentOfState 'The &%subOrganization of the US government that sets and enforces foreign policy.' s__UnitedStatesDepartmentOfInterior 'Manages and preserves public lands and natural resources in the &%UnitedStates.' s__DemocraticPartyUS s__PoliticalParty__t 'One of the two major political parties in the &%UnitedStates. The &%DemocraticPartyUS represents liberal values.' 'democratic party' s__RepublicanPartyUS 'One of the two major political parties in the &%UnitedStates. The &%RepublicanPartyUS represents traditional, conservative values.' 'republican party' '(? [V__GUEST,V__ROOM] : (s__instance(V__ROOM,s__Object) & s__instance(V__GUEST,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__rents(V__GUEST,V__X,V__ROOM,V__TI) & s__instance(V__ROOM,s__HotelUnit) & s__element(V__ROOM,s__PropertyFn(V__X))))' s__guest__m s__customer__m '&%guest refers to the &%customer living in a &%TemporaryResidence for the duration of his stay there' guest s__HotelBuilding s__ResidentialBuilding s__HotelBuilding__t 'A &%ResidentialBuilding which provides temporary accommodations to guests in exchange for money.' hotel s__HotelRoom s__HotelUnit s__TemporaryResidence '&%HotelUnit describes the basic unit that a traveler sleeps in when he is in &%TravelerAccomodation. It can be a &%Room or a detached &%Building' 'hotel unit' s__Bed '(? [V__AGENT,V__CUST,V__TI] : (s__instance(V__TI,s__TimeInterval) & s__instance(V__CUST,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__instance(V__AGENT,s__CognitiveAgent) & (~ (V__AGENT = V__CUST)) & s__element(V__ROOM,s__PropertyFn(V__AGENT)) & s__rents(V__CUST,V__AGENT,V__ROOM,V__TI)))' s__HotelRoom__t '&%HotelRoom refers to a &%Room that is part of a &%HotelBuilding that serves as a &%TemporaryResidence for travelers' 'hotel room' s__HotelVilla s__Building s__HotelVilla__t s__HotelUnit__t '&%HotelVilla refers to a &%Building that is completely detached from the main &%HotelBuilding' 'hotel villa' s__RoomInventory s__RoomInventory__t '&%RoomInventory is the &%Collection of &%HotelUnit that a &%TravelerAccommodation has in one &%PropertyFn' 'room inventory' s__allRoomsPhysicalAmenity__m '(&%allRoomsPhysicalAmenity ?INV ?OBJ) means that all rooms in &%RoomInventory ?INV have &%roomAmenity ?OBJ' 'physical amenity in all rooms' s__someRoomsPhysicalAmenity__m '(&%someRoomsPhysicalAmenity ?INV ?OBJ) means that there are rooms in &%RoomInventory ?INV that have &%roomAmenity ?OBJ' 'physical amenity in some rooms' s__someRoomsServiceAmenity__m '(&%someRoomsServiceAmenity ?INV ?SVC) means that there are rooms in &%RoomInventory ?INV that have &%roomAmenity ?SVC' 'service amenity in some rooms' s__allRoomsServiceAmenity__m '(&%allRoomsServiceAmenity ?INV ?SVC) means that all rooms in &%RoomInventory ?INV have &%roomAmenity ?SVC' 'service amenity in all rooms' s__allRoomsPolicy__m '(&%allRoomsPolicy ?INV ?POLICY) means that all rooms in &%RoomInventory ?INV have &%roomPolicy ?POLICY' 'room policy in all rooms' s__someRoomsPolicy__m '(&%someRoomsPolicy ?INV ?POLICY) means some rooms in &%RoomInventory ?INV have &%roomPolicy ?POLICY' s__someRoomsAttribute__m '(&%someRoomsAttribute ?INV ?ATTR) means some rooms in &%RoomInventory ?INV have &%RelationalAttribute ?ATTR' 'some rooms attribute' s__roomAmenity__m '(&%roomAmenity ?ROOM ?PHYS) means that &%TravelerAccommodation provides &%Physical ?PHYS in &%HotelUnit ?ROOM' 'room amenity' '(? [V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__O,s__Object) & s__agent(V__PROC,V__CUST) & (s__instrument(V__PROC,V__O) | s__patient(V__PROC,V__O) | s__resource(V__PROC,V__O))))' '(? [V__X,V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__X,s__Object) & s__instance(V__X,V__ROOM) & s__agent(V__S,V__HOTEL) & (s__instance(V__S,V__SVC) | (s__instance(V__PROC,V__SVC) & s__subProcess(V__S,V__PROC))) & s__located(V__S,V__X)))' s__freeRoomAmenity__m '(&%freeRoomAmenity ?ROOM ?PHYS) means that there is no price associated with the use of an object or the rendering of a service' 'free room amenity' s__paidRoomAmenity__m '(&%paidRoomAmenity ?ROOM ?PHYS) means that there is a fee associated with the use of an object or the rendering of a service' 'paid room amenity' s__roomPolicy__m '(&%roomPolicy ?ROOM ?POLICY) means that &%Policy ?POLICY is applied to the &%HotelUnit ?ROOM' 'room policy' s__roomAttribute__m '(&%roomAttribute ?ROOM ?ATTR) means that all instances of &%HotelUnit ?ROOM has attribute ?ATTR' 'room attribute' s__maxRoomCapacity__m '(&%maxRoomCapacity ?ROOM ?NUM) means that &%TravelerAccommodation allows a maximum number of ?NUM people to stay in ?ROOM during one stay' 'maximum capacity' '(? [V__GRP] : (s__instance(V__GRP,s__Collection) & s__instance(V__GRP,s__Human) & s__instance(V__GRP,s__GroupOfPeople) & s__memberCount(V__GRP,V__PPL) & lesseq(V__PPL,V__NUM) & s__stays(V__GRP,V__X)))' s__propertyAmenity__m '(&%propertyAmenity ?AGENT ?PHYS) means that &Agent ?AGENT provides &%Physical ?PHYS on its property' 'property amenity' '(? [V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & (s__resource(V__PROC,V__X) | s__instrument(V__PROC,V__X) | s__patient(V__PROC,V__X)) & (s__agent(V__PROC,V__CUST) | s__experiencer(V__PROC,V__CUST))))' '(? [V__S,V__LOC] : (s__instance(V__LOC,s__Object) & s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__element(V__LOC,s__PropertyFn(V__AGENT)) & s__agent(V__S,V__HOTEL) & (s__instance(V__S,V__PHYS) | (s__instance(V__PROC,V__PHY) & s__subProcess(V__S,V__PROC))) & s__located(V__S,V__LOC)))' s__freePropertyAmenity__m '(&%freePropertyAmenity ?AGENT ?PHYS) means that &%Agent ?AGENT provides &%Physical ?PHYS at no additional cost' 'free property amenity' s__paidPropertyAmenity__m '(&%paidPropertyAmenity ?AGENT ?PHYS) means that &%Agent ?AGENT provides &%Physical ?PHYS at additional cost' 'paid property amenity' s__activityCapability__m '(&%activityCapability ?AGENT ?ACT) means that &%Process ?ACT can be located on the property owned by &%Agent ?AGENT' 'activity capability' s__located__m s__propertyPolicy__m '(&%propertyPolicy ?AGENT ?POLICY) means that ?POLICY is a &%Policy with &%policyLocationCoverage that covers all elements of &%PropertyFn ?AGENT' 'property policy' s__orgStaff__m '(&%orgStaff ?ORG ?POS) means that &%Agent ?ORG employs &%Human with &%Attribute ?POS' 'organization staff' s__managedBy__m '(&%managedBy ?OBJ ?AGENT) means that &%Object ?OBJ is &%Managing by &%Agent ?AGENT. ?AGENT may no necessarily own ?OBJ.' 'managed by' s__Managing s__InternetAddress s__ContactSite s__InternetAddress__t s__checkInTime__m '(&%checkInTime ?HOTEL ?TIME) means that &%TravelerAccomodation ?HOTEL only starts &%CheckInService after ?TIME' 'check-in time' '(? [V__T,V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__T,s__TimePoint) & s__instance(V__T,V__TIME) & s__instance(V__C,s__CheckInService) & s__agent(V__C,V__HOTEL) & s__before(s__BeginFn(s__WhenFn(V__C)),V__T)))' s__Unlikely s__checkOutTime__m '(&%checkOutTime ?HOTEL ?TIME) means that &%TravelerAccommodation ?HOTEL expects guests to &%CheckOutService before ?TIME' 'check-out time' '(? [V__T,V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__T,s__TimePoint) & s__instance(V__T,V__TIME) & s__patient(V__C,V__GUEST) & s__instance(V__C,s__CheckOutService) & s__agent(V__C,V__HOTEL) & s__before(s__BeginFn(s__WhenFn(V__C)),V__T)))' s__numberOfFloors__m '(&%numberOfFloors ?BLDG ?NUM) means that &%Building ?BLDG has &%Integer ?NUM number of &%BuildingLevel' 'number of floors' s__BuildingLevel s__yearBuilt__m '(&%yearBuilt ?OBJ ?YEAR) means that the &%Making of &%Object ?OBJ was completed on &%Year ?YEAR' 'year built' s__lastRenovation__m '(&%lastRenovation ?OBJ ?YEAR) means that &%Object ?OBJ was last repaired on &%Year ?YEAR' 'last renovation' s__Repairing s__colocatedAgent__m '(&%colocatedAgent ?ORG1 ?ATTR1) means that an &%Organization with &%Attribute ?ATTR1 is colocated with ?ORG1' 'colocated business' s__capacityByArrangement__m '(&%capacityByArrangement ?AREA ?PROP ?QTY) means that &%Integer ?QTY is the maximum capacity of &%Region ?AREA when &%Proposition ?PROP is followed.' 'capacity by arrangement' '(? [V__GRP] : (s__instance(V__GRP,s__Collection) & s__instance(V__GRP,s__GroupOfPeople) & s__memberCount(V__GRP,V__PPL) & lesseq(V__PPL,V__INT) & s__located(V__GRP,V__AREA)))' s__functionRoomAmenity__m '(&%functionRoomAmenity ?RM ?PHYS) means that &%Physical ?PHYS is available for people who &%Renting &%HotelFunctionRoom ?RM' 'function room amenity' s__HotelFunctionRoom '(? [V__O,V__P] : (s__instance(V__O,s__Object) & s__instance(V__O,V__PHY) & s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & (s__resource(V__P,V__O) | s__instrument(V__P,V__O) | s__patient(V__P,V__O)) & (s__agent(V__P,V__CUST) | s__experiencer(V__P,V__CUST))))' s__freeFunctionRoomAmenity__m '(&%freeFunctionRoomAmenity ?RM ?PHY) means that the use of ?PHY provided by &%TravelerAccommodation to customers renting &%HotelFunctionRoom does not incur charges' 'free function room amenity' s__paidFunctionRoomAmenity__m '(&%paidFunctionRoomAmenity ?RM ?PHY) means that the use of ?PHY provided by &%TravelerAccommodation to customers renting &%HotelFunctionRoom incurs charges' s__nearOrientation__m '(&%nearOrientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 has &%orientation &%Near to ?OBJ2' 'near orientation' s__onOrientation__m '(&%onOrientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 has &%orientation &%On ?OBJ2' 'on orientation' s__adjacentOrientation__m '(&%adjacentOrientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 has &%orientation &%Adjacent to ?OBJ2' 'adjacent orientation' s__viewType__m '(&%viewType ?REGION ?OBJ) means that a person in ?REGION can see ?OBJ' 'view type' '(? [V__HUMAN,V__SEE,V__INST] : (s__instance(V__SEE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__HUMAN,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__HUMAN,s__Human) & s__located(V__HUMAN,V__ROOM) & s__instance(V__SEE,s__Seeing) & s__instance(V__INST,V__OBJ) & s__patient(V__SEE,V__INST) & s__agent(V__SEE,V__HUMAN)))' s__HotelRoomAttribute '&%HotelRoomAttribute gives descriptions about &%HotelUnit' 'hotel room attribute' s__StandardRoom s__HotelRoomAttribute__t '&%StandardRoom describes the most basic room type offered by the hotel. It is mean to describe a room in relation to other rooms in the same hotel as opposed to the same type of room in a different hotel' 'standard room' s__SuiteRoom s__DeluxeRoom '&%DeluxeRoom describes a room that has better amenities, furnishing, size or location than a standard room' 'deluxe room' '&%SuiteRoom describes a room that has defined areas apart from the sleeping area. Sometimes, &%SuiteRoom have more than one &%Room within it' suite s__SittingArea s__ChildrenSuite '&%ChildrenSuite describes a room that is meant for &%HumanChild to stay in' 'childrens suite' '(? [V__CHILD] : (s__instance(V__CHILD,s__Human) & s__instance(V__CHILD,s__HumanChild) & s__stays(V__CHILD,V__X)))' s__FemaleExecutiveRoom '&%FemaleExecutiveRoom describes a room that has been designed for the female executive' 'female executive room' '(? [V__HUMAN] : (s__instance(V__HUMAN,s__Human) & s__attribute(V__HUMAN,s__Female) & s__attribute(V__HUMAN,s__BusinessExecutive) & s__stays(V__HUMAN,V__X)))' s__DownAndInRoom '&%DownAndInRoom describes a &%HotelUnit that has its entrance and exit inside the &%HotelBuilding' 'down and in room' s__Indoors s__DownAndOutRoom '&%DownAndOutRoom describes a &%HotelUnit that has its entrance and exit that lead &%Outdoors' 'down and out room' s__ThemeRoom '&%ThemeRoom describes a &%HotelUnit that follows a certain style or theme of decor, for instance, a Disney-themed room would have decor that represent creations from Disney' 'theme room' s__Designing s__TowerRoom '&%TowerRoom describes a &%HotelUnit that is in the &%HighRise building of a (&%PropertyFn ?HOTEL)' 'tower room' s__HighRise s__WesternRoomStyle '&%WesternRoomStyle describes a &%HotelUnit that has a layout, furniture and decor that is aligned with Western culture' 'western room style' s__AsianRoomStyle '&%AsianRoomStyle describes a &%HotelUnit that has a layout, furniture and decor that is aligned with Asian culture' 'asian room style' s__CastleRoom 'castle room' s__AnnexRoom '&%AnnexRoom is a &%HotelRoom that is not located in the main building of a hotel, or the building of the hotel that has the &%HotelFrontDesk' 'annex room' s__HotelFrontDesk s__HoneymoonSuite '&%HoneymoonSuite is a &%SuiteRoom that is meant for newly married people who are on their honeymoon trip' 'honeymoon suite' s__LoftStyle '&%LoftStyle refers to how a &%StationaryArtifact such as a &%Room or &%CondominiumUnit or &%Building has raised floor space above the ground that overlooks the the ground floor' 'loft style' s__Oversized '&%Oversized means that something has a larger measure than normal' oversized s__HotelLevelAttribute '&%HotelLevelAttribute are attributes that describe certain &%BuildingLevels in a &%HotelBuilding' s__ExecutiveLevel s__HotelLevelAttribute__t '&%ExecutiveLevel refers to a &%BuildingLevel in a &%HotelBuilding with &%HotelRooms that have been designed to accommodate the needs of the &%BusinessExecutive' 'executive level' '(? [V__HUMAN] : (s__attribute(V__HUMAN,s__BusinessExecutive) & s__instance(V__HUMAN,s__Human) & s__stays(V__HUMAN,V__Y)))' s__ExclusiveFemaleLevel '&%ExclusiveFemaleLevel refers to a &%BuildingLevel in a &%HotelBuilding that &%hasPurpose to house &%Female &%guest' 'female level' '(? [V__HUMAN] : (s__instance(V__HUMAN,s__Human) & s__attribute(V__HUMAN,s__Female) & s__stays(V__HUMAN,V__Y)))' s__ClubLevel '&%ClubLevel refers to a &%BuildingLevel in a &%HotelBuilding that provides superior levels of service and security for a premium price' 'club level' s__HumanBaby s__HumanAdult s__Crib s__Brand s__Brand__t '&%Brand refers to a unique design, sign, symbol, name or a combination of these that is employed in creating an image that identifies a product that differentiates it from its competitors (BusinessDictionary.com)' brand s__productBrand__m '(&%productBrand ?BRAND ?OBJ) means that the perception associated with &%Brand ?BRAND is reflected on &%Physical ?OBJ' 'product brand' s__brandIcon__m '(&%brandIcon ?BRAND ?ICON) means that &%Icon ?ICON is associated with &%Brand ?BRAND' 'brand icon' s__Icon s__subBrand__m '(&%subBrand ?BRAND1 ?BRAND2) means that &%Brand ?BRAND2 uses the identity and reputation propagated by ?BRAND1 but is applied to a more specific set of objects' 'sub-brand' '(? [V__COMM] : (s__instance(V__COMM,s__Process) & s__instance(V__COMM,s__Communication) & s__agent(V__COMM,V__DEVICE1) & s__destination(V__COMM,V__DEVICE2) & s__instrument(V__COMM,s__Internet)))' s__InternetAccessPoint s__InternetAccessPoint__t '&%InternetAccessPoint refers to a &%Device that allows another &%Device to access and use the &%Internet' 'internet access point' s__Modem s__Modem__t '&%Modem is a device used by computers to connect computers to the internet using a telephone line' modem '(? [V__ISP,V__CONN] : (s__instance(V__CONN,s__EngineeringConnection) & s__instance(V__ISP,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__ISP,s__InternetServiceProvider) & s__connectsEngineeringComponents(V__CONN,V__X,V__ISP) & s__instance(V__CONN,s__TelephoneLine)))' s__InternetConnection '&%InternetConnection refers to the medium or channel by which a device is &%connected to an &%InternetAccessPoint' 'internet connection' s__Cable s__Cable__t '&%Cable refers to an &%EngineeringConnection made of &%WireLine' cable s__WiredInternetConnection s__WiredInternetConnection__t s__InternetConnection__t '&%WiredInternetConnection is an &%InternetConnection that uses &%Cable to connect two devices together' internet s__WirelessInternetConnection s__WirelessInternetConnection__t '&%WirelessInternetConnection is an &%InternetConnection that does not use cables to connect to the &%InternetAccessPoint' 'wireless internet' s__Casino s__Casino__t '&%Casino is a type of &%StationaryArtifact that has the purpose of housing gambling activities' '(? [V__GAME,V__BET] : (s__instance(V__BET,s__Process) & s__instance(V__GAME,s__Process) & s__instance(V__GAME,s__Game) & s__located(V__GAME,V__X) & s__instance(V__BET,s__Betting) & s__subProcess(V__BET,V__GAME)))' s__CasinoHotels s__DutyFree '&%DutyFree describes how &%DutyTax is not charged for an imported product' 'duty free' s__Store s__TemperatureControl s__MotionPicture s__MediaSystem '(? [V__RL] : (s__instance(V__RL,s__Process) & s__instance(V__MS,s__Object) & s__instance(V__R,s__Object) & s__instance(V__RL,s__RadiatingLight) & s__instrument(V__RL,V__MS) & s__patient(V__RL,V__MP)))' s__TennisProfessional '(? [V__TENNIS,V__LOC] : (s__instance(V__LOC,s__Object) & s__instance(V__TENNIS,s__Contest) & s__instance(V__TENNIS,s__Tennis) & s__contestParticipant(V__TENNIS,V__ATHLETE) & s__contestParticipant(V__TENNIS,V__CUST) & s__located(V__TENNIS,V__LOC) & s__located(V__HOTEL,V__LOC)))' s__MealPlan '&%MealPlan refers to the &%Meal that are included in a particular stay at a &%TravelerAccommodation' 'meal plan' s__includedMeal__m '(&%includedMeal ?PLAN ?ATTR ?TIME) indicates that the ?ATTR type of &%Meal is available at ?TIME according to ?PLAN' 'included meal' s__FullBoard s__FullBoard__t '&%FullBoard is an arrangement in which a &%TravelerAccommodation provides breakfast, lunch, and dinner' 'full board' s__HalfBoard s__HalfBoard__t '&%HalfBoard is an arrangement in which a &%TravelerAccommodation provides breakfast and dinner, but no meal at lunchtime' 'half board' s__MealPlanEuropean s__MealPlanEuropean__t s__MealPlan__t '&%MealPlanEuropean describes an arrangement where no meals are provided for by the &%TravelerAccommodation' 'european meal plan' s__MealPlanContinental s__MealPlanBreakfast s__MealPlanContinental__t s__MealPlanBreakfast__t '&%MealPlanContinental is an arrangement in which a &%TravelerAccommodation provides a continental breakfast' 'continental meal plan' '&%MealPlanBreakfast is an arrangement in which a &%TravelerAccommodation provides a &%Breakfast' 'breakfast meal plan' s__MealPlanModifiedAmerican s__MealPlanModifiedAmerican__t '&%MealPlanModifiedAmerican is an arrangement in which a &%TravelerAccommodation provides 2 &%Meal, &%Breakfast and either &Lunch or &%Dinner' 'modified american meal plan' s__BusinessCenter s__BusinessCenter__t '&%BusinessCenter is a type of facility that is equipped with different objects that allow a person to do his &%Working' 'business center' '(? [V__PERSON,V__WORK,V__OBJ] : (s__instance(V__WORK,s__Process) & s__instance(V__PERSON,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__PERSON,s__BusinessPerson) & s__instance(V__WORK,s__Working) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Object) & s__located(V__OBJ,V__X) & s__agent(V__WORK,V__PERSON) & (s__instrument(V__WORK,V__OBJ) | s__resource(V__WORK,V__OBJ) | s__patient(V__WORK,V__OBJ))))' '(? [V__COMP] : (s__instance(V__COMP,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__COMP,s__Computer) & s__located(V__COMP,V__X)))' '(? [V__IC] : (s__instance(V__IC,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__IC,s__InternetConnection) & s__located(V__IC,V__X)))' s__HotelFunctionRoom__t '&%HotelFunctionRoom is a &%Room found in a &%HotelBuilding that is rented out and can be used for virtually any purpose.' 'hotel function room' '(? [V__RENT] : (s__instance(V__RENT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__RENT,s__Renting) & s__patient(V__RENT,V__X)))' '(? [V__MTG] : (s__instance(V__MTG,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__MTG,s__FormalMeeting) & s__located(V__MTG,V__X)))' s__HotelMiniBar s__HotelMiniBar__t '&%HotelMiniBar is a &%Collection of (&%FoodForFn &%Human) that is available for a certain price' 'mini bar' s__HotelFrontDesk__t '&%HotelFrontDesk is a &%subOrganization of a &%TravelerAccommodation that takes charge of all &%CheckInService and &%CheckOutService transactions. They often do other miscellaneous things too at the request of the hotel &%guest' 'front desk' '(? [V__CHECK] : (s__instance(V__CHECK,s__Process) & (s__instance(V__CHECK,s__CheckInService) | s__instance(V__CHECK,s__CheckOutService)) & s__agent(V__CHECK,V__X)))' s__LaundryService s__LaundryService__t '&%LaundryService refers to an agent washing, drying, and (possibly) ironing articles of clothing' 'laundry service' s__DryCleaningService s__DryCleaningService__t '&%DryCleaningService refers to cleaning of &%Clothing using some chemical solvent instead of water' 'dry-clean' s__ValetLaundryService s__ValetLaundryService__t '&%ValetLaundryService refers to an agent picking up clothing, performing &%LaundryService, and then delivering it back to customer' 'valet laundry' s__IroningService s__IroningService__t '&%IroningService refers to a &%ServiceProcess that includes the &%Ironing of some &%Clothing' 'ironing service' s__Ironing s__ChildCareService s__Maintaining s__ChildCareService__t '&%ChildCareService refers to an agent looking after children and babies' 'child-care service' s__serviceProvider__m '(? [V__CARE] : (s__instance(V__CARE,s__Formula) & s__instance(V__CARE,s__ChildCareService) & s__desires(V__PARENT,V__CARE)))' s__Nursery '(? [V__CARE] : (s__instance(V__CARE,s__ServiceProcess) & s__instance(V__CARE,s__ChildCareService) & s__serviceProvider(V__CARE,V__NANNY)))' s__Cleaning s__Cleaning__t '&%Cleaning refers to the &%Process of removing dirt and arranging things' cleaning s__RoomCleaningService s__RoomCleaningService__t '&%RoomCleaningService refers to a &%Maid &%Cleaning an area such as a &%Room or &%House' service s__Maid s__TurndownService s__TurndownService__t '&%TurndownService refers to a &%ServiceProcess wherein a &%Bed is prepared for &%Sleeping by &%Folding the bed linen' 'turndown service' s__Folding s__BedLinen s__RoomService s__RoomService__t '&%RoomService refers to an agent delivering PreparedFood that somebody has ordered to that persons &%HotelUnit' 'room service' s__WakeUpService s__WakeUpService__t '&%WakeUpService refers to an agent performing some action (like a phone call or knocking on the door) to wake up a person' 'wake-up service' '(? [V__WAKE,V__CUST,V__AGENT,V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__AGENT,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__CUST,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__WAKE,s__Process) & s__agent(V__SVC,V__AGENT) & s__experiencer(V__SVC,V__CUST) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__IntentionalProcess) & s__agent(V__PROC,V__AGENT) & s__experiencer(V__PROC,V__CUST) & s__instance(V__WAKE,s__WakingUp) & s__experiencer(V__WAKE,V__CUST) & s__result(V__PROC,V__WAKE)))' s__ShuttleService s__TransportationService s__ShuttleService__t s__TransportationService__t '&%ShuttleService refers to how an agent that possesses some kind of Automobile takes people between an origin location to some predefined locations' shuttle s__List s__PostalPlace '(? [V__GRP1,V__GRP2] : (s__instance(V__GRP1,s__GroupOfPeople) & s__instance(V__GRP2,s__GroupOfPeople) & s__patient(V__SVC,V__GRP1) & s__patient(V__SVC,V__GRP2) & (~ (V__GRP1 = V__GRP2))))' s__AirportShuttleService s__AirportShuttleService__t '&%AirportShuttleService is a type of &%ShuttleService that has an &%Airport as one of its stops' 'airport shuttle' s__Airport s__TourService s__TourService__t '&%TourService is the process of taking customers to different &%TouristSite' 'tour service' s__TouristSite s__CurrencyExchangeService s__CurrencyExchangeService__t '&%CurrencyExchangeService is a type of service where some amount in a certain currency is exchange for an equivalent amount in another currency' 'currency exchange' '(s__monetaryValue(V__M1,V__AMT) & s__possesses(V__CUST,V__M1) & (V__AMT = s__MeasureFn(V__NUM1,V__CURR1)))' '(s__monetaryValue(V__M2,V__AMT) & s__possesses(V__CUST,V__M2) & (~ s__possesses(V__CUST,V__M1)) & (V__AMT = s__MeasureFn(V__NUM2,V__CURR2)))' s__PhotocopyingService s__PhotocopyingService__t '&%PhotocopyingService is a type of &%ServiceProcess wherein a &%copy of a document is created for a customer' photocopying s__Copying '(? [V__COPY] : (s__instance(V__COPY,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DEVICE,s__Object) & s__instance(V__COPY,s__Copying) & s__instrument(V__COPY,V__DEVICE)))' s__CheckInService '&%CheckInService refers to the process of informing a &%serviceProvider that the &%customer is ready for some &%Process to begin' 'check-in service' s__Greeting s__SelfServiceCheckIn s__SelfServiceCheckIn__t s__CheckInService__t '&%SelfServiceCheckIn is a type of &%CheckInService that does not involve interfacing with a &%Human. Instead, some automated process is put in place' 'self-service check-in' s__CheckOutService '&%CheckOutService is a type of &%ServiceProcess where a &%customer announces his departure, signalling the end of the core service being offered to him. This is normally where bills are settled' 'check-out service' s__SelfServiceCheckOut s__SelfServiceCheckOut__t s__CheckOutService__t '&%SelfServiceCheckOut is a type of &%CheckOutService that does not involve interfacing with a &%Human. Instead, some automated process is put in place' 'self-service check-out' s__VideoCheckOut s__VideoCheckOut__t '&%VideoCheckOut is a type of &%SelfServiceCheckOut where a &%VideoDisplay in a persons &%HotelUnit is used to do &%CheckOutService' 'video check-out' s__ExecutiveService s__ExecutiveService__t '&%ExecutiveService is the class of &%ServiceProcess that are directed towards guests staying at rooms in an &%ExecutiveLevel' 'executive service' s__SafetyDepositService s__SafetyDepositService__t '&%SafetyDepositService is a type of &%ServiceProcess that involves a &%serviceProvider &%Keeping objects for a &%customer in a &%SafeContainer. This could apply to a &%HotelFrontDesk keeping things in a safety deposit box, or a bank doing the same thing.' 'safety deposit box' s__SafeContainer s__Keeping s__MedicalService s__MedicalService__t '&%MedicalService is a type of &%ServiceProcess involving some &%DiagnosticProcess or &%TherapeuticProcess administered by a &%MedicalDoctor' 'medical service' s__MedicalDoctor s__TherapeuticProcess s__DiagnosticProcess s__SecretarialService s__SecretarialService__t '&%SecretarialService is a type of &%ServiceProcess where a &%serviceProvider hires a &%ClericalSecretary to fulfill the needs of a &%serviceRecipient' 'secretarial service' s__ClericalSecretary s__WellnessDaySpa s__FitnessAndRecreationalSportsCenters '&%WellnessDaySpa refers to a type of &%FitnessAndRecreationalSportsCenters that offer services for relaxation such as facials or massages' 'wellness spa' '(? [V__MASSAGE] : (s__instance(V__MASSAGE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__MASSAGE,s__Massaging) & s__agent(V__MASSAGE,V__X)))' s__TourArrangementAndReservationServices '&%TourArrangementAndReservationServices refers to the service of arranging the taking of customers to %&TouristSites' 'tour arrangement and reservation services' '(? [V__PROC,V__RESERVE] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__RESERVE,s__TourReservation) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__IntentionalProcess) & s__agent(V__PROC,V__X) & (s__result(V__PROC,V__RESERVE) | s__patient(V__PROC,V__RESERVE))))' s__ArtsAndRecreationTicketingServices s__PerformingArtsSpectatorSportsAndRelatedIndustries s__ArtsAndRecreationTicketingServices__t s__PerformingArtsSpectatorSportsAndRelatedIndustries__t '&%ArtsAndRecreationTicketingServices refer to agencies that sell &%Ticket to &%Sport events or &%Performance' 'arts and recreation tickets' '(? [V__SELL,V__TICKET] : (s__instance(V__SELL,s__Selling) & s__patient(V__SELL,V__TICKET) & s__agent(V__SELL,V__X) & s__instance(V__TICKET,s__Ticket) & s__destination(V__SELL,V__CUST) & s__hasPurpose(V__TICKET,s__confersRight((? [V__WATCH,V__PERF] : (s__instance(V__WATCH,s__Process) & s__instance(V__TICKET,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__SELL,s__Process) & s__instance(V__WATCH,s__Seeing) & s__agent(V__WATCH,V__CUST) & s__patient(V__WATCH,V__PERF) & (s__instance(V__PERF,s__Performance) | s__instance(V__PERF,s__Sport)))),V__X,V__CUST))))' s__Porter s__ServicePosition '&%Porter refers to a &%Human employed to carry luggages and other supplies' porter '(? [V__LUGGAGE,V__CARRY] : (s__instance(V__CARRY,s__Process) & s__instance(V__LUGGAGE,s__TravelContainer) & s__instance(V__CARRY,s__Carrying) & s__agent(V__CARRY,V__X)))' s__TravelContainer s__Concierge '&%Concierge refers to the position held by a hotel employee whose primary job it is to help or assist customers of the hotel by answering questions, providing reservations, etc.' concierge '(? [V__HELP] : (s__instance(V__HELP,s__Process) & s__instance(V__HELP,s__Helping) & s__agent(V__HELP,V__X)))' s__Doorman '&%Doorman refers to the position held by a person whose primary job it is to open and close doors' doorman '(? [V__DOOR,V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DOOR,s__Door) & s__agent(V__PROC,V__X) & s__patient(V__PROC,V__DOOR) & (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Opening) | s__instance(V__PROC,s__Closing))))' s__policyLocationCoverage__m '(&%policyLocationCoverage ?&%Policy ?&%GeographicArea) creates a relationship for policies that are restricted to certain areas or location. This relation means that ?&%Policy enforcement is confined to ?%&GeographicArea' s__SmokingPolicy s__SmokingPolicy__t '&%SmokingPolicy refers to a policy that indicates how &%Smoking is or is not allowed within a certain location' 'smoking policy' s__PetPolicy s__PetPolicy__t '&%PetPolicy indicates where &%DomesticAnimal is allowed or not in the premises' 'pet policy' s__ChildrenPolicy s__ChildrenPolicy__t '&%ChildrenPolicy dictates if &%HumanChild is allowed or not in an establishment' 'children policy' s__PetsAllowedPolicy s__PetsAllowedPolicy__t '&%PetsAllowedPolicy states that &%DomesticAnimal is allowed within a specific location' 'pets allowed' '(? [V__PET] : (s__instance(V__PET,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__PET,s__DomesticAnimal) & s__located(V__PET,V__LOC)))' s__NoPetsPolicy s__NoPetsPolicy__t '&%NoPetsPolicy states that &%DomesticAnimal is not allowed within a specific location' 'no pets allowed' s__NoSmokingPolicy s__NoSmokingPolicy__t '&%NoSmokingPolicy states that &%Smoking is not allowed within a specific location' 'no smoking policy' '(? [V__SMOKE] : (s__instance(V__SMOKE,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__SMOKE,s__Smoking) & s__located(V__SMOKE,V__LOC)))' s__SmokingAllowedPolicy s__SmokingAllowedPolicy__t '&%SmokingAllowedPolicy states that &%Smoking is allowed within a specific location' 'smoking allowed policy' s__NoChildrenPolicy s__NoChildrenPolicy__t '&%NoChildrenPolicy states that &%HumanChild are not allowed within a specific location' 'no children allowed' '(? [V__CHILD] : (s__instance(V__CHILD,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__CHILD,s__HumanChild) & s__located(V__CHILD,V__LOC)))' s__HousekeepingPolicy '&%HousekeepingPolicy dictates the amount of &%RoomCleaning that is done in a &%TravelerAccommodation' 'housekeeping policy' s__DailyHousekeepingPolicy s__DailyHousekeepingPolicy__t '&%DailyHousekeepingPolicy means that &%RoomCleaning is done at least once a day for the duration of a &%guest stay' 'daily housekeeping' '(? [V__GUEST,V__ROOM] : (s__guest(V__GUEST,V__AGENT) & s__stays(V__GUEST,V__ROOM) & (V__STAY = s__WhenFn(s__stays(V__GUEST,V__ROOM))) & s__holdsDuring(V__STAY,(! [V__DAY] : ((s__instance(V__DAY,s__TimeInterval) & s__instance(V__STAY,s__TimeInterval) & s__instance(V__AGENT,s__Organization) & s__instance(V__AGENT,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__instance(V__POLICY,s__Policy)) => ((s__instance(V__DAY,s__Day) & s__during(V__DAY,V__STAY)) => (? [V__RC] : (s__instance(V__RC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__RC,s__TimeInterval) & s__instance(V__ROOM,s__TemporaryResidence) & s__instance(V__GUEST,s__Human) & s__instance(V__RC,s__RoomCleaningService) & s__patient(V__RC,V__ROOM) & s__during(V__RC,V__DAY)))))))))' s__NoHousekeepingPolicy s__NoHousekeepingPolicy__t '&%NoHousekeepingPolicy means that &%RoomCleaning is not done for the duration of a &%guest stay at a &%TravelerAccommodation' 'no housekeeping' '(? [V__GUEST,V__ROOM] : (s__guest(V__GUEST,V__AGENT) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(s__stays(V__GUEST,V__ROOM)),(~ (? [V__CLEAN] : (s__instance(V__CLEAN,s__Process) & s__instance(V__ROOM,s__TemporaryResidence) & s__instance(V__GUEST,s__Human) & s__instance(V__CLEAN,s__RoomCleaningService) & s__patient(V__CLEAN,V__ROOM)))))))' s__WithHousekeepingPolicy s__WithHousekeepingPolicy__t s__HousekeepingPolicy__t '&%WithHousekeepingPolicy means that &%RoomCleaning is not done for the duration of a &%guest stay at a &%TravelerAccommodation' 'with housekeeping' '(? [V__GUEST,V__ROOM] : (s__guest(V__GUEST,V__AGENT) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(s__stays(V__GUEST,V__ROOM)),(? [V__CLEAN] : (s__instance(V__CLEAN,s__Process) & s__instance(V__ROOM,s__TemporaryResidence) & s__instance(V__GUEST,s__Human) & s__instance(V__CLEAN,s__RoomCleaningService) & s__patient(V__CLEAN,V__ROOM))))))' s__HotelPackage s__HotelPackage__t '&%HotelPackage is a type of &%Proposition initiated by a hotel or travel management company that includes a stay at a hotel as well as other inclusions that take advantage of a hotels amenities' 'hotel package' s__roomStay__m '(&%roomStay ?PACKAGE ?QTY ?ROOM) means that the package includes a ?QTY number of days stay at room type ?ROOM at the &%TravelerAccommodation' 'room stay' s__accommodationProvider__m '(&%accommodationProvider ?PKG ?ORG) means that ?ORG, which is a &%TravelerAccommodation business, will provide the accommodations for the &%HotelPackage ?PKG' 'accommodations provider' s__physicalInclusion__m '(&%physicalInclusion ?PACKAGE ?OBJ) means that the resource ?OBJ is available for the guests use or consumption' 'physical inclusion' s__processInclusion__m '(&processInclusion ?PACKAGE ?SVC) means that the guest can be the experiencer of serviceRecipient of ?SVC' 'process inclusion' s__policyInclusion__m '(&%policyInclusion ?PACKAGE ?POLICY) means that ?POLICY is applicable' 'policy inclusion' s__mealPlanInclusion__m '(&%mealPlanInclusion ?PKG ?PLAN) means that the conditions in &%MealPlan ?PLAN is applicable to the consume of the &%HotelPackage' 'meal plan inclusion' s__GolfPackage s__GolfPackage__t '&%GolfPackage is a type of &%HotelPackage that includes Golfing' 'golf package' s__Golf s__TravelReservation s__TravelReservation__t '&%TravelReservation refers to a &%Reservation that describes combined services for travel such as flight, hotels, etc' 'travel reservation' '(? [V__FLIGHT] : (s__instance(V__FLIGHT,s__Proposition) & s__instance(V__FLIGHT,s__FlightReservation) & s__subProposition(V__FLIGHT,V__X)))' s__FlightReservation s__FlightReservation__t '&%FlightReservation refers to a &%Reservation specifically for Airline flights' 'flight reservation' s__TourReservation s__TourReservation__t '&%TourReservation refers to a &%Reservation specifically for &%TourService' 'tour reservation' s__HotelReservation s__HotelReservation__t '&%HotelReservation refers to a &%Reservation specifically for &%TravelerAccommodation stays' 'hotel reservation' s__numberOccupant__m '(&%numberOccupant ?RESERVE ?NUM) means that the &%Reservation ?RESERVE indicates &%Integer ?NUM of &%Human that will potentially be staying in the &%TravelerAccommodation' 'number of occupants' s__numberAdultOccupant__m '(&%numberAdultOccupant ?RESERVE ?NUM) means that the &%Reservation ?RESERVE indicates &%Integer ?NUM of &%HumanAdult that will be fulfilling the reservation' 'number of adult occupants' s__numberChildOccupant__m '(&%numberChildOccupant ?RESERVE ?NUM) means tht the &%Reservation ?RESERVE indicates &%Integer ?NUM of &%HumanChild is included in the reservation' 'number of child occupants' s__numberSeniorOccupant__m '(&%numberSeniorOccupant ?RESERVE ?NUM) means that the &%Reservation ?RESERVE indicates &%Integer ?NUM of &%HumanAdult that has &%age &%greaterThanOrEqualTo 60' 'number of senior occupants' s__reservedRoom__m '(&%reservedRoom ?RESERVE ?ROOMTYPE) means that the &$HotelUnit ?ROOMTYPE is the requested room type for the hotel stay indicated by &%HotelReservation ?RESERVE' 'reserved room' s__reservedPackage__m '(&%reservedPackage ?RESERVE ?PACKAGE) means that the &%customer has reserved for the &%HotelPackage ?PACKAGE' 'reserved package' '(? [V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__realization(V__PROC,V__PACKAGE) & s__experiencer(V__PROC,V__CUST)))' s__rateDetail__m '(&%rateDetail ?RESERVE ?FORMULA) gives the price detail associated with each item in the reservation' 'rate detail' s__RatingAttribute '&%RatingAttribute attempts to quantify the subjective assessment of an &%Object using some scoring system. A &%RatingAttribute is created by an &%Agent with some criteria in mind.' s__ratingsAgent__m '(&%ratingsAgent ?RATING ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT went through some &%Deciding process in order to create &%RatingAttribute ?RATING.' s__Deciding s__HotelRating s__HotelRating__t s__RatingAttribute__t '&%HotelRating is a &%SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute specifically targeted at the overall quality of a &%Hotel, its premises and services' s__RestaurantRating s__RestaurantRating__t '&%RestaurantRating is a &%SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute specifically targeted at the overall quality of a &%Restaurant' s__FoodRating s__FoodRating__t '&%FoodRating is a &%SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute specifically targeted the overall quality of &%Food' '(s__instance(V__C,s__Classifying) & s__destination(V__C,V__FOOD) & s__patient(V__C,V__RATING) & s__instance(V__FOOD,s__PreparedFood))' s__ServiceRating s__ServiceRating__t '&%ServiceRating is a &%SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute specifically targeted at the overall quality of &%service given by an agent' '(s__instance(V__C,s__Classifying) & s__destination(V__C,V__S) & s__patient(V__C,V__RATING) & s__instance(V__S,s__ServiceProcess))' s__AmbienceRating s__AmbienceRating__t '&%AmbienceRating is a &%SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute specifically targeted at the overall quality of an environments atmosphere' s__PriceRating s__PriceRating__t '&%PriceRating is a &%SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute specifically targeted at the price (or average price) of an object is' s__detainedAtTimeInPlace__m s__SentientAgent '(&%detainedAtTimeInPlace ?AGENT ?TIME ?PLACE) means that ?AGENT is held or confined by some more powerful or authoritative agent for a time and at a location specified by ?TIME and ?PLACE.' s__detainee__m s__Confining s__observedAtTimeInPlace__m '(&%observedAtTimeInPlace ?OBJ ?AGENT ?TIME ?PLACE) means that during the time specified by ?TIME, ?OBJ is observed by ?AGENT to be in the location specified by ?PLACE. Note that in the implicit &%Seeing event, the physical distance between the &%patient ?OBJ and the &%agent ?AGENT might be great (e.g., a hunter using binoculars to spot Bighorn sheep on a distant mountainside). Therefore, ?PLACE denotes the specific location of ?OBJ at ?TIME, and not the possibly much more extensive region encompassed by the &%Seeing event.' s__MonasticSignLanguage s__ManualHumanLanguage '&%MonasticSignLanguage is a &%ManualHumanLanguage of the &%HolySee (the Vatican State) and &%Europe. SIL code: MZG. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Monastic communities, especially in Europe. Comments: A second language means of communicating while maintaining vows of silence. Not a deaf sign language. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PlainsIndianSignLanguage '&%PlainsIndianSignLanguage is a &%ManualHumanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: PSD. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Great Plains of the USA and Canada. Also spoken in Canada. Alternate names: PLAINS SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Some variation by ethnic group and region. Formerly used between nations in hunting, trade, by deaf people, and at every level of social interaction, and with non-Indians. Today used within nations in storytelling, rituals, legends, prayers, and by deaf people. Arose when horses were introduced from the south by the Spanish and guns from the east by the French. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DeafSignLanguage 'A &%DeafSignLanguage is a &%ManualHumanLanguage primarily intended for communication between a deaf individual and a hearing individual or between deaf individuals.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AdamorobeSignLanguage '&%AdamorobeSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Ghana. SIL code: ADS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 300 deaf in the village, 3,000 including hearing people (1998 GILLBT). Region: Adamorobe, a village in the Eastern Region. The district capital is Aburi. Comments: All ages, evenly distributed. 15% deafness in the population, one of the highest percentages in the world, caused by genetic recessive autosome. The village has been settled for 200 years. It is an indigenous deaf sign language, also used by many hearing people. Most users have no contact with Ghanaian Sign Language. They are considered to be full citizens. Agriculturalists, firewood traders.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AlgerianSignLanguage '&%AlgerianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Algeria. SIL code: ASP. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: It has influenced the deaf community in Oujda in northern Morocco.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AmericanSignLanguage '&%AmericanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: ASE. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 100,000 to 500,000 primary users (1986 Gallaudet U.) out of nearly 2,000,000 profoundly deaf persons in USA (1988), 0.8% of the USA population. 15,000,000 hard of hearing persons in the USA (1989 Sacks). Population total all countries 100,000 to 500,000. Region: Also used in varying degrees in Canada, Philippines, Ghana, Nigeria, Chad, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Cote dIvoire, Mauritania, Kenya, Madagascar, Benin, Togo, Zimbabwe, Singapore, China (Hong Kong). Also spoken in Canada, Guatemala. Alternate names: ASL, AMESLAN, THE LANGUAGE OF THE DEAF. Dialects: BLACK AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE, TACTILE SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Black American Sign Language developed in segregated schools in the south. It contains much sign vocabulary not in ASL and some different grammatical structure. Tactile Sign Language is used by over 900 persons in Louisiana who know ASL, but have lost their sight from a generic cause: Ushers Syndrome. They communicate by touch on each others wrists. Some have migrated to Seattle. Some have learned Braille. ASL has 43% lexical similarity with French Sign Language in an 872-word list. Sign language interpreters provided in court, for college students, at important public events, in job training, at social services programs, in mental health service programs, some instruction for parents of deaf children, many sign language classes for hearing people. There is an organization for sign language teachers. Many hearing people are learning ASL as second language. Reported to be the third largest language in the USA (1993 Honolulu Advertiser). Used since 1817. ASL is different from English on the Hands (Signed English, Siglish). There are several systems of manually coded English, including different ones in different countries. Also several systems called Pidgin Signed English. Pidgin Signed English is taught in schools in the USA rather than ASL. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Black American Sign Language. Dictionary. SOV, prepositions, genitives, articles, adjectives, numerals, relatives before noun heads, question word initial. The average deaf person graduates from high school with 3rd or 4th grade reading level in English. TV, videos. Bible portions 1982-1996. Also used in: Canada (Language name AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE, Alternate names: ASL, AMESLAN). Comments: Dialect differences with USA ASL, and regional differences in Canada from east to west. Structurally and grammatically distinct from Quebec Sign Language (LSQ). Has grammatical characteristics independent of English. A few adults know both ASL and LSQ. Most signers from eastern Canada use ASL with some British Sign Language vocabulary, a remnant from Maritime Sign Language, which came from British Sign Language. Sign language interpreters are required for deaf people in court. Used for deaf college students, important public functions, job training, social service programs, sign language instruction for parents of deaf children, classes for hearing people, organization for sign language teachers, committee on national sign language. Manual alphabet. Dictionary. TV, videos. Bible portions 1982-1987. Also used in: Guatemala (Language name: AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE, Alternate names: ASL, AMESLAN). Comments: There may be other sign languages besides ASL. Dictionary. Videos. Bible portions 1982-1987.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ArgentineSignLanguage '&%ArgentineSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: AED. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Deaf people go to different schools, each using a different sign language outside class. Sign language is not allowed in the classroom. Volunteer sign language interpreters are used at some important public events. There are sign language stories and drama on film. There is a committee for a national sign language, and organizations for sign language teachers and interpreters. Deaf schools were begun in 1885. Some research on the language. There is a manual alphabet for Spanish spelling. TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ArmenianSignLanguage '&%ArmenianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Armenia. SIL code: AEN. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AustralianSignLanguage '&%AustralianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Australia. SIL code: ASF. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 14,000 users possibly (1991 Hyde and Power). Alternate names: AUSLAN. Comments: Related to British Sign Language, with influences also from Irish and American sign languages. Australian Signed English is different. It is a manual system for English spelling, used by hearing people for communication with the deaf. It is used in teaching the deaf, and officially so in New South Wales. The earliest schools for the deaf were established by British deaf immigrants in 1860. Many agencies for the deaf. Some signed interpretation in court, for college students, at important public events. There is sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. There is a committee on national sign language. Dictionary. Grammar. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AustralianAboriginesSignLanguage '&%AustralianAboriginesSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Australia. SIL code: ASW. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southern, central, and western desert regions, coastal Arnhem Land, some islands of north coast, western side of Cape York Peninsula, islands of Torres Strait. Comments: Not related to Australian Sign Language. Several different sign languages are also used by deaf persons. Also used by hearing Aborigines as an alternate form of communication with speakers of other languages. Other non-deaf sign languages are used by some groups, such as Aranda, Warlpiri, Warumungu, during periods of mourning or hunting.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AustrianSignLanguage '&%AustrianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Austria. SIL code: ASQ. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Partially intelligible with French Sign Language. Related to Russian Sign Language. The sign language used in class and that used by adults outside class are different. Deaf people go to different schools, each using a different sign language. Sign language interpreters are used some in court. Professionals are required to know sign language in job training and social services programs. There is little research. There are a few classes for hearing people. Originated 1870. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. Dictionary. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BaliSignLanguage '&%BaliSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Indonesia (the island of Bali). SIL code: BQY. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 2,200 in the village, out of 50 deaf people and 2,150 hearing people (1995 T. Friedman). Region: 1 village in Bali. Comments: The majority of the hearing people learn and use the sign language. This might not be the correct name.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BamakoSignLanguage '&%BamakoSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Mali. SIL code: BOG. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Bamako school for deaf children, separated into 3 grade classes. It is not known if it is widely used elsewhere or not. Comments: Not related to other sign languages. They have some knowledge of French, and possibly Bambara. 6 to 50 years old. Some hearing people use it to communicate with deaf people. Another community of deaf people in Bamako use a West African variety of American Sign Language. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BanKhorSignLanguage '&%BanKhorSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Thailand. SIL code: BLA. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern Thailand, a few villages. Comments: Not related to the original sign languages of Thailand, but there is some similarity.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BelgianSignLanguage '&%BelgianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Belgium. SIL code: BVS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Dialects: NORTH BELGIUM SIGN LANGUAGE, SOUTH BELGIUM SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: A variety of regional dialects which have their roots in different deaf schools. The dialect in the Flemish region is closer to that in the Walloon region than it is to Dutch Sign Language. Adopted signs from the old French sign language directly and indirectly. It began in 1825. Different sign languages are used in the classroom and by adults outside the classroom. Limited influence from Signed Dutch. Signed French and Signed Dutch are used some for intercommunication with hearing people. 3 deaf schools in Brussels have trained about one-third of the deaf in Belgium. There are 26 deaf institutions. Sign language interpreters are required in court. Some interpreters are available for college students. Some interpreters are provided for job training and mental health programs. There is sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. There is a committee on national sign language. Little research on the language. There are sign language classes for hearing people. There have been schools for deaf people since 1825. Dictionary. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BolivianSignLanguage '&%BolivianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: BVL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 350 to 400 users (1988 E. Powlison). Region: Cochabamba, La Paz, Riberalta, Santa Cruz. Comments: Based on American Sign Language with necessary changes for Spanish spelling. Some groups in La Paz and Santa Cruz use the same signs with some dialect signs from their own areas. Originated by missionaries. Other deaf schools use only the oralist approach. Investigation needed: intelligibility with American Sign Language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BrazilianSignLanguage '&%BrazilianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: BZS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, and elsewhere. Alternate names: LSB, SAO PAULO SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: The dialects appear to be inherently intelligible, although northern dialects above the Amazon are probably more different. Some relationship to North American and European sign languages. The fingerspelling used for proper names is similar to a European system. The first deaf school was begun in 1857 in Rio de Janeiro, then one in Porto Alegre. The deaf in Sao Paulo generally receive an oralist education. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BritishSignLanguage '&%BritishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: BHO. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 40,000 mother tongue users (1984 Deuchar), out of 909,000 deaf, of which the majority probably have some degree of sign language competence (1977 Deuchar). Region: United Kingdom including Northern Ireland, Scotland. Alternate names: BSL. Comments: Not inherently intelligible to users of ASL. The deaf community is cohesive, so communication is good despite regional differences. However, there are many reports of different sign languages which are inherently unintelligible to users as close as approximately every 50 miles. Good regional and national organizations for the deaf. Signed interpretation is required in court, and provided in some other situations. Sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is an organization for sign language teachers. There is a committee on national sign language. Sign language was used before 1644. Deaf schools were established in the late 18th century. There is increasing desire to train deaf children in BSL. British Signed English is different from American Signed English. Dictionary. Grammar. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BulgarianSignLanguage '&%BulgarianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Bulgaria. SIL code: BQN. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Different sign languages are used in the classroom and by adults outside. One sign language which has been used since 1920. There have been elementary schools for deaf people since 1898. Since 1945 sign language has been allowed in the classroom. Sign language interpreters are required in court. Some are available for college students. There is sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. There is a committee on national sign language. Little research on the sign language. There are few sign language classes for hearing people. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. Dictionary. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CatalonianSignLanguage '&%CatalonianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: CSC. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 18,000 (1994 estimate). Region: Catalonia. Comments: An indigenous sign language, quite distinct from Spanish Sign Language. About 50% intelligibility by users of Spanish Sign Language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChadianSignLanguage '&%ChadianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Chad. SIL code: CDS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 390 or more users out of a large deaf population (1989 Mokommbay Yonadjiel KATA). Region: Schools and an association for the deaf in NDjamena, Sarh, and Moundou. Comments: Influences from American Sign Language. Some signs are traditional. Teachers were trained in Nigeria. Muslim, Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChiangmaiSignLanguage '&%ChiangmaiSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Thailand. SIL code: CSD. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Chiangmai. Alternate names: CHIENGMAI SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments Related to present sign languages in Laos and Viet Nam (Haiphong, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City). A distinct language from Thai Sign Language. Still remembered by signers over 45 years old in Chiangmai. Younger signers use Modern Thai Sign Language. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Thai Sign Language, attitudes.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChileanSignLanguage '&%ChileanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Chile. SIL code: CSG. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChineseSignLanguage '&%ChineseSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%China. SIL code: CSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (3,000,000 deaf persons in China, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Region: Also spoken in Malaysia, Taiwan. Dialects: SHANGHAI SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: There are several dialects, of which Shanghai is the most influential. Few signs of foreign origin. Schools and workshops or farms for the deaf are channels of dissemination. Developed since the late 1950s. There are also Chinese character signs. Others use home sign languages. The first deaf school was begun by missionary C.R. Mills and wife in 1887, but American Sign Language did not influence Chinese Sign Language. Dictionary. Grammar. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ColombianSignLanguage '&%ColombianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Columbia. SIL code: CSN. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (50,000 deaf in Bogota in 1992). Comments: Some signs are similar to those in sign languages of El Salvador, Spain, and the USA. Half of school age. There are at least 4 deaf schools (begun in 1924), 2 in Bogota and 2 in Medellin, and 3 other deaf institutions. Some schools use sign language in the classroom. Interpreters are provided at important public events, and for college students. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is a committee on the national sign language, and an organization for sign language teachers. Little research. It is not clear how many deaf persons know a sign language. Begun in 1929. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. Dictionary. Grammar. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CostaRicanSignLanguage '&%CostaRicanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%CostaRica. SIL code: CSR. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: May be related to Providencia Sign Language. Reported to have about 60% lexical similarity with ASL.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CzechSignLanguage '&%CzechSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%CzechRepublic. SIL code: CSE. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Partially intelligible with French Sign Language. Used since 1786 when deaf schools began. Sign language used in school different from that used by adults outside. Signed interpretation required in court. Some provided for college students and at important public events. There is sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language. More than one sign language used in the country. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. Dictionary. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DanishSignLanguage '&%DanishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Denmark. SIL code: DSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (3,500 deaf in Denmark, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.) Comments: Some signs are related to French Sign Language. Intelligible with Swedish and Norwegian sign languages with only moderate difficulty. Not intelligible with Finnish Sign Language. Used in all 5 state schools for the deaf. Signed interpretation required in court, college classes, at important public events, in job training, social services, and mental health programs. Instruction provided for parents of deaf children, for other hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language, an organization for sign language teachers. A lot of research. Signed Danish is distinct, but used in intercommunication with some hearing people. The first school was begun in 1807. Dictionary. Grammar. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DominicanSignLanguage '&%DominicanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%DominicanRepublic. SIL code: DOQ. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Reported to have 85% to 90% lexical similarity with ASL, and to use most of the features of ASL, such as absent referent and reduplication. Many are not fluent or use home sign.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DutchSignLanguage '&%DutchSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: DSE. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 20,000 deaf use Dutch Sign Language. There are 400,000 hearing impaired, 28,000 deaf (1986 Gallaudet Univ.) Alternate names: SIGN LANGUAGE OF THE NETHERLANDS, SLN. Comments: All users listed are adults (1986). There are 5 varieties associated with 5 schools for the deaf, each with about 1,500 students. There have been elementary schools for the deaf since 1790. Developed from French Sign Language, some features similar to American and British sign languages. Currently in transition. Distinct from Signed Dutch. There is a manual system for spelling. Dictionary. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EcuadorianSignLanguage '&%EcuadorianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Ecuador. SIL code: ECS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (188,000 deaf persons, 2% of the population, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.) Comments: Slight regional variants in sign languages. Some influences from USA Peace Corps, others from people educated in Spain or Argentina. Some deaf schools use total communication, speaking and signing.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EstonianSignLanguage '&%EstonianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Estonia. SIL code: ESO. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 4,500 users out of 1,600 deaf and 20,000 hearing impaired. 2,000 persons need regular help from interpreters (1998 Urmas Sutrop). Region: Throughout Estonia, especially Tallinn and Parnu. Alternate names: VIIPEKEEL. Comments: Some local dialects. The dialect in Parnu is the most archaic. Apparent influences from Finnish and Russian Sign Languages. Some people can use both Estonian and Russian Sign Languages. Russian Sign Language is used in Tallinn by deaf Russians. In other regions Russians use some pidginized versions of Russian Sign Language mixed with Estonian Sign Language. Systematic teaching and research since 1990 at the Dept. of Special Education at Tartu University. Sign language instruction for parents of deaf children in Tallinn. Classes for hearing people in Tallinn and Parnu. Classes for interpretars. Schools for children with hearing impairments. Many children with hearing impairments in ordinary schools. Oral and signed teaching. There is a Society of the Interpreters of Estonian Sign Language. Centers for interpreters in Tallinn, Tartu, Parnu, at the Association of Deaf People. Local authorities pay for interpreters for 36 hours for each deaf person per year. Some grants for students who need interpreters. Courts accept signed interpretation and pay for interpreters. Dictionary. Grammar. TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EthiopianSignLanguage s__DeafSignLanguage__t '&%EthiopianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Ethiopia. SIL code: ETH. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: There are several sign languages used in different schools for the deaf. Little research. Used since 1971. There have been elementary schools for deaf children since 1956. There is a manual alphabet for spelling.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FinnishSignLanguage '&%FinnishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Finland. SIL code: FSE. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 5,000 users out of 8,000 deaf persons (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Alternate names: VIITTOMAKIELI. Comments: 2 major dialects from the Finnish (17 schools) and Swedish (1 school) communities. Apparent influence from Swedish Sign Language merged with local indigenous varieties. Not intelligible with Danish Sign Language. The government pays interpreters to accompany the deaf to hospitals, college, church, etc. Signed interpretation required in court. Sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language. The first deaf school was founded in the 1850s. Signed Finnish is distinct, but used by some teachers of the deaf. Dictionary. Grammar. Films, TV, videos. Bible portions 1989.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FrenchSignLanguage '&%FrenchSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%France. SIL code: FSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 50,000 to 100,000 primary users in France (1986 Gallaudet Univ.) 1,000 users of Marseille Sign Language (1975 Sallagooty). Population total both countries 50,000 to 100,000. Region: Southern FSL is used in Marseille, Toulon, La Ciotat, and Salon de Provence. Also spoken in Togo. Alternate names: LANGUE DES SIGNES FRANCAISE, LSF, FSL. Dialects: MARSEILLE SIGN LANGUAGE (SOUTHERN FRENCH SIGN LANGUAGE). Comments: Many sign languages have been influenced by this, but are not necessarily intelligible with it. Reported to be partially intelligible with sign languages from Austria, Czech Republic, and Italy, at least. 43% lexical similarity with American Sign Language in an 872-word list. First sign language in the western world to gain recognition as a language (1830). Originated in 1752. Sign languages were known in France in the 16th century, and probably earlier. Different from Signed French and Old French Sign Language. Also used in: Togo (Language name: FRENCH SIGN LANGUAGE, Alternate names: LANGUE DES SIGNES FRANCAISE, LSF). Comments: Taught in 1 school for the deaf in Togo.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GermanSignLanguage '&%GermanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: GSG. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (50,000 deaf persons, 22,000 members of German Deaf Association, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.) Region: Western Germany. Alternate names: DEUTSCHE GEBAERDENSPRACHE, DGS. Comments: Many regional lexical variations, but dialects are easily inherently intelligible. Some similarity to French and other European sign languages. Relation to sign languages of eastern Germany, Austria, and Switzerland is not known. More than one sign language used in eastern Germany. Bible portions 1998.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GhanaianSignLanguage '&%GhanaianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Ghana. SIL code: GSE. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Related to American and Nigerian sign languages. Brought in 1957 by missionary Andrew Foster. Differs from American Sign Language in lexicon. There are new and local signs, and some modified from ASL. 9 deaf schools. Other deaf people use home signs. Elementary schools for deaf children since 1957. Sign language interpreters are required for deaf people in court. Little research. Some sign language classes for hearing people. There is a manual alphabet for signing. Investigation needed: intelligibility with American Sign Language, Nigerian Sign Language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GreekSignLanguage '&%GreekSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: GSS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 42,600 or more users (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Comments: 12,000 children and 30,000 active adult users (1996). Roots in American and French sign languages and various indigenous sign languages, which came together in the 1950s.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GuatemalanSignLanguage '&%GuatemalanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Guatemala. SIL code: GSM. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GuineanSignLanguage '&%GuineanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Guinea. SIL code: GUS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Conakry. Comments: Used in the deaf school in Conakry. Appears to be heavily influenced by, or based on, ASL, with some influence from French Sign Language. Investigation needed: intelligibility with American Sign Language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HaiphongSignLanguage '&%HaiphongSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%VietNam. SIL code: HAF. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Haiphong. Comments: Related to sign languages in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Laos, and earlier sign languages in Thailand.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HanoiSignLanguage '&%HanoiSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%VietNam. SIL code: HAB. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Hanoi. Comments: Related to sign languages in Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City, Laos, and earlier sign languages in Thailand.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HausaSignLanguage '&%HausaSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Nigeria. SIL code: HSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HawaiiPidginSignLanguage '&%HawaiiPidginSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: HPS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: A few users out of about 6,000 profoundly deaf people in Hawaii (1987 Honolulu Star-Bulletin), 72,000 deaf or hard of hearing people in Hawaii (1998 Honolulu Advertiser). Region: Hawaiian Islands. Alternate names: PIDGIN SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Bilingualism in American Sign Language. Mainly 70 to 90 years old (1993). 9,600 deaf people in Hawaii now use American Sign Language with a few local signs for place names and cultural items (1998 Honolulu Advertiser). Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HoChiMinhCitySignLanguage '&%HoChiMinhCitySignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%VietNam. SIL code: HOS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Ho Chi Minh City. Comments: Related to sign languages in Hanoi, Haiphong, Laos, and earlier sign languages in Thailand.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HungarianSignLanguage '&%HungarianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Hungary. SIL code: HSH. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 60,000 deaf (1999 National Association for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing). 300,000 hard-of-hearing people use it as second language. Region: Used throughout Hungary. May also be used in western Romania. Alternate names: MAGYAR JELVNYELV. Dialects: BUDAPEST, SOPRON, MISKOLC, DEBRECEN, SZEGED, EGER. Comments: Related to Austrian Sign Language and German Sign Language. May be related to Yugoslavian Sign Language. Dialects have some different signs for lexical items, similar or same grammar. All ages. Budapest dialect is viewed as the standard. Dictionary. Extensive literacy effort needed.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IcelandicSignLanguage '&%IcelandicSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Iceland. SIL code: ICL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Until 1910 Icelandic deaf people were sent to school in Denmark. The sign language is based on Danish Sign Language, but has changed and developed since then, so it is not the same today. Signed interpretation provided for college students. Instruction for parents of deaf children. There is a committee on national sign language. There is a manual spelling system. Dictionary. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IndianSignLanguage '&%IndianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%India. SIL code: INS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 1,500,000 or more users (1986 Gallaudet Univ.) Population: total all countries 1,500,000 or more. Region: All over the country. Also spoken in Bangladesh, Pakistan. Dialects: DELHI SIGN LANGUAGE, CALCUTTA SIGN LANGUAGE, BANGALORE-MADRAS SIGN LANGUAGE, BOMBAY SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Over 75% of signs from all regions are related. Dialects are not related to deaf school usage. Delhi dialect is the most influential. Not related to French, Spanish, or American sign languages, or their group. Some influence from British Sign Language in the fingerspelling system and a few other signs, but most are unrelated to European sign systems. Developed indigenously in India. The Indian manual English system is hardly intelligible to American Signed English. Related to Nepalese Sign Language. Over 1,000,000 deaf adults, and about 500,000 deaf children (1986). Deaf schools mainly do not use ISL, but vocational programs often do. Less than 5% of deaf people attend deaf schools. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Pakistan Sign Language. Also used in: Bangladesh (Language name: INDIAN SIGN LANGUAGE). Comments: Not related to French, Spanish, American sign languages, or their group. Some influence from British Sign Language in the fingerspelling system and a few other signs, but most signs are unrelated to European sign systems. It developed indigenously in India. The Indian manual English system is hardly understandable to American Signed English.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IndonesianSignLanguage '&%IndonesianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Indonesia. SIL code: INL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (At least 2,000,000 deaf people, 1993). Comments: 94 schools for the deaf use the oral method for instruction. A blend of Malaysian Sign Language and indigenous signs. ASL not used.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IrishSignLanguage '&%IrishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Ireland. SIL code: ISG. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Dublin and elsewhere. Comments: In 1816 British signs were brought in. In 1846 Irish signs developed in the girls school, in 1857 Irish signs brought into the boys school. Related to French Sign Language. There are informal male and female sign systems. Females learn the male system during dating and marriage. The informal system is referred to as Deaf Sign Language. Irish Sign Language is a new unified system, a manual code for English. It has structural features such as directional verbs. It has influenced sign languages in South Africa and Australia. It originated between 1846-1849. Several deaf schools with 750 to 800 students in each. There is a committee on national sign language, and an organization for sign language teachers. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IsraeliSignLanguage '&%IsraeliSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Israel. SIL code: ISL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 5,000 users including some hearing persons (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Comments: Not derived from and relatively little influence from other sign languages. No special signs have been introduced from outside by educators. Minor dialect variation. Not all deaf use ISL. Interpreters are provided in courts. Some interpretation for college students. Sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language, and an organization for sign language teachers. The sign language used in classrooms and that by deaf adults outside is different. The first deaf school was established in Jerusalem in 1934. A fingerspelling system was developed in 1976. Dictionary. Grammar. Employs the Eshkol-Wachmann movement notation system. Films, TV, videos. Jewish.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ItalianSignLanguage '&%ItalianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: ISE. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: LINGUA ITALIANA DEI SEGNI, LIS. Comments: Partially intelligible with French Sign Language. Not intelligible with American Sign Language. Regional differences, but signers from different regions seem to communicate fluently. Used in families, clubs, and schools outside the classroom, but not in the classroom.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__JamaicanSignLanguage '&%JamaicanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Jamaica. SIL code: JCS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: COUNTRY SIGN. Comments: There is no standardized sign language, but Country Sign differs from region to region. Signed English is used in at least one deaf school, but students do not understand many of the function words. It is used for all communication needs outside the classroom. Many deaf children do not attend school.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__JapaneseSignLanguage '&%JapaneseSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: JSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: Hearing impaired: 317,000 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Alternate names: SHUWA, TEMANE. Comments: Related to Taiwanese and Korean sign languages. Over 95% of the deaf understand Japanese Sign Language. 107 deaf schools. The first school was in Kyoto in 1878. Temane is the former name. Pidgin Signed Japanese is different. Pidgin Signed Japanese is used often in formal situations, lectures, speeches. 80% of the deaf understand finger spelling. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__JordanianSignLanguage '&%JordanianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Jordan. SIL code:JOS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KenyanSignLanguage '&%KenyanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Kenya. SIL code: XKI. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: Students in primary schools in 1990: 2,600. There are around 200,000 deaf people in Kenya. It is not known how many know KSL. Region: 32 primary schools for the deaf in Hola, Kapsabet, Karatina, Karen, Kerugoya, Kilifi, Kisumu, Kitui, Kwale, Meru, Mombasa, Mumias, Muranga, Nairobi, Nakuru, North Kinangop, Ruiru, Sakwa. Schools under the Kenya Institute of Education (KIE) use a Kenyan version of (American) Exact Signed English, including one at Machakos. KSL is used at Nyangoma School at Bondo, a primary and boys technical school (Sakwa), and in one girls school. A school in Mombasa uses British Sign Language. Some Belgian brothers use Belgian Sign language in a school near Oyugis. 4 churches in Nairobi: 2 use KIE Signed English, 1 a mixture of that and KSL, the other uses a mixture of Korean, American, and Kenyan Sign Languages. Comments: Mainly unrelated to other sign languages. It has become standardized with slight variations since 1961, when elementary schools for deaf children were begun. The deaf from Kisumu (western Kenya) to the deaf in Mombasa (eastern Kenya) can understand each other completely even with some dialect differences. The deaf in Uganda and Tanzania do not really understand KSL, though they have much in common. Used in court cases involving deaf people. The Kenya National Association of the Deaf, which has 12 branches. The government is using KIE Signed English. The University of Nairobi backs KSL. Little research. Communication with those who do not know KSL is superficial only. KSL fits Kenyan culture and ties students back to their families and friends who know it. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KoreanSignLanguage '&%KoreanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%SouthKorea. SIL code: KVK. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Related to Japanese and Taiwanese sign languages, but distinct. Used since 1889. Signed interpretation required in court, used at important public events, in social services programs. There is sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is a manual system for spelling. Dictionary. Elementary schools for deaf children using sign language since 1908. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KualaLumpurSignLanguage '&%KualaLumpurSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Malahysia (Peninsular). SIL code: KGI. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Kuala Lumpur and elsewhere in Peninsular Malaysia. Alternate names: KLSL. Comments: American signs were introduced in the late 1960s to a class for deaf children. They were promoted by the club for deaf adults which was started at the YMCA in 1973. Many former users of Penang Sign Language now use KLSL. Uses predominantly American signs in a mixture of English and Malay word order. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Malaysian Sign Language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LaosSignLanguage '&%LaosSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Laos. SIL code: LSO. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Related to sign languages in Viet Nam and earlier ones in Thailand. May be more than one sign language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LatvianSignLanguage '&%LatvianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Latvia. SIL code:LSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LibyanSignLanguage '&%LibyanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Libya. SIL code:LBS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LithuanianSignLanguage '&%LithuanianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Lithuania. SIL code:LLS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LyonsSignLanguage '&%LyonsSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%France. SIL code: LSG. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: 250 miles from Paris, but difficult and little intelligibility with French Sign Language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MalaysianSignLanguage '&%MalaysianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Malahysia (Peninsular). SIL code: XML. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: BAHASA MALAYSIA KOD TANGAN. Comments: It is manually coded Bahasa Malaysia, it is easier than manual codes for other languages because Bahasa Malaysia is comparatively noninflected. It has input from local and American signs and structure. Under development by the Ministry of Education since 1978, and used in government programs. Words without signs are fingerspelled using the international version of the American manual alphabet.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MalteseSignLanguage '&%MalteseSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Malta. SIL code: MDL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MaritimeSignLanguage '&%MaritimeSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: NSR. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Alternate names: NOVA SCOTIAN SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Now remembered only by older deaf people. Based on British Sign Language. Distinct from American and Quebec sign languages. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MarthasVineyardSignLanguage '&%MarthasVineyardSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: MRE. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Marthas Vineyard, Massachusetts. Comments: The early sign language was based on a regional one in Weald, England, where the deaf persons ancestors had lived. French Sign Language was introduced to Marthas Vineyard in 1817. MVSL was later combined with American Sign Language, but never became identical to ASL. From 1692 to 1910 nearly all hearers on Marthas Vineyard were bilingual in English and sign language. The first deaf person arrived in 1692. From 1692 to 1950 there was a high rate of hereditary deafness. In the 19th century, 1/5700 of Americans were deaf, 1/155 in Marthas Vineyard, 1/25 in one town, 1/4 in one neighborhood. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MexicanSignLanguage '&%MexicanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: MFS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 87,000 to 100,000 mainly monolingual users (1986 T.C. Smith-Stark), out of 1,300,000 deaf persons in Mexico (1986 Gallaudet University). Region: Used throughout Mexico, except in some American Indian areas (see Yucatec Maya Sign Language): Mexico D.F. Guadalajara, Monterrey, Hermosillo, Morelia, Veracruz, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosi, Queretaro, Puebla, Cuernavaca, Torreon, Saltillo, Toluca. Alternate names: EL LENGUAJE MEXICANO DE LAS MANOS, EL LENGUAJE MANUAL DE MEXICO, LA LENGUA MANUAL MEXICANA, EL LENGUAJE DE SENAS MEXICANAS. Comments: Influence from French Sign Language. Users of ASL have 14% intelligibility of MSL. Preliminary investigation indicates lexical similarities from 85% to 100% among regional dialects, nearly all above 90% (A. Bickford SIL 1989). Most deaf schools use the oralist method, but some use signs. At least 3 deaf churches in Mexico City, 3 in Guadalajara. 19 schools for the deaf in Saltillo, Torreon, Guadalajara (3), Mexico City (6), Morelia, Cuernavaca, Monterrey, Ciudad Obregon, Hermosillo, Villahermosa, Matamoros, Veracruz, athletic clubs, craft schools, rehabilitation institutions. It does not follow Spanish grammar. The deaf are called sordos, sordomudos, los silentes. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MongolianSignLanguage '&%MongolianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Mongolia. SIL code: QMM. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: Unknown number of users out of 10,000 to 147,330 deaf (1998). Comments: Different from Russian Sign Language and other sign languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MoroccanSignLanguage '&%MoroccanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Morocco. SIL code: XMS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Used in Tetouan and other cities. Comments: Algerian Sign Language has influenced the strong deaf community of 60 to 70 men in the city of Oujda in the north. Less than 50% lexical similarity with American Sign Language. Most deaf people cannot read or write or understand Arabic. Many deaf women do not leave their homes, or do not sign in the streets, so it is difficult to determine numbers. Association Nanane, a school in the north, had about 30 students, ages 4-21. MSL used in 3 programs for the deaf. Communities in Rabat, Tangier, and Casa Blanca do not use MSL. Used by USA Peace Corps. Developed from local signs and introduced signs. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MozambicanSignLanguage '&%MozambicanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Mozambique. SIL code: MZY. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: In at least the 3 largest cities: Maputo, Beira, and Nampula. Comments: Some dialectal variation. Standardization efforts are in progress (1999). Not related to or based on Portuguese nor Portuguese Sign Language. Being taught and developed.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NamibianSignLanguage '&%NamibianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Namibia. SIL code: NBS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NewZealandSignLanguage '&%NewZealandSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%NewZealand. SIL code: NZS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: The first school for the deaf was established in 1878. Sign language used since the 1800s. It developed informally among deaf people because the oralist method only was used in schools. It has some features in common with British sign languages and some from other countries. Some signed interpretation used in court and at important public events. There is a committee on national sign language. There is a manual system for spelling. Investigation needed: intelligibility with British Sign Language, Australian Sign Languages. Dictionary. Grammar. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NepaleseSignLanguage '&%NepaleseSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Nepal. SIL code: NSP. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Developed from local signs and introduced signs. Related to Indian and Pakistan Sign Languages. Used by USA Peace Corps.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NicaraguanSignLanguage '&%NicaraguanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Nicaragua. SIL code: NCS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 3,000 deaf users plus other hearing people (1997 Asociacion Nacional de Sordos de Nicaragua). Region: Managua and throughout the nation. Alternate names: IDIOMA DE SENAS DE NICARAGUA. Comments: Unrelated to El Salvadoran, Costa Rican, or other sign languages. Users know little Spanish. Officially used in school since 1992, and used outside the classroom. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NigerianSignLanguage '&%NigerianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Nigeria. SIL code: NSI. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Influences from American and Ghanaian sign languages. Originated in 1960.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorwegianSignLanguage '&%NorwegianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Norway. SIL code: NSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 4,000 deaf users out of about 4,000 deaf (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Dialects: HOLMESTRAND, OSLO, TRONDHEIM. Comments: Intelligible with Danish and Swedish sign languages with only moderate difficulty. Not intelligible with Finnish Sign Language. Used since 1815. The first deaf school was begun in 1825, first club in 1878. It is passed to the next generation mainly through the schools. 3 dialects are associated with 3 schools. Signed Norwegian is used by teachers, pupils use Norwegian Sign Language among themselves. Signed interpretation required in court, provided some for college students, in mental health programs. Sign language instruction provided for parents of deaf children. Many classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language. There is a manual system for spelling. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OldKentishSignLanguage '&%OldKentishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: OKL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Kent. Comments: The apparent ancestor of Marthas Vineyard Sign Language. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PakistanSignLanguage '&%PakistanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Pakistan. SIL code: PKS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: ISHARON KI ZUBANN. Comments: Related to Nepalese Sign Language, may be the same language as Indian Sign Language. Used in urban centers with some regional variation in vocabulary. The National Institute of Special Education encourages a total communication approach, including the teaching of PSL. Dictionary. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PenangSignLanguage '&%PenangSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Malahysia (Peninsular). SIL code: PSG. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Penang. Comments: Deaf school established in 1954, where only oral method was used. Sign language evolved outside the classroom. Use declined in the late 1970s due to spread of other sign languages, but there are still users.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PersianSignLanguage '&%PersianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: PSC. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PeruvianSignLanguage '&%PeruvianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: PRL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: There are over 70 deaf schools, but the oralist method is used by most in the classroom. The majority of students use sign language outside the classroom. The sign language used in the schools is different from what adults use outside. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. Investigation needed: intelligibility. Dictionary. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PhilippineSignLanguage '&%PhilippineSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%Philippines. SIL code: PSP. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (100,000 deaf persons, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Alternate names: LOCAL SIGN LANGUAGE, FILIPINO SIGN LANGUAGE, FSL. Comments: Reported to be very similar to ASL. American Sign Language is well-known as a second language. Total communication is used in deaf schools, with teachers both speaking and signing. Used by USA Peace Corps.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PolishSignLanguage '&%PolishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Poland. SIL code: PSO. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (50,000 deaf, 25,000 members of Polish Association of the Deaf, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Comments: Various regional dialects. Not intelligible with ASL. 5,000 deaf children in deaf schools, plus 1,000 who attend school with hearing children. There is a committee for the unification of Polish Sign Language. Used since 1889. Elementary schools for deaf children since 1817. Signed interpretation required in court, provided for some college students and in important public events. Sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language. There is a manual system for spelling. Dictionary. Grammar. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PortugueseSignLanguage '&%PortugueseSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Portugal. SIL code: PSR. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (Used by a considerable portion of the 8,000 deaf persons, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Alternate names: LINGUA GESTUAL PORTUGUESA. Dialects: LISBON, OPORTO. Comments: Not derived from Portuguese. Different dialects in 2 different deaf schools in Lisbon and Oporto. Related to Swedish Sign Language. Signed Portuguese has similar signs to Signed Swedish. It began in 1823.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ProvidenciaSignLanguage '&%ProvidenciaSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: PRO. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: Known by most people on the Island including 19 born deaf out of 2,500 to 3,000 population (1986 W. Washabaugh). Region: Providencia Island off the coast of Nicaragua. Comments: They have not been exposed to other sign languages. East differs from west with some variation between villages. The high deaf population is probably caused by in-breeding. The deaf are fairly well integrated into daily activities. The system is about 100 years old. They are illiterate and untutored, do not use finger spelling.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PuertoRicanSignLanguage '&%PuertoRicanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%PuertoRico. SIL code: PSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (8,000 to 40,000 deaf persons, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Alternate names: PRSL. Comments: Related to American Sign Language but distinct. 4 varieties are used: Signed Spanish as a pidgin with hearing Spanish speakers, Signed English as a pidgin with deaf educated in USA and with hearing English speakers, American Sign Language with those who know only that, and PRSL. Some know only PRSL. Signs were introduced in 1907 by nuns. Some home signs are also used.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__QuebecSignLanguage '&%QuebecSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: FCS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Quebec, except northern Quebec, Ottawa, Northern Ontario, Bathurst New Brunswick, and a few in Vancouver and Edmonton. Alternate names: LANGUE SIGNE QUEBECARS, LANGUE DES SIGNES QUEBECOISE, LSQ. Comments: Related to French Sign Language (LSF). In northern Quebec, deaf people use ASL, with English the second language. Some use Signed French. Segregated deaf education by sex resulted in some lexical differences between the sexes, female use more influenced by ASL and LSQ, male by Signed French and LSQ. It is rare for a deaf child to learn both LSQ and ASL. A few adults have a working knowledge of both.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RennelleseSignLanguage '&%RennelleseSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%SolomonIslands. SIL code: RSI. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 1 (1986 Gallaudet University), other second language users. Region: Rennell Island. Comments: Developed about 1915 by Kagobai, the first deaf person. Used by others. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RomanianSignLanguage '&%RomanianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Romania. SIL code: RMS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RussianSignLanguage '&%RussianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Russia (Europe). SIL code: RSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Moscow, Armavir, Gorky, Kazan, Kirov, Kolomna, Kujbyshev, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Rostov on Don, Sverdlovsk have schools for the deaf. Also spoken in Bulgaria. Comments: Related to Austrian and French sign languages, but different. There are deaf associations and athletic clubs. Signed interpretation required in court, and used at important public events. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is an organization for sign language teachers. Originated in 1806. There is a manual system for spelling. Dictionary. Elementary schools for deaf children since 1878. Films, TV, videos. Also used in: Bulgaria (Language name: RUSSIAN SIGN LANGUAGE) Comments: Related to Austrian and French sign languages, but different. Originated 1806.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SalvadoranSignLanguage '&%SalvadoranSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%ElSalvador. SIL code: ESN. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: EL SALVADORAN SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Different from French or Spanish sign languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SaudiArabianSignLanguage '&%SaudiArabianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%SaudiArabia. SIL code: SDL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SingaporeSignLanguage '&%SingaporeSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Singapore. SIL code: SLS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SlovakianSignLanguage '&%SlovakianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Slovakia. SIL code: SVK. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthAfricanSignLanguage '&%SouthAfricanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%SouthAfrica. SIL code: SFS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (12,100 deaf persons including 6,000 Black, 2,000 English white, 2,000 Afrikaans white, 1,200 Coloured, 900 Indian, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Comments: The North British sign system was used for the deaf in white English speaking families. In 1881 a school for Afrikaans speaking families was begun using British Sign Language. Several dialects are used unofficially in different schools. There are 9 sign language systems, 60% related to British or Australian sign languages, few to American Sign Language. Sign language is understood to some degree by most deaf people. Some interpreters are provided in courts. The first deaf school was established about 1846. Now there are 29 schools for 4,000 children. There is a Signed Afrikaans.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SpanishSignLanguage '&%SpanishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: SSP. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 102,000 (1994). 20,000 members of deaf associations (1986 Gallaudet University). Alternate names: MIMICA. Comments: Small differences throughout Spain with no difficulties in intercommunication, except in Catalonia. Origin unknown, but it is reported that there are influences from American, French, and Mexican sign languages. Some signed interpretation used in court, at important public events. There is sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language. There is a manual system for spelling. Dictionary. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SwedishSignLanguage '&%SwedishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Sweden. SIL code: SWL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 8,000 deaf primary users, and the first language of many hearing children of deaf parents (1986 Gallaudet University). Comments: No origins from other sign languages, but it has influenced Portuguese and Finnish sign languages. Intelligible with Norwegian and Danish sign languages with only moderate difficulty. Not intelligible with Finnish Sign Language. Today the deaf are regarded as a bilingual minority. Sign language used since 1800. The first deaf school was established in 1809. There are 5 deaf schools, and they use Swedish Sign Language for instruction in all subjects. Also taught at the University of Stockholm. Many sign language classes for hearing people. Government interpreters assist the deaf in contacts with official and private institutions. There is an organization for sign language teachers. Signed Swedish is distinct. Much research. Dictionary. Grammar. TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SwissFrenchSignLanguage '&%SwissFrenchSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Switzerland. SIL code: SSR. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 1,000 (1986 Gallaudet University). Alternate names: LANGAGE GESTUELLE. Comments: Some regional lexical variations in the French area are tied to specific schools. There are local Swiss signs and imported French signs. Sign language is now taught in a bilingual program in Geneva. The status of signing has been low, but is now improving. French Sign Language is used some in the French area. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SwissGermanSignLanguage '&%SwissGermanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Switzerland. SIL code: SGG. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 6,000 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Alternate names: NATUERLICHE GEBAERDE. Comments: Some regional lexical variations in German areas are tied to specific schools. The status of signing has been low, but is now improving. In schools in the German area there is a strong oralist tradition.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SwissItalianSignLanguage '&%SwissItalianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Switzerland. SIL code: SLF. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 200 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Comments: The status of signing has been low, but is now improving.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SriLankanSignLanguage '&%SriLankanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%SriLanka. SIL code: SQS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (12,800 deaf persons, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Comments: 14 deaf schools. Several sign languages used by different schools. British English fingerspelling also used. Investigation needed: intelligibility.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TaiwaneseSignLanguage '&%TaiwaneseSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Taiwan. SIL code: TSS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 30,000 users (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Alternate names: ZIRAN SHOUYU. Dialects: TAIPEI, TAINAN. Comments: 2 major dialects. The sources from which the sign language developed were indigenous sign systems before 1895, Japanese occupation and education 1895-1946, Mainland Chinese Sign Language brought by refugees in 1949 and some from Hong Kong since. 50% lexical similarity with Japanese Sign Language. Quite different from (Mainland) Chinese Sign Language; only a few signs are the same or similar. Not related to Taiwanese languages. Some signs are borrowed from Mandarin through palmwriting. There is also a Signed Mandarin (Wenfa Shouyu).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TanzanianSignLanguage '&%TanzanianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Tanzania. SIL code: TZA. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Deaf people go to different schools, each using a different sign language. There have been elementary schools for deaf children since 1963. There is a committee on national sign language. Little research.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ThaiSignLanguage '&%ThaiSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Thailand. SIL code: TSQ. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 51,000 profoundly, prelingually deaf people in Thailand (1997 Charles B. Reilly). 20% of deaf children go to school, where they get the opportunity to learn this language. Region: Major regional centers and Bangkok. Comments: The first deaf school was established in 1951, with influence from Gallaudet University in the USA. It uses a combination of indigneous signs and ASL. Before 1950 Chiangmai and Bangkok had their own separate but related sign languages, and probably other urban areas had their own sign languages, related to present sign languages in parts of Laos and Vietnam, including Haiphong. The signs used at the deaf school at Tak are reported to be very different. Bilingualism in Central Thai. All deaf born since 1951, and some older ones. Total communication used in school: speaking and signing. Reported to be high mobility among most deaf people today. The sign language used in the classroom and that by deaf adults outside is different. There is a manual system for spelling. Dictionary. Literacy rate in second language: Fewer than 10%. Educated deaf people have some Thai literacy skills, but limited. TV. Buddhist.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TunisianSignLanguage '&%TunisianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Tunisia. SIL code: TSE. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Used in a school for the deaf. Used by USA Peace Corps. There are loans from French Sign Language and Italian Sign Language, but it is distinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TurkishSignLanguage '&%TurkishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Turkey (Asia). SIL code: TSM. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UgandanSignLanguage '&%UgandanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Uganda. SIL code: UGN. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: All over Uganda, but mainly in the towns. Alternate names: USL. Comments: Influences from Kenyan Sign Language and ASL. Knowledge of English is not widespread or deep. There have been elementary schools for deaf children since 1962. Several sign languages became one in 1988. The schools allow sign language in the classroom since 1988. The sign language used in the classroom and that used by adults outside is the same. Some sign language interpreters are provided for deaf people in court. There are a few sign language classes for hearing people. It was recognized as a minority language in 1995. Interpretation provided in parliament from a deaf member. Promotion by the Uganda National Association of the Deaf. USLs prestige is growing. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UkrainianSignLanguage '&%UkrainianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%Ukraine. SIL code: UKL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UrubuKaaporSignLanguage '&%UrubuKaaporSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: UKS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 7 first language users, 500 second language users (1986 J. Kakumasu). Region: Maranhao. Alternate names: URUBU SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: The deaf are monolingual in sign language. About one out of every 75 persons is deaf. Urubu hearing children grow up knowing both the verbal and the sign systems. OSV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UruguayanSignLanguage '&%UruguayanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Uruguay. SIL code: UGY. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: The sign language has been used since 1910. Used in schools. Sign language interpreters are required in court. Instruction for parents of deaf children. A committee on national sign language, and an organization for sign language teachers. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. Dictionary. TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__VenezuelanSignLanguage '&%VenezuelanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Venezuela. SIL code: VSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: The sign language used in the classroom is different from the one used by adults outside. There is a national bilingual education program for Venezuelan Sign Language and Spanish. There have been schools for the deaf since 1937, and they use sign language. Deaf people can attend college with a sign language interpreter. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. Dictionary. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YiddishSignLanguage '&%YiddishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Israel. SIL code: YDS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Apparently distinct from Israeli Sign Language. Jewish.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YucatecMayaSignLanguage '&%YucatecMayaSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: MSD. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 17 deaf people out of a village of 500 in the primary location (1999 H. Smith). All use sign (1989 Sacks), including hearing people in the village. Region: Concentrated population in south central Yucatan and in smaller groups in the same region, and a sizeable concentration in northern Quintana Roo (1999 H. Smith). Chican, formerly called Nohya, Yucatan. An isolated village plus other villages (at least 2 in Oxkutzcab, 4 in Xyatil, 1 in Carillo Puerto) throughout a wide portion of the lowland Mayan region. Kinil is also mentioned (1997 H. Smith). Alternate names: NOHYA SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Dialects of Yucatan and Quintana Roo probably differ, but users have no contact with each other. There is a report of a person in Guatemala who uses related signs. Not intelligible with Mexican Sign Language used elsewhere in Mexico, or other sign languages. 100% monolingual. 3 years old to 70 years old (1999 H. Smith). 13 adults and 3 children under 5 (1997 H. Smith), plus all hearing people (1989 Sacks). 400 to 500 who use it as a second or third language (1999 H. Smith). Congenital deafness. It is of some antiquity. Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects. Literacy rate in second language: 0%. Lowland.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YugoslavianSignLanguage '&%YugoslavianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Yugoslavia. SIL code: YSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 30,000 users out of 60,000 deaf persons in the former larger Yugoslavia (1986 Gallaudet Univ.) Population: total both countries 30,000 (1986 Gallaudet University). Region: Also spoken in Slovenia. Dialects: SERBIAN SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Origin from deaf schools in Austria and Hungary. There are regional variants, but no problem in comprehension. Since 1979 there have been efforts to standardize. Slovenian Sign Language used in Slovenia is a dialect. First deaf school in 1840, but sign language is not used in schools. Interpreters are furnished in court. TV. Also used in: Slovenia (Language name: YUGOSLAVIAN SIGN LANGUAGE). Dialects: SLOVENIAN SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Related to Austrian and Hungarian sign languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ZambianSignLanguage '&%ZambianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Zambia. SIL code: ZSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ZimbabweSignLanguage '&%ZimbabweSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Zimbabwe. SIL code: ZIB. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: ZIMSIGN. Dialects: ZIMBABWE SCHOOL SIGN, MASVINGO SCHOOL SIGN, ZIMBABWE COMMUNITY SIGN. Comments: The sign language used in Masvingo is different from that used in other schools. The sign language used in schools and that used by adults outside is different. It is not clear if they are inherently intelligible to each other. There is some desire for standardization among educators. There are rumors of relationships to sign languages from Germany, Ireland, Australia, England, South Africa. Deaf people go to different schools, each using a different sign language. There have been elementary schools for deaf children since the 1940s. The Ministry of Education has pushed to open more spaces for deaf students in special classes in local schools. There is little research on the sign language. The deaf community is quite strong in terms of individual identity. They live their lives around deaf social networks and activities. There is a manual alphabet used for spelling English, possibly related to that in South Africa. Literacy in English is better among some deaf people than others, but generally limited. It is quite limited in Shona, mainly known by those from Masvingo. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EsperantoLanguage s__ArtificialLanguage 'The &%EsperantoLanguage is an &%ArtificialLanguage. SIL code: ESP. ISO 639-1: eo. ISO 639-2: epo. Population: 200 to 2,000 people who speak it as first language (1996), 2,000,000 users (1999 WA). Region: Speakers in about 115 countries, used most widely in central and eastern Europe, China and other countries in eastern Asia, certain areas of South America and southwest Asia. Alternate names: LA LINGVO INTERNACIA. Comments: All ages. Was developed from 1872 to 1885 by L.L. Zamenhof of Warsaw Poland for intercommunication by mother tongue speakers of other languages. SVO, prepositions, genitives, relatives after noun heads, articles, adjectives, numerals before noun heads, question word initial, accusative -n, dative -al affixes mark tense, passive with esti = passive participle, causative -ig, comparative word, non-tonal. Christian, Bahai, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Shinto, Taoist, tribal religions, none. Bible 1900-1910.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EuropantoLanguage 'The &%EuropantoLanguage is an &%ArtificialLanguage of &%Belgium. SIL code: EUR. ISO 639-2: art. Population: No estimate available. Region: Brussels, European Union buildings. Comments: A mixture of elements from some of the main European languages, for use among members of the European Union. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__InterlinguaLanguage 'The &%InterlinguaLanguage is an &%ArtificialLanguage. SIL code: INR. ISO 639-1: ia. ISO 639-2: ina. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: INTERLINGUA DE IALA. Comments: A latinate language devised by Alexander Gode around 1950, and published by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CreoleLanguage s__SpokenHumanLanguage 'A &%CreoleLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage that has developed and become the mother tongue for a community of people. This process is called creolization and results in an expanded vocabulary and grammar structure that allow for communication as rich and complex as that of non-creole languages. While pidgins are regarded as reduced languages, creoles are considered expanded languages. That is, while pidgins develop to enable communication in relatively isolated domains, creoles allow for a full range of expressive possibilities on a par with more recognized languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AfrikaansBasedCreoleLanguage s__AfrikaansBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'An &%AfrikaansBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%AfrikaansLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OorlamsLanguage 'The &%OorlamsLanguage is an &%AfrikaansBasedCreoleLanguage of &%SouthAfrica. SIL code: OOR. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Comments: There are mother tongue speakers. It also includes some Bantu words. There are a large number of small colonies of Africans.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TsotsitaalLanguage 'The &%TsotsitaalLanguage is an &%AfrikaansBasedCreoleLanguage of &%SouthAfrica. SIL code: FLY. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: It had tens of thousands of primary users, hundreds of thousands of second language users (1984 Gilbert and Makhudu). Region: In African townships around Johannesburg, Pretoria, Bloemfontein and other cities. Alternate names: FLY TAAL, FLAAI TAAL. Comments: Not intelligible to Afrikaans speakers. Uses many Afrikaans, English, and Bantu words, and others of unknown origin. Originated in the gold mines in Transvaal from 1886. Creolized by 1930. Used until the 1970s or 1980s. Tsotsitaal means speech of young gang member, criminal, or thug. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage 'An &%ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of a dialect of the &%ArabicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BabaliaCreoleArabicLanguage s__ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'The &%BabaliaCreoleArabicLanguage is an &%ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Chad. SIL code: BBZ. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 3,937 (1993 census). Region: West. Chari Baguirmi Prefecture, NDjamena Subprefecture. North of Djermaya and between Karal and Tourba. Possibly also in the Bokoro Subprefecture around Ngoura. 23 villages. Alternate names: BABALIA, BUBALIA, BABALIYA. Comments: A creole developed from Chadian Arabic (90% of the vocabulary) and Berakou (10%, Decobert). The original language of the ethnic group was Berakou. Babalia shares structural similarities with Juba Arabic. There is a post-creole continuum from Chadian Arabic to the Bagirmian basilect. The ethnic group is called Babalia. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NubiLanguage 'The &%NubiLanguage is an &%ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Uganda. SIL code: KCN. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 14,739 in Uganda (1991 census). Population total both countries 25,000. Region: Bombo, 30 miles north of Kampala, Arua, and elsewhere in Uganda. Also spoken in Kenya. Alternate names: KINUBI, KI-NUBI. Comments: Descendants of Emin Pashas troops. Formerly a soldier language, which split off from Sudanese Pidgin Arabic about 1900.There are conflicting reports of intelligibility with Sudanese Creole Arabic. 90% of the lexicon is from Arabic. Traders. Muslim. Also spoken in: Kenya (Language name: NUBI). Population: 10,000 in Kenya, including 3,000 to 6,000 in Kibera. Alternate names: KI-NUBI, KINUBI. Comments: Speakers use Swahili for out-group communication and Nubi for in-group communication, with a stable bilingualism. 30% can also use English. Non-Nubi wives of Nubi men are expected to learn Nubi. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Sudanese Creole Arabic. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Below 5%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SudaneseCreoleArabicLanguage 'The &%SudaneseCreoleArabicLanguage is an &%ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Sudan. SIL code: PGA. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 20,000 first language and 44,000 second language speakers in Juba alone (1987 estimate). Region: Southern Sudan, in the towns and many villages all over Equatoria Region, and up into Bahr al Ghazal and Upper Nile regions. Refugees have gone to other countries. Alternate names: JUBA ARABIC, SOUTHERN SUDAN ARABIC, PIDGIN ARABIC. Comments: Difficult intelligibility with Nubi, Sudanese Arabic, or Modern Standard Arabic. Also used as the major language of communication among speakers of different languages in Equatoria, south of Wau and Malakal. Used in many church services as first or second language in Juba and a few other towns. Many school teachers use it at least part of the time. Most people in towns speak at least two languages, and it is common for them to speak Creole Arabic, English, and 1, 2, or 3 vernaculars. Creole Arabic is gaining at the expense of English and the vernaculars, although most people keep their vernaculars as first, or at least second language. Trade language. SVO, tonal. Muslim, Christian. Bible portions 1983-1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AssameseBasedCreoleLanguage 'An &%AssameseBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%AssameseLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NagaPidginLanguage s__AssameseBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'The &%NagaPidginLanguage is an &%AssameseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%India. SIL code: NAG. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: Used by most of the 500,000 speakers of 29 Naga languages as second language (1989 J. Holm). Region: Nagaland, especially Kohima District, Dimapur Subdivision, bordering areas of Arunachal Pradesh. Alternate names: NAGAMESE, NAGA-ASSAMESE, NAGA CREOLE ASSAMESE, KACHARI BENGALI, BODO. Comments: A variety farthest from Assamese is spoken by the Yimchenger Naga, and varieties closest to Assamese by the Angami Naga, and around Dimapur and Kohima. Mother tongue for the Kachari in and around Dimapur, a small community, and among children of interethnic marriages. Classroom textbooks (1992). Trade language. Grammar. An official medium of instruction in schools. Mountains.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DutchBasedCreoleLanguage s__DutchBasedCreoleLanguage__t s__CreoleLanguage__t 'A &%DutchBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%DutchLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BerbiceCreoleDutchLanguage 'The &%BerbiceCreoleDutchLanguage is a &%DutchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Guyana. SIL code: BRC. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 4 or 5 speakers (1993 S. Kouwenberg), 15 with limited competence (1989 J. Holm). Region: Berbice River area. Comments: Speakers claim it is not inherently intelligible with Skepi or Rupununi. About 1/3 of the basic lexicon and, most of the productive morphology is from Eastern Ijo in Nigeria; most of the rest of the lexicon is from Dutch, 10% loans from Arawak and Guyanese Creole English. Speakers are bilingual in Guyanese, which has influenced Berbice considerably. Grammar. SVO. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DutchCreoleLanguage 'The &%DutchCreoleLanguage is a &%DutchBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%UnitedStatesVirginIslands. SIL code: DCR. ISO 639-2: crp. Region: Formerly in Leeward Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, St. John, Puerto Rico. Alternate names: NEGERHOLLANDS. Comments: The last speaker died recently. There may be some remaining second language speakers. Extinct. NT 1781-1833.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PetjoLanguage 'The &%PetjoLanguage is a &%DutchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Indonesia. SIL code: PEY. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Region: Djakarta (Batavia), Java. Alternate names: PETJOH, PECOK. Comments: Influences from Dutch, Javanese, and Betawi. Little is known of this language. May be a pidgin or mixed language, rather than a creole.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SkepiCreoleDutchLanguage 'The &%SkepiCreoleDutchLanguage is a &%DutchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Guyana. SIL code: SKW. ISO 639-2: crp. Region: Essequibo region. Dialects: ESSEQUIBO. Comments: Speakers said it was not inherently intelligible with Berbice or Rupununi. 52% lexical similarity with Berbice. Became extinct by 1998. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EnglishBasedCreoleLanguage 'An &%EnglishBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%EnglishLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage 'An &%AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage is an &%EnglishBasedCreoleLanguage that evolved in areas in and near the &%AtlanticOcean.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SamanaEnglishLanguage 'The &%SamanaEnglishLanguage is an &%AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%DominicanRepublic. SIL code: SAX. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 8,000 (1989 J. Holm). Region: Samana Peninsula, northeastern Dominican Republic. Comments: Spanish is used as second language. Some use Haitian Creole. A community of descendants of ex-USA slaves settled in 1824. It is reported that there was a settlement of African slaves here in the early 1500s. It may not be a creole, but a regional variety of uncreolized English. There are features of creolization and archaic Black English.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage 'An &%EasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage is an &%AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage that evolved in eastern areas of the &%AtlanticOcean.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage s__EasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'A &%NorthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage is an &%EasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage that evolved in northern areas near the eastern &%AtlanticOcean.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AfroSeminoleCreoleLanguage s__NorthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'The &%AfroSeminoleCreoleLanguage is a &%NorthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: AFS. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: No estimate available. Region: Bracketville, Texas and El Nacimiento, Coahuila, Mexico. Alternate names: AFRO-SEMINOLE, SEMINOLE, BLACK SEMINOLE. Dialects: TEXAS, MEXICO. Comments: Separated from coastal Sea Islands Creole between 1690 and 1760. Similar to Sea Islands Creole of USA and Bahamas Creole. 90% lexical similarity with Sea Islands Creole. Speakers use English or Spanish as second language. No speakers left in Oklahoma. Probably absorbed by Bahamian on Andros Island, and by Spanish in Cuba. Also spoken in: Mexico. (Language name: AFRO-SEMINOLE CREOLE). Population: Several hundred (1990). Alternate names: AFRO-SEMINOLE, AFRO-SEMINOL CRIOLLO. Dialects: MEXICO AFRO-SEMINOLE. Comments: Separated from coastal Sea Islands Creole between 1690 and 1760. The variety in Mexico has not been described (J. Holm 1989:496). Similar to Bahamas Creole. 90% lexical similarity with Sea Islands Creole. Bilingualism in Spanish. Only spoken by older people in Nacimiento.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BahamasCreoleEnglishLanguage 'The &%BahamasCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%NorthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%Bahamas. SIL code: BAH. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 225,000 or 86.5% of population (1987). Population total both countries 225,000. Region: Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: BAHAMIAN CREOLE ENGLISH, BAHAMIAN DIALECT. Comments: Intelligible with Sea Islands Creole good. Very close to Sea Islands Creole and Afro-Seminole of USA (Ian Hancock). The major differences with Sea Islands are in phonology, a few words, regional expressions, and a few grammatical differences (verbal markers). There is a spectrum of varieties from Standard USA English usage to the creole (Todd and Hancock 1986). Dictionary. Another orthography may be needed, since there were negative responses to the Sea Islands orthography presently in use. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SeaIslandCreoleEnglishLanguage 'The &%SeaIslandCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%NorthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: GUL. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 125,000 speakers (1977 I. Hancock), including 7,000 to 10,000 monolinguals, and 10,000 in New York City (1989 J. Holm). Region: Coastal region from Jacksonville, North Carolina to Jacksonville, Florida, and especially on the Sea Islands off the Georgia coast. Small clusters in New York City and Detroit. Alternate names: GULLAH, GEECHEE. Dialects: NORTHEAST FLORIDA COAST, GEORGIA, SOUTH CAROLINA. Comments: Intelligibility with other English based creoles is undetermined. Very close to Bahamas Creole and Afro-Seminole. 90% lexical similarity with Afro-Seminole. In limited contact with English, and barely understandable with Standard English. Government bilingual education program begun. Vigorous. Linguistic influences from Fula, Mende, upper Guinea coast, Gambia River area (I. Hancock 1987). Scholars have been predicting its demise for 100 years (W. Stewart). Investigation needed: intelligibility with Bahamas Creole, Afro-Seminole. Dictionary. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Swamps, coastal plains. Agriculturalists: rice, cotton. Bible portions 1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage 'A &%SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage is an &%EasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage that evolved in southern areas near the eastern &%AtlanticOcean.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BajanLanguage 'The &%BajanLanguage is a &%SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Barbados. SIL code: BJS. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 259,000 (1995 estimate). Alternate names: BARBADIAN CREOLE ENGLISH. Comments: There is a basilectal variety spoken in a fishing village (Roy 1986). The speech of the poor and less educated is similar to the mesolect in nearby countries. Increasingly influenced by USA rather than United Kingdom English (Todd and Hancock 1986). Fewer than 20 lexical items are traceable to African origin (Niles 1980:148). Shares lexical features with Caribbean creoles. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GuyaneseCreoleEnglishLanguage s__SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'The &%GuyaneseCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Guyana. SIL code: GYN. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 650,000 possibly (250,000 Blacks and 400,000 Hindustanis). Population total all countries: 700,000. Region: Georgetown, coast, and Rupununi River area. There may be some in French Guiana. Also spoken in Suriname, USA. Alternate names: CREOLESE, GUYANESE CREOLE. Dialects: AFRO-GUYANESE CREOLE, RUPUNUNI, INDO-GUYANESE CREOLE. Comments: It may be intelligible with other English based creoles of the Caribbean. Closest to creoles of Windward and Leeward Islands and Tobago. Rupununi may be a separate language. Speakers of Rupununi, Berbice Creole Dutch, and Skepi Creole Dutch claim they are not inherently intelligible with each other. It will remain the home language and be used alongside Standard English (M. Adler 1977). There is a creole continuum with Standard English. The first or second language of most people, but it has no official status. Grammar. Also spoken in: Suriname. (Language name: GUYANESE CREOLE ENGLISH.) Population: 50,000 in Suriname (1986 SIL). Alternate names: CREOLESE, GUYANESE CREOLE. Comments: Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LeewardCaribbeanCreoleEnglishLanguage 'The &%LeewardCaribbeanCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%AntiguaAndBarbuda. SIL code: AIG. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 65,100, including 64,000 in Antigua, 1,100 in Barbuda (1990). Population total all countries: 120,370. Region: Antigua and Barbuda. Also spoken in Anguilla, Dominica, Montserrat, St. Kitts-Nevis, United Kingdom. Dialects: ANTIGUAN CREOLE ENGLISH, BARBUDA CREOLE ENGLISH. Comments: Closest to Barbuda, St. Kitts, Montserrat, Nevis. Most villagers deny the existence of a creole, although they speak it. There is a creole continuum with Standard English. Agriculturalists: sugarcane. Also spoken in: Anguilla. (Language name: LEEWARD CARIBBEAN CREOLE ENGLISH.) Population: 7,000 in Anguilla (1998). Dialects: ANGUILLAN CREOLE ENGLISH. Comments: Reported to be close to the creoles of Antigua, St. Kitts, Nevis, Montserrat, and Barbuda (Holm 1989:450-1). Slightly intelligible with Jamaican and perhaps Bahamas creoles. Agriculturalists, fishermen. Christian. Also spoken in: Dominica. (Language name: LEEWARD CARIBBEAN CREOLE ENGLISH.) Dialects: KOKOY. Comments: Grammar closest to basilectal Antiguan or Jamaican (Pauline Christie 1998). People use it with Jamaicans and some others Caribbean people, but not with non-Caribbean people. Also spoken in: Montserrat. (Language name: LEEWARD CARIBBEAN CREOLE ENGLISH.) Population: 10,000. Dialects: MONTSERRAT CREOLE ENGLISH. Comments: Montserrat variety is closest to St. Kitts, Nevis, Antigua (Ian Hancock). Montserrat has a creole continuum with Standard English. Agriculturalists: cotton. Also spoken in: St. Kitts-Nevis. (Language name: LEEWARD CARIBBEAN CREOLE ENGLISH.) Population: 39,000 in St. Kitts. Dialects: ST. KITTS CREOLE ENGLISH (KITTITIAN CREOLE ENGLISH). Comments: Closest to Montserrat, Antigua, Barbuda. There is a creole continuum with Standard English. Investigation needed: intelligibility with St. Kitts and Nevis. Agriculturalists: sugarcane.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TobagonianCreoleEnglishLanguage 'The &%TobagonianCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%TrinidadAndTobago. SIL code: TGH. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 36,000 (1990 estimate). Not known if population is of speakers or the ethnic group. Region: Tobago. Alternate names: TOBAGONIAN DIALECT. Comments: Closest to Grenada, St. Vincent. Slightly intelligible with Jamaican and perhaps Bahamas creoles. Investigation needed: intelligibility with regional dialects, bilingual proficiency in English. Dictionary. Plains, hills, low mountains.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TrinidadianCreoleEnglishLanguage 'The &%TrinidadianCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%TrinidadAndTobago. SIL code: TRF. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: No estimate available. Region: Trinidad. Comments: Investigation needed: intelligibility with regional varieties, bilingual proficiency in English. Dictionary. Grammar. Plains, hills, low mountains.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__VirginIslandsCreoleEnglishLanguage 'The &%VirginIslandsCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%UnitedStatesVirginIslands. SIL code: VIB. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 52,250 (1980 WA). Population total all countries 64,250. Region: Also spoken in British Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe, Netherlands Antilles. Dialects: CRUZAN. Comments: St. Croix, St. Eustatius, St. John, and Saba are closest. Slightly intelligible with Jamaican and perhaps Bahamas Creole. Alleyne says it is post-creole English. Dictionary. Also spoken in: British Virgin Islands. (Language name: VIRGIN ISLANDS CREOLE ENGLISH.) Population: 12,000 in British Virgin Islands (1987). Comments: Coexists with English in a fairly stable diglossic relationship (Holm 1989:455). Also spoken in: Guadeloupe. (Language name: VIRGIN ISLANDS CREOLE ENGLISH.) Dialects: ST. BARTH CREOLE ENGLISH. Also spoken in: Netherlands Antilles. (Language name: VIRGIN ISLANDS CREOLE ENGLISH.) Population: 12,700 including 10,000 on St. Maarten, 1,100 on Saba, 1,600 on St. Eustatius. Dialects: ST. MAARTEN CREOLE ENGLISH.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WindwardCaribbeanCreoleEnglishLanguage 'The &%WindwardCaribbeanCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%StVincentAndTheGrenadines. SIL code: SVG. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 138,000 (1989 J. Holm). Population total both countries: 251,000. Dialects: VINCENTIAN CREOLE ENGLISH. Comments: Closest to Grenada, Tobago. Slightly intelligible with Jamaican and perhaps Bahamas creoles. May have some French influence, although the former French creole used here is virtually gone. J. Holm says it is the only folk language (1989:457). Also spoken in: Grenada. Language name: WINDWARD CARIBBEAN CREOLE ENGLISH. Population: 113,000 (Holm 1989:458). Dialects: GRENADA CREOLE ENGLISH (CARRIACOU CREOLE ENGLISH). Comments: Closest to St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Tobago. M. Alleyne says it is a post-creole English with French creole influence, no longer a creole. R. Kephart says Carriacou is a creole English. J. Holm says the creole predominates in Grenada (1989:458). Grammar. See main entry under St. Vincent and the Grenadines.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TurksAndCaicosCreoleEnglishLanguage 'The &%TurksAndCaicosCreoleEnglishLanguage is an &%EasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%TurksAndCaicosIslands. SIL code: TCH. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 10,730 (1995). Comments: This variety has not been studied, but it may be related to Bahamas creole (Holm 1989:489). Agriculturalists: cotton.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KrioGroupLanguage 'A &%KrioGroupLanguage is any of four &%AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguages, including &%KrioLanguage, spoken in West Africa.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FernandoPoCreoleEnglishLanguage s__KrioGroupLanguage__t 'The &%FernandoPoCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%KrioGroupLanguage of &%EquatorialGuinea. SIL code: FPE. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 5,000 mother tongue speakers (1998 S. Smith SIL), 1.25% of the population, plus 70,000 or 17.5% who speak it as trade language. Region: North central Bioko Island (Fernando Po), 6 communities in or near Malabo: Musola, Las Palmas, Sampaca, Basupu, Fiston, Balveri de Cristo Rey. Alternate names: PIDGINGLIS, FERNANDINO, FERNANDO PO KRIO, CRIOLLO. Comments: Pidginglis may be a separate language from Krio. About 1,000 are monolingual. Language of instruction in school is Spanish. English and some Bubi are also used. Speakers came from Sierra Leone in 1827. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Krio, attitudes. Trade language. Literacy rate in second language: 75% in Spanish, none in Krio. Tropical forest. Volcanic island. Agriculturalists. 0 to 1,000 feet. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KrioLanguage 'The &%KrioLanguage is a &%KrioGroupLanguage of &%SierraLeone. SIL code: KRI. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 472,600 in Sierra Leone (1993), or 10% of the population are first language speakers (1987 Frederick Jones). Possibly 4,000,000 or 95% of the remainder are second language users (1987 F. Jones). Population total all countries: 478,000 or more. Region: Communities in Freetown, on the Peninsula, on the Banana Islands, York Island, in Bonthe, by de-tribalized Sierra Leoneans and as the lingua franca throughout the country. Also spoken in Gambia, Guinea, Senegal. Alternate names: CREOLE, PATOIS. Dialects: AKU. Comments: Krio and Jamaican Creole, and Krio and Sea Islands Creole may have some interintelligibility. Domains of use include education, urban and town living, every-day life. Dominant language of the younger generation. Vigorous. Spoken more in provincial towns than in villages, and for inter-ethnic communication. Possibly half the speakers use Krio in their workplace. It is the formal language for those who do not speak English. Second language users prefer their indigenous languages for informal situations. Mother tongue Krio speakers are mainly descendents of repatriated slaves from Jamaica. There is linguistic influence from Yoruba (I. Hancock 1987). Language of wider communication. Literacy rate in second language: Fewer than 15% in English. Taught as an elective from primary to college level. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1986-1992.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NigerianPidginLanguage 'The &%NigerianPidginLanguage is a &%KrioGroupLanguage of &%Nigeria. SIL code: PCM. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southern states and in Sabon Garis of the northern states, coastal and urban areas. Alternate names: NIGERIAN CREOLE ENGLISH, NIGERIAN PIDGIN ENGLISH. Dialects: LAGOS PIDGIN, DELTA PIDGIN, CROSS RIVER PIDGIN, BENIN PIDGIN. Comments: No unified standard. The dialects listed may be very different from each other. Partially intelligible with Krio of Sierra Leone and Cameroon Pidgin. Used in novels, plays, advertising. Increasing in importance and use. It is a creole with native speakers, as well as used as a pidgin between Africans and Europeans, and Africans from different languages. Trade language. Grammar. No unified orthography. Poetry, radio programs, TV. Bible portions 1957.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CameroonPidginLanguage 'The &%CameroonPidginLanguage is a &%KrioGroupLanguage of &%Cameroon. SIL code: WES. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: (2,000,000 mainly second language users, 1989 UBS). Region: Primarily in South West and North West provinces, and widespread elsewhere. Alternate names: WES COS, CAMEROON CREOLE ENGLISH. Comments: Similar to Krio of Sierra Leone and Pidgin English of various West African countries, probably an offshoot of 19th century Krio. Also similar to Sranan (Ian Hancock). There are dialect variations. A growing number of first language speakers. Used by the police, prisons, urban school children at play since 1884. Now the most widespread lingua franca in Cameroon, used by about half the population (Todd and Hancock 1986). Trade language. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Below 5%. Bible portions 1966.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SurinameEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage 'A &%SurinameEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage is any of three &%AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguages spoken in &%Suriname.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NdyukaLanguage s__NdyukaLanguage__t s__SurinameEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'A &%NdyukaLanguage are two closely-related &%SurinameEnglishBasedCreoleLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AukanLanguage 'The &%AukanLanguage is a &%NdyukaLanguage of &%Suriname. SIL code: DJK. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 15,542 in Suriname, including 14,353 Aukan, 33 Aluku, 1,156 Paramaccan (1980 census). Population total both countries: 21,500 or more. Region: Eastern along the Marowijne and Tapanahony rivers, northeastern along the Cottica River. Aluku are along the French Guiana border and in French Guiana. Paramaccan are in northeast Suriname. Also spoken in French Guiana. Alternate names: NDYUKA, NDJUKA, NJUKA, DJUKA, DJOEKA, AUKAANS, OKANISI. Dialects: AUKAN, ALUKU (ALOEKOE, BONI), PARAMACCAN. Comments: Kwinti is further removed from Aukan than are Aluku and Paramaccan. The society was formed by escaped slaves. Subsistence and economy is Amerindian, social culture and religion are West African. Aluku has more French influence than Paramaccan does. Any spelling of Ndyuka without the initial nasal is considered derogatory. Aukan is English, Aukaans is Dutch. Dictionary. Grammar. Tonal. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1999.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KwintiLanguage 'The &%KwintiLanguage is a &%NdyukaLanguage of &%Suriname. SIL code: KWW. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 133 living in villages in Suriname (1980 census). Region: North central, along the Coppename River, upstream from Carib villages in Kaimanstan and Witagron. Comments: Further removed from Ndyuka than Aluku and Paramaccan. Probably needs literature adapted from Ndyuka. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SrananLanguage 'The &%SrananLanguage is a &%SurinameEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Suriname. SIL code: SRN. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 120,000 or more first language speakers in Suriname or 30% of the population (1993 SIL), 400,000 including second language speakers (1993). Population total all countries: 120,000 or more. Region: Mainly in Paramaribo and along the coast. Also spoken in Aruba, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles. Alternate names: SRANAN TONGO, TAKI-TAKI, SURINAAMS, SURINAMESE, SURINAME CREOLE ENGLISH. Comments: Similar to Ndyuka, but there are cultural differences. Also has many similarities to Krio of Sierra Leone. Bilingualism in Dutch. Some literature. The lingua franca of 80% of the population of the country, including the Hindustanis, Javanese, Chinese, American Indians, and Bush Negroes. Language of wider communication. Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Christian, traditional religion. Bible 1997.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WesternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage s__WesternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage__t s__AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'A &%WesternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage is an &%AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage that evolved in western areas of the &%AtlanticOcean.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BayIslandsCreoleEnglishLanguage 'The &%BayIslandsCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%WesternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Honduras. SIL code: BYH. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 13,000 first language speakers, including 10,000 on the Bay Islands, and 3,000 on the north coast (1998 estimate). Region: Bay Islands (Guanaja, Roatan, Utila), north coast including La Ceiba and Puerto Cortes, and some in the Mosquitia. Dialects: CALABASH BIGHT. Comments: Ross Graham says creole influence is wider than has been reported and still needs to be addressed (1996). They understand at least some of San Andres Creole (Colombia). They may not understand Limon Creole (Costa Rica), and they say Jamaican is different. A stronger dialect in Calabash Bight needs investigation. The variety on the north coast is reported to be a creole. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Calabash Bight, North Coast, San Andres, Limon, Belize.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthernCentralAmericaCreoleEnglishLanguage 'The &%NorthernCentralAmericaCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%WesternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Belize. SIL code: BZI. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 55,051 first language speakers in Belize (1991 census). 158,000 including second language speakers (1990 estimate). Population total all countries: 137,000 or more. Region: Most live in Belize City, but nearly everyone else in Belize is either a first or second language speaker of Creole. Many of the rural villages are Creole-speaking. Creole people tend to live along the coast or other waterways. It is the lingua franca in much of the country. Also spoken in Colombia, Nicaragua, USA. Dialects: BELIZE CREOLE ENGLISH (KRIOL, CREOLA). Comments: Reported to be very close to Miskito coast, Rama Cay, and Islander (San Andres) creoles, Jamaican creole is different in grammar. Historically an extension of Miskito Coast Creole. Dahufra was a creole used in the 16th to 18th centuries. Spoken by creoles and people of East Indian descent, used everywhere in most areas of life. Used in advertisements. People have a positive attitude toward Creole. There is popular support for development. Dictionary. Jamaican creole is different in orthography. Newspapers, radio programs, TV. Timber, agriculturalists, fishermen, industrial workers, construction industry, business, commerce, government, teachers. Also spoken in: Colombia. Language name: NORTHERN CENTRAL AMERICA CREOLE ENGLISH. Population: 12,000 to 18,000 (1981 SIL) out of total San Andres population of 30,000 (1989 J. Holm). Dialects: ISLANDER CREOLE ENGLISH (SAN ANDRES CREOLE, BENDE). Comments: There is reported to be a deep Creole. Very close to Belize Creole English. Standard English is used among the most highly educated. Probably the first language of the majority of the Islanders. Creole is considered appropriate for oral purposes only in popular thinking. Literacy rate in second language: 90% Spanish, 80% English. Providencia: mountains, San Andres: plains. Also spoken in: Nicaragua. (Language name: NORTHERN CENTRAL AMERICA CREOLE ENGLISH.) Population: 30,000 or more (1986 Carrier Pidgin), 23.5% of the coastal population (1989 J. Holm). Includes 625 speakers of Rama Cay Creole (1989 Holm). Dialects: MISKITO COAST CREOLE ENGLISH (BLUEFIELDS CREOLE ENGLISH), RAMA CAY CREOLE ENGLISH. Comments: Bilingualism in English, Spanish. The first language of the Creole people and most Carib, the second language of most Miskito and some Spanish speakers. Speakers consider English to be their standard language, but identify with the creole.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthwesternCaribbeanCreoleEnglishLanguage 'The &%SouthwesternCaribbeanCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%WesternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Jamaica. SIL code: JAM. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 2,544,000 in Jamaica (1995 estimate). Population total all countries 2,699,000 or more. Region: Also spoken in Canada, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Panama, United Kingdom, USA. Dialects: JAMAICAN CREOLE ENGLISH (PATWA, PATOIS, BONGO TALK, QUASHIE TALK). Comments: The extreme varieties and Standard English are inherently unintelligible to each others speakers (Voegelin and Voegelin, LePage, Adler). It may be partly intelligible to speakers of Cameroons Pidgin and Krio of Sierra Leone, spoken by descendants of Jamaicans repatriated between 1787 and 1860. Inherently intelligible to speakers of creoles in Panama and Costa Rica. Reported to be very close to Creole of Belize, close to Grenada, St. Vincent, different from Tobago, very different from Guyana, Barbados, Leeward and Windward Islands. 25% lexical similarity with Guyanese, 13% with Belizean, 9% with Trinidadian, 8% with Barbadian, 5% with Nicaraguan. Most speakers have some competence in Standard English. Education is in Standard English. Extreme vitality. Creole is the dominant language and gaining in prestige. Continuum of speech from the distinct creole to provincial Standard English of town dwellers. Most speakers believe that they speak Standard English. Linguistic influences from Akan in Ghana and Bantu (I. Hancock 1988). Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: High in English. Also spoken in: Costa Rica. (Language name: SOUTHWESTERN CARIBBEAN CREOLE ENGLISH.) Population: 55,100 in Costa Rica, 2% of the population (1986). Dialects: LIMON CREOLE ENGLISH (LIMONESE CREOLE, MEKITELYU). Comments: Jamaican migrants settled in Limon about the middle of the 19th Century, as they also did in Panama, so those varieties are close. Some say they do not understand Islander Creole of San Andres. Comprehension of Standard English is somewhat limited. All ages. Vigorous among themselves. Creole is not considered proper for literary purposes. They consider Jamaican Creole to be more broken than their own. Also spoken in: Panama. (Language name: SOUTHWESTERN CARIBBEAN CREOLE ENGLISH.) Population: 100,000 to 299,600 in Panama, 14% of the population (1986). Dialects: PANAMANIAN CREOLE ENGLISH (PANAMA ENGLISH CREOLE, GUARI-GUARI). Comments: Ancestors came from Barbados and Jamaica in mid-19th century to work in fruit plantations, and later to build the railway and canal. Influences from both eastern and western Caribbean creole English. Formerly education was in English, but is now in Spanish.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage 'A &%PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage is an &%EnglishBasedCreoleLanguage that evolved in areas in and near the &%PacificOcean.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BislamaLanguage s__PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'The &%BislamaLanguage is a &%PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Vanuatu. SIL code: BCY. ISO 639-1: bi. ISO 639-2: bis. Population: The majority of the population of 128,000 understands and uses it as a lingua franca. There are some first language speakers. Population total both countries: 1,200 or more. Alternate names: BICHELAMAR. Comments: Unlike Tok Pisin (Papua New Guinea) and Pijin (Solomon Islands) there are some French loan words. Partially intelligible with Pijin and Tok Pisin. Widely used in commerce, government, internal dealings. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Newspapers. Bible 1998. Also spoken in: New Caledonia. (Language name: BISLAMA.) Population: 1,200 in New Caledonia (1982 SIL). Alternate names: BICHELAMAR. Comments: Bible in press (1996).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HawaiiCreoleEnglishLanguage 'The &%HawaiiCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: HAW. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 600,000 speakers or more, half of the state population (1986 M. Forman), including 100,000 to 200,000 who have limited control of Standard English and near Standard English (1986 M. Forman). Another 100,000 speakers on the USA mainland. There are many second language users. The population of Hawaii is 1,185,497 (1999 census). Region: All the Hawaiian Islands, USA mainland (especially the west coast, Las Vegas, and Orlando). Alternate names: PIDGIN, HAWAII PIDGIN, HCE. Comments: The basilect (heavy creole) is barely intelligible with Standard English (H. McKaughan and M. Forman 1982). Bilingualism in English, Hawaiian, Hakka, Cantonese, Japanese, Korean, Tagalog, Ilocano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Portuguese, Spanish, Samoan. 50% of children in Hawaii do not speak English as mother tongue when entering school. Most of these speak HCE as mother tongue. Used in courts by officers, jurors, plaintiffs, defendants, witnesses. Creative writing in it in some schools. A growing body of serious literature. Used in schools for many explanations, because many students do not control Standard English. There are some communication problems at university level. All ages. Vigorous use by 100,000 to 200,000. The native speech of a large number of those born or brought up in Hawaii, regardless of racial origin. There is a continuum of speech from the distinct creole to Standard English of Hawaii. Different speakers control different spans along the continuum, there are those whose only form of verbal communication is the creole. It is accepted by many as an important part of the local culture, a distinctive local language, but looked down on by others. Some official acknowledgement of it in print and public discussion. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 66% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 66% to 75%. Roman. Radio programs, TV. Tropical forest. Volcanic islands, coral reefs, coastal, mountain slope. Fishermen, agriculturalists, animal husbandry, white and blue collar workers, tourism, military. Sea level to 4,000 feet. Christian, Hawaiian traditional religion, Buddhist. Bible portions 1997.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KriolLanguage 'The &%KriolLanguage is a &%PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Australia. SIL code: ROP. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 10,000 or more fluent first language speakers (1991 B. Borneman SIL), 20,000 or more including second language users (1991 SIL). Region: Roper River, Katherine areas, Ngukurr, Northern Territory, Kimberley Region, Western Australia, Gulf Country, Lower Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Alternate names: ROPER-BAMYILI CREOLE. Dialects: ROPER RIVER KRIOL (ROPER RIVER PIDGIN), BAMYILI CREOLE, BARKLY KRIOL, FITZROY VALLEY KRIOL, DALY RIVER KRIOL. Comments: Kimberley Kriol has many differences with Ngukkur Kriol. Both Kriol and Torres Strait Creole are spreading, and are nearly overlapping in Queensland. There are many first language Kriol speakers who are not fully bilingual in English or in Aboriginal languages. Preschool children may not be bilingual in another language. SVO. Savannah, scrub forest. Coastal, plains. Pastoralists, hunter-gatherers. 0 to 1,000 meters. NT 1991.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NgatikMensCreoleLanguage 'The &%NgatikMensCreoleLanguage is a &%PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Micronesia. SIL code: NGM. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 700 including 500 on atoll (1983 Poyer), 200 on Ponape. Region: Ngatik (Sapuahfik) Atoll, east of the Caroline Islands. Alternate names: NGATIKESE MENS LANGUAGE, NGATIKESE. Comments: A creolized language from the Sapuahfik dialect of Ponapean and English whose genesis is the direct result of a massacre in 1837 of adult males on Ngatik by British traders. Spoken by adult males who are also native bilinguals of the Sapuahfik dialect of Ponapean. Adult male speakers. Women and children understand it. Agriculturalists: coconut, fishermen, pig raisers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PijinLanguage 'The &%PijinLanguage is a &%PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%SolomonIslands. SIL code: PIS. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 15,000 first language speakers, 300,000 second or third language speakers (1997 Beimers SIL). Alternate names: SOLOMONS PIDGIN, NEO-SOLOMONIC. Comments: Basic vocabulary is closer to standard English than is Tok Pisin of Papua New Guinea. Grammar shows Melanesian features. Pronunciation varies according to local languages. Historically related to Tok Pisin of PNG and Bislama of Vanuatu. Intelligibility with Bislama is quite high. Creolization in progress. Language of wider communication. Dictionary. Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Recent efforts to standardize orthography. NT 1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TokPisinLanguage 'The &%TokPisinLanguage is a &%PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: PDG. ISO 639-2: tpi. Population: 50,000 first language, 2,000,000 second language speakers (1982 SIL). Region: Mainly in the northern half of the country. Alternate names: PISIN, PIDGIN, NEOMELANESIAN, NEW GUINEA PIDGIN ENGLISH, MELANESIAN ENGLISH. Comments: There are dialect differences between lowlands, highlands, and the islands. The highlands lexicon has more English influence (J. Holm). The native language of some people in mixed urban areas. The main means of communication between speakers of different languages. The most frequently used language in Parliament and commerce. Some second language users speak a broken Pidgin. Official language. Dictionary. Grammar. Christian, traditional religion. Bible 1989.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TorresStraitCreoleLanguage 'The &%TorresStraitCreoleLanguage is a &%PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Australia. SIL code: TCS. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 23,400 or fewer (1989 J. Holm). Others are second language users. Region: Torres Strait Islands, towns on upper Cape York and some towns on the east coast of north Queensland. Alternate names: TORRES STRAIT PIDGIN, TORRES STRAIT BROKEN, CAPE YORK CREOLE, LOCKHART CREOLE. Dialects: AP-NE-AP, MODERN LANGUS. Comments: 80% lexical similarity with English. A creolization of Tok Pisin or Bislama and Kala Lagau Langgus. Trade language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SaramaccanLanguage s__EnglishBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'The &%SaramaccanLanguage is an &%EnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Suriname. SIL code: SRM. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 23,000 in Suriname including 1,000 Matawari (1995 N. Glock SIL). Population total both countries 26,000. Region: Central, along Saramacca and upper Suriname rivers. Refugees are in Paramaribo. Also spoken in French Guiana. Dialects: MATAWARI (MATAWAI, MATUARI, MATOEWARI). Comments: Portuguese influenced. Also linguistic influences from KiKongo (Hancock 1988). 20% or more of the lexicon has an African component. A Bush Negro ethnic group with background similar to the Ndyuka. Dictionary. Grammar. Tonal, one tone per vowel. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Traditional religion. NT 1991-1999.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage 'A &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%FrenchLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AmapaCreoleLanguage 'The &%AmapaCreoleLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: AMD. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 25,000 (1995 SIL). Region: Throughout State of Amapa, concentrated around the capital, Macapa. Alternate names: LANC-PATUA. Comments: Has English and French influences. Some Indian groups in Amapa speak other creoles, like the Karipuna.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FrenchGuianeseCreoleFrenchLanguage 'The &%FrenchGuianeseCreoleFrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%FrenchGuiana. SIL code: FRE. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 50,000 (1977 SIL). Alternate names: GUYANAIS, GUYANE, GUYANE CREOLE, PATOIS, PATWA. Comments: Intelligibility of St. Lucia Creole is 78%, of Karipuna Creole of Brazil 77%. Most speakers are bilingual in French to some degree. Over one-third of the population in the capital speaks Creole as mother tongue. It is the most important rural language. Educated people can all speak it, but try to avoid it. Low status. Not taught in schools. A counter-movement is beginning. Some decreolization is taking place. Trade language. Dictionary. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HaitianCreoleFrenchLanguage 'The &%HaitianCreoleFrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Haiti. SIL code: HAT. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 7,410,000 in Haiti (1998). Population: total all countries 7,800,000. Region: Throughout the country. Also spoken in Bahamas, Canada, Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, French Guiana, Puerto Rico, USA. Dialects: FABLAS, PLATEAU HAITIAN CREOLE. Comments: Linguistic influences from Wolof (Benjamin 1956), Fon,and Ewe (C. Lefebvre) of West Africa. Bilingualism in French. Mother tongue of the entire population, the only language of 95% of the population (Nida 1972). Strong, with strong basilect. In 1961 it was granted legal and educational status in Haiti. A growing literature, including poetry. Lower social status than Standard French. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO, prepositions, articles after noun heads. Faublas-Pressoir orthography is standard since 1979. Newspapers, radio programs, TV. Bible 1985. Also spoken in: The Dominican Republic. (Language name: HAITIAN CREOLE FRENCH.) Population: 159,000 or 2% of the population in Dominican Republic (1987). Comments: Bible 1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KaripunaCreoleFrenchLanguage 'The &%KaripunaCreoleFrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: KMV. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 672 (1995 SIL). Region: Amapa, on French Guiana border. Alternate names: CRIOULO. Comments: There are conflicting reports about how different it is from French Guianese. It is different from Haitian Creole. Limited bilingualism. Speakers formerly spoke Karipuna, an unclassified language, possibly formerly from Marajo Island at the mouth of the Amazon. Investigation needed: intelligibility with French Guianese, Amapa Creole. Grammar. SVO. Tropical forest. Islands, swamp. Fishermen, swidden agriculturalists: manioc. Traditional religion, Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LesserAntilleanCreoleFrenchLanguage 'The &%LesserAntilleanCreoleFrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%StLucia. SIL code: DOM. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 123,000 in St. Lucia (1995), 75% of the population (1997 M. Parkvall). Population: total all countries 985,450. Region: Also spoken in Dominica, France, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique, Trinidad and Tobago. Dialects: ST. LUCIA CREOLE FRENCH (PATWA, PATOIS, KWEYOL). Comments: Guadeloupe dialect is similar to Haiti, close to Martinique, St. Lucia is close to Dominica (97% to 99% intelligibility). Goodman (1964) says all French creoles of the Caribbean are somewhat inherently intelligible to each others speakers. Other sources also include those of the Indian Ocean and probably Southeast Asia and Oceania (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Standard French is understood by no more than 10% of the population in St. Lucia. Standard French is used in some church services. English is also used. Politicians give speeches in Creole. In the islands under French influence nearly all the population speaks creole as mother tongue, although there is a local variety of Standard French. In those under English influence, the creole has less standing, and its speakers are normally illiterate in the creole. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: 36%. Has an orthography. Newspapers, radio programs. Christian. NT 1999. Also spoken in: Dominica. (Language name: LESSER ANTILLEAN CREOLE FRENCH.) Population: 42,600 in Dominica (1998), 60% of the population (M. Parkvall). Dialects: DOMINICA CREOLE FRENCH (PATWA, PATOIS, KWEYOL). Comments: The dialect of Dominica is virtually the same as St. Lucia. Most people are bilingual in English or English dominant, especially younger people. Standard French understood by no more than 10% of the population (M. Adler 1977). Loan words from Island Carib and Arawak. Dictionary. Christian. NT 1999. Also spoken in: Grenada. (Language name: LESSER ANTILLEAN CREOLE FRENCH.) Dialects: GRENADA CREOLE FRENCH (PATWA, PATOIS). Comments: Mainly older people on Grenada Island. The same as, or similar to, that spoken in St. Lucia (M. Alleyne). NT 1999. Also spoken in: Guadeloupe. (Language name: LESSER ANTILLEAN CREOLE FRENCH.) Population: 335,000 in Guadeloupe (1975). Dialects: GUADELOUPE CREOLE FRENCH (PATWA, PATOIS, KREYOL), ST. MARTIN CREOLE FRENCH, MARIE GALANTE CREOLE FRENCH, ST. BARTH CREOLE FRENCH. Comments: Very close to Martinique Creole. St. Barth Creole is distinct in grammatical, phonological, and lexical feaatures, and may not be a dialect (J. Maher 1989). Investigation needed: intelligibility with St. Barth Creole, St. Martin Creole, Marie Galante Creole. Dictionary. Grammar. NT 1999. Also spoken in: Martinique. (Language name: LESSER ANTILLEAN CREOLE FRENCH.) Population: 325,000 in Martinique (1975). Dialects: MARTINIQUE CREOLE FRENCH (PATWA, PATOIS). Comments: Dialect of Guadeloupe is close to Martinique. Comprehension of St. Lucia Creole is 89%. NT 1999. Also spoken in: Trinidad and Tobago. (Language name: LESSER ANTILLEAN CREOLE FRENCH.) Dialects: TRINIDADIAN CREOLE FRENCH (PATOIS, TRINIDADIEN). Comments: Speakers have contact with French creoles from St. Lucia and elsewhere, which contributes to language maintenance. M. Alleyne and J. Holm say it is close to Lesser Antillean Creole French. Not intelligible with Standard French. In settlements around Dragon Mouths children under ten speak the language, elsewhere speakers are middle-aged and older (I. Hancock 1984). Fishermen. NT 1999.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LouisianaCreoleFrenchLanguage 'The &%LouisianaCreoleFrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: LOU. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 60,000 to 80,000 (1985 Neumann) out of an ethnic group of 1,500,000 (1977 M. Adler). Region: Predominantly in St. Martin parish (St. Martinville, Breaux Bridge, Cecilia), New Roads and Edgard, Louisiana, parts of east Texas, small community in Sacramento, California. Comments: Different from Standard French, the Cajun French also spoken in Louisiana, Haitian Creole French, and others of the Caribbean. Reports indicate that monolingual speakers may not be able to understand those other creoles. Over 2/3 of the original slaves came from Senegambia, hardly any slaves arrived during the second decade of exploitation, and within just over two decades, 2/3 of the population was native-born. No slaves (and few if any of the slaveowners) appear to have come from the French Antilles ... What we now need is a careful comparison between Louisiana Creole and other French Caribbean creoles, detailing the similarities and differences (D. Bickerton, Carrier Pidgin 1995.23.2:2). People are reported to have a high degree of bilingualism in English. 4.6% in the older group are monolingual in Creole. Some in the younger group are monolingual in English. Those over 60 prefer Creole, and those under 30 prefer English. Investigation needed: intelligibility with French Caribbean Creoles, bilingual proficiency in English. Dictionary. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MorisyenLanguage 'The &%MorisyenLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Mauritius. SIL code: MFE. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 600,000 first language speakers in Mauritius (1989). Population: total both countries 604,000. Region: Also spoken in Madagascar. Alternate names: MAURITIUS CREOLE FRENCH, KREOLE, KREOL, MAURITIAN, MAURYSEN. Dialects: RODRIGUES CREOLE. Comments: Closer to French creoles of the Caribbean than to Reunion Creole (Philip Baker). Nearly identical to Rodrigues. Bilingualism in French. The mother tongue of virtually the entire population (D. Bickerton). Lower prestige than French or English. Trade language. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions 1885-1900.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ReunionCreoleFrenchLanguage 'The &%ReunionCreoleFrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Reunion. SIL code: RCF. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 554,500 in Reunion (1987 estimate), or 91% of the population (1982 Barrett). Population total all countries: 595,000. Region: Also spoken in Comoros Islands, Madagascar. Comments: Two dialects - urban and popular, the former is closer to French, the latter more similar to Bantu and West African languages. Education is in French. 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Reunion. Dictionary. Sugar, perfume production.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SanMiguelCreoleFrenchLanguage 'The &%SanMiguelCreoleFrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Panama. SIL code: SME. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 3 or more speakers (1999 SIL). Comments: Ancestors came from St. Lucia in mid-19th century as laborers. The Creole had Spanish influences. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SeselwaCreoleFrenchLanguage 'The &%SeselwaCreoleFrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%Seychelles. SIL code: CRS. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 69,000 (1995), 95.7% of the population (1982 Barrett). Alternate names: SEYCHELLOIS CREOLE, SEYCHELLES CREOLE FRENCH, KREOL, CREOLE. Comments: Seychelles dialect is reported to be the same as Chagos. Structural differences with Mauritius are relatively minor. Not adequately intelligible with Reunion Creole. It is heard everywhere on the streets, in the shops and homes. The native language of virtually all its citizens (D. Bickerton 1988). It is gaining rapidly in status. Dictionary. Grammar. The first 4 years of education are in Seselwa. Used for some subjects for 5 more years. Radio programs. Fishermen. Christian. NT in press (1998).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TayoLanguage s__FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'The &%TayoLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%NewCaledonia. SIL code: CKS. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 2,000 (1996 C. Corne). Region: Southern, Ploum, Mont-Dore, and especially Saint Louis, near Noumea, and Paita. Alternate names: KALDOSH, CALDOCHE, PATOIS, PATOIS DE ST-LOUIS. Comments: Not intelligible with French. Used as first language by some who are also bilingual in French, and as second language by others, mainly Wallis Islanders. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency, attitudes. Grammar. The only known writing is personal letters using French orthography.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GermanBasedCreoleLanguage s__GermanBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'A &%GermanBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%GermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UnserDeutschLanguage 'The &%UnserDeutschLanguage is a &%GermanBasedCreoleLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: ULN. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 100 or fewer fluent speakers including 15 in New Britain, a few in other parts of PNG and the rest in southeastern Queensland, Australia (1981 C. Volker). Population total both countries: 100 or fewer. Region: West New Britain. Also spoken in Australia. Alternate names: RABAUL CREOLE GERMAN. Comments: All speakers are fluent in at least two of the following: Standard German, English, or Tok Pisin. Some can also speak Kuanua. Most speakers are middle-aged or older, although many younger members of the community can understand it. The descendent of a pidginized form of Standard German which originated in the Gazelle Peninsula of New Britain during German colonial times among the Catholic mixed-race (Vunapope) community. With increased mobility and intermarriage, it has been disappearing in the last few decades. Grammar. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IberianBasedCreoleLanguage s__IberianBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'An &%IberianBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of an Iberian language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PapiamentuLanguage 'The &%PapiamentuLanguage is an &%IberianBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%NetherlandsAntilles. SIL code: PAE. ISO 639-2: pap. Population: 179,000 in Netherlands Antilles (1998), 84% of the population (1995). Population total all countries: 329,000. Region: Curacao, St. Maartens, Bonaire islands off Venezuela coast and islands off Nicaragua. Also spoken in Aruba, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands. Alternate names: PAPIAMENTO, PAPIAM, PAPIAMENTOE, PAPIAMEN, CURACOLENO, CURASSESE. Comments: The language is becoming more like Spanish, which is prestigious. They use Dutch at school and with tourists, Spanish with Spanish-speaking persons, English with tourists. All domains. All ages. About 20,000 speak it as second language. Using both Papiamentu and Dutch is not considered an indication of lack of education. However, inability to use Dutch hinders social and political mobility, and leads to discontent. Dictionary. Grammar. Taught in first 2 years of primary school. Newspapers. Christian. Bible 1997. Also spoken in: Aruba. (Language name: PAPIAMENTU.) Population: 70,000 in Aruba (1999 estimate). Alternate names: PAPIAMENTO, PAPIAM, CURACOLENO, CURASSESE, PAPIAMENTOE. Comments: Three main dialects.The language is becoming more like Spanish, which is prestigious. Using both Papiamentu and Dutch is not considered an indication of lack of education. However, inability to use Dutch hinders social and political mobility, and leads to discontent. Bible 1997.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IndonesianBasedCreoleLanguage s__IndonesianBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'An &%IndonesianBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%IndonesianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PeranakanIndonesianLanguage 'The &%PeranakanIndonesianLanguage is an &%IndonesianBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Indonesia (Java). SIL code: PEA. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: Many thousands of speakers (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: East and central Java. Alternate names: CHINESE INDONESIAN, BABA INDONESIAN, PERANAKA. Comments: It is based in Indonesian and Javanese. It has Mandarin elements, in contrast to Baba Malay, which has Hokkien elements. Monolinguals are over 70 years old. Developed at the beginning of the 17th century among Low Malay speaking Chinese traders from Fukien who married Javanese women. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Baba Malay, bilingual proficiency in Indonesian, Javanese.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KongoBasedCreoleLanguage s__KongoBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'A &%KongoBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of a Kongo language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KitubaLanguage 'The &%KitubaLanguage is a &%KongoBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%DemocraticRepublicOfCongo. SIL code: KTU. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 4,200,000 (1990 UBS), 5,000,000 including second language users (1989 Mufwene). Region: Orientale and southern Bandundu provinces. Alternate names: KIKONGO-KUTUBA, KIKONGO SIMPLIFIE, KIKONGO YA LETA, KILETA, KIKONGO COMMERCIAL, KIBULAMATADI. Dialects: IKELEVE, WESTERN KITUBA, EASTERN KITUBA. Comments: A creole based on the KiKongo dialect spoken in Manianga area (Bas-Congo), but unintelligible to speakers of it or other Kikongo dialects. Influenced by Lingala, French, restructured Swahili, Portuguese, and other local dialects. Munukutuba of Congo is closely related. Means of communication among various language groups. Bible 1990.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MunukutubaLanguage 'The &%MunukutubaLanguage is a &%KongoBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%Congo. SIL code: MKW. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 1,156,800 or 60% of the population (1987 SIL). Region: Mainly along roads and railroads westwards from Brazzaville and northwards to Mayoko. Comments: Close to Kituba of DRC. The main language of the south. National language. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions 1989.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MalayBasedCreoleLanguage 'A &%MalayBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%MalayLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AmboneseMalayLanguage 'The &%AmboneseMalayLanguage is a &%MalayBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: ABS. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 200,000 first language speakers, other second language speakers in Indonesia (1987 J. Collins). Population total all countries: 245,000. Region: Central Maluku, Ambon, Haruku, Nusa Laut, Saparua islands, along the coastal areas of Seram, and southern Maluku. Also spoken in Netherlands, USA. Alternate names: MELAYU AMBON, AMBONESE. Comments: Marginal intelligibility with Indonesian. Difficult intelligibility with Ternate Malay; speakers switch to Indonesian. 81% lexical similarity with Standard Malay. Bilingualism in Indonesian is high around Ambon city, Some Dutch is known. Developed from Bazaar Malay and still reflects some archaic forms. Further diverged by adapting to the vernaculars of central Maluku. Considered to be a Malay-based creole by B.D. Grimes (1988, 1991) and J. Holm (1989:581-3). Trade language. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Christian (since early 16th century), Muslim. NT 1877-1883.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BabaMalayLanguage 'The &%BabaMalayLanguage is a &%MalayBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Singapore. SIL code: BAL. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 10,000 or more in Singapore (1986 A. Pakir). Estimates of ethnic Baba are from 250,000 to 400,000. Population: total both countries 15,000. Region: Mainly in the Katong District on the east coast and the surrounding districts of Geylang and Jao Chiat. Also spoken in Malaysia (Peninsular). Alternate names: CHINESE MALAY, BABA, STRAITS MALAY. Comments: It developed since the 15th century from Low Malay with many Hokkien Chinese borrowings. Regional variants between Malacca and Singapore. Partially intelligible with Standard Malay. It is generally believed that the Baba of Malaysia is more refined, and that of Singapore more rough. Most have learned Standard Malay and English in school. Lim (1981) and Holm (1989) treat it as a Malay-based creole. It is different from Peranakan Indonesian. Some who grew up with Chinese neighbors know Hokkien, Teochew, and Cantonese. Children now learn Mandarin in school rather than Standard Malay. Baba is mainly used in the home and with other Babas. The only monolinguals are over 70 years old. NT 1913, out of print. Also spoken in: Malaysia (Peninsular). (Language name: MALAY, BABA.) Population: 5,000 in Malacca or 3% of the Chinese population (1979 Tan Chee Beng). Alternate names: STRAITS MALAY, CHINESE MALAY. Comments: Regional variants between Malacca and Singapore. Partially intelligible with Standard Malay. It is different from Peranakan Indonesian. Much bilingualism in Standard Malay. The only monolinguals are over 70 years old. It developed since the 15th century from Low Malay with many Hokkien Chinese borrowings. Lim (1981) and Holm (1989) treat it as a Malay-based creole. NT 1913, out of print.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BetawiLanguage 'The &%BetawiLanguage is a &%MalayBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Indonesia (Java and Bali). SIL code: BEW. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 2,700,000 (1993 Johnstone). Region: Jakarta, Java. Alternate names: JAKARTA MALAY, BETAWI MALAY, BATAVI, BATAWI, MELAYU JAKARTE. Comments: A Malay based creole which is quite distinct from both standard Indonesian and from other Malay-based pidgins and creoles. It had evolved by the mid-19th century. Unique phonological, morphological, and lexical traits. There are also influences from Peranakan Chinese and Bali. Often not intelligible to Indonesian speakers not familiar with it (R.B. Allen, Jr. 1989). Functions as a low variety in a diglossic situation, but is a prestige variety when used by the upper class. The people are called Betawi Asli or Betawi. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KupangMalayLanguage 'The &%KupangMalayLanguage is a &%MalayBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara). SIL code: MKN. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 200,000 mother tongue speakers (1997 Max Jacob). Others use it as a second language. Region: Kupang and surrounding towns, West Timor. Alternate names: KUPANG. Dialects: AIR MATA. Comments: 2 dialects. Some preachers preach in it. Loan words from Rote, Portuguese, Chinese, Uab Meto (Atoni), Sabu, Spanish, Dutch, English. Newspapers, radio programs. Christian. Bible portions 1999.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MalaccanCreoleMalayLanguage s__MalayBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'The &%MalaccanCreoleMalayLanguage is a &%MalayBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Malaysia (Peninsular). SIL code: CCM. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Region: Malacca Straits. Alternate names: CHITTIES CREOLE MALAY. Comments: May be historically related to Sri Lankan Creole Malay. Spoken since the 16th century by descendants of Tamil merchants who intermarried with other groups. The speakers are called Chitties (Lim 1981:126-8, Holm 1989:580). Has not been studied in detail. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Sri Lankan Creole Malay.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SriLankanCreoleMalayLanguage 'The &%SriLankanCreoleMalayLanguage is a &%MalayBasedCreoleLanguage of &%SriLanka. SIL code: SCI. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 50,000 speakers, .29% of the population (1986 Hussainmiya, Prentice 1994:411). Region: Especially the cities of Colombo, Kandy, Badulla, Hambantota. Alternate names: SRI LANKAN MALAY, MELAYU BAHASA. Comments: Not intelligible with standard Malay because of phonological and syntactic differences, and strong influence from Tamil. May be close to Malaccan Creole Malay (S. Lim 1981). Most or all may speak Tamil, but second language proficiency needs investigation. The creole is used at home and among friends. All ages. There are current efforts to revive the older literature. Widely used. Malay vocabulary with grammatical structure based on Sri Lankan Moor Tamil. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Malaccan Creole Malay, bilingual proficiency in Tamil. SOV, postpositions, case, adjectives and genitives precede noun heads. Roman script used. Jawi (Arabic) script used earlier. Newspapers, radio programs.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NgbandiBasedCreoleLanguage s__NgbandiBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'A &%NgbandiBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%NgbandiLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RiverainSangoLanguage 'The &%RiverainSangoLanguage is a &%NgbandiBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%CentralAfricanRepublic. SIL code: SNJ. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 34,500 (1996). Region: Mobaye Subprefecture, along the Ubangi River. Comments: High intelligibility with Sango. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Sango.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SangoLanguage 'The &%SangoLanguage is a &%NgbandiBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%CentralAfricanRepublic. SIL code: SAJ. ISO 639-1: sg. ISO 639-2: sag. Population: 350,000 mother tongue speakers in CAR, including 24,573 Sango Riverain (1988 census). Population total all countries: 400,000 or more. Including second language speakers: 5,000,000 (1997 UBS). Region: Scattered. Not in Cameroon. Also spoken in Chad, Congo, DRC. Alternate names: SANGHO. Comments: 51% lexical similarity with French, 49% from African languages. However, the African-based words are used more frequently. Spoken and written for informal use, used for instruction in community schools, in public schools when students do not understand French, church and mission publications. More men than women speak it as second language. A rapidly spreading creole derived from Ngbandi. National language. SVO. Radio programs, TV. Bible 1966. Also spoken in: Chad. (Language name: SANGO.) Alternate names: SANGHO. Comments: A trade language derived from Ngbandi, with decreasing usage in Chad. Probably no mother tongue speakers in Chad. Trade language. Bible 1966. Also spoken in: Democratic Republic of Congo. (Language name: SANGO.) Population: Only a few in DRC. Alternate names: SANGHO. Comments: A rapidly spreading language derived from Ngbandi with loans from Bantu languages and French. Trade language. Bible 1966.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage 'A &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%PortugueseLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AngolarLanguage 'The &%AngolarLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%SaoTomeEPrincipe. SIL code: AOA. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 5,000 (1998 S. and T. Graham. Region: Angolar is spoken on the southern tip of Sao Tome Island. Most are around the town of Sao Joao dos Angolares, and some in the southern region of Caue. Alternate names: NGOLA. Comments: The substratum was largely Kwa and Western Bantu languages, quite distinct from the creoles of Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Gambia, and Cape Verde. The 33% of the Angolar lexicon not shared with Sao Tomense is largely of Bantu origin, apparently KiMbundu of Angola, with some from Kongo, Bini, and Ndingi. Angolar shares 70% lexical similarity with Sao Tomense, 67% with Principense, 53% with Annobonese. Some Angolares speak Sao Tomense also, and are tending to be absorbed into the Forros. Many speak Portuguese, but many are not comfortable in speaking it. Home and community social life. The Angolares are a distinct ethnolinguistic group from the Forros (freedmen). Grammar. Tonal. Literacy rate in second language: 50% Portuguese. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CafundoCreoleLanguage 'The &%CafundoCreoleLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: CCD. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 40 (1978 M. Gnerre, U. Estadual de Campinas). Region: Cafundo, 150 miles from Sao Paulo. Comments: Bilingualism in Portuguese. Bantu lexicon in Portuguese morphological and syntactic framework. The people are all fluent in Portuguese. The creole is considered a secret language. A similar creole has been recently discovered in Minas Gerais.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FaDAmbuLanguage 'The &%FaDAmbuLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%EquatorialGuinea. SIL code: FAB. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 2,500 (1999 SIL). Population: total both countries 2,500. Region: Annobon Island, isolated from the mainland by 360 km. of ocean (2,000), and in a community from Annobon living in Malabo on Bioko Island (500), a few on continental Equatorial Guinea. Also spoken in Spain. Alternate names: ANNOBONES, ANNOBONESE, ANNOBONENSE. Comments: Different from Fernando Po Krio and Crioulo of Guinea-Bissau and Kabuverdianu. Little variation between Annobonese in Annobon and Malabo. 62.5% lexical similarity with Sao Tomense. About 10% of the lexicon comes from Spanish. Many on Bioko learn Spanish, but less so on Annobon. Women on Annobon seem uncomfortable in Spanish. Spanish is used in government and education. Many on Bioko learn the local trade language, Fernando Po Creole English. Non-creolized Portuguese used as liturgical language by local Catholics. Used in the home and with other Annobonese, all contexts except government and education. Vigorous use in Annobon and Malabo. Language closely related to cultural identity and solidarity. The Portuguese took slaves from Sao Tome and Angola to establish a population on Annobon. It was later traded to Spain. Also influenced by the Creole English of Bioko. They are famed swimmers, fishermen, and whalers. Possible vowel length, vowel harmony, tone sandhi. Tropical forest. Volcanic island. Fishermen, agricultural laborers, coconut palms, whalers. 0 to 500 meters. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IndoPortugueseLanguage 'The &%IndoPortugueseLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%SriLanka. SIL code: IDB. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 30 to 2,250 in Sri Lanka (1971 Ian Smith), including 250 families in Batticaloa (1984 Ian Smith), but possibly only about 30 speakers left (1992 P. Baker). Population total all countries: 730 to 3,000. Region: Colombo, Kandy, Trincomalee, Galle, Batticaloa. Also spoken in Australia, India. Comments: Similar to Tamil in phonology and syntax. Varieties of creole Portuguese were also spoken in Myanmar, Bangladesh, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, China. See also Malaccan Creole Portuguese (Peninsular Malaysia), Macao Creole Portuguese (Macau, Hongkong), Ternateno (Maluku, Indonesia), Timor Pidgin (Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia). Everyone is fluent in Tamil. Older speakers are also bilingual in English, some younger ones in Sinhalese. The creole is used at home only. Most of the Burgher caste speak it at home. Many in the ethnic group may not know the creole well. Virtually no contact with Goa or Portugal since 1656. NT 1826-1852. Also spoken in: India. (Language name: INDO-PORTUGUESE.) Population: 700 monolingual speakers in Korlai (1977 Theban). Comments: Active use among Catholic citizens in Daman (1982 Jackson). Some communities in India have become extinct. SOV. NT 1826-1852.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KabuverdianuLanguage 'The &%KabuverdianuLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%CapeVerdeIslands. SIL code: KEA. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 393,943 including 255,101 in Sotavento or 65% of the speakers, 138,842 in Barlavento or 35% of the speakers (1998 S. Graham). Population: total all countries 934,000. Region: Sotavento dialect is on Santiago, Maio, Fogo, and Brava islands, Barlavento dialect is on Santo Antao, Sao Vicente, Sao Nicolau, Sal, and Boa Vista islands. Also spoken in France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Senegal, Spain, USA. Alternate names: CABOVERDIANO. Dialects: SOTAVENTO, BARLAVENTO. Comments: 59% lexical similarity with the Gulf of Guinea creoles. 29% are comfortable in Portuguese, 36% uncomfortable, 34% block up. Since independence in 1975, the domains of spoken Portuguese have receded in favor of Creole. Portuguese used primarily on TV and radio, in Congress, classrooms, churches, and with foreigners. Portuguese is the primary language of instruction in 12 grades. Used in most domains, and some in Congress, classrooms, churches. There is a creole continuum and some decreolization. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: 29% Portuguese. Radio programs. Christian. Bible portions 1936.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KorlaiCreolePortugueseLanguage 'The &%KorlaiCreolePortugueseLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%India. SIL code: VKP. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 750 (1998 J.C. Clements). Region: Maharashtra, Korlai, 200 km. south of Bombay, west coast. Comments: Recently discovered. Originated around 1520. Originally cut off from Hindu and Muslim neighbors by social and religious barriers, lost virtually all Portugese contact as well after 1740. Situation now rapidly changing, with intense cultural pressure from the surrounding Marathi-speaking population.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MalaccanCreolePortugueseLanguage 'The &%MalaccanCreolePortugueseLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Malaysia (Peninsular). SIL code: MCM. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 5,000 (1997 Col. Timothy DSouza, Eurasian Association). Population: total both countries 5,000 or more (1997). Region: Trankera and Hilir, Melaka, Straits of Malacca, Malacca city and the southwest coast of the Malaysian Peninsula. Related varieties in parts of Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. Variety in Pulau Tikus, Penang is now virtually extinct. Also spoken in Singapore. Alternate names: MALAYSIAN CREOLE PORTUGUESE, MALACCAN, PAPIA KRISTANG, KRISTANG, PORTUGUESE PATOIS, SERANI, BAHASA SERANI, BAHASA GERAGAU, MALAQUEIRO, MALAQUENSE, MALAQUES, MALAQUENHO, PORTUGUES DE MALACA, MALAYO-PORTUGUESE. Comments: Most speakers also know local varieties of Bazaar Malay and Malaysian English. Some Creole people speak only English. Some older female speakers have limited English. Most people over 20 speak Kristang, and 1/3 of those under 20. Also spoken as second language by some Chinese shopkeepers in Hilir. Used by Creole people more in 1997 than in 1987. Kristang is their name for the language, people, and religion. Trade language. Dictionary. Grammar. Fishermen. Bible portions 1884. Also spoken in: Singapore. (Language name: MALACCAN CREOLE PORTUGUESE.) Alternate names: MALAYSIAN CREOLE PORTUGUESE, MALACCAN, PAPIA KRISTANG. Comments: Also spoken as second language by some Chinese shopkeepers in Hilir. Used in RC church services until World War II. Trade language. Fishermen. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MacaneseLanguage 'The &%MacaneseLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%China. SIL code: MZS. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 4,000 in Hong Kong (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin) and a few in Macau (1996 Ian Watts), out of 8,500 in the ethnic group (1985). Region: Hong Kong and Macau. Possibly in USA. Alternate names: MACAO CREOLE PORTUGUESE, MACAENSE. Comments: A small number of elderly women in Macau speak it as mother tongue.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PrincipenseLanguage s__PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'The &%PrincipenseLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%SaoTomeEPrincipe. SIL code: PRE. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: Few speakers out of 1,558 Principenses on Principe (1999 S. Graham). Region: On Principe Island. Alternate names: LUNGWIYE, MONCO. Comments: The substratum was largely Kwa and Western Bantu languages; quite distinct from the creoles of Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Gambia, and Cape Verde. Principense shares 77% lexical similarity with Sao Tomense, 67% with Angolar, 62% with Annobonese. Most speak Portuguese, and some learn Saotomense. Speakers are elderly. National language. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SaotomenseLanguage 'The &%SaotomenseLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%SaoTomeEPrincipe. SIL code: CRI ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 69,899 (1999 S. Graham). Region: Sao Tomense is spoken on Sao Tome Island, all but the southern tip. Alternate names: SAO TOMENSE. Comments: The substratum was largely Kwa and Western Bantu languages; quite distinct from the creoles of Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Gambia, and Cape Verde. Saotomense shares 77% lexical similarity with Principense, and 62% with Fa DAmbu (Annobonese), 70% with Angolar. Most speak Portuguese. Some elderly women may not understand Portuguese adequately. The language of social identity in most Sao Tome social networks for age 30 and above. The Angolares are a distinct ethnolinguistic group from the Forros (freedmen), Saotomense speakers also on Sao Tome Island. Most Angolares speak Saotomense also, and are tending to be absorbed into the Forros. National language. Literacy rate in second language: 50% Portuguese.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TernatenoLanguage 'The &%TernatenoLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: TMG. ISO 639-2: cpp. Region: North Maluku, Ternate Island, west of Halmahera Island. Alternate names: TERNATENYO. Comments: Spanish relexification. Historical relationship with Chavacano and dialects, which are still spoken in the Philippines. Varieties of creole Portuguese were also spoken in Banda and Ambon. The Jakarta variety of creole Portuguese survived in Tugu until recent times (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Other varieties were also spoken in Larantuka, Flores, Adonara (Vure), Solor, Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi. See also Timor Pidgin in Timor Lorosae, Indo-Portuguese in Sri Lanka, and Malaccan Creole Portuguese in Peninsular Malaysia. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TimorPidginLanguage 'The &%TimorPidginLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%TimorLorosae. SIL code: TVY. ISO 639-2: cpp. Region: Timor Island, around Bidau, Dili and Lifan. Alternate names: TIMOR CREOLE PORTUGUESE. Dialects: PORTUGUES DE BIDAU, MACAISTA. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UpperGuineaCriouloLanguage 'The &%UpperGuineaCriouloLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%GuineaBissau. SIL code: POV. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 159,000 first language speakers in Guinea-Bissau (1996) and 600,000 second language users (Chataigner ms.) Population total all countries: 361,500 or more. Region: Also Bijagos Islands. Also spoken in Gambia, Senegal, USA. Alternate names: PORTUGUESE CREOLE, KRIULO. Dialects: BISSAU-BOLAMA CREOLE, BAFATA CREOLE, CACHEU-ZIGUINCHOR CREOLE. Comments: The Senegal dialect is a little different, but they are intelligible to each others speakers. Portuguese not well known. The lingua franca in much of Guinea-Bissau, more in the west than in the east. Trade language. Grammar. Bible in press (1997). Also spoken in: Senegal. (Language name: CRIOULO, UPPER GUINEA.) Population: 46,500 in Senegal (1998). Alternate names: PORTUGUESE CREOLE, KRIULO. Dialects: CACHEU-ZIGUINCHOR CREOLE. Comments: The Senegal dialect is a little different than Guinea-Bissau, with some Pidgin French vocabulary. Intelligible with Guinea-Bissau Creole. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Christian. Bible in press (1997).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SpanishBasedCreoleLanguage 'A &%SpanishBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%SpanishLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChavacanoLanguage s__SpanishBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'The &%ChavacanoLanguage is a &%SpanishBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%Philippines. SIL code: CBK. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 292,630 (1990 census), including 155,000 Zamboangueno (1989 J. Holm), 27,841 Caviten, 3,750 Ternateno (1975 census), 5,473 Cotabato Chavacano (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Population: total both countries 292,630. Region: Zamboanga, Basilan, Kabasalan, Siay, Margosatubig, Ipil, Malangas, Lapuyan, Buug, Tungawa, Alicia, Isabela, Lamitan, Maluso, Malamawi, Cotabato city, Mindanao, Cavite, Ternate, and Ermita near Manila. The 1970 census listed speakers in 60 of the 66 provinces. Alternate names: ZAMBOANGUENO, CHABAKANO. Dialects: CAVITEQO, TERNATENO (TERNATENO CHAVACANO), ERMITANO (ERMITENO), DAVAWENYO ZAMBOANGUENYO (ABAKAY SPANISH, DAVAO CHAVACANO, DAVAOENO, DAVAWENO), COTOBATO CHAVACANO, ZAMBOANGUENO (CHAVACANO). Comments: A creole with predominantly Spanish vocabulary and Philippine-type grammatical structure. Davawen Zamboangueno may be extinct. Nearly all Caviten speak Tagalog, but many still speak Caviteno. The major language of Zamboanga city. Ermiteno is extinct. Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Used in primary education. Newspapers, radio programs. NT 1981. Also spoken in: Malaysia (Sabah). (Language name: CHAVACANO. Comments: NT 1981.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PalenqueroLanguage 'The &%PalenqueroLanguage is a &%SpanishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: PLN. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: The ethnic group is 2,500 (1989 J. Holm). Region: Village of San Basilio de Palenque southeast of Cartagena, and 2 neighborhoods in Barranquilla. Alternate names: PALENQUE, LENGUA. Comments: Entirely unintelligible to Spanish speakers. Linguistic influences from Kongo in Democratic Republic of Congo (I. Hancock 1987). Most members of the ethnic group speak Spanish as mother tongue, but some old people have limited proficiency in Spanish. 10% of those under 25 speak it (1998 Armin Schwegler). Most speakers are older. Everyone values Palenquero. People are culturally distinct from nearby Spanish speakers. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Spanish, attitudes toward Spanish. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SwahiliBasedCreoleLanguage 'A &%SwahiliBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%SwahiliLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CutchiSwahiliLanguage s__SwahiliBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'The &%CutchiSwahiliLanguage is a &%SwahiliBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Kenya. SIL code: CCL. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Region: Also spoken in Tanzania. Alternate names: ASIAN SWAHILI. Comments: May be adequately intelligible to speakers of standard Swahili. Cutchi-Swahili and Asian Swahili may not be the same. Bilingualism in English. Asian Swahili is used by other Asians in communicating with non-English speaking Africans and other Asians who share no other common language. The first language of some Gujarati Muslims who have come from Zanzibar. It has regular but distinct phonology, lexical, and grammatical differences from Swahili, described by Whitely (1974.73-79). Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Ismaili and Ithnasheri Muslim. Also spoken in: Tanzania. (Language name: CUTCHI-SWAHILI.) Alternate names: ASIAN SWAHILI. Comments: May be adequately intelligible to speakers of standard Swahili. Cutchi-Swahili and Asian Swahili may not be identical. Bilingualism in English. The first language of some Gujarati Muslims who have come from Zanzibar. Asian Swahili is used by other Asians in communicating with non-English speaking Africans and other Asians who share no common language. It has a regular but distinct phonology and lexical and grammatical differences, described by Whitely (1974.73-79). Cutchi-Swahili and Asian Swahili may not be identical. Ismaili and Ithnasheri Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TetunBasedCreoleLanguage 'A &%TetunBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%TetunLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TetumPrasaLanguage s__TetunBasedCreoleLanguage__t 'The &%TetumPrasaLanguage is a &%TetunBasedCreoleLanguage of &%TimorLorosae. SIL code: TDT. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 50,000 (?) (1995). Region: First language speakers concentrated in and around Dili on the north coast of Timor Lorosae. Fluent second language speakers scattered widely throughout the western 2/3 of Timor Lorosae. Alternate names: TETUM PRACA, DILI TETUM, TETUM DILI. Comments: Speakers of North and South Tetun [TTM] have significant difficulty understanding it in many speech domains, and vice versa. Some first language speakers of Tetum Prasa consider themselves to be bilingual in Tetun because of contact, but when pressed, admit there are domains in which communication is completely blocked. There are important differences with Tetun in parts of the grammar, morphology, functors, and much of the lexicon. There is heavy influence of Portuguese and some Indonesian or Malay loans in Tetum Prasa. Growing in its role as a language of wider communication, functioning as a symbol of inter-ethnic solidarity in the region, predominantly in urban areas. There are 3 second-language varieties spoken by different people: (1) fluent Tetum Prasa spoken throughout the western 2/3 of Timor Lorosae, primarily by those who have lived in Dili for one or more years, (2) occasional Dili residents with significant influence from their own local mother tongues, and (3) people originally from Timor Lorosae who are overseas residents in Portugal or Australia, with higher portion of inflected Portuguese vocabulary and almost complete lack of Indonesian or Malay loans. There is also Tetum Ibadat or liturgical Tetum which is not spoken by anyone for everyday communication, nor as mother tongue, with a lot of vocabulary and some grammar that is not understood widely. Cultural rituals and themes in Tetun are not as deeply rooted in Tetum Prasa. Heavy Portuguese and Mambae influence. Language of wider communication. Compared to Tetun: many more Portuguese loan words, does not inflect V-initial verb roots for person or number, uses more periphrastic constructions than morphological constructions (e.g., causatives), differences in possessive constructions and negatives. Christian. Bible portions 1996.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AbinomnLanguage 'The &%AbinomnLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: BSA. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 300 (1999 Clouse and Donohue). Region: Lakes Plain area, from the mouth of the Baso River just east of Dabra at the Idenburg River to its headwaters in the Foya Mts., Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Hulu Kecamatan. Alternate names: AVINOMEN, BASO, FOYA, FOJA. Comments: Completely unrelated to any language in the area. Very eager for literacy. Want to make their own dictionary and write their traditional stories. They strongly dislike the name Baso. SOV. Schooling is very low.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AinuJapaneseLanguage 'The &%AinuJapaneseLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Japan. SIL code: AIN. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 15 active speakers (1996 Alexander Vovin). In the ethnic group: 15,000 in Japan. Population total both countries 15. Region: Kuril Islands (Tsishima), Hokkaido. Formerly also on south Sakhalin Island, Russia. Alternate names: AINU ITAK. Dialects: TSISHIMA, SAKHALIN. Comments: The last speaker of Sakhalin dialect died in 1994. There were at least 19 dialects. Bilingualism in Japanese. Most of the people speak only Japanese and are integrated into Japanese culture. The Ainu in China is a different, unrelated language. SOV. Nearly extinct. NT 1897. Also spoken in: Russia (Asia). (Language name: AINU.) Dialects: SAKHALIN (SAGHILIN), TARAIKA, HOKKAIDO (EZO, YEZO), KURIL (SHIKOTAN). Comments: Ainu has not been determined to be related linguistically to any other language. Sources list up to 19 dialects. The last speaker of Sakhalin dialect died in 1994. Except for 15 speakers (1996), the Ainu in Japan speak Japanese. The Ainu spoken in China is a different, unrelated language. Nearly extinct. NT 1897.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AndoqueLanguage 'The &%AndoqueLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Colombia. SIL code: ANO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 518 to 600 speakers in Colombia, all of whom are reported to understand it, but few speak it (1998 Arango and Sanchez). Extinct in Peru (1992 SIL). There were 10,000 in 1908 (Landaburu 1979). Region: Aduche River (tributary of Caqueta) 15 km. down river from Araracuara, Amazonas. Alternate names: ANDOKE. Comments: Mason (1950:246 with disclaimer), Tax (1960:433), and Kaufman (1990:43 tentatively) say this is Witotoan. Tovar (1961:150), Witte (1981:1), and Aschmann (1993:2) say it is an isolate. 80% speak fair Spanish, 10% are monolingual. People are somewhat acculturated. Tropical forest. Rubber gatherers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BurmesoLanguage 'The &%BurmesoLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: BZU. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 250 (1998 Donohue). Region: Burmeso village and isolated temporary houses along nearby rivers, mid Mamberamo River between Trimuris and Sikari northeast of Danau Bira (Lake Holmes). Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Tengah Kecamatan. Alternate names: TAURAP, BOROMESO, BORUMESSO, BURUMESO, MONAU, MONAO, MANAU. Comments: Less than 5% lexical similarity with any other languages. Many proficient in Indonesian, more than surrounding groups. Many understand nearby languages. All domains. All ages. Vigorous. Interest in language strong. Not spoken by outsiders. Pride in ethnic identity. Dictionary. Fishermen, hunters, sago horticulturalists, animal husbandry: chickens, ducks. 200 meters. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BurushaskiLanguage 'The &%BurushaskiLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Pakistan. SIL code: BSK. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 55,000 to 60,000 (1981). Population total both countries: 55,000 to 60,000. Region: Hunza-Nagar area and Yasin area in Gilgit District, Northern Areas. Scattered speakers also in Gilgit, Kashmir, and various cities. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: BRUSHASKI, BURUSHAKI, BURUCAKI, BURUSHKI, BURUCASKI, BILTUM, KHAJUNA, KUNJUT. Dialects: NAGAR (NAGIR), HUNZA, YASIN (WERCHIKWAR). Comments: Werchikwar is geographically separated from other dialects. Nagar and Hunza dialects have 91% to 94% lexical similarity. Werchikwar has 67% to 72% lexical similarity with Hunza, 66% to 71% with Nagar, and may be a separate language. Werchikwar speakers are somewhat bilingual in Khowar. Knowledge of Urdu is limited among women and some others. People are called Burusho. SOV. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Ismaili Muslim, Shia Muslim (Nagar).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BusaLanguage 'The &%BusaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: BHF. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 307 (1994 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District, north of Upper Sepik River, west of Namia. 3 villages. Yare is north and east, Abau is south and west, Biaka is northwest. Comments: No schools. Some intermarriage with the Yale. Lowland swamps. Hunter-gatherers. 300 feet.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CamsaLanguage 'The &%CamsaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Colombia. SIL code: KBH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 4,022 (1998 Arango and Sanchez). Region: Sibundoy Valley, Putumayo region. Alternate names: KAMSA, COCHE, SIBUNDOY, KAMEMTXA, KAMSE, CAMENTSEA. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Equatorial. Literacy rate in first language: 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 85%. Mountain slope. NT 1990.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CayubabaLanguage 'The &%CayubabaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Bolivia. SIL code: CAT. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: There may be 900 in the ethnic group (1991 W. H. Adelaar). Region: Beni Department, west of Mamore River, north of Santa Ana. Alternate names: CAYUWABA, CAYUVAVA. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Equatorial. Bilingualism in Spanish. The ethnic group speaks Spanish. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GilyakLanguage 'The &%GilyakLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: NIV. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 400 or slightly more mother tongue speakers (1991) out of an ethnic population of 4,400 (1996 G.A.Otaina). 100 Amur speakers out of 2,000 population, 300 Sakhalin speakers out of 2,700 population (1995 M. Krauss). Region: Sakhalin Island, many in Nekrasovka and Nogliki villages, small numbers in Rybnoe, Moskalvo, Chir-Unvd, Viakhtu, and other villages, and along the Amur River in Aleevka village. Alternate names: NIVKH, NIVKHI. Dialects: AMUR, EAST SAKHALIN GILYAK, NORTH SAKHALIN GILYAK. Comments: The Amur and East Sakhalin dialects have difficult inherent intelligibility with each other. North Sakhalin is between them linguistically. All members of the ethnic group are reported to be bilingual or monolingual in Russian. Most speakers are older than 50 years. The language has been written. Forced resettlement has weakened language use. Some are scattered and without regular contact with other speakers. Endangered. Taught through second grade in settlements at Nogliki and Nekrasovka. Not taught at Amur. Fishermen, agriculturalists (recently).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ItonamaLanguage 'The &%ItonamaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Bolivia. SIL code: ITO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (110 in ethnic group in 1969). Region: Beni Department and Itonamas River. Alternate names: MACHOTO, SARAMO. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. Only a few speakers 25 years ago. Ruhlen classifies it as Paezan. Dictionary. Nearly extinct. Bible portions 1967.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KarkarYuriLanguage 'The &%KarkarYuriLanguage is a language isolatespoken in &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: YUJ. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,142 (1994 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District, along the Irian Jaya border. Alternate names: YURI, KARKAR. Dialects: NORTH CENTRAL YURI, AUIA-TARAUWI, USARI. Comments: No known relationships. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Tropical forest. Mountain slope. Swidden agriculturalists. 100 to 700 meters. NT 1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KibiriLanguage 'The &%KibiriLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: PRM. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,100 (1977 SIL). Region: Gulf Province, Kikori District, near Aird Hills, on several tributaries of Kikori River,villages of Tipeowo, Doibo, Paile, Babaguina, Ero, and Wowa. Alternate names: POROME, POLOME. Dialects: AIRD HILLS (KIBIRI), POROME. Comments: Unrelated to other languages in Gulf Province. Different from Kairi, which is also called Kibiri. Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KoreanLanguage 'The &%KoreanLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%SouthKorea. SIL code: KKN. ISO 639-1: ko. ISO 639-2: kor. Population: 42,000,000 in South Korea (1986). Population: total all countries 78,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in 31 other countries including American Samoa, Australia, Bahrain, Belize, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, China, Germany, Guam, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, North, Kyrgyzstan, Mauritania, Mongolia, New Zealand, Northern Mariana Islands. Alternate names: HANGUOHUA, HANGUK MAL. Dialects: SEOUL (KANGWONDO, KYONGGIDO), CHUNGCHONGDO (NORTH CHUNGCHONG, SOUTH CHUNGCHONG), KYONGSANGDO (NORTH KYONGSANGDO, SOUTH KYONGSANGDO), CHOLLADO (NORTH CHOLLADO, SOUTH CHOLLADO), CHEJU ISLAND. Comments: There is a difference of opinion among scholars as to whether or not Korean is related to Japanese. Some scholars suggest that both languages are possibly distantly related to Altaic. Dialect boundaries generally correspond to provincial boundaries. Some dialects are not easily intelligible with others (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). The suffix -do on dialect names means province. Comprehension of Standard Korean may be lower on Cheju Island. National language. Grammar. SOV. Higher adult illiteracy is reported on Cheju Island. Korean script (Hangul) used. The McCune-Reischauer system is the official Roman orthography in South Korea used for maps and signs. Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. Also spoken in: China. (Language name: KOREAN.) Population: 1,920,597 in China (1990 census). Comments: Considered one of the main official nationalities. Chaoxian is the name used in China. High level of education. Radio programs. Agriculturalists. Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. See main entry under Korea, South. Also spoken in: Japan. (Language name: KOREAN.) Population: 670,000 in Japan, .5% of the population (1988). Comments: Bilingualism in Japanese. Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. Also spoken in: Korea, North. (Language name: KOREAN.) Population: 20,000,000 in North Korea (1986). Dialects: HAMGYONGDO (NORTH HAMGYONGDO, SOUTH HAMGYONGDO), PYONGANDO (NORTH PYONGANDO, SOUTH PYONG ANDO), HWANGHAEDO. Comments: Dialect boundaries generally correspond to provincial boundaries. Some dialects are not easily intelligible with others (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). National language. SOV. Korean script (Hangul). Buddhist-Confucianist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. Also spoken in: Thailand. (Language name: KOREAN.) Comments: Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KutenaiLanguage 'The &%KutenaiLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Canada. SIL code: KUN. ISO 639-2: kut. Population: 120 mother tongue speakers in Canada (1998 Statistics Canada). Population: total both countries 222. Region: Southeastern British Columbia. Alternate names: KTUNAXA, KOOTENAI, KOOTENAY. Comments: Bilingualism in English. All speakers are middle-aged or elderly. Columbia Lake Reserve EKCC is offering Kutenai as a second language course (1991). Dictionary. Grammar. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: KUTENAI.) Population: 102 speakers in USA (1990 census). Alternate names: KTUNAXA, KOOTENAI. Comments: Bilingualism in English. All speakers are elderly. Columbia Lake Reserve in Canada is offering a Kutenai as a second language course (1991). See main entry under Canada.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NihaliLanguage 'The &%NihaliLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%India. SIL code: NHL. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 5,000 (1987). Region: Madhya Pradesh, Khandwa District, mainly around Temi (Tembi) village in Nimar District, Maharashtra, Buldana, Akola, Amravati, Jalgaon districts, 12 hamlets around Toranmal. Alternate names: NIHAL, NAHALI, NAHAL, KALTO, NAHALE. Comments: Nahale north of Amalwadi in Jalgaon District speak a language similar to Ahirani (Indo-European). Nihali and Nahali may be different languages. Nihal in Chikaldara taluk and Akola District have 25% lexical similarity with Korku (Munda). Nahal near Toranmal have 51% to 73% lexical similarity with several Bhil languages (Indo-European). They live in or near Korku villages, and identify closely with the Korku. Investigation needed: intelligibility with nearby Bhili languages, bilingual proficiency in Korku (Munda), Hindi, Marathi. Tropical forest. Mountain slope.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PankararuLanguage 'The &%PankararuLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Brazil. SIL code: PAZ. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Ethnic group: 3,676 (1995 AMTB). Region: Pernambuco, Alagoas. Alternate names: PANKARARA, PANKARU, PANCARU, PANCARE, PANKARAVU, PANKARORU. Comments: Possibly related to Kiriri. Highly acculturated. Monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PuelcheLanguage 'The &%PuelcheLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Argentina. SIL code: PUE. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 5 or 6 speakers. Extinct in Chile. Region: Pampas. Alternate names: GENNAKEN, PAMPA, NORTHERN TEHUELCHE. Comments: Distinct from Pehuenche dialect of Mapudungun. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PuinaveLanguage 'The &%PuinaveLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Colombia. SIL code: PUI. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 in Colombia (1977 NTM). Population: total both countries 2,240. Region: Inirida River and tributaries, Territory of Guainia. Also spoken in Venezuela. Alternate names: PUINABE. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as related to Macu. Plains. NT 1964. Also spoken in: Venezuela. (Language name: PUINAVE.) Population: 240 in Venezuela (1975 Gaceta Indigenista). Alternate names: PUINARE. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as related to Macu. NT 1964.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PurepechaLanguage 'The &%PurepechaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Mexico. SIL code: TSZ. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 120,000 (1990 census). Region: Michoacan. Alternate names: TARASCO, TARASCAN, PHORHEPECHA, PORHE. Comments: Several varieties do not have functional intelligibility with each other. Dictionary. Grammar. NT 1969.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SierraOccidentalLanguage 'The &%SierraOccidentalLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Mexico. SIL code: PUA. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No estimate available. Region: Michoacan, western mountains, Zamora on the northern edge, Los Reyes de Salgado on the southwestern corner, Paracho on the eastern edge, including Pamatacuaro. Alternate names: WESTERN HIGHLAND PUREPECHA, TARASCO, TARASCAN. Comments: All Purepecha varieties do not have functional intelligibility with some other Purepecha: the western mountain variety has 60% intelligibility with Patzcuaro.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TicunaLanguage 'The &%TicunaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Peru. SIL code: TCA. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 8,000 in Peru (1998 SIL). Population total all countries: 24,000. Region: Northeastern Amazon River region, from Chimbote in Peru to San Antonio do Ica in Brazil. Also spoken in Brazil, Colombia. Alternate names: TIKUNA, TUKUNA. Comments: SVO. Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Christian, traditional religion. NT 1986. Also spoken in: Brazil. (Language name: TICUNA.) Population: 12,000 in Brazil. Alternate names: TIKUNA, TUKUNA, MAGUTA. Comments: NT 1986. Also spoken in: Colombia. (Language name: TICUNA.) Population: 4,000 in Colombia. Alternate names: TIKUNA, TUKUNA, TUCUNA. Comments: NT 1986.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TolLanguage 'The &%TolLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Honduras. SIL code: JIC. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 350 speakers (1997) out of an ethnic group of 593 (1990 Educacion Comunitaria para la Salud-Honduras). Also 19,000 ethnic Tolpan in the Department of Yoro, including some speakers. Region: Montana de la Flor, northern Francisco Morazan Department, north central Honduras. Alternate names: TOLPAN, JICAQUE, XICAQUE. Comments: No distinct dialects. It may be distantly related to Subtiaba of Nicaragua (extinct linguistically), Tlapaneco of Mexico, or the Hokan languages. Varying degrees of bilingualism in Spanish, adult male leaders are more fluent, women and children are more limited. Ethnic Tolpan who do not speak Tol speak Spanish. All ages. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Christian, traditional religion. NT 1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TrumaiLanguage 'The &%TrumaiLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Brazil. SIL code: TPY. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 78 (1995 AMTB). Region: Xingu Park, source of Xingu River, villages along banks, Mato Grosso. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Equatorial. They are intermarrying with speakers of other languages. They trade extensively with other groups. Agriculturalists: manioc, peppers, beans.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TuxaLanguage 'The &%TuxaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Brazil. SIL code: TUD. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Ethnic group: 900 (1995 AMTB). Region: Bahia, Pernambuco. Alternate names: TUSHA, TODELA. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Equatorial. People are monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WaraoLanguage 'The &%WaraoLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Venezuela. SIL code: WBA. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 18,000 in Venezuela (1993 UBS). Population: total all countries 18,000. Region: On the delta of the Orinoco River, Delta Amacuro, Sucre, Monagas. Also spoken in Guyana, Suriname. Alternate names: GUARAUNO, GUARAO, WARRAU. Comments: All ages. NT 1974. Also spoken in: Guyana. (Language name: WARAO.) Population: A few speakers in Guyana out of 4,700 in the ethnic group (1990 J. Forte). Alternate names: WARAU, WARRAU, GUARAO, GUARAUNO. Comments: Bilingualism in Guyanese. In Guyana only the older people speak the language. NT 1974. Also spoken in: Suriname. (Language name: WARAO.) Population: A very small number of individuals in Suriname. Alternate names: WARRAU, GUARAO, GUARAUNO. Comments: Bilingualism in Guyanese. All speakers in Suriname are elderly. NT 1974.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YaleLanguage 'The &%YaleLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: NCE. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 600 (1991 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District, west of Namia. Kwomtari is north, Abau is south, Busa is southwest, Biaka is west, Anggor and Amanab are northwest. 6 villages. Alternate names: NAGATMAN, NAGATIMAN, YARE, YADE. Comments: 2 very similar dialects. Most men up to 35 years old have routine proficiency in Tok Pisin. There is some intermarriage with the Busa. Nagatman is a corrupted name of 1 village, not a language name. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Tropical forest. Sago swamps. Hunter-gatherers, some cultivation: sugar cane, tobacco, sweet potatoes, taro. 300 feet.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YamanaLanguage 'The &%YamanaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Chile. SIL code: YAG. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 3 women speakers (Anne Chapmen), who are married to Spanish men and raised their children as Spanish speakers (1990 A. Salas and A. Valencia). Region: Patagonia, Isla Navarino, Puerto Williams, Ukika hamlet. Extinct in Argentina. Alternate names: YAGHAN, YAGAN, TEQUENICA, HAUSI KUTA. Comments: Tovar (1961) says it was closest to Qawasqar, and had some relationship to Ona. Earlier there were up to five dialects. Bilingualism in Spanish. Speakers from 56 to 70 years old (1990). One report says that there are still speakers near the Beagle Canal Naval Base in Chile. Their name for their language is Hausi Kuta. Dictionary. Nearly extinct. Bible portions 1881-1886.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YuchiLanguage 'The &%YuchiLanguage is a language isolate spoken in the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: YUC. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 12 to 19 fluent speakers (1997), out of 1,500 population (1977 SIL). Region: Among Creek people in east central Oklahoma. Alternate names: UCHEAN. Comments: Bilingualism in English. All speakers are middle-aged or older. Dictionary. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YuracareLanguage 'The &%YuracareLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Bolivia. SIL code: YUE. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 500 to 2,500 speakers (1991 Adelaar) including 3,000 in the ethnic group (1996 NTM). Region: Beni and Cochabamba departments, scattered primarily along the Chapare River. Alternate names: YURA. Dialects: MANSINYO, SOLOTO. Comments: Bible portions 1956-1965.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ZuniLanguage 'The &%ZuniLanguage is a language isolate spoken in the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: ZUN. ISO 639-2: zun. Population: 6,413 speakers (1980 census). Region: New Mexico, south of Gallup. Alternate names: ZUNI. Comments: Includes 31 monolinguals (1980). Speakers were 85.5% of the population below 18 years of age, 6.2% above 18 (1980). Children are being raised speaking the language (1998). Vigorous. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions 1941-1970.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MixedLanguage 'A &%MixedLanguage is a &%SpokenHumanLanguage that combines grammar and lexical items from two or more languages to create a new language that is essentially a linguistic mixture.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChakchiquelQuicheMixedLanguage 'A &%ChakchiquelQuicheMixedLanguage is a &%MixedLanguage that combines the grammars and lexicons of a &%ChakchiquelGroupLanguage and a &%QuicheAchiLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChakchiquelQuicheLanguage s__ChakchiquelQuicheMixedLanguage__t 'The &%ChakchiquelQuicheLanguage is a &%ChakchiquelQuicheMixedLanguage of &%Guatemala. SIL code: CKZ. ISO 639-2: mis. Population 2,000 (1998 SIL). Region: Santiago, Sacatepaquez, Santa Maria Cauque aldea. Alternate names: CAUQUE MIXED LANGUAGE. Comments: Speakers came from the Quiche area in the colonial period. Older speakers show a base of Quiche. Speakers are fully bilingual in South Central Cakchiquel and becoming bilingual in Spanish. 30 and above. The language is changing to become more like &%SouthCentralCakchiquel.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChineseTibetanMongolianMixedLanguage s__ChineseTibetanMongolianMixedLanguage__t 'A &%ChineseTibetanMongolianMixedLanguage is a &%MixedLanguage that combines the grammars and lexicons of a &%ChineseLanguage dialect, the &%TibetanLanguage, and the &%MongolianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WutunhuaLanguage 'The &%WutunhuaLanguage is a &%ChineseTibetanMongolianMixedLanguage of &%China. SIL code: WUH. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 2,000 (1995). Region: Eastern Qinghai Province, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Tongren County, Longwu township, Upper and Lower Wutun villages and Jiangchama village. Alternate names: WUTUN. Comments: Reported to be a variety of Chinese heavily influenced by Tibetan or perhaps a Tibetan language undergoing relexification with Chinese forms. Also described as Chinese which converged to an agglutinative language, using only Chinese material, towards Tibetan-Mongolian. Neighboring Tibetans refer to the Wutun people as Sanggaixiong, meaning center of the lion. Known for their paintings of Buddha. Some consider themselves members of the Tu nationality, others Han Chinese. SOV, adjectives follow nouns, adverbials precede predicate, case and number marked on nouns, prenasalized consonants, 11 different syllable-final consonants, tone and stress have low functional load, most words polysyllabic, 60% Chinese, 20% Tibetan vocabulary with the rest having mixed Chinese and Tibetan elements. Agriculturalists.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FrenchCreeMixedLanguage s__FrenchCreeMixedLanguage__t s__MixedLanguage__t 'A &%FrenchCreeMixedLanguage is a &%MixedLanguage that combines the grammars and lexicons of the &%FrenchLanguage and the &%CreeLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MichifLanguage 'The &%MichifLanguage is a &%FrenchCreeMixedLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CRG. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 390 speakers in USA (1990 census). Population total both countries: 390 or more. Region: Turtle Mountain Reservation, North Dakota. Alternate names: FRENCH CREE, MITCHIF. Comments: Closest to Plains Cree. Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Dictionary. Also spoken in: Canada. (Language name: MICHIF.) Alternate names: FRENCH CREE, METIS. Comments: Closest to Plains Cree. Several varieties. Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Grammar. Formerly buffalo hunters.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GermanYiddishRomaniRotwelschMixedLanguage s__GermanYiddishRomaniRotwelschMixedLanguage__t 'A &%GermanYiddishRomaniRotwelschMixedLanguage is a &%MixedLanguage that combines the grammars and lexicons of the &%GermanLanguage, the &%YiddishLanguage, the &%RomaniLanguage, and the &%RotwelschLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YenicheLanguage 'The &%YenicheLanguage is a &%GermanYiddishRomaniRotwelschMixedLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: YEC. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Also spoken in Austria, France, Netherlands, Switzerland. Alternate names: JENISCH, YENISHE, GERMAN TRAVELLERS. Comments: German with a heavy cryptolectal lexical influsion from Rotwelsch, Yiddish, Romani, and Hebrew. The first language of some (The Carrier Pidgin 1977). A blend language of certain urban nomadic groups. Not Gypsies. Possibly arose as a result of those who were dispossessed because of the Hanseatic laws (I. Hancock). They are a distinct ethnic group.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PareCushiticMixedLanguage 'A &%PareCushiticMixedLanguage is a &%MixedLanguage that combines the grammars and lexicons of the &%PareLanguage and a &%CushiticLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MbuguLanguage s__PareCushiticMixedLanguage__t 'The &%MbuguLanguage is a &%PareCushiticMixedLanguage of &%Tanzania. SIL code: MHD. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 32,000 (1987). Region: Eastern Province in Usambara. Alternate names: MAA, MBOUGOU, VAMAA, WA MAATHI, KIBWYO. Comments: People call themselves Va-Maa. A hybrid language, Bantu inflectional (prefix and concord) system with Cushitic vocabulary. Derivational morphemes are Bantu and Cushitic (or non-Bantu). The Bantu influence is from Pare (Shambaa).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RussianAleutMixedLanguage 'A &%RussianAleutMixedLanguage is a &%MixedLanguage that combines the grammars and lexicons of the &%RussianLanguage and an &%AleutLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MednyjAleutLanguage s__RussianAleutMixedLanguage__t 'The &%MednyjAleutLanguage is a &%RussianAleutMixedLanguage of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: MUD. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 10 (1995 M. Krauss). Region: Copper Island, Komandor Islands. Alternate names: MEDNY, COPPER, COPPER ISLAND ALEUT, ATTUAN, COPPER ISLAND ATTUAN, CREOLIZED ATTUAN. Comments: Bilingualism in Russian. Aleut is taught in school until the fourth grade. Most ethnic group members in Russia speak Russian as mother tongue. From 1820 to 1840 dozens of Aleut families were brought from various islands to the Komandor Islands. Until the 1960s there were two villages on Bering and Medny islands. From the 1950s to the 1980s children were sent by the state to boarding schools. Christian. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SpanishQuechuaMixedLanguage 'A &%SpanishQuechuaMixedLanguage is a &%MixedLanguage that combines the grammars and lexicons of the &%SpanishLanguage and the &%QuechuaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MediaLenguaLanguage s__SpanishQuechuaMixedLanguage__t 'The &%MediaLenguaLanguage is a &%SpanishQuechuaMixedLanguage of &%Ecuador. SIL code: MUE. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 1,000 first and second language speakers (1999 Peter Bakker). Region: A few villages. Comments: Has a Quechua grammatical system and a Spanish vocabulary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ZuluBantuMixedLanguage 'A &%ZuluBantuMixedLanguage is a &%MixedLanguage that combines the grammars and lexicons of the &%ZuluLanguage and a &%BantuLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CamthoLanguage s__ZuluBantuMixedLanguage__t 'The &%CamthoLanguage is a &%ZuluBantuMixedLanguage of &%SouthAfrica. SIL code: CMT. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Soweto, Johannesburg, urban settings. Alternate names: ISICAMTHO, ISCAMTHO. Comments: A development in the 1980s from the original Tsotsitaal, and sometimes called Tsotsitaal. Also described as a basically Zulu or Sotho language with heavy codeswitching and a lot of English and Afrikaans content morphemes. Mainly used by young people. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PidginLanguage 'A &%PidginLanguage is not the native language of anyone but is used as an auxiliary or supplemental language between two mutually unintelligible speech communities. Pidgins are reduced languages, characterized by having a limited vocabulary and a simple grammar which serve to satisfy basic communication needs. Historically these languages have primarily arisen in trade centers and plantations (with slaves from different language backgrounds), areas where large groups of people lacking a common language need to communicate. By definition, a pidgin has no native speakers, it is always a persons second (or more) language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AmerindianPidginLanguage s__AmerindianPidginLanguage__t 'An &%AmerindianPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on an Amerindian language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChinookWawaLanguage 'The &%ChinookWawaLanguage is an &%AmerindianPidginLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: CRW. ISO 639-2: chn. Population: Population total both countries 100 speakers, all over 50 years old (1962 Chafe). Region: British Columbia. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: CHINOOK JARGON, CHINOOK PIDGIN. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Formerly used along the Pacific coast from Oregon to Alaska, between Indian and white, and between speakers of different languages. All speakers are now probably scattered. Nearly extinct. Bible portions 1912. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: CHINOOK WAWA.) Population: 17 speakers in USA (1990 census). Alternate names: CHINOOK JARGON, CHINOOK PIDGIN, TSINUK WAWA. Comments: Consists mainly of words from Chinook, with a large admixture of words from Nootka, Canadian French, and English. Bilingualism in English. Formerly used widely during the 19th century between Indian and white, and between speakers of different languages. Trade language. Nearly extinct. Bible portions 1912.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DelawarePidginLanguage 'The &%DelawarePidginLanguage is an &%AmerindianPidginLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: DEP. ISO 639-2: crp. Region: Middle Atlantic region. Comments: Widely used in the 17th century between Algonquians and Europeans as a second language. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MobilianLanguage 'The &%MobilianLanguage is an &%AmerindianPidginLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: MOD. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No fluent speakers left. Region: Lower Mississippi River valley area, south central USA. Alternate names: MOBILIAN JARGON. Comments: Muskogean based pidgin, formerly used as lingua franca. Loan words from Spanish, English, French, Creek, Alabama-Koasati, Choctaw, Chickasaw. Became extinct about 100 years ago. OSV. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EnglishBasedPidginLanguage s__EnglishBasedPidginLanguage__t 'An &%EnglishBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on the &%EnglishLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AtlanticEnglishBasedPidginLanguage s__AtlanticEnglishBasedPidginLanguage__t 'An &%AtlanticEnglishBasedPidginLanguage is an &%EnglishBasedPidginLanguage that has evolved in areas near the &%AtlanticOcean.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LiberianEnglishLanguage 'The &%LiberianEnglishLanguage is an &%AtlanticEnglishBasedPidginLanguage of &%Liberia. SIL code: LIR. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population (1,500,000 second language users, 1984 census). Alternate names: LIBERIAN PIDGIN ENGLISH. Dialects: KRU PIDGIN ENGLISH. Comments: Regional dialects. Used as a second language for communication between different language groups. As different from Standard English as is Sierra Leone Krio. Repidginized from American Black English of the 1800s (J. Holm). Trade language. Radio programs.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PacificEnglishBasedPidginLanguage s__PacificEnglishBasedPidginLanguage__t 'A &%PacificEnglishBasedPidginLanguage is an &%EnglishBasedPidginLanguage that has evolved in areas near the &%PacificOcean.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChinesePidginEnglishLanguage 'The &%ChinesePidginEnglishLanguage is a &%PacificEnglishBasedPidginLanguage of &%Nauru. SIL code: CPE. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Currently spoken.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FrenchBasedPidginLanguage s__RomanceBasedPidginLanguage 'A &%FrenchBasedPidginLanguage is a &%RomanceBasedPidginLanguage based on the &%FrenchLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TayBoiLanguage s__FrenchBasedPidginLanguage__t 'The &%TayBoiLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedPidginLanguage of &%VietNam. SIL code: TAS. ISO 639-2: cpf. Region: Was used in the major ports of French Indo-China. Alternate names: TAY BOY, ANNAMITE FRENCH, VIETNAMESE PIDGIN FRENCH. Comments: Developed beginning in 1862. Influences from Vietnamese, French, English, Javanese, and Portuguese. It was used between French and Vietnamese until 1954, and in lower levels of administration, in the military, and by police. No longer spoken (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HausaBasedPidginLanguage 'A &%HausaBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on the &%HausaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BarikanchiLanguage s__HausaBasedPidginLanguage__t 'The &%BarikanchiLanguage is a &%HausaBasedPidginLanguage of &%Nigeria. SIL code: BXO. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Used in military barracks. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GibanawaLanguage 'The &%GibanawaLanguage is a &%HausaBasedPidginLanguage of &%Nigeria. SIL code: GIB. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Region: Sokoto State, Jega LGA, near the Dukawa. Alternate names: GEMBANAWA, GIMBANAWA, JEGA. Comments: Hausa-speaking Fulani. The largest group in Jega LGA. They use Gibanawa as a contact language. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IhaBasedPidginLanguage 'An &%IhaBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on the &%IhaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IhaPidginLanguage s__IhaBasedPidginLanguage__t 'The &%IhaPidginLanguage is an &%IhaBasedPidginLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: IHB. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Region: Bomberai Peninsula, far west end around Fak Fak and north. Comments Trade language. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MalayBasedPidginLanguage s__MalayBasedPidginLanguage__t s__PidginLanguage__t 'A &%MalayBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on the &%MalayLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BroomePerlingLuggerPidginLanguage 'The &%BroomePerlingLuggerPidginLanguage is a &%MalayBasedPidginLanguage of &%Australia. SIL code: BPL. ISO 639-2: crp. Population (40 to 50 speakers, mainly Aborigines). Region: Broome, Lombardinie, Beagle Bay, La Grange, One Arm Point, Derby. Alternate names: BROOM CREOLE, KOEPANG TALK, MALAY TALK, JAPANESE PIDGIN ENGLISH. Comments: Used as a lingua franca on pearling boats to communicate between Malays, Japanese, Chinese, and Aborigines. Some Japanese and Aboriginal creole or pidgin English words. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MascoianBasedPidginLanguage 'A &%MascoianBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on the &%MascoianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MaskoyPidginLanguage s__MascoianBasedPidginLanguage__t 'The &%MaskoyPidginLanguage is a &%MascoianBasedPidginLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: MHH. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Region: Puerto Victoria. Comments: Bilingualism in Paraguayan Guarani. A mixed language formerly used in a tannin factory with Lengua, Sanapana, Angaite, Guana, and Toba-Maskoy influences. Speakers are reported to have returned to former areas and languages, or to Guarani-speaking rural areas. Different from Toba-Maskoy. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MotuBasedPidginLanguage 'A &%MotuBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on the &%MotuLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HiriMotuLanguage s__MotuBasedPidginLanguage__t 'The &%HiriMotuLanguage is a &%MotuBasedPidginLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: POM. ISO 639-1: ho. ISO 639-2: hmo. Population: Interethnic second language speakers: 120,000 (1989 J. Holm). Very few mother tongue speakers (T. Dutton 1992). Region: Central Province, in and around Port Moresby area, also throughout Oro, Central, Gulf, and part of Milne Bay provinces, some in Western Province. Alternate names: POLICE MOTU, PIDGIN MOTU, HIRI. Dialects: AUSTRONESIAN HIRI MOTU, PAPUAN HIRI MOTU. Comments: Linguistically a pidginization of True Motu. Also influenced by English, Tok Pisin, and Polynesian languages. Speakers of Hiri Motu cannot understand Motu. There are phonological and grammatical differences. 90% lexical similarity with Motu. Papuan Hiri Motu is more widespread and considered as the standard. Official language. Dictionary. Literacy rate in first language: Less than 5%. Bible 1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OninBasedPidginLanguage s__OninBasedPidginLanguage__t 'An &%OninBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on the &%OninLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OninPidginLanguage 'The &%OninPidginLanguage is an &%OninBasedPidginLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: ONX. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Region: Onin Peninsula. Comments: Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RomanceBasedPidginLanguage__t 'A &%RomanceBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on a &%RomanceLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LinguaFrancaLanguage 'The &%LinguaFrancaLanguage is a &%RomanceBasedPidginLanguage of &%Tunisia. SIL code: PML. ISO 639-2: crp. Region: Tunisia, Dodecanese Islands west bank, Greece, Cyprus, other major Mediterranean ports. Alternate names: PETIT MAURESQUE, FERENGHI, SABIR, AJNABI, ALJAMIA. Comments: Lexicon from Italian and Provencal. An earlier version may have been a pidginized Latin. On the Barbary Coast of North Africa in 1578, its lexicon came from Spanish and Portuguese. In Algeria in the 1830s, it drew increasingly from French, and later became the nonstandard French of that area. It may also have influenced other pidgins. There is a report of a present-day variety on the Aegean Islands, used as a pidgin in the southeastern Mediterranean region, to have mainly Arabic syntax, and vocabulary which is 65% to 70% Italian, 10% Spanish, and other Catalan, French, Ladino, and Turkish words. Documented in Djerba, Tunisia in 1353. Dictionary. Coastal. Craftsmen, urban workers. sea level. Christian, Sunni Muslim. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SwahiliBasedPidginLanguage s__SwahiliBasedPidginLanguage__t 'A &%SwahiliBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on the &%SwahiliLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SettlaLanguage 'The &%SettlaLanguage is a &%SwahiliBasedPidginLanguage of &%Zambia. SIL code: STA. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Region: May also be in Kenya. Alternate names: KISETTLA, KISETLA. Comments: A despised pidgin (M. Adler 1977.50). Limited vocabulary and grammar. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ZuluBasedPidginLanguage s__ZuluBasedPidginLanguage__t 'A &%ZuluBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on the &%ZuluLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FanagoloLanguage 'The &%FanagoloLanguage is a &%ZuluBasedPidginLanguage of &%SouthAfrica. SIL code: FAO. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: Several hundred thousand speakers (1975 Reinecke). Region: Also spoken in DRC, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Alternate names: FANAKALO, FANEKOLO, KITCHEN KAFFIR, MINE KAFFIR, PIKI, ISIPIKI, ISIKULA, LOLOLO, ISILOLOLO, PIDGIN BANTU, BASIC ZULU, SILUNGUBOI. Comments: The dialect in Zambia is called Cikabanga, that in Zimbabwe is called Chilapalapa. About 70% of the vocabulary comes from Zulu, 24% from English, 6% from Afrikaans. Used widely in towns and gold, diamond, coal, and copper mining areas. Originated in the 19th century. Fanagolo and most or all other names are pejorative. Trade language. Dictionary. Second language only. Also spoken in: Zambia. (Language name: FANAGOLO.) Population: Several hundred speakers (1975 Reinecke). Alternate names: FANAKALO, FANEKOLO, PIKI, ISIPIKI, LOLOLO, ISILOLOLO, PIDGIN BANTU, BASIC ZULU, KITCHEN KAFFIR, MINE KAFFIR, ISIKULA. Dialects: CIKABANGA. Comments: Influenced by Bemba in Zambia. Rejected by most Africans because it was imported from Zimbabwe and South Africa by Europeans who did not want Africans to learn English (Adler 1977). Trade language. Second language only. Also spoken in: Zimbabwe. (Language name: FANAGOLO.) Population: Several hundred thousand speakers (1975 Reinecke). Alternate names: FANAKALO, FANEKOLO, PIKI, ISIPIKI, LOLOLO, ISILOLOLO, PIDGIN BANTU, KITCHEN KAFFIR, MINE KAFFIR, ISIKULA. Dialects: CHILAPALAPA. Comments: About 70% of the vocabulary comes from Zulu, 24% from English, 6% from Afrikaans. Influenced by Shona in Zimbabwe. Used widely in towns and mining areas. Trade language. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NdyukaTrioPidginLanguage 'The &%NdyukaTrioPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage of &%Suriname. SIL code: NJT. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southern Suriname, upper Tapanahonij River. Comments: Formerly used until the 1960s by the Ndyuka and Trio and Wayana peoples for trading. Increasing travel by the Indians to the coast at that time cut back on that trade, and also gave some of them opportunity to use Sranan in contact with the Ndyuka. Many Ndyuka men in their 30s or older now do not know it. Scarcely used at all now. Trade language. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage 'An &%UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage is a &%SpokenHumanLanguage of unknown relationship to other &%SpokenHumanLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AariyaLanguage 'The &%AariyaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%India. SIL code: AAR. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Madhya Pradesh.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AbishiraLanguage 'The &%AbishiraLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Peru. SIL code: ASH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: In 1925 there were 55 to 75 speakers. Region: Puerto Elvira on Lake Vacacocha on the Napo River. Alternate names: ABIQUIRA, AUISHIRI, AGOUISIRI, AVIRXIRI, ABIGIRA, IXIGNOR, VACACOCHA, TEQURACA. Comments: Distinct from Aushiri (M. R. Wise SIL 1987). Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AgavotaguerraLanguage 'The &%AgavotaguerraLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: AVO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 100 (1986 SIL). Region: Mato Grosso, Xingu Park, between the Curisevo and Culuene rivers, near the Kuikuro. Alternate names: AGAVOTOKUENG, AGAVOTOQUENG. Comments: May be Arawakan, related to Waura and Yawalapiti.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AguanoLanguage 'The &%AguanoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Peru. SIL code: AGA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: In 1959 there were 40 families in Santa Cruz de Huallaga who did not use Aguano but were members of the ethnic group. Region: Lower Huallaga and upper Samiria rivers, the right bank tributary of the Maranon River. Alternate names: UGUANO, AGUANU, AWANO, SANTA CRUCINO. Comments: Ruhlen says this is the same as Chamicuro (1987, personal communication). Chamicuro speakers say they were not the same, but the Aguano spoke Quechua (M. R. Wise SIL 1987, personal communication). Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AmeraxLanguage 'The &%AmeraxLanguage is a language of unknown classification from the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: AEX. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Spoken by Neo-Muslims in prisons. Reported to not have mother tongue speakers. It may have Arabic influences (J M. Cowan 1990). Muslim. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AmikoanaLanguage 'The &%AmikoanaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: AKN. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: A few. Region: Northern Amapa.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AndhLanguage 'The &%AndhLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%India. SIL code: ANR. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 80,000 (1991 IMA). Region: Maharashtra, Nanded, Parbhani, Yeotmal districts, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh. Alternate names: ANDHA, ANDHI. Comments: A Scheduled Tribe in India. People speak Marathi as mother tongue. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Marathi. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Cultivation. Hindu (1981 census).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BeothukLanguage 'The &%BeothukLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Canada. SIL code: BUE. ISO 639-2: nai. Region: Newfoundland. Alternate names: BEOTHUC, BETHUCK, BETHUK, NEWFOUNDLAND, RED INDIANS. Comments: The theory that it was an Algonquian language is not accepted by all Algonquianists. Became extinct in 1829. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BetafLanguage 'The &%BetafLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: BFE. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 400 (1973 R. Sterner SIL). Region: North coast area east of Sarmi, Jayapura Kabupaten, Pantai Timur Kecamatan.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BeteLanguage 'The &%BeteLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Nigeria. SIL code: BYF. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Few speakers out of 3,000 population (1992). Region: Taraba State, Takum LGA, Bete town, at the foot of Bete mountain. Comments: Reported to have been close to Lufu and Bibi. The language is dying out. The people now speak Jukun. 6 subgroups: Aphan (Afan), Ruke, Osu, Agu, Botsu, Humiyan. Formerly had land disputes with the Tiv. Christian, traditional religion. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BhatolaLanguage 'The &%BhatolaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%India. SIL code: BTL. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Madhya Pradesh.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BungLanguage 'The &%BungLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Cameroon. SIL code: BQD. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 3 (1995 Bruce Connell). Region: Near the Kwanja language. Comments: It may have been a form of Kwanja. No one uses the language any longer. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CaguaLanguage 'The &%CaguaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Colombia. SIL code: CBH. ISO 639-2: sai. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CallawallaLanguage 'The &%CallawallaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Bolivia. SIL code: CAW. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 10 or 20 (1995 estimate SIL). Region: Highlands and high valleys, eastern Andes north of La Paz, Charazani area north of Lake Titicaca. Alternate names: CALLAHUAYA. Comments: Their language seems to have Quechua affixes and syntactic patterns, but distinctive roots from a dialect of the extinct Puquina language (Girault 1990). Bilingualism in North Bolivia Quechua, Aymara, Spanish. Women and children do not speak Callawalla, but speak Spanish, North Bolivia Quechua, or Aymara. Spoken only by the men. A special language used by the herb doctors of the Inca emperors, they continue as herb doctors. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CandoshiShapraLanguage 'The &%CandoshiShapraLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Peru. SIL code: CBU. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 3,000 (1981 SIL). Region: Morona, Pastaza, Huitoyacu and Chapuli rivers. Alternate names: KANDOSHI, CANDOSHI, CANDOXI, MURATO. Dialects: CHAPARA (SHAPRA), KANDOASHI. Comments: May be distantly related to Arawakan, probably not Jivaroan. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 88.5%, 1 10%, 2 1%, 3 .5%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Strong preference for Candoshi. Dictionary. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT 1979-1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CanichanaLanguage s__UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage__t 'The &%CanichanaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Bolivia. SIL code: CAZ. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: There may be 500 in the ethnic group (1991 Adelaar). Region: Lowlands. Alternate names: KANICHANA. Comments: Said to be of the Tucanoan family. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CarabayoLanguage 'The &%CarabayoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Colombia. SIL code: CBY. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 150 estimate. Region: Amazonas Department, half way between the San Bernardo and Pure rivers. 3 long houses, at least. Alternate names: AMAZONAS MACUSA. Comments: The name Macusa or Macu means savage, and is arbitrarily applied to uncontacted groups.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CentuumLanguage 'The &%CentuumLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Nigeria. SIL code: CET. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Small (1992 Crozier and Blench). Region: Bauchi State, Balanga LGA, Cham town, among the Dijim. Alternate names: CEN TUUM. Comments: Older people. The Dijim call the people Jalabe or Jaabe. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChakLanguage 'The &%ChakLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Myanmar. SIL code: CKH. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Population: total both countries 910 or more. Region: Most in Arakan Blue Mts., Myanmar. Also spoken in Bangladesh. Comments: Distinct from Chakma. Tropical forest. Agriculturalists. Traditional religion. Also spoken in: Bangladesh. (Language name: CHAK.) Population: 909 in Bangladesh (1981 census). Comments: Distinct from Chakma. Tropical forest. Agriculturalists. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChipiajesLanguage 'The &%ChipiajesLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Colombia. SIL code: CBE. ISO 639-2: sai. Comments: A Saliba last name. Many Guahibo have that last name. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CholonLanguage 'The &%CholonLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Peru. SIL code: CHT. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1 or 2 speakers left (1986). Region: Valley of the Huallaga River from Tingo Maria to Valle. Alternate names: TINGANESES, SEEPTSA. Comments: Ruhlen says it is Andean. Many speak Quechua. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CoximaLanguage 'The &%CoximaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Colombia. SIL code: KOX. ISO 639-2: sai. Alternate names: KOXIMA. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DosoLanguage 'The &%DosoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: DOL. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 700 (1973 D. Shaw). Region: Western Province, Aramia River and Wawoi Falls areas, near the Kamula. Comments: A separate language from Kamula.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GailLanguage 'The &%GailLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%SouthAfrica. SIL code: GIC. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Used by an estimated 20,000 as second or third language. Region: Mainly in Johannesburg, Pretoria, Cape Town, Durban, Bloemfontein, and Port Elizabeth. Comments: In Johannesburg it is more English based, in Pretoria more Afrikaans based. Reported to be related to Polari in the United Kingdom. The first language of users is English or Afrikaans. An in-group language among some people. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HaitianVodounCultureLanguage 'The &%HaitianVodounCultureLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Haiti. SIL code: HVC. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: LANGAY, LANGAJ. Comments: Used for religion, song, dance. It uses some Haitian creole words, and others which may have African or American Indian influence. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HibitoLanguage 'The &%HibitoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Peru. SIL code: HIB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: In 1851 there were 500. Region: Bobonaje River, tributary of Jelache, tributary of Huayabamba, coming into Huallaga on the left side. Alternate names: JIBITO, CHIBITO, ZIBITO, IBITO, XIBITA. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HimarimaLanguage 'The &%HimarimaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: HIR. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Small. Region: Amazonas, near the Jamamadi and Jarawara.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HwlaLanguage 'The &%HwlaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Togo. SIL code: HWL. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 31,719 (1983 Togo Linguistic Atlas). Region: Unknown region. Comments: Bilingualism in Ewe, French. May be the same as Hwe in Togo or Xwla-Gbe in Benin. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IapamaLanguage 'The &%IapamaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: IAP. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: No estimate available. Region: Border region of Para and Amapa. Comments: Existence uncertain.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ImeraguenLanguage 'The &%ImeraguenLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Mauritania. SIL code: IME. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 120 (1967 Gerteiny). Region: Near Nouakchott, the region stretching from Cape Timiris to Nouadhibou. Alternate names: IMRAGUEN. Comments: The language is reported to be a variety of Hassaniyya structured on an Azer (Soninke) base. Vassals to important Hassan tribes, especially the Oulad Bou Sba. Reported to be remnants of the Bafours. They use nets for fishing. Coastal. Fishermen.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KaimbeLanguage 'The &%KaimbeLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: QKQ. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (1,100 to 1,400 in ethnic group, 1986 SIL). Region: Bahia. Comments: Ethnic group now speaks Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KambaLanguage 'The &%KambaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: QKZ. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (2,000 in ethnic group, 1986 SIL). Region: Mato Grosso do Sul, near Corumba. Alternate names: CAMBA. Comments: May have been Tupi. Ethnic group came from Bolivia, and now speak Spanish. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KambiwaLanguage 'The &%KambiwaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: QKH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (1,108 in ethnic group, 1995 SIL). Region: Pernambuco. Comments: Ethnic group now speaks Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KapinawaLanguage 'The &%KapinawaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: QKP. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (354 in ethnic group, 1995 AMTB). Region: Pernambuco. Comments: Ethnic group now speaks Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KaraLanguage 'The &%KaraLanguage is a language of unknown classification from the &%CentralAfricanRepublic. SIL code: KAH. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 4,800 (1996). Region: Birao Subprefecture. Alternate names: FER, DAM FER, FERTIT. Comments: Different from Gula (Kara of Sudan). Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KarahawyanaLanguage 'The &%KarahawyanaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: XKH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 40 (1995 SIL). Region: Amazonas, near the Waiwai. Comments: Probably Cariban. Today some live with the Waiwai and some near the Hixkaryana, and speak those languages. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KaripunaLanguage 'The &%KaripunaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: KGM. ISO 639-2: sai. Region: Territory of Amapa, on French Guiana border. Alternate names: KARIPUNA DO UACA, KARIPUNA DO AMAPA. Comments: It has been suggested, but not demonstrated, that this was a Tupi-Guarani language. The descendants now speak Karipuna Creole French. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KaririXocoLanguage 'The &%KaririXocoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: KZW. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (1,062 in ethnic group, 1995 SIL). Region: Alagoas. Alternate names: KARIRI, KARIRI XUCO, KIPEA, XOKO-KARIRI, XUKURU KARIRI, XUKURU, XOCO, XOKO. Dialects: KIPEA (QUIPEA), KAMURU (CAMURU), DZUBUKUA (DZUBUCUA), SABUJA (PEDRA BRANCA). Comments: Other dialects or languages are even less well attested. Classified as Equatorial (Greenberg 1959), Macro-Carib (Swadesh 1959), Macro-Ge (Rodrigues 1975), Isolate (Rivet and Loukotka 1952, Larsen 1984). The ethnic group is monolingual in Portuguese. Catechism (Mamiani 1698). Grammar. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KaririXokoLanguage 'The &%KaririXokoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: XOO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (1,800 in the ethnic group, 1995 SIL). Region: Pernambuco, Serra de Uruba (Aroba) near the city of Cimbres, Bahia. Alternate names: XUKURU, SHOCU, SHOCO, KIRIRI. Comments: The people are monolingual in Portuguese. Apparently distinct from Kariri-Xoco. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KembraLanguage 'The &%KembraLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: XKW. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 30 (1991 SIL). Region: Jayawijaya Kabupaten, Okbibab Kecamatan, east of the Sogber River. Comments: Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KehuLanguage 'The &%KehuLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: KHH. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: No estimate available. Region: Area between Auye and Dao who live in the foothills, and the Wapoga River. Comments: Lowland swamps.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KohoroxitariLanguage 'The &%KohoroxitariLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: KOB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 622 (1976 RC). Region: Amazonas, Prelazia Rio Negro. Comments: Possibly Tucanoan. May be the same as Baniwa.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KoruboLanguage 'The &%KoruboLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: QKF. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 500 (1995 AMTB). Region: Amazonas. Alternate names: CACETEIROS. Comments: Possibly Panoan. May be the same as Marubo, or related to Yanomami.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KujargeLanguage 'The &%KujargeLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Chad. SIL code: VKJ. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 1,000 (1983 Bender). Region: Dar Fongoro, 7 villages near Jebel Mirra, and scattered among the Fur and Sinyar in Sudanese villages along the lower Wadis Salih and Azum rivers. The Daju Galfige are to the west, Sinyar to the north, Fur-Dalinga, Fongoro, Formono, and Runga to the east and south. Comments: Fur is used as second language and some use Daju. A few groups. Hunter-gatherers: honey, little agriculture or animal husbandry.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KunzaLanguage 'The &%KunzaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Chile. SIL code: KUZ. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: A few speakers were located in 1949 and since by anthropologists. Region: Peine, Socaire (Salar de Atacama), and Caspana. Alternate names: LIKANANTAI, LIPE, ULIPE, ATACAMENO. Comments: Greenberg places it in Macro-Chibchan. Group now speaks Spanish. Dictionary. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KwaviLanguage 'The &%KwaviLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Tanzania. SIL code: CKG. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 7,378 (1957 census). Alternate names: PARAKUYO. Comments: Limited understanding of other languages. Not a Bantu language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LaalLanguage 'The &%LaalLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Chad. SIL code: GDM. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 300 to 500 (1977 Boyeldieu). Damtar village had its own dialect, called Laabe with 3 speakers left in 1977. Region: Southwest, Moyen-Chari Prefecture, Sarh Subprefecture, between Korbol and Dik. Centered in Gori, villages of Gori, Damtar, and Mailao near Kouno, northwest of Sarh. Alternate names: GORI. Dialects: LAAL, LAABE. Comments: Some lexical relationship to the Bua group, but Boyeldieu says it should not be classified with Bua. Probably Adamawa, some sources say Chadic. Further study needed.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LecoLanguage 'The &%LecoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Bolivia. SIL code: LEC. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Some speakers out of possibly 200 in the ethnic group (1996 W. Adelaar). Region: East of Lake Titicaca, some in Apolo area, scattered families. Comments: Reported to be Quechuan. Preserve some folklore, dances, and music. Reported to be recently extinct linguistically. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LencaLanguage 'The &%LencaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Honduras. SIL code: LEN. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: Only a few speakers out of 100,000 or more ethnic population (1993 Ramon D. Rivas). Region: La Paz, Intibuca, Lempira, Comayagua, Santa Barbara, Valle and Francisco Morozan departments. Also spoken in El Salvador. Comments: Some consider it to be Macro-Chibchan. The dialect in El Salvador is different from Honduras. Bilingualism in Spanish. Nearly extinct. Also spoken in: El Salvador. (Language name: LENCA.) Population: (36,858 in ethnic group in El Salvador, 1987, or .6% of the population, 1982 Barrett). Comments: A different dialect of Lenca is in Honduras. Some classify this as Macro-Chibchan. Bilingualism in Spanish. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LepkiLanguage 'The &%LepkiLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: LPE. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 530 (1991 SIL). Region: Jayawijaya kabupaten, Okbibab kecamatan, on the Sogber River, east and north of the Ketengban. Comments: Some speakers at Luban have some ability in Ketengban. SOV, head and dependent marking, tonal.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LufuLanguage 'The &%LufuLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Nigeria. SIL code: LDQ. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Ethnic group: 2,000 to 3,000 (1992). Region: Taraba State, Takum LGA, Lufu and Lufu Jauro. Comments: One report says the language is mostly spoken by elders (1992). The people now speak Jukun. Culture and religion similar to the Jukun Kapya. Language reported to have been close to Bete and Bibi. Former speakers at Arufu near Wukari have lost the language. Christian, traditional religion. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LuoLanguage 'The &%LuoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Cameroon. SIL code: LUW. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 1 (1995 Bruce Connell). Region: A section of Atta. Comments: Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MajhwarLanguage 'The &%MajhwarLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%India. SIL code: MMJ. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 27,958. Region: Madhya Pradesh, Bilaspur District, Katghora tahsil, Uttar Pradesh, Allahabad, Varanasi, Mirapur districts, Sikkim. Alternate names: MAJHVAR, MANJHI, MANJHIA. Comments: Possibly a dialect of Asuri. A Scheduled Tribe in Madhya Pradesh, speaking Chhattisgarhi as mother tongue. A Scheduled Caste in Uttar Pradesh, speaking Hindi as mother tongue. Hindu.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MalakhelLanguage 'The &%MalakhelLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Afghanistan. SIL code: MLD. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 2,000 (1983). Region: Southwest of Kabul in Logar, north of Baraki. Comments: May be the same as Ormuru. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MatoGrossoAraraLanguage 'The &%MatoGrossoAraraLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: AXG. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Ethnic group has 100 (1998). Region: Mato Grosso. Alternate names: ARARA DO BEIRADAO, ARARA DO RIO BRANCO. Comments: Members of the ethnic group speak only Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MawaLanguage 'The &%MawaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Nigeria. SIL code: WMA. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Ethnic population is small (1982 Shimizu). Region: Bauchi State, Toro LGA, possibly Mara village. Comments: Apparently different from the Mawa language of Chad, which is Chadic. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MiarraLanguage 'The &%MiarraLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: XMI. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: No estimate available. Region: Xingu Park, Mato Grosso.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MolengueLanguage 'The &%MolengueLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%EquatorialGuinea. SIL code: BXC. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southern, just inland from coast, about 4/9 of the way up, between the southern tip of the country and the Rio Benito. Alternate names: MOLENDJI, BALENGUE. Comments: One of 3 groups known as semi-playeros, who function well on the coast and in the jungle. Tropical forest. Coastal, riverine. Swidden agriculturalists. 0 to 100 meters.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MonimboLanguage 'The &%MonimboLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Nicaragua. SIL code: MOL. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: No speakers out of an ethnic group of 10,000 (1981 MARC). Comments: Have retained few traits of their pre-conquest American Indian culture. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MovimaLanguage 'The &%MovimaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Bolivia. SIL code: MZP. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Few speakers, probably 1,000 in ethnic group (1976 SIL). Region: Central Beni Department, in and around Santa Ana on the Yacuma River. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. A few older people along the rivers may speak Movima. Reported to be Tucanoan. Dictionary. Nearly extinct. Bible portions 1967.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MukhaDoraLanguage 'The &%MukhaDoraLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%India. SIL code: MMK. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 17,456 (1981 census). Region: Andhra Pradesh, Visakhapatnam, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram districts. Alternate names: REDDI-DORA, CONTA-REDDI, REDDI, RIDDI, NOOKA DORA, MUKHA DHORA. Comments: Possibly Dravidian. May be a dialect of Telugu. A Scheduled Tribe in India. Reported that they speak Telugu as mother tongue. Agriculturalists: shifting cultivation. Hindu.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MunicheLanguage 'The &%MunicheLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Peru. SIL code: MYR. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 3 (1988 SIL). Region: Town of Muniches on the Paranapura River. Alternate names: OTANAVE, OTANABE, MUNICHINO, MUNICHI. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. Dictionary. Grammar. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MurkimLanguage 'The &%MurkimLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: RMH. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: No estimate available. Region: Jayawijaya kabupaten, Kiwirok kecamatan, border area around the Mot airstrip, near the headwaters of the Sepik River.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MutusLanguage 'The &%MutusLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Venezuela. SIL code: MUF. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 200 or more (1977 Merrill Seely). Region: Town of Mutus, a little above Pueblo Llano, Barinas State. Alternate names: LOCO, MUTU. Comments: Possibly a remnant of Cuica or Timote--a dialect of Timote was Mukutu. All speak their language and Spanish, but comprehension of abstract concepts through Spanish is inadequate. Civilized, prosperous farmers. Synchretistic religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NatagaimasLanguage 'The &%NatagaimasLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Colombia. SIL code: NTS. ISO 639-2: sai. Region: Tolima region. Comments: The group still exists as a tribal entity, but the language has not been spoken for several generations. Spanish is used. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PankarareLanguage 'The &%PankarareLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: PAX. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Ethnic group: 1,200 (1995 AMTB). Region: Bahia. Alternate names: PANKARE. Comments: Monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PapavoLanguage 'The &%PapavoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: PPV. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: No estimate available. Region: Acre, Taramaca River. Comments: A separate language. Limited bilingualism. Existence unconfirmed.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PataxoHahaaiLanguage 'The &%PataxoHahaaiLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: PTH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (2,950 in ethnic group, 1995 AMTB). Region: Minas Gerais, Bahia, Posto Paraguassu in the municipality of Itabuna. Alternate names: PATAXI, PATASHO, PATOXO, PATAXO-HAHAHAE. Comments: The people are monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PijaoLanguage 'The &%PijaoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Colombia. SIL code: PIJ. ISO 639-2: sai. Region: Tolima region. Alternate names: PIAJAO. Comments: M. Durbin sai.d there is not enough data to classify it linguistically. They still exist as a tribal entity, but there have been no speakers since the 1950s. Spanish is used. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PolariLanguage 'The &%PolariLanguage is a language of unknown classification from the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: PLD. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: PARLARE. Comments: An in-group language among theatrical and circus people. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PuquinaLanguage 'The &%PuquinaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Peru. SIL code: PUQ. ISO 639-2: sai. Region: South shore of Lake Titicaca, town of Puquina. Comments: Extinct for at least 200 years. Proposals for its classification are inconclusive. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__QuinquiLanguage 'The &%QuinquiLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Spain. SIL code: QUQ. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Many live on the edge of towns. Comments: A blend language of certain urban ex-nomadic groups. It contains elements of Calo and Germania argot. They used to be tinsmiths--their name comes from quincalleria meaning ironmongery. It is thought they came originally from Germany. They are blond. They prefer to be called mercheros. Not Rom or Gypsies.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RerBareLanguage 'The &%RerBareLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Ethiopia. SIL code: RER. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Wabi Shebelle River around Gode, eastern Ogaden, near Somali border, and along the Ganale and Dawa rivers. Alternate names: REREBERE, ADONA. Comments: Bilingualism in Somali. They speak Somali. It is uncertain if they spoke a different language earlier. They are called Rer Bare in Somali, which means tribe Bare. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SakirabiaLanguage 'The &%SakirabiaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: SKF. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 51 (1995 SIL). Region: Rondonia, Municipality of Cerejeira and Colorado do Oeste, on the Mequens River. Alternate names: SAKIRIABAR, SAKIRABIAK, SAKIRAP.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ShobangLanguage 'The &%ShobangLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%India. SIL code: SSB. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, West Bengal, Calcutta. Comments: Probably a variant spelling of Shom Peng.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TapebaLanguage 'The &%TapebaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: TBB. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Ethnic group: 984 (1995 AMTB). Region: Ceara. Alternate names: TABEBA. Comments: Monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TaushiroLanguage 'The &%TaushiroLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Peru. SIL code: TRR. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 7 (1998 SIL). Region: Off the Tigre River, Aucayacu River, tributary of the Ahuaruna River. Alternate names: PINCHI, PINCHE. Comments: Possibly Zaparoan. Ruhlen says it is related to Candoshi. Speakers are somewhat bilingual in Spanish or Bobonaza-Tigre Quechua. VSO. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TinguiBotoLanguage 'The &%TinguiBotoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: TGV. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: (800 in ethnic group, 1986 SIL). Region: Alagoas. Alternate names: TINGUI, CARAPATO, KARAPATO. Comments: People are monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TravellerScottishLanguage 'The &%TravellerScottishLanguage is a language of unknown classification from the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: TRL. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 4,000 in Scotland. Population: total all countries 4,000 or more. Region: Also spoken in Australia, USA. Alternate names: SCOTTISH CANT, SCOTTISH TRAVELLER CANT. Comments: A blend language of High Romani and Elizabethan Cant. The earliest texts go back to the sixteenth century. Not Gypsies. Nomadic in Scotland. In USA they travel but have a fixed base.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TremembeLanguage 'The &%TremembeLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: TME. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Ceara. Comments: Bilingualism in Portuguese. Probably linguistically and culturally integrated. There may be no speakers left (1995). Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TrukaLanguage 'The &%TrukaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: TKA. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Ethnic group 909 (1995 AMTB). Region: Pernambuco, Bahia. Comments: People are monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UamueLanguage 'The &%UamueLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: UAM. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Ethnic group: 3,900 (1995 AMTB). Region: Pernambuco, vicinity of Floresta. Alternate names: ATICUM, ATIKUM, HUAMUE. Comments: Ethnic group now speaks only Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UrarinaLanguage 'The &%UrarinaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Peru. SIL code: URA. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 2,000 to 3,000 (1998 SIL). Region: Urarinas District, Pucayacu, Chambira, and Urituyacu rivers. Alternate names: SHIMACU, SIMACU, ITUCALI. Comments: There are several dialects with minor differences, inherently intelligible. Ruhlen and others classify it as Andean. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 60%, 1 20%, 2 10%, 3 7%, 4 3%, 5 0%. Women are monolingual. Men range from monolingual to fairly bilingual in Spanish--the majority are able to handle commercial matters. OVS. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Below 5%. Bible portions 1973-1990.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UruPaInLanguage 'The &%UruPaInLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: URP. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 200 (1995 SIL). Region: Rondonia, Municipality of Ariquemes. Comments: No permanent contact.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WakonaLanguage 'The &%WakonaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: WAF. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Ethnic group: 500 to 1,000 (1995 SIL). Region: Alagoas. Comments: They may not live together as a group. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WaoraniLanguage 'The &%WaoraniLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Ecuador. SIL code: AUC. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 800 (1993 SIL). Region: Eastern jungle between the Napo and Curaray rivers. Alternate names: AUCA, HUAORANI, WAODANI, HUAO, SABELA, AUISHIRI. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Quichua, Spanish are 0 94%, 1 5%, 2 1%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Auca means savage in Quichua. SOV. Tropical forest. Riverine. Swidden agriculturalists. 300 to 400 meters. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1992.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WardujiLanguage 'The &%WardujiLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Afghanistan. SIL code: WRD. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 5,000 (1994). Region: Werdoge River area west of Ishkashim, northeast Afghanistan. Comments: Probably a Persian dialect. May be Pamir. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WasuLanguage 'The &%WasuLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: WSU. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Ethnic group: 1,024 (1995 AMTB). Region: Alagoas. Alternate names: WACU. Comments: People are monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WaxianghuaLanguage 'The &%WaxianghuaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%China. SIL code: WXA. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 300,000 (1995 Milliken). Region: A 6,000 square km. area in western Hunan Province, Wuling Mts., including Yuanling, Chunxi, Jishou, Guzhang, and Dayong. Alternate names: XIANGHUA, WOGANG. Comments: It differs greatly from both Southwestern Mandarin (Xinan Guanhua) and Xiang Chinese (Hunanese), but is relatively uniform within itself. Neighboring Han Chinese, Miao and Tujia people do not understand it. Some view it as a special variety of Chinese, others as a minority language, perhaps related to Miao. Mountain slope.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WeytoLanguage 'The &%WeytoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Ethiopia. SIL code: WOY. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Ethnic population: 1,631: 1,519 (93%) speak Amharic as mother tongue, others speak other mother tongues. 1,532 speak no other language. Region: Lake Tana region. Alternate names: WAYTO, WEYTO. Comments: The former language was possibly Eastern Sudanic or an Awngi variety (Bender 1983), or Cushitic (Bender, Bowen, Cooper and Ferguson 1976:14). The people now speak Amharic. Literacy rate in second language: 16.2%. Hunters: hippopotamus. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__XincaLanguage 'The &%XincaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Guatemala. SIL code: XIN. ISO 639-2: cai. Region: Southeastern. Alternate names: SZINCA. Comments: Language may be related to Lenca. All members of the ethnic group now speak Spanish. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YariLanguage 'The &%YariLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Colombia. SIL code: YRI. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: No estimate available. Region: Yari River, Caqueta region, above El Capitan waterfalls near the Yari River. About 50 years ago 140 of them migrated to the Apaporis River, and settled on the upper Vaupes River near Puerto Nare. Comments: Possibly a dialect of Carijona (Carib), a Western Tucanoan language, or Huitoto. They were given the name Yari by outsiders because of their location on the Yari River. Investigation needed: intelligibility.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YaruroLanguage 'The &%YaruroLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Venezuela. SIL code: YAE. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 to 3,000. Region: Orinoco, Sinaruco, Meta, and Apure rivers, Amazonas and Apure states. Alternate names: LLARURO, YARURU, PUME, YUAPIN. Comments: Their name for themselves and the local name is Pume. Classified as Jivaroan and Macro-Chibchan. Plains.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YaumaLanguage 'The &%YaumaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Angola. SIL code: YAX. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southeast, Kwando (Cuando) River area. Also spoken in Zambia. Comments: Bible portions 1978. Also spoken in: Zambia. (Language name: YAUMA.) Comments: Bible portions 1978. See main entry under Angola.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YeniLanguage 'The &%YeniLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Cameroon. SIL code: YEI. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Not far north of Mayo Darle village in Nyalang area. Comments: Apparently all that remains of the language is a song, known by speakers of Sandani (Kwanja). Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YuwanaLanguage 'The &%YuwanaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Venezuela. SIL code: YAU. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 300 (1970 census, Chicano). Region: Central Venezuela. A northern group is in Bolivar Division on the Kaima River, a tributary of the Cuchivero River, an isolated southern group is in Amazonas on the Iguana, a tributary of the Asita River, and on the Parucito, a tributary of the Manapiare River. Alternate names: YOANA, YUANA, WARUWARU, CHICANO, CHIKANO, JOTI, HOTI. Comments: There are linguistic similarities to Yanomam and Piaroa (Salivan). The southern group is monolingual, the northern group is partially bilingual in Panare.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AfroAsiaticLanguage s__AfroAsiaticLanguage__t 'An &%AfroAsiaticLanguage is any one of 372 languages forming a major family of languages of Africa and Asia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BerberLanguage s__BerberLanguage__t 'A &%BerberLanguage is one of 26 languages of the &%AfroAsiaticLanguage family.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EasternBerberLanguage 'An &%EasternBerberLanguage is one of three languages in the eastern areas of the range of &%BerberLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AwjilaSoknaLanguage s__AwjilaSoknaLanguage__t s__EasternBerberLanguage__t 'An &%AwjilaSoknaLanguage is one of two languages of the &%EasternBerberLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AwjilahLanguage 'The &%AwjilahLanguage is an &%AwjilaSoknaLanguage of &%Libya. SIL code: AUJ. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 2,000 (1993). Region: Cyrenaica, eastern Libya. Alternate names: AUJILA, AUGILA, AOUDJILA. Comments: Most men are bilingual in Libyan Spoken Arabic. Women are monolingual. The language may be extinct. They cultivate small gardens using subsoil water from 6 to 12 meters below the surface. Sunni Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SawknahLanguage 'The &%SawknahLanguage is an &%AwjilaSoknaLanguage of &%Libya. SIL code: SWN. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: No estimate available. Region: Tripolitania. Alternate names: SOKNA. Comments: The language may be extinct. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SiwaGroupLanguage 'The &%SiwaGroupLanguage consists solely of the &%SiwaLanguage (an &%EasternBerberLanguage).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SiwaLanguage s__SiwaGroupLanguage__t 'The &%SiwaLanguage is an &%EasternBerberLanguage (&%SiwaGroupLanguage) of &%Libya. SIL code: SIZ. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 5,000 (1995). Region: Northwestern desert, Siwa Oasis, several isolated villages in the western oasis. Alternate names: SIWA, SIOUA, OASIS BERBER, ZENATI. Comments: Not closely related to other Berber languages. Bilingualism in Arabic. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GuanacheGroupLanguage s__GuanacheGroupLanguage__t 'The &%GuanacheGroupLanguage consists solely of the &%GuancheLanguage (a &%BerberLanguage).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GuancheLanguage 'The &%GuancheLanguage is a &%BerberLanguage (&%GuancheGroupLanguage) of &%Spain. SIL code: GNC. ISO 639-2: ber. Region: Canary Islands. Comments: Extinct in the 16th century. Its relation to Berber has been questioned. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguage 'A &%NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguage is one of a group of 17 closely related &%AfroAsiaticLanguages found in North Africa and the Middle East.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChenouaLanguage 'The &%ChenouaLanguage is a &%NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguage of &%Algeria. SIL code: CHB. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 15,000 to 75,000 (1996). Region: Towns are Cherchell, Hamadia, Gouraya, Damous, Oued Damous, Larhat, Marceau, Sidi Amar, Nador, Tipaza, Sidi Mousa, Ain Tagourirt. Comments: 77% lexical similarity with Chaouia, 76% with Kabyle. Men and young people use Algerian Spoken Arabic as second language. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AtlasLanguage s__NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguage__t 'An &%AtlasLanguage is one of three closely related &%NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguages originating from the Atlas mountain range.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__JudeoBerberLanguage 'The &%JudeoBerberLanguage is an &%AtlasLanguage of &%Irael. SIL code: JBE. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 2,000 speakers (1992 Podolsky). Region: Formerly High Atlas range, Tifnut and other communities. Speakers went to Israel from 1950 to 1960. Comments: Monolingual communities may have disappeared before 1930 in Morocco. Speakers also used Judeo-Arabic (J. Chetrit 1985). All are elderly (1992). Hebrew script used. Jewish.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TachelhitLanguage s__AtlasLanguage__t 'The &%TachelhitLanguage is an &%AtlasLanguage of &%Morocco. SIL code: SHI. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 3,000,000 in Morocco (1998). Population total all countries: 3,500,000. Region: Southwestern Morocco, from coast south to Ifni and north to near Agadir, northeast to outskirts of Marrakech, and east to Draa, including the valley of the Sous, and south near the border. Also spoken in Algeria and France. Alternate names: TASHILHEET, TACHILHIT, TASHELHIT, TASOUSSIT, SHILHA, SUSIUA, SOUTHERN SHILHA. Comments: Many men are bilingual in Arabic. Many women do not learn Arabic. Tachelhit is their name for their language. Shilha is the Arabic name for Moroccan Berber language varieties in general. Soussi are known as shop owners throughout Morocco. Muslim. Bible portions 1906-1925. Also spoken in: Algeria. (Language name: TACHELHIT.) Alternate names: TASHELHIT, TASHELHAIT, TASHELHAYT, TASOUSSIT, SHILHA, SOUTHERN SHILHA, TACHILHIT. Dialects: SUSIUA (SUS, SOUSSE). Comments: Many men are bilingual in Arabic, but many women do not learn Arabic. One of the major Berber languages. Their name for their language is Tachelhit. Shilha is the Arabic name for Moroccan Berber varieties in general. Muslim. Bible portions 1906-1925.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TamazightLanguage 'The &%TamazightLanguage is an &%AtlasLanguage of &%Morocco. SIL code: TZM. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 3,000,000 in Morocco (1998). Population total all countries: 3,500,000. Region: Middle Atlas, High Atlas, eastern High Atlas Mountains. 1,200,000 in rural areas between Taza, Khemisset, Azilal, Errachidia, 100,000 outside the language area. Also spoken in Algeria, France. Alternate names: CENTRAL SHILHA, MIDDLE ATLAS BERBER, SHILHA. Dialects: CENTRAL ATLAS, SOUTH ORAN. Comments: 40% monolingual. Others use Arabic as second language. 65% live in rural areas, 10% live outside the traditional area. VSO (for Berber). Literacy rate in second language: Men 25%, women 5%. Bible portions 1919-1981. Also spoken in: Algeria. (Language name: TAMAZIGHT, CENTRAL ATLAS.) Alternate names: MIDDLE ATLAS BERBER, CENTRAL SHILHA. Dialects: SOUTH ORAN. Comments: One of the major Berber languages. Tamazight is the name of the language, Berber of the people. VSO. Muslim. Bible portions 1919-1981.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KabyleGroupLanguage 'The &%KabyleGroupLanguage consists solely of the &%KabyleLanguage (a &%NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguage).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KabyleLanguage s__KabyleGroupLanguage__t 'The &%KabyleLanguage is a &%NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguage (a &%KabyleGroupLanguage) of &%Algeria. SIL code: KYL. ISO 639-2: kab. Population: 2,537,000 or more in Algeria (1995), 8% of the population. Estimates by some sources are up to 6,000,000 in Algeria (1998). Population total all countries: 3,074,000 or more. Region: Grande Kabylie Mt. range, western Kabylia. Also spoken in Belgium, France. Dialects: GREATER KABYLE, LESSER KABYLE. Comments: French is often used by men in trade and correspondence. Arabic is also used as second language. Kabyle is used in the home and market. Speakers have pride in Kabyle and resistance to Arabic. The name Kabyle is reported by some sources to derive from the Arabic word for tribesman, qabila. Patrilineal and patrilocal. Roman script. Mountain slope. Peasant agriculturalists: olives, figs, pomegranates, peaches, apricots, pears, plums, vegetables. Muslim, secular, Christian. NT 1901-1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ZenatiLanguage 'A &%ZenatiLanguage is one of 12 closely related &%NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EastZenatiLanguage s__EastZenatiLanguage__t s__ZenatiLanguage__t 'An &%EastZenatiLanguage is one of 3 closely related &%ZenatiLanguages of &%Libya and &%Tunisia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GhadamesLanguage 'The &%GhadamesLanguage is an &%EastZenatiLanguage of &%Libya. SIL code: GHA. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 2,000 in Libya. Population total both countries: 4,000. Region: Ghadames, a small oasis near the Algeria-Tunisia border. Also spoken in Tunisia. Dialects: AYT WAZITEN, ELT ULID. Comments: Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NafusiLanguage 'The &%NafusiLanguage is an &%EastZenatiLanguage of &%Libya. SIL code: JBN. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 141,000 in Libya (1998). Population total both countries: 167,000. Region: Tripolitania, western Libya, isolated area around the towns of Nalut and Yafran, Jabal Nafusah region, coastal area around Zuara, west of Tripoli. Alternate names: DJERBI, NEFUSI, JABAL NAFUSI, JEBEL NEFUSI, JBEL NAFUSI. Dialects: ZUARA (ZOUARA, ZUWARAH, ZWARA, ZURAA), TAMEZRET (DUWINNA), JERBI (JERBA). Comments: Zuara dialect well known in Jebel Nafusa area and in Jerba Tunisia. Some visit Zuara, but not vice versa. Dialect of Matmata and Tatawine area less well understood by speakers in Jerba or Zuara. Speakers in Zuara and Jebel areas understand Jerba stories well. Pre-school children are monolingual in Nafusi. In Nafusi villages they speak Nafusi among themselves. In towns they speak it among friends and families, most exclusively at home. All ages. They are not ashamed of Nafusi. Most live apart from Arabized inhabitants of the region. They built dams and terraces for cultivation. Semi-arid. Ibadite Muslim. Also spoken in: Tunisia. (Language name: DJERBI.) Population: 26,000 in Tunisia (1998). Alternate names: NAFUSI, JABAL NAFUSI. Dialects: TAMEZRET (DUWINNA), JERBA (DJERBA, GUELILI). Comments: Spoken only in the home. Many people from Chenini sell newspapers in Tunis. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SenedLanguage 'The &%SenedLanguage is an &%EastZenatiLanguage of &%Tunisia. SIL code: SDS. ISO 639-2: ber. Region: Sened and Tmagourt villages, northwest of Gabes. Southern Tunisia. Dialects: TMAGOURT (TMAGURT), SENED. Comments Only a few elderly people still remember a few words. Muslim. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GhomaraGroupLanguage s__GhomaraGroupLanguage__t 'The &%GhomaraGroupLanguage consists solely of the extinct &%GhomaraLanguage (an &%EastZenatiLanguage).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GhomaraLanguage 'The &%GhomaraLanguage is an &%EastZenatiLanguage (a &%GhomaraGroupLanguage) of &%Morocco. SIL code: GHO. ISO 639-2: ber. Region: North and west of Tamazight, a small region near Chechaouen, western Rif mountains, Oued Laou Valley. Comments: Coon says Ghomara is intelligible with Tarifit. The ethnic group now speaks only Moroccan Spoken Arabic. Muslim. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MzabWarglaLanguage 'A &%MzabWarglaLanguage is one of four closely related &%ZenatiLanguages of &%Algeria.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TaznatitLanguage 'The &%TaznatitLanguage is a &%MzabWarglaLanguage of &%Algeria. SIL code: GRR. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 40,000 (1995). Region: Isolated, around Timimoun, near the Touat region and around 400 miles southwest of the Mzab. Dialects: GOURARA (GURARA), TOUAT (TUAT, TUWAT). Comments: Related to Tumzabt, Tagargrent, and Temacine Tamazight. Low intelligibility with other Tamazight speech forms, including Tumzabt and Tagargrent. Vigorous use. Speakers call their language Taznatit. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TumzabtLanguage s__MzabWarglaLanguage__t 'The &%TumzabtLanguage is a &%MzabWarglaLanguage of &%Algeria. SIL code: MZB. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 70,000 (1995). Region: Mzab region, 330 miles south of Algiers. 7 oases, Ghardaia being the principal one. Alternate names: MZAB, MZABI, GHARDAIA. Comments: Only minor dialect variations. Related to Tagargrent, Temacine Tamzight, and Taznatit. Some speakers are probably bilingual in Arabic, French, or Spanish. Women virtually monolingual in Tumzabt. Vigorous use. Tumzabt is their name for their language. Strong cultural vitality. Tumzabt villages are interspersed among Arabic-speaking villages. Dictionary. Known as traders throughout Algeria. Muslim (Kharedjite).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TagargrentLanguage 'The &%TagargrentLanguage is a &%MzabWarglaLanguage of &%Algeria. SIL code: OUA. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 5,000 (1995). Region: South of Constantine, near Mzab. Ouargla and Ngouca are the main centers. Alternate names: OUARGLA, OUARGLI, WARGLA. Dialects: OUEDGHIR (WADI), TEMACIN, TARIYIT. Comments: Related to Tumzabt, Temacine Tamazight, and Taznatit. Status as a language or dialect is not defined. Tariyit is a possible dialect spoken by the Haratine (former slaves of the Ouargli people. Healthy language and cultural attitudes. Dictionary. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TemacineTamazightLanguage 'The &%TemacineTamazightLanguage is a &%MzabWarglaLanguage of &%Algeria. SIL code: TJO. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 6,000 (1995). Region: Vicinity of Temacine, Tamelhat, Ghomra, and Meggarin. Alternate names: TOUGOURT, TOUGGOURT, TUGURT. Comments: Related to Tumzabt, Tagargrent and Taznatit. Possibly a dialect of Tagargrent, but not likely. People may have shifted to Arabic. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RiffLanguage s__RiffLanguage__t 'A &%RiffLanguage is one of two closely related &%ZenatiLanguages of &%Algeria.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TarifitLanguage 'The &%TarifitLanguage is a &%RiffLanguage of &%Morocco. SIL code: RIF. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 1,500,000 in Morocco (1991). Population total all countries 2,000,000 (1991). Region: Northern Morocco. The dialects listed are near Al Hoceima. Also spoken in Algeria, France, Netherlands. Alternate names: RIFI, RIFIA, NORTHERN SHILHA, SHILHA. Dialects URRIGHEL, BENI IZNASSEN. Comments: The chief differences among dialects are phonological. There may be other dialects. Coon (1939) said Senhaja de Srair is a separate language. Rifia is the Arabic name for their language, Rifi (sg.) or Ruafa (pl.) are names for the people, Rif or Riff geographical names. Muslim. Bible portions 1887-1890. Also spoken in: Algeria. (Language name: TARIFIT.) Alternate names: TIRIFIE, RIFF, RIFI, RUAFA, FIFIA, RIF, NORTHERN SHILHA, SHILHA. Dialects ARZEU, IGZENNAIAN, IZNACEN (BENI IZNASSEN). Comments: Muslim. Bible portions 1887-1890.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SenhajaDeSrairLanguage 'The &%SenhajaDeSrairLanguage is a &%RiffLanguage of &%Morocco. SIL code: SJS. ISO 639-2: ber. Region: Northern, west of Tarifit. Alternate names: SANHAJA OF SRAIR. Comments: Coon (1939) says it was a separate language from Tarifit. The ethnic group now speaks only Moroccan Spoken Arabic. Muslim. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ShawiyaLanguage s__ShawiyaLanguage__t 'The only &%ZenatiLanguage classified as a &%ZenatiLanguage is the &%ChaouiaLanguage of &%Algeria.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChaouiaLanguage 'The &%ChaouiaLanguage is a &%ShawiyaLanguage of &%Algeria. SIL code: SHY. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 1,400,000 (1993). Region: South and southeast of Grand Kabylie in the Aures Mts. Alternate names: SHAWIYA, SHAWIA. Comments One of the major Berber languages. Muslim. Bible portions 1950.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TidikeltLanguage s__TidikeltLanguage__t 'The only &%ZenatiLanguage classified as a &%TidikeltLanguage is the &%TidikeltTamazightLanguage of &%Algeria.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TidikeltTamazightLanguage 'The &%TidikeltTamazightLanguage is a &%TidikeltLanguage of &%Algeria. SIL code: TIA. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 9,000 (1995). Region: Tidikelt, in the vicinity of Salah, and Tit in southern Algeria. Dialects: TIDIKELT, TIT. Comments: People may have shifted to Arabic. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TamasheqGroupLanguage 'The &%TamasheqGroupLanguage is one of four closely related &%BerberLanguages of North Africa.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthernTamasheqLanguage 'The only &%TamasheqGroupLanguage classified as a &%NorthernTamasheqLanguage is the &%TahaggartTamahaqLanguage of &%Algeria.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TahaggartTamahaqLanguage s__NorthernTamasheqLanguage__t 'The &%TahaggartTamahaqLanguage is a &%NorthernTamasheqLanguage of &%Algeria. SIL code: THV. ISO 639-2: tmh. Population: 25,000 in Algeria, including 20,000 Hoggar, 5,000 Ghat (1987). Population total all countries: 62,000. Region: Hoggar dialect in south Hoggar (Ajjer) Mountain area around Tamanghasset and south into Niger. The Ghat dialect is in southeast Algeria around Ganet and west Libyan oases around Ghat. Alternate names: TAMACHEK, TAMASHEKIN, TOMACHEK, TUAREG, TOUAREG, TOURAGE. Dialects: HOGGAR (AHAGGAREN, AJJER, TAHAGGART), GHAT (GANET, DJANET). Comments: Tuareg are the people, Targi is the singular, Tamahaq is the language. Volcanic mountains. Inaden: blacksmiths, jewelry craftsmen. Muslim. Bible portions 1948-1965. Also spoken in: Libya. (Language name: TAMAHAQ, TAHAGGART.) Population: 17,000 in Libya (1993 Johnstone). Alternate names: TAMASHEKIN, TOURAGE, TOMACHEK, TAMACHEK, TUAREG, TOUREG. Dialects: HOGGAR (AHAGGAREN, AJJER, TAHAGGART), GHAT (GANET, DJANET). Comments: Tuareg are the people (Targi is the singular), Tamahaq is the language. Volcanic mountains. Inadan: blacksmiths, jewelry craftsmen. Muslim. Bible portions 1948-1965. Also spoken in: Niger. (Language name: TAMAHAQ, TAHAGGART.) Population: 20,000 (1998). Alternate names: TAMASHEQ, TAMACHEK, TAMASHEKIN, TOMACHEK, TUAREG, TOUAREG, TOURAGE. Dialects: HOGGAR (AHAGGAREN, AJJER, TAHAGGART), GHAT (GANET, DJANET). Comments: Tamahaq is the speakers name for their language. Tuareg is an Arabic name for the people. Nomadic. Traditional script called Shifinagh. Volcanic mountains. Nomadic. Inadan caste: blacksmiths, jewelry craftsmen. Muslim. Bible portions 1948-1965.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthernTamasheqLanguage s__SouthernTamasheqLanguage__t s__TamasheqGroupLanguage__t 'A &%SouthernTamasheqLanguage is one of three closely related &%TamasheqLanguages of North Africa.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TamasheqLanguage 'The &%TamasheqLanguage is a &%SouthernTamasheqLanguage of &%Mali. SIL code: TAQ. ISO 639-2: tmh. Population: 250,000 or more in Mali (1991). Population total all countries 270,000 or more. Region: Central, Timbuktu area, and northeast Mali. Also spoken in Algeria, Burkina Faso. Alternate names: KIDAL TAMASHEQ, TOMACHECK, TAMASHEKIN, TUAREG, TIMBUKTU, KIDAL. Dialects: TIMBUKTU (TOMBOUCTOU, TANASLAMT), TADHAQ (KIDAL). Comments: It may be two separate languages. The people are called Kel Tamasheq, the language Tamasheq. The Bellah were formerly under the Tuareg economically. Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects. The government is actively promoting the language through adult literacy classes. Language of instruction at primary level in some experimental schools. Pastoralists: cattle, goats, camels, donkeys. Muslim. Bible portions 1953-1998. Also spoken in: Burkina Faso. (Language name: TAMASHEQ, KIDAL.) Population: 20,000 to 30,000 in Burkina Faso (1991 SIL). Alternate names: TIMBUKTU, TOMACHECK, TAMASHEKIN, TUAREG. Dialects: TIMBUKTU (TOMBOUCTOU, TANASLAMT), TADGHAQ (KIDAL). Comments: The two dialects may be separate languages. People are called Tuareg (Targi, singular), language Tamasheq. Muslim. Bible portions 1953.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TayartTamasheqLanguage 'The &%TayartTamasheqLanguage is a &%SouthernTamasheqLanguage of &%Niger. SIL code: THZ. ISO 639-2: tmh. Population: 250,000 (1998). Region: Central, Agadez area. Alternate names: TAMACHEK, TOMACHECK, AMAZIGH, TUAREG, TOUAREG. Dialects: AIR (AGADEZ, TAYART, TAYERT, TAMESTAYERT), TANASSFARWAT (TAMAGARAST). Comments: The speakers name for their language is Tamajeq. Nomadic. Traditional script called Shifinagh. Radio programs. Muslim. NT 1990.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TawallammatTamasheqLanguage 'The &%TawallammatTamasheqLanguage is a &%SouthernTamasheqLanguage of &%Niger. SIL code: TTQ. ISO 639-2: tmh. Population: 450,000 in Niger (1998). Population total all countries: 640,000. Region: The eastern dialect is in central Niger, around Tahoua from Ingal to the Mali border. The western dialect is in western Niger, north and northwest of Niamey and in eastern Mali, Menaka region. Alternate names: TAMASHEQ, TAMACHEK, TOMACHECK, TAMASHEKIN, TUAREG, TOUAREG, TOURAGE, AMAZIGH, TAHOUA, TEWELLEMET, TAHOUA TAMAJEQ. Dialects: TAWALLAMMAT TAN DANNAG (IOULLEMMEDEN), TAWALLAMMAT TAN ATARAM. Comments: Tuareg is an Arabic name for the people. They call their language Tamajaq and themselves Kel Tamajaq. Nomadic. National language. Traditional script called Shifinagh. Radio programs. Pastoralists, agriculturalists. Muslim. Bible portions 1979-1985. Also spoken in: Mali. (Language name: TAMAJAQ.) Population: 190,000 in Mali (1991). Alternate names: TAMAJEQ, TAMASHEQ, TOMACHECK, TAMASHEKIN, TUAREG, TOURAGE, TAHOUA, TAJAG. Dialects: TAWALLAMMET TAN DANNAG (IOULLEMMEDEN), TAWALLAMMAT TAN ATARAM. Comments: The people call themselves Kal Tamajaq. Muslim. Bible portions 1979-1985. Also spoken in: Nigeria. Language name: TAMAJAQ, TAWALLAMMAT. Population: Few in Nigeria. Alternate names: TAMASHEQ, TOMACHECK, TAHOUA TAMAJEQ, TUAREG, BUZU, AZBINAWA. Dialects: IOULLEMMEDEN. Comments: It may be the eastern rather than the western dialect in Nigeria. Only seasonal migrants and laborers. No resident villages. Muslim. Bible portions 1979-1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ZenagaGroupLanguage 'The only &%BerberLanguage classified as a &%ZenagaGroupLanguage is the &%ZenagaLanguage of &%Mauritania.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ZenagaLanguage s__ZenagaGroupLanguage__t 'The &%ZenagaLanguage is a &%BerberLanguage (a &%ZenagaGroupLanguage) of &%Mauritania. SIL code: ZEN. ISO 639-2: zen. Population: 200 to 300 (1998). Region: Between Mederdra and the Atlantic coast, southern Mauritania. Comments: The language is related to other Berber languages in basic structure though specific features are quite different. Bilingualism in Hassaniyya. It is reported that adult speakers are not teaching it to their children. People are bedouins, reported to travel mainly in caravans. Racially they are both white and black, the latter are descendants of slaves captured centuries ago. Pastoralists. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChadicLanguage 'A &%ChadicLanguage is any of 195 related &%AfroAsiaticLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AlacalufanLanguage 'An &%AlacalufanLanguage is either of two languages found in the &%Chile that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. One of these two is now extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__QawasqarLanguage 'The &%QawasqarLanguage is an &%AlacalufanLanguage of &%Chile. SIL code: ALC. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 20 including 10 in Puerto Edin (1996 Oscar Aguilera). Region: Channel region, western Patagonia, Isle of Wellington off south Chilean coast, 49 degrees south with center in Puerto Edin. Speakers of the extinct Aksanas dialect also lived in Puerto Eden. Alternate names: KAWESKAR, KAWESQAR, ALACALUFE, ALACALUF, HALAKWULUP. Dialects: AKSANAS (AKSANA). Comments: Reports are that speakers are not bilingual in Spanish (Christos Clairis, M. Ruhlen 1987, personal communication). They are 20% monolingual in Qawasqar (O. Aguilera 1996, personal communication. The youngest speakers are from 3 to 20 years old (1996). Speakers have positive language attitudes. J. Suarez says Aksanas vocabulary differences might be explained by word taboo. Dictionary. Grammar. Fishermen.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KakauhuaLanguage s__AlacalufanLanguage__t 'The &%KakauhuaLanguage is an &%AlacalufanLanguage of &%Chile. SIL code: KBF. ISO 639-2: sai. Alternate names: KAUKAUE, CACAHUE. Comments Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AlgicLanguage s__AlgicLanguage__t 'An &%AlgicLanguage is any one of 40 languages forming a major family of languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AltaicLanguage 'An &%AltaicLanguage is any one of 65 languages forming a major family of languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TurkicLanguage s__AltaicLanguage__t 'A &%TurkicLanguage is any one of 40 related &%AltaicLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EasternTurkicLanguage 'An &%EasternTurkicLanguage is any of seven &%TurkicLanguages of &%China and other parts of &%Asia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AinuTurkicLanguage 'The &%AinuTurkishLanguage is an &%EasternTurkicLanguage of &%China. SIL code: AIB. ISO 639-2: tut. Population 5,000 (1988). Region: Yengixar (Shule) town, Hanalik and Paynap villages in the Kashgar area, and Gewoz village near Hoban, Hetian, Luopu, Moyu, Shache, Yingjisha and Shulekuche counties of southwestern Xinjiang Autonomous Region. Alternate names: AYNU, AINI, ABDAL. Comments: The language has the same grammar as Uyghur but much Persian vocabulary. Some consider it to be a dialect of Uyghur, others to be an Iranian language heavily influenced by Uyghur. The government counts them as Uyghur. They speak Aynu in the family, but Uyghur to outsiders. The Uyghur despise them and call them Abdal or beggar. They do not intermarry with the Uyghur. Different from the Ainu spoken in Russia and Japan. Caste of circumcisers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChagataiLanguage 'The &%ChagataiLanguage is an &%EasternTurkicLanguage of &%Turkmenistan. SIL code: CGT. ISO 639-2: chg. Alternate names: CHAGHATAY, JAGATAI. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IliTurkiLanguage 'The &%IliTurkiLanguage is an &%EasternTurkicLanguage of &%China. SIL code: ILI. ISO 639-2: tut. Population: 120 approximately, or at least 30 households in China (1980 R.F. Hahn). Population total both countries: 120 or more. Region: Ili Valley near Kuldja, Xinjiang. Probably some in Kazakhstan. Alternate names: TURK, TUERKE. Comments: Reported to be a link between Chagatai and Kypchak (Uzbek dialect). Bilingualism in Kazakh, Uyghur. Spoken by older people. Younger people are intermarrying with neighboring groups. Ethnically and linguistically distinct, discovered in 1956. Their oral history says they came from the Ferghana Valley (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) about 200 years ago. SOV, vowel harmony, influenced greatly by Kazakh and Uyghur, has Arabic, Persian, Chinese, and Russian loans. Also spoken in: Kazakhstan. (Language name: ILI TURKI.) Alternate names: TURK, TUERKE. Comments: The language is linguistically distinct, a link between Chagatai and Kypchak (Uzbek dialect). Their oral history says their ancestors came from the Ferghana Valley (Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan) about 200 years ago. Speakers are older. Younger people understand Ili Turki, but are adopting Kazakh or Uyghur, and intermarrying with neighboring groups.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthernUzbekLanguage s__EasternTurkicLanguage__t 'The &%NorthernUzbekLanguage is an &%EasternTurkicLanguage of &%Uzbekistan. SIL code: UZB. ISO 639-1: uz. ISO 639-2: uzb. Population: 16,539,000 in Uzbekistan (1995 UN). Population total all countries: 18,466,000. Region: Uzbekistan and throughout Asian republics of the former USSR. East of the Amu Darya and around the southern Aral Sea. Possibly in Munich, Germany. Also spoken in Australia, China, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia (Asia), Tajikistan, Turkey (Asia), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA. Alternate names: OZBEK. Dialects: KARLUK (QARLUG), KIPCHAK (KYPCHAK), OGHUZ. Comments: Distinct from Southern Uzbek of Afghanistan and Turkey. Russian influences in grammar, use of loan words, script. Oghuz may be a dialect of Khorasani Turkish (see Turkey) rather than Uzbek. 49% of speakers are bilingual in Russian, but rural people have limited proficiency. All ages. Children speak Uzbek at home. Vigorous. Used in theater. Turks of Fergana and Samarkand speak Uzbek. There are Uzbek-speaking Gypsy communities in Soviet central Asia. Increasing ethnic pride. People are about one-third urbanized. Much Persian influence in language and culture. Patrilineal. Sart is an obsolete name for sedentary Uzbek, possibly those who are ethnically Tajik. Official language. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: High. Cyrillic script used. Arabic and Roman scripts used formerly. Used in school. Radio programs, TV. Desert, semi-arid, fertile valleys. Agriculturalists: cotton, fruit, vegetables, grain, pastoralists: sheep, silk production, technicians, professionals, industrialists, communications, medicine, educators, administrators. Hanafi Sunni Muslim. NT 1992-1995. Also spoken in: China. (Language name: UZBEK, NORTHERN.) Population: 3,000 speakers out of 14,502 in the official nationality in China (1990 census). Alternate names: OZBEK, OUZBEK, USBEKI, USBAKI. Comments: Different from Southern Uzbek of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Turkey. They use Uyghur and Kazakh as literary languages. All are bilingual in Uyghur and can write Uyghur. An official nationality in China. SOV, has lost its historical vowel harmony and its vowel system now resembles that of Tajiki. Literacy rate in second language: 79%. It has an alphabetic script based on Arabic. Agriculturalists, some traders. Sunni Muslim. NT 1992-1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthernUzbekLanguage 'The &%SouthernUzbekLanguage is an &%EasternTurkicLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: UZS. ISO 639-2: tut. Population: 1,403,000 or 9% of population in Afghanistan (1991 WA). Population total all countries: 1,455,000 or more. Region: Many places in north Afghanistan, especially Fariab Province. Maimana town is largely Uzbek. Also possibly in Germany. Also spoken in Pakistan, Turkey (Asia). Alternate names: UZBEKI, USBEKI, UZBAK. Comments: Limited understanding of Northern Uzbek. Differences in grammar and loan words from Western Farsi. City dwellers are bilingual in Dari, village dwellers have limited ability in Dari. 20% use Dari as second language. Pashto is also used. The only literature is 2 journals, circulation 400. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30% (?) Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25% in Dari. Arabic script, orthography not yet standardized. Mainly settled agriculturalists, some nomads, some craftsmen in gold, jewels, pottery, leather. Hanafi Sunni Muslim. Also spoken in: Turkey (Asia). (Language name: UZBEK, SOUTHERN.) Population: 1,981 in Turkey (1982). Comments: Refugees from Afghanistan, now Turkish citizens. Distinct from Northern Uzbek of Uzbekistan and China. Sunni Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UyghurLanguage 'The &%UyghurLanguage is an &%EasternTurkicLanguage of &%China. SIL code: UIG. ISO 639-1: ug. ISO 639-2: uig. Population: 7,214,431 in China (1990 census), including 4,700,000 Central Uyghur, 1,150,000 Hotan, 25,000 Lop. Population total all countries 7,595,512 or more. Region: Throughout the Xinjiang Autonomous Region. Also spoken in Afghanistan, Australia, Germany, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Turkey (Asia), USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: UIGHUR, UYGUR, UIGUR, UIGHUIR, UIGUIR, WEIWUER, WIGA. Dialects: CENTRAL UYGHUR, HOTAN (HETIAN), LOP (LUOBU). Comments: The Akto Turkmen speak a dialect of Uyghur with 500 different seldom-used words. They have different appearance and customs. They say they originated in Samarkand, and are listed as Kirghiz by the government. There are 2,000 in two villages, Kosarap and Oytak in Akto County, south of Kashgar, Xinjiang. Dolan is a dialect spoken around the fringes of the Taklimakan desert in Xinjiang. Chinese linguists recognize 3 dialects. Others have used the following dialect names: Kashgar-Yarkand (Kashi-Shac he), Yengi Hissar (Yengisar), Khotan-Kerya (Hotan-Yutian), Charchan (Qarqan, Qiemo), Aksu (Aqsu), Qarashahr (Karaxahar), Kucha (Kuqa), Turfan (Turpan), Kumul (Hami), Ili (Kulja, Yining, Taranchi), Urumqi (Urumchi), Lopnor (Lopnur), Dolan, Akto Turkmen. One of the five main official nationalities in China. Those in the north are more influenced by modern Chinese culture. SOV, postpositions, genitives, adjectives, numerals, relatives before noun heads, question words initial, a few prefixes, 3 suffixes on nouns, 6 suffixes on verbs, word order distinguishes subjects and indirect objects, topic and comment, 8 noun cases shown by suffixes, verb suffixes mark subject person, number, 2nd person marks plural and 3 levels of respect, passive, reflexive, reciprocal and causative, comparatives, CV, CVC, CVCC, nontonal. Literacy rate in second language: 56%. Based on Central Uyghur as spoken in the area between Yili (Ili) and Urumqi. It had a Roman script in China. A new Arabic script was introduced in 1987. Cyrillic script has been used. Radio programs. Desert, oases. Valleys. Agriculturalists: grain, fruit, grapes, vegetables, cotton, traders, craftsmen. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1950. Also spoken in: Afghanistan. (Language name: UYGHUR.) Population: 3,000 in Afghanistan. Alternate names: UIGHUR, UYGHURI, WIGHOR, UIGHOR, UIGUIR. Dialects: KASHGAR-YARKAND (YARKANDI), TARANCHI. Comments: Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1950. Also spoken in: Kazakhstan. (Language name: UYGHUR.) Population: 300,000 in Kazakhstan (1993), 86% speak it as mother tongue. Alternate names: UIGHUR, UIGUIR, UYGUR, NOVOUYGUR. Dialects: TARANCHI (KULJA), KASHGAR-YARKAND. Comments: There are significant dialect differences between China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. Cyrillic script. Agriculturalists. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1950. Also spoken in: Mongolia. (Language name: UYGHUR.) Population: 1,000 in Mongolia (1982 estimate). Alternate names: UYGUR, UIGHUR, UIGUR, UIGHUIR, UIGUIR. Comments: Literacy is in Halh in Mongolia and the Uyghur are generally assimilated to Halh culture. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1950. Also spoken in: Turkey (Asia). (Language name: UYGHUR.) Population: 500 or more first language speakers in Turkey (1981). Alternate names: UIGHUR, UYGUR, UIGUR. Comments: Roman script used. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1950.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YugurLanguage 'The &%YugurLanguage is an &%EasternTurkicLanguage of &%China. SIL code: YBE. ISO 639-2: tut. Population: 4,600 speakers out of ethnic group of 12,297 (1990 census). Region: Sunan Yugur Autonomous County near Zhangye (Kanchow) in northwest Gansu Province. Alternate names: SARYGH UYGUR, SARIG, YA LU, YELLOW UIGHUR, SARI YOGUR, YUKU, YUGU, SARY-UIGHUR. Comments: About one-third of the ethnic group speaks Chinese as first language. Written Chinese is in use. Chinese is used as a lingua franca with East Yugur. An official nationality together with East Yugur, which is a Mongolian language. SOV. Literacy rate in second language: 59%. Animal husbandry. Lamaist Buddhist, shamanism.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthernTurkicLanguage s__SouthernTurkicLanguage__t 'A &%SouthernTurkicLanguage is any of 12 &%TurkicLanguages of &%Asia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TurkmenianLanguage s__TurkmenianLanguage__t 'The only &%SouthernTurkicLanguage classified as a &%TurkmenianLanguage is the &%TurkmenLanguage of &%Turkmenistan.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TurkmenLanguage 'The &%TurkmenLanguage is a &%SouthernTurkicLanguage of &%Turkmenistan. SIL code: TCK. ISO 639-1: tk. ISO 639-2: tuk. Population: 3,430,000 in Turkmenistan (1995), 99% of the ethnic group of 3,465,000 (1995). Population total all countries: 6,400,000. Region: Also spoken in Afghanistan, Germany, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia (Asia), Tajikistan, Turkey (Asia), USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: TURKOMANS, TURKMENLER, TURKMANIAN, TRUKHMEN, TRUKHMENY, TURKMANI. Dialects: NOKHURLI, ANAULI, KHASARLI, NEREZIM, YOMUD, TEKE (TEKKE), GOKLEN, SALYR, SARYQ, ESARI, CAWDUR. Comments: Some dialects differ from Teke. 50% claim a good knowledge of Russian. The so-called Turkmen in Syria, and possibly Iraq and Jordan, actually speak an ancient form of Turkmen, so-called Turkmen in Tibet may speak a different Turkic language. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. Cyrillic script. Radio programs. Sand desert, narrow oases. Agriculturalists: cotton, stock breeders: sheep, carpet weavers, traditionally pastoralists: sheep, Gas, oil workers. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1880-1982. Also spoken in: Afghanistan. (Language name: TURKMEN.) Population: 500,000 in Afghanistan (1995). Alternate names: TURKOMAN, TRUKMEN, TURKMAN. Dialects: SALOR, TEKE (TEKKE, CHAGATAI, JAGATAI), ERSARI, SARIQ, YOMUT. Comments: Sharp dialect differences. Probably mainly Ersari dialect in Afghanistan. Bilingualism in Pashtu. Refugee group in Kabul. People called Turkomen in Syria are Azerbaijani speakers. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Arabic script. Some better educated persons can read Cyrillic. Newspapers. Nomadic, cultivators, pastoralists, Persian lamb export, Persian rugs. Hanafi Sunni Muslim, occult. Bible portions 1880-1982. Also spoken in: Iran. (Language name: TURKMEN.) Population: 2,000,000 in Iran (1997), or 3.17% of the population (1997). Alternate names: TORKOMANI. Dialects: ANAULI, KHASARLI, NEREZIM, NOKHURLI (NOHUR), CHAVDUR, ESARI (ESARY), GOKLEN (GOKLAN), SALYR, SARYQ, TEKE (TEKKE), YOMUD (YOMUT), TRUKMEN. Comments: Bilingualism in Farsi. Not a literary language in Iran. Many are semi-nomadic. Ethnic groups: Yomut, Goklan. They could read Arabic script. Radio programs. Agriculturalists: cotton, wheat, barley, cattle. Hanafi Sunni and Shia Muslim, Goklan and Yomut: Shia Muslim. Bible portions 1880-1982. Also spoken in: Turkey (Asia). (Language name: TURKMEN.) Population: 925 in Turkey (1982). Alternate names: TRUKHMEN. Comments: Refugees from Afghanistan, now Turkish citizens. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1880-1982.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AmtoMusanLanguage s__AmtoMusanLanguage__t 'An &%AmtoMusanLanguage is either of two related languages of &%PapuaNewGuinea that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AmtoLanguage 'The &%AmtoLanguage is an &%AmtoMusanLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: AMT. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 230 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District and Rocky Peak District, south of the Upper Sepik River, toward the headwaters of the Left May River on the Samaia River. Villages: Amto, Habiyon (Sernion). Alternate names: KI, SIWAI, SIAWI, SIAFLI. Dialects: AMTO, SIAWI. Comments: Acculturating rapidly. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 35%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 60%. Tropical forest. Mountain slope, foothills. Hunter-gatherers. 230 to 500 feet. Traditional religion, Christian. Bible portions 1992-1998.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MusanLanguage 'The &%MusanLanguage is an &%AmtoMusanLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: MMP. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 75 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: Sandaun Province, village east of Amto. Alternate names: MUSIAN, MUSA. Comments: 29% lexical similarity with Amto. Amto and Musan 3% lexical similarity with Busa, 18 miles north. Both average 7% lexical similarity with Left May languages. Frequent interaction with Amto. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Amto.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AndamaneseLanguage 'An &%AndamaneseLanguage is any of 13 related languages of the Andaman Islands of &%India that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GreatAndamaneseLanguage s__AndamaneseLanguage__t 'A &%GreatAndamaneseLanguage is any of 13 closely related &%AndamaneseLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage 'Of 13 &%GreatAndamaneseLanguages, six of these are classified as a &%CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage. Except for the &%APucikwarLanguage, all are now extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__APucikwarLanguage 'The &%APucikwarLanguage is a &%CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: APQ. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 36 (1997 CIIL). Region: Andaman Islands, Boratang Island, south coast of Middle Andaman Island, northeast coast of South Andaman Island. Alternate names: PUCIKWAR, PUCHIKWAR. Comments: Bilingualism in Hindi. Language shift to Hindi taking place. CIIL working to revive A-Pucikwar. Other languages in the Central Andamanese group are extinct. Great Andamanese is classified as a Scheduled Tribe in India, and Puchikwar is a subtribe. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AkaBeaLanguage 'The &%AkaBeaLanguage is a &%CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: ACE. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Andaman Islands, coasts of South Andaman Island except northeast coast, and north and east interiors, coastal Rutland Island except south coast, small islands southeast of Rutland, and Labyrinth Islands. Alternate names: BEA, BEADA, BIADA, AKA-BEADA, BOJIGNIJI, BOGIJIAB, BOJIGYAB. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AkaKedeLanguage 'The &%AkaKedeLanguage is a &%CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: AKX. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Andaman Islands, central and north central Middle Andaman Island. Alternate names: KEDE. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AkaKolLanguage 'The &%AkaKolLanguage is a &%CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: AKY. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Andaman Islands, southeast Middle Andaman Island. Alternate names: KOL. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AkarBaleLanguage s__CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage__t 'The &%AkarBaleLanguage is a &%CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: ACL. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Andaman Islands, Ritchies Archipelago, Havelock Island, Neill Island. Alternate names: BALE, BALWA. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OkoJuwoiLanguage 'The &%OkoJuwoiLanguage is a &%CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: OKJ. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Andaman Islands, west central and southwest interior Middle Andaman Island. Alternate names: OKU-JUWOI, JUWOI, JUNOI. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthernGreatAndamaneseLanguage s__GreatAndamaneseLanguage__t 'Of 13 &%GreatAndameseLanguages, four of these are classified as a &%NorthernGreatAndameseLanguage. All four of these languages are now extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AkaBoLanguage s__NorthernGreatAndamaneseLanguage__t 'The &%AkaBoLanguage is a &%NorthernGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: AKM. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Andaman Islands, east central coast of North Andaman Island, and North Reef Island. Alternate names: BO, BA. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AkaCariLanguage 'The &%AkaCariLanguage is a &%NorthernGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: ACI. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Andaman Islands, north coast of North Andaman Island, Landfall Island, and other nearby small islands. Alternate names: CARI, CHARIAR. Comments Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AkaKoraLanguage 'The &%AkaKoraLanguage is a &%NorthernGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: ACK. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Andaman Islands, northeast and north central coasts of North Andaman Island, and Smith Island. Alternate names: KORA. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AkaJeruLanguage 'The &%AkaJeruLanguage is a &%NorthernGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: AKJ. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Andaman Islands, interior and south North Andaman Island, and Sound Island. Alternate names: JERU, YERAWA. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthAndamaneseLanguage s__SouthAndamaneseLanguage__t 'A &%SouthAndamaneseLanguage is any of three closely related &%AndamaneseLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__JarawaLanguage 'The &%JarawaLanguage is a &%SouthAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: ANQ. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 200 (1997 CIIL). Region: Andaman Islands, interior and south central Rutland Island, central interior and south interior South Andaman Island. Comments: Different from Onge and Sentinel. Completely monolingual. They are semi-nomadic. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Hunter-gatherers. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OngeLanguage 'The &%OngeLanguage is a &%SouthAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: OON. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 96 (1997 CIIL). Region: Southern Andaman Islands, Dugong Creek and South Bay islands. Alternate names: ONG. Comments: A distinct language from Sentinelese. Speakers are mainly monolingual. Reserved toward outsiders. A Scheduled Tribe in India. Dictionary. Hunter-gatherers, fishermen. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SentinelLanguage 'The &%SentinelLanguage is a &%SouthAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: STD. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 50 (?) (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: Southeastern Andaman Islands, Sentinel Island. Alternate names: SENTINELESE. Comments: Similar to Onge, but a distinct language. A Scheduled Tribe in India. Reserved toward outsiders. Hunter-gatherers, fishermen. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AruanLanguage s__AruanLanguage__t 'An &%AruanLanguage is any of eight related languages of &%Brazil that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AruaLanguage 'The &%AruaLanguage is an &%AruanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: ARA. ISO 639-2: sai. Alternate names: ARAWA. Comments: Became extinct in 1877. Known from an 1869 word list. Different from Tupi Arua and Ge Arua. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BanawaLanguage 'The &%BanawaLanguage is an &%AruanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: BNH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 70 (1994 SIL). Region: Amazonas, upriver quite a distance from the Jamamadi. Half live on the Banawa River, others on small creeks and in scattered locations, 1 village and 2 extended family settlements. Alternate names: KITIYA, BANAVA, BANAUA, JAFI. Comments: Not as close to Jamamadi linguistically as previously thought. Some bilingualism in Jamamadi, and a little in Portuguese. They prefer their own language. They call themselves Kitiya. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Below 5%. Tropical forest.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CulinaLanguage 'The &%CulinaLanguage is an &%AruanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: CUL. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 865 in Brazil (1995 SIL). Population total both countries: 1,300. Region: Amazonas, Acre. Alternate names: KULINA, KULYNA, CORINA, MADIJA, MADIHA. Comments: Minor changes from Peruvian dialect. The Arawan languages may not be Arawakan. Bible portions 1965-1985. Also spoken in: Peru. (Language name: CULINA.) Population: 500 or fewer in Peru (1998 SIL). Alternate names: KULINA, KULINO, KULYNA, KURINA, KOLLINA, MADIJA, MADIHA. Comments: The Arawan languages probably are not Arawakan. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 78%, 1 10%, 2 5%, 3 5%, 4 1.5%, 5 .5%. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions 1965-1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DeniLanguage 'The &%DeniLanguage is an &%AruanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: DAN. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 600 (1986 SIL). Region: Amazonas. Alternate names: DANI. Dialects: INAUINI. Comments: Sometimes called Jamamadi, but that is a separate language. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__JamamadiLanguage 'The &%JamamadiLanguage is an &%AruanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: JAA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 195 (1994 SIL) including 12 Mamoria. Region: Amazonas, scattered over 200,000 square miles. Alternate names: YAMAMADI, KANAMANTI, CANAMANTI. Dialects: BOM FUTURO, JURUA, PAUINI, MAMORIA (MAMORI), CUCHUDUA (MAIMA), TUKURINA. Comments: Other groups are called Jamamadi which are closer to Culina or Deni. Tukurina may be a separate language. Dialects or related languages: Araua, Pama, Sewacu, Sipo, Yuberi. People want a school. OSV. Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Christian, traditional religion. Bible portions 1991.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__JaruaraLanguage 'The &%JaruaraLanguage is an &%AruanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: JAP. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 150 (1993 SIL). Region: Amazonas, near the Jamamadi, 7 villages. Alternate names: JARAWARA. Comments: Formerly considered a dialect of Jamamadi. OSV. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PaumariLanguage 'The &%PaumariLanguage is an &%AruanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: PAD. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 700 or more (1994 SIL). Region: Amazonas. 3 villages. Alternate names: PURUPURU. Dialects: PAUMARM (PAMMARI), KURUKURU (CURUCURU), UAIAI. Comments: Three inherently intelligible dialects. Speakers are fairly bilingual. Half the speakers are under 12 years of age (1984 SIL). Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT 1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SuruahaLanguage 'The &%SuruahaLanguage is an &%AruanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: SWX. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 130 (1995 AMTB). Region: Amazonas. Alternate names: SURUWAHA, ZURUAHA, MNDIOS DO COXODOA. Comments: First contact with the outside was 1980. Word minimality, word binarity, foot minimality. Tropical forest. Hunter-gatherers. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AraucanianLanguage s__AraucanianLanguage__t 'An &%AraucanianLanguage is either of two languages found in the &%Chile and &%Argentina that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MapudungunLanguage 'The &%MapudungunLanguage is an &%AraucanianLanguage of &%Chile. SIL code: ARU. ISO 639-2: arn. Population: 400,000 in Chile, 200,000 of whom are active users of the language (1982 R. Croese SIL). Population total both countries 440,000. Region: Between the Itata and Tolten rivers. Alternate names: MAPUDUNGU, ARAUCANO, MAPUCHE. Dialects: MOLUCHE (NGOLUCHE, MANZANERO), PICUNCHE, PEHUENCHE. Comments: Easy intelligibility among all dialects. Pehuenche and Moluche are very close. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 0%, 1 8%, 2 50%, 3 30%, 4 10%, 5 2%. Partly bilingual in Spanish. The language is called Mapudungun, the people Mapuche. SVO. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 21%. 85,000 are reported to be literate in Spanish. Deciduous forest, rolling farm land. Mountain slope, coastal, plains, riverine. Peasant agriculturalists. 0 to 2,000 meters. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1997. Also spoken in: Argentina. (Language name: MAPUDUNGUN.) Population: 40,000 or more in Argentina (1975 Golbert). Alternate names: ARAUCANO, MAPUTONGO, MAPUCHE, MAPUDUNGU. Dialects: PEHUENCHE. Comments: One or more dialects. Recent migration from Chile. NT 1997.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HuillicheLanguage 'The &%HuillicheLanguage is an &%AraucanianLanguage of &%Chile. SIL code: HUH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Several thousand speakers (1982 SIL R. Croese). Region: South of the Mapuche, Tenth Region, from Valdivia to Chiloe. Alternate names: VELICHE, HUILICHE. Dialects: TSESUNGUN. Comments: Related to Mapudungun, but barely intelligible with it. Most of the ethnic group speaks Spanish as first language. Used mainly among friends and for ceremonial purposes. Mountain valleys.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ArawakanLanguage s__ArawakanLanguage__t 'An &%ArawakanLanguage is any one of 60 languages forming a major family of languages apparently unrelated to other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ArutaniSapeLanguage 'An &%ArutaniSapeLanguage is either of two languages found in &%Brazil and &%Venezuela that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Both languages are now nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ArutaniLanguage s__ArutaniSapeLanguage__t 'The &%ArutaniLanguage is an &%ArutaniSapeLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: ATX. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 17 in Brazil (1986 SIL). Population total both countries: 22. Region: Roraima. Alternate names: AUAQUE, AUAKE, AWAKE, AOAQUI, OEWAKU, URUAK, URUTANI. Comments: The remaining speakers are bilingual in Ninam. Most are intermarried with the Ninam, some with the Pemon (Arecuna) and a few with the Sapi and do not speak Arutani fluently. Nearly extinct. Also spoken in: Venezuela. (Language name: ARUTANI.) Population: 5 speakers out of a population of up to 30 in Venezuela (1977 Migliazza). Alternate names: AUAQUE, AUAKE, AWAKE, URUAK, URUTANI, AOAQUI, OEWAKU. Comments: The remaining speakers are bilingual in Ninam. Most are intermarried with the Ninam, some with the Pemon (Arecuna), a few with the Sape, and they do not speak Arutani fluently. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SapeLanguage 'The &%SapeLanguage is an &%ArutaniSapeLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: SPC. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 5 speakers out of a population of fewer than 25 (1977 Migliazza). Region: 3 small settlements on Paragua and Karuna rivers. Alternate names: KARIANA, KALIANA, CALIANA, CHIRICHANO. Comments: Some lexical correspondences with Guinau (Arawak) and Warao (Chibchan) Greenberg classified it provisionally as Macro-Tucanoan. Most have intermarried with Arecuna (Pemon) and a few with Arutani and Ninam. There are conflicting reports on the number of speakers and degree of bilingualism. Nearly extinct. Bible portions.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AustralianLanguage 'An &%AustralianLanguage is any one of 258 languages forming a major family of languages apparently unrelated to other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PamaNyunganLanguage s__PamaNyunganLanguage__t s__AustralianLanguage__t 'A &%PamaNyunganLanguage is any one of 177 related languages of the family of &%AustralianLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PamanLanguage s__PamanLanguage__t 'Of the &%PamaNyunganLanguages, 44 of the languages are classified as a &%PamanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RarmulPamaLanguage 'Of the &%PamanLanguages, two of the languages are classified as a &%RarmulPamaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AghuTharnggaluLanguage 'The &%AghuTharnggaluLanguage is a &%RarmulPamaLanguage of &%Australia. SIL code: GGR. ISO 639-2: aus. Region: Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Laura. Comments: Recently extinct. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ThaypanLanguage s__RarmulPamaLanguage__t 'The &%ThaypanLanguage is a &%RarmulPamaLanguage of &%Australia. SIL code: TYP. ISO 639-2: aus. Population: 2 (?) (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: Queensland, central Cape York Peninsula, Coleman River. Comments: Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AustroAsiaticLanguage s__AustroAsiaticLanguage__t 'An &%AustroAsiaticLanguage is any one of 168 languages forming a major family of languages apparently unrelated to other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AustronesianLanguage 'An &%AustronesianLanguage is any one of 1262 languages forming a major family of languages apparently unrelated to other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AymaranLanguage 'An &%AymaranLanguage is any of three languages found in &%SouthAmerica that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CentralAymaraLanguage 'The &%CentralAymaraLanguage is an &%AymaranLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: AYM. ISO 639-1: ay. ISO 639-2: aym. Population: 1,785,000 in Bolivia (1987), 23.7% of the population. Population total all countries 2,200,000. Region: Whole Altiplano west of eastern Andes. Some migration to the yungas and the lowlands. Comments: Dictionary. Grammar. Churches are active in literacy. Openings in government schools for the use of Aymara literature. Radio programs. Traditional religion, Christian. Bible 1987-1993. Also spoken in: Argentina. (Language name: AYMARA, CENTRAL.) Comments: Quite a few have come from Bolivia looking for work. Sugar mill workers. Bible 1987-1993. Also spoken in: Chile. (Language name: AYMARA, CENTRAL.) Population: 899 (1994 Hans Gundermann K.) speakers in Chile out of 20,000 population (1983 SIL). Comments: Chilean Aymara is very close to La Paz, Bolivia dialect. Bilingualism in Spanish. Bible 1987-1993. Also spoken in: Peru. (Language name: AYMARA, CENTRAL.) Population: 350,320 Aymara in Peru (1987 Cerron-Palomino). Comments: Lupaca is the main literary dialect. Bible 1987-1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__JaquaraLanguage 'The &%JaquaraLanguage is an &%AymaranLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: JQR. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 (1987 J. L. Rivarola). Region: Lima Department, Yauyos Province, Tupe village (Jaqaru) and Cachuy village (Cauqui). Alternate names: HAQEARU, HAQARU, HAQARU, ARU. Dialects: CAUQUI (KAWKI, CACHUY). Comments: Jaqaru has 73% lexical similarity with Aymara, Kawki 79% with Aymara. Most or all use Spanish as second language. There may still be a few monolinguals, all women. Cauqui dialect is nearly extinct. Investigation needed: intelligibility, bilingual proficiency.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthernAymaraLanguage s__AymaranLanguage__t 'The &%SouthernAymaraLanguage is an &%AymaranLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: AYC. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: No estimate available. Region: From Lake Titicaca toward ocean. Comments: Some important verb forms and vocabulary differences from Central Aymara. Dialect intelligibility needs investigation in Tacna and Moquegua (P. Landerman 1984). Limited bilingualism. Investigation needed: intelligibility.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BarbacoanLanguage 'A &%BarbacoanLanguage is any of seven languages found in &%SouthAmerica that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AndaquiGroupLanguage s__AndaquiGroupLanguage__t s__BarbacoanLanguage__t 'The &%AndaquiGroupLanguage of &%BarbacoanLanguages consists solely of the extinct &%AndaquiLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AndaquiLanguage 'The &%AndaquiLanguage is a &%BarbacoanLanguage (an &%AndaquiGroupLanguage) of &%Colombia. SIL code: ANA. ISO 639-2: sai. Region: Southern highlands. Alternate names: ANDAKI. Comments: Not the same as Andoque, which is in Amazonas. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CayapaColoradoLanguage 'A &%CapayaColoradoLanguage is either of two closely related &%BarbacoanLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChachiLanguage 'The &%ChachiLanguage is a &%CayapaColoradoLanguage of &%Ecuador. SIL code: CBI. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 5,000 (1987 N. Wiebe SIL). Region: North coastal jungle, Esmeraldas Province, Cayapas River and its tributaries (Onzole, Canande, Sucio, Cojimies, and others). Alternate names: CAYAPA, CHA PALAACHI. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 6%, 1 25.5%, 2 26.5%, 3 34.5%, 4 6%, 5 1.5%. Women, older people, and those living in the isolated headwaters of the river are less bilingual in Spanish. The name of the people is Chachilla. Dictionary. SOV. Tropical forest. Coastal, riverine. Swidden agriculturalists: plantain, fishermen: shrimp, fish, hunters. 10 to 400 meters. Traditional religion, Christian. Bible portions 1964-1980.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ColoradoLanguage s__CayapaColoradoLanguage__t 'The &%ColoradoLanguage is a &%CayapaColoradoLanguage of &%Ecuador. SIL code: COF. ISO 639-2: sai. Population 2,100 (1999 SIL). Region: Northwestern jungle west of Quito, around Santo Domingo de los Colorados. Alternate names: TSACHILA. Comments: Dictionary. SOV. Tropical forest. Interfluvial. Peasant agriculturalists. 550 to 600 meters. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1980-1990.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CoconucanLanguage 'A &%CoconucanLanguage is either of two closely related &%BarbacoanLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GuambianoLanguage s__CoconucanLanguage__t 'The &%GuambianoLanguage is a &%CoconucanLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: GUM. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 9,000 (1977 SIL). Region: Central Andes Range near Popayan, Cauca. Alternate names: GUAMBIA, MOGUEX. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Agriculturalists. NT in press (2000).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TotoroLanguage 'The &%TotoroLanguage is a &%CoconucanLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: TTK. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Only a few speakers in the mid 1970s. Region: 17 km. west of Silvia, Cauca, in town of Totoro. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PastoLanguage 'A &%PastoLanguage is either of two closely related &%BarbacoanLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BarbacoasLanguage 'The &%BarbacoasLanguage is a &%PastoLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: BPB. ISO 639-2: sai. Region: Near the coastal town of Barbacoas, Narino. Comments Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AwaCuaiquerLanguage s__PastoLanguage__t 'The &%AwaCuaiquerLanguage is a &%PastoLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: KWI. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 20,000 in Colombia (1986 SIL). Population total both countries 21,000. Region: Pacific slopes of the Andes, Narino, from Ecuador border north, near Barbacoas. Alternate names: COAIQUER, QUAIQUER, KWAIKER, AWA, AWA PIT, CUAIQUER. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 55%, 1 30%, 2 10%, 3 5%, 4 0%, 5 0%. It is mainly women and children that are monolingual. Grammar. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Below 5%. Tropical forest. Mountain slope. Swidden agriculturalists. 200 to 300 meters. Bible portions 1979-1982. Also spoken in: Ecuador. (Language name: AWA-CUAIQUER.) Population: 1,000 in Ecuador (1991 Adelaar). Alternate names: AWA, CUAIQUER. Comments: More distantly related to Chachi and Colorado. Speakers call themselves Awa in Ecuador. Bible portions 1979-1982.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BasqueGroupLanguage s__BasqueGroupLanguage__t 'A &%BasqueGroupLanguage is a small family of languages consisting entirely of three varieties of Basque from &%France and &%Spain and which are apparently unrelated to all other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BasqueLanguage 'The &%BasqueLanguage is a &%BasqueGroupLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: BSQ. ISO 639-1: eu. ISO 639-2(B): baq. ISO 639-2(T): eus. Population: 580,000 in Spain (1991 L. Trask U. of Sussex). There are 2,000,000 residents of the 3 provinces of Basque territory, 25% were born outside the territory, 40% in the territory were born to Basque parents. 4,400,000 in Spain have a Basque surname, 19% live in Basque country. Population total all countries: 580,000 or more. Region: French-Spanish border, 3 Basque provinces: Alava (Araba), Biskaia (Biskay), and Gipuzkoa of the Autonomous Basque Community (CAV), in the northern area of the Autonomous Region of Navarra (Nafarroa) of north central Spain. Also spoken in Australia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Philippines, USA. Alternate names: VASCUENSE, EUSKERA. Dialects: GUIPUZCOAN (GUIPUZCOANO, GIPUZKOAN), ALTO NAVARRO SEPTENTRIONAL (HIGH NAVARRESE, UPPER NAVARRAN), ALTO NAVARRO MERIDIONAL, BISCAYAN (VIZCAINO), AVALAN. Comments: Batua is based on Guipuzcoan, the central and most widely known dialect. A fair amount of inherent intelligibility among all regional varieties except Souletin. Regional varieties are sometimes preferred for oral use, but in Spain there is also a fairly strong desire for the Batua unified standard. Bilingualism in Castillian, Catalan sometimes. Ages 2 to 20 and over 50 as first language, all ages as first or second language in mainly Basque-speaking areas. Euzkadi is the name of the Basque region, not for the language. Official language. Dictionary. Grammar. SOV, prepositions, genitives, articles, adjectives, numerals, relatives after noun heads, question word initial, verb affix gender agreement obligatory, prefix marks causative, comparative shown lexically. Batua uses a unified orthography. Deciduous forest. Mountain slope, coastal, riverine. sea level to 1,000 meters. Christian. Bible 1855-1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NavarroLabourdinBasqueLanguage 'The &%NavarroLabourinBasqueLanguage is a &%BasqueGroupLanguage of &%France. SIL code: BQE. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 67,500 speakers (1991), including 45,000 Labourdin, 22,500 Lower Navarro. Total Basque speakers in France estimated at 80,000 (1991 L. Trask, U. of Sussex). Reported to be 730,000 ethnic Basque in France (1993 Johnstone). Region: French-Spanish border, 800 square miles surrounding Bayonne, Labourd (Lapurdi), and Basse-Navarre departments. Alternate names: NAVARRO-LABOURDIN. Dialects: LABOURDIN (LAPURDIERA), EASTERN LOW NAVARRESE (BENAFFARERA, BAJO NAVARRO ORIENTAL), WESTERN LOW NAVARRESE (BAJO NAVARRO OCCIDENTAL). Comments: Navarro-Labourdin is diverse from other Basque dialects, and needs separate literature. Bilingualism in French. Dictionary. Grammar. Christian. Bible 1856.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouletinBasqueLanguage 'The &%SouletinBasqueLanguage is a &%BasqueGroupLanguage of &%France. SIL code: BSZ. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 8,700 (1991). Region: French-Spanish border, 800 square miles surrounding Bayonne, Soule, Pyrenees Atlantiques Province. Alternate names: SOULETIN, SOULETINO, SULETINO, XIBEROERA, ZUBEROERA, SUBEROAN. Comments: Souletin is more diverse and speakers have difficulty understanding other varieties, especially for complex and abstract discourse. Separate literature desired and needed. Dictionary. Grammar. Christian. Bible portions 1856-1888.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BayonoAwbonoLanguage 'A &%BayonoAwbonoLanguage is either of two languages found in &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AwbonoLanguage s__BayonoAwbonoLanguage__t 'The &%AwbonoLanguage is a &%BayonoAwbonoLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: AWH. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 100 or fewer (1999 D. Clouse SIL). Region: South of Tokuni on the Modera River. Kvolyab is on the south coast, northwest of Korowai. Dialects: KVOLYAB. Comments: Not related to Ok, Asmat, Awyu-Dumut, Momuna, or highland languages like Dani or Mek. 55% lexical similarity with Bayono. No bilinguals among the Kvolyab. The Kvolyab are frequently at war with the Tokuni, Kopkaka, and Korowai. SOV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BayonoLanguage 'The &%BayonoLanguage is a &%BayonoAwbonoLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: BYL. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 100 or fewer (1999 D. Clouse SIL). Region: South of Tokuni on the Steenboom River. Comments: Not related to Ok, Asmat, Awyu-Dumut, Momuna, or highlands languages like Dani or Mek. 55% lexical similarity with Awbono. SOV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CaddoanLanguage 'A &%CaddoanLanguage is any of seven languages of the &%UnitedStates that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthernCaddoanLanguage 'Of the seven &%CaddoanLanguages, four of these are classified as a &%NorthernCaddoanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PawneeKitsaiLanguage 'Of the four &%NorthernCaddoanLanguages, three of these are classified as a &%PawneeKitsaiLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KitsaiGroupLanguage s__KitsaiGroupLanguage__t s__PawneeKitsaiLanguage__t 'The &%KitsaiGroupLanguage consists solely of the now extinct &%KitsaiLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KitsaiLanguage 'The &%KitaiLanguage is a &%KitsaiGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: KII. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No speakers out of 350 population (1977 SIL). Region: West central Oklahoma among the Caddo, Caddo County. Alternate names: KICHAI. Comments: Closer to Pawnee than to Wichita. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PawneeGroupLanguage s__PawneeGroupLanguage__t 'The &%PawneeGroupLanguage consists of two of the three &%PawneeKitsaiLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ArikaraLanguage 'The &%ArikaraLanguage is a &%PawneeGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: ARI. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 90 speakers (1990 census), out of 1,000 population (1977 SIL). Region: Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota. Alternate names: ARIKARI, ARIKARIS, ARIKAREE, REE, RIS. Comments: Not inherently intelligible with Pawnee. Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Arikara instructional material has been published for use in a language teaching program. Reported to be one of the groups Lewis and Clark met in 1804 in North Dakota. There had been 30,000 reduced to 6,000 because of smallpox. Dictionary. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PawneeLanguage 'The &%PawneeLanguage is a &%PawneeGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: PAW. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 4 speakers (1996), out of 2,000 ethnic population (1977 SIL). Region: North central Oklahoma. Dialects: SOUTH BAND, SKIRI (SKIDI). Comments: Closely related to Arikara, but not inherently intelligible with it. Kitsai is between Pawnee and Wichita, but closer to Pawnee. Bilingualism in English. All speakers are elderly. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WitchitaGroupLanguage s__WitchitaGroupLanguage__t s__NorthernCaddoanLanguage__t 'The &%WitchitaGroupLanguage consists solely of the nearly extinct &%WitchitaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WitchitaLanguage 'The &%WitchitaLanguage is a &%WitchitaGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: WIC. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 10 or fewer speakers (1998 James Brook, New York Times 4/9/98), out of 750 population (1977 SIL). Region: West central Oklahoma. Dialects: WACO, TAWAKONI. Comments: Close to Kitsai and Pawnee. Bilingualism in English. All speakers are elderly. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthernCaddoanLanguage s__SouthernCaddoanLanguage__t s__CaddoanLanguage__t 'The only &%SouthernCaddoanLanguage is the &%CaddoLanguage of the &%UnitedStates.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CaddoLanguage 'The &%CaddoLanguage is a &%SouthernCaddoanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CAD. ISO 639-2: cad. Population: 141 speakers, including 6 monolinguals (1990 census), out of 1,800 population (1977 SIL). Region: Western Oklahoma, Caddo County. Formerly in northeastern Texas, extending into southwestern Arkansas. Alternate names: KADO, CADDOE, KADOHADACHO. Comments Related to Pawnee, Wichita, and two extinct languages: Kitsai and Adai. Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. The tribes are Cahinnio, Hasinai, Kadohadacho, Nanatsoho, Upper Nasoni, Upper Natchitoches, Upper Yatasi.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CahuapananLanguage 'A &%CahuapananLanguage is either of two languages found in &%Peru that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChayahuitaLanguage s__CahuapananLanguage__t 'The &%GhayahuitaLanguage is a &%CahupanianLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: CBT. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 10,000 to 12,000 (1998 SIL). Region: Paranapura, Cahuapanas, Sillay and Shanusi rivers. Alternate names: CHAYAWITA, CHAWI, TSHAAHUI, CHAYHUITA, CHAYABITA, SHAYABIT, BALSAPUERTINO, PARANAPURA, CAHUAPA. Dialects: CHAYAHUITA, CAHUAPANA. Comments: Very slight intelligibility with Jebero. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 60%, 1 20%, 2 10%, 3 6%, 4 3%, 5 1%. Dictionary. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT 1978.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__JeberoLanguage 'The &%JeberoLanguage is a &%CahupanianLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: JEB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population 2,300 to 3,000 (1976 SIL). Region District of Jeberos. Alternate names: XEBERO, CHEBERO, XIHUILA. Comments: Widespread use of Spanish. Bible portions 1959.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CantLanguage 'A &%CantLanguage is the single &%EnglishTahitianLanguage known as the &%PitcairnNorfolkLanguage. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EnglishTahitianLanguage s__CantLanguage__t 'An &%EnglishTahitianLanguage is the language group consisting only of the &%PitcairnNorfolkLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PitcairnNorfolkLanguage s__EnglishTahitianLanguage__t 'The &%PitcairnNorfolkLanguage is an &%EnglishTahitianLanguage of &%NorfolkIsland. SIL code: PIH. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: (580 on Norfolk Island, 1989 Holm). Region: Norfolk Island, Pitcairn Island. There are some second generation Pitcairn Islanders in Australia and New Zealand. Also spoken in Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Pitcairn. Alternate names: PITCAIRN ENGLISH. Dialects: NORFOLK ENGLISH. Comments: Slightly different variety than in Pitcairn. An in-group language used to assist in the preservation of identity. People speak Standard British English as mother tongue. Developed from mutineers settling on Pitcairn in 1790. Some were removed to Norfolk in 1859. Agriculturalists: breadfruit, banana, pineapple, passion fruit, watermelon, mango, custard apple, orange, lime, lemon, grapefruit. Second language only. Also spoken in: Australia. (Language name: PITCAIRN-NORFOLK.) Population: Some second language users. Alternate names: PITCAIRN ENGLISH. Comments: An in-group language used to assist in the preservation of identity. The people speak Standard English as mother tongue. There may be no speakers on the Australian mainland. Christian. Second language only. Also spoken in: New Zealand. (Language name: PITCAIRN-NORFOLK.) Alternate names: PITCAIRN ENGLISH. Comments: Developed from mutineers settling on Pitcairn in 1790. Some people were removed to Norfolk in 1859. An in-group language used to assist in the preservation of identity. People speak standard English as mother tongue. Christian. Second language only. Also spoken in: Pitcairn. (Language name: PITCAIRN-NORFOLK.) Population: Fewer than 50 on Pitcairn, 1989 J. Holm. DialectsL PITCAIRN ENGLISH. Comments: Developed from mutineers settling on Pitcairn in 1790. Some were removed to Norfolk in 1859. Slightly different variety than in Norfolk. An in-group language to assist in the preservation of identity. People speak Standard British English as mother tongue. Christian. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CaribLanguage s__CaribLanguage__t 'A &%CaribLanguage is any of 29 languages that form a family of related languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChapacuraWanhamLanguage s__ChapacuraWanhamLanguage__t 'Of the 29 &%CaribLanguages, five more closely related languages are classified as a &%ChapacuraWanhamLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GuaporeLanguage 'Of the five &%ChapacuraWanhamLanguages, two very closely related languages are classified as a &%GuaporeLanguage. At least one, and probably both, languages are now extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IteneLanguage 'The &%IteneLanguage is a &%GuaporeLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: ITE. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (100 in ethnic group in 1959). Region: North central Beni Department at junction of Mamore and Itenez rivers. Alternate names: ITENEO, ITENEZ, MORE. Dialects: ITOREAUHIP. Comments: Children were not speaking Itene and only some of the older people were actively using it 30 years ago. They speak Spanish. Related languages: Chapacura, Quitemoca, Cujuna, Cumana, Mataua, Uanham, Urunumacan, probably all extinct. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KabixiLanguage s__GuaporeLanguage__t 'The &%KabixiLanguage is a &%GuaporeLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: KBD. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 100 (1986 SIL). Region: Slopes of Planalto dos Parecis, right bank of upper Guapore, near Vila Bela, Mato Grosso. Alternate names: CABICHI, CABISHI. Comments: Related to Cujuna, Cumana, Mataua, Wanham, Urunumacan. Both people and language may be extinct. The name is also used for Parecis or Nambikuara.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MadeiraLanguage 'Of the five &%ChapacuraWanhamLanguages, three very closely related languages of &%Brazil are classified as a &%MadeiraLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OroWinLanguage s__MadeiraLanguage__t 'The &%OroWinLanguage is a &%MadeiraLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: ORW. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 5 speakers (1996 D. Everett SIL) out of 55 in the ethnic group (1998). Region: Headwaters of the Pacaas-Novos River, a tributary of the Mamore River, along the Brazil-Bolivia border. Comments: Related to Tora, Itene (More), and Wari (Pakaasnovos), but not inherently intelligible with them. Bilingualism in Wari. All speakers over 40 years old (1986 D. Everett SIL). VOS. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PakaasnovosLanguage 'The &%OroWinLanguage is a &%MadeiraLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: PAV. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,833 (1994 D. Everett SIL). Region: Rondonia, 7 villages. Alternate names: JARU, UOMO, PAKAANOVAS, PACAAS-NOVOS, PAKAANOVA, PACAHANOVO, ORO WARI, WARI. Comments Bible portions 1975-1984.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ToraLanguage 'The &%ToraLanguage is a &%MadeiraLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: TRZ. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 40 out of an ethnic group of 120 (1990 YWAM). Region: Amazonas, on the lower Rio Marmelos, tributary of the Rio Madeira. Alternate names: TORAZ. Comments: Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChibchanLanguage s__ChibchanLanguage__t 'A &%ChibchanLanguage is any of 22 languages that form a family of related languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChimakuanLanguage 'A &%ChimakuanLanguage is the single language of the &%UnitedStates (Washington State) known as the &%QuileuteLanguage. This nearly extinct language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__QuileuteLanguage s__ChimakuanLanguage__t 'The &%QuileuteLanguage is a &%ChimakuanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: QUI. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 10 speakers possibly out of 300 population (1977 SIL). Region: Pacific side of Olympic Peninsula in Washington. Dialects: QUILEUTE, HOH. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChocoLanguage s__ChocoLanguage__t 'A &%ChocoLanguage is any of 10 languages that form a family of related languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChonLanguage 'A &%ChonLanguage is either of two languages found in &%Argentina that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Both of these languages are now nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OnaLanguage 'The &%OnaLanguage is a &%ChonLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: ONA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1 to 3 speakers in Tierra del Fuego (1991 Adelaar). Region: Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego. Also formerly in Chile. Alternate names: AONA, SELKNAM, SHELKNAM. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. Steppe in the north, forest in the south. Island. Hunter-gatherers. Up to 800 meters. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TehuelcheLanguage s__ChonLanguage__t 'The &%TehuelcheLanguage is a &%ChonLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: TEH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 30 (1983 Casamiquela, in Clairis). Region: Patagonia. Alternate names: AONIKEN, GUNUA-KENA, GUNUNA-KENA, INAQUEN. Comments: The people have come from Chile. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage 'A &%ChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage is any of five languages found in &%Russia (Asia) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage s__NorthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage__t s__ChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage__t 'Of the five &%ChukotkoKamchatkanLanguages, four of these are classified as a &%NorthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChukotGroupLanguage s__ChukotGroupLanguage__t 'Of the four &%NorthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguages, one of these is classified as a &%ChukotGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChukotLanguage 'The &%ChukotLanguage is a &%NorthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage (a &%ChukotGroupLanguage) of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: CKT. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 10,000 mother tongue speakers out of an ethnic population of 15,000 (1997 M. Krauss), Maritime Chukchi 25% of population, Raindeer Chukchi 75%. Region: Chukchi Peninsula, Chukot and Koryak National Okrug, northern Yakut ASSR, northeastern Siberia. Alternate names: CHUKCHA, CHUCHEE, CHUKCHEE, LUORAVETLAN, CHUKCHI. Dialects: UELLANSKIJ, PEVEKSKIJ, ENMYLINSKIJ, NUNLIGRANSKIJ, XATYRSKIJ, CHAUN, ENURMIN, YANRAKINOT. Comments: Bilingualism in Russian, Yakut, Lamut, Yukagir. Nomadic groups have adult and some children speakers. Settled groups have few or no children speakers. Although those under 50 speak Russian with varying proficiency, nomadic groups resist Russian language and culture. School at Anadyr. Chukchi in Magadan area are nomadic. Reindeer herdsmen. Shamanism.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KoryakAlyutorLanguage 'Of the four &%NorthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguages, three of these is classified as a &%KoryakAlyutorLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AlutorLanguage s__KoryakAlyutorLanguage__t 'The &%AlutorLanguage is a &%KoryakAlyutorLanguage of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: ALR. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 200 speakers out of 2,000 in the ethnic group (1997 M. Krauss). Region: Koryak National District, northeast Kamchatka Peninsula, many in Vyvenka and Rekinniki villages, and individual families in Tilichiki, Ossora, and Palana. Some speakers are separated at considerable distances and without regular contact. Alternate names: ALYUTOR, ALIUTOR, OLYUTOR. Dialects: ALUTORSKIJ, KARAGINSKIJ, PALANSKIJ. Comments: Considered a dialect of Koryak until recently. Bilingualism in Russian. The elderly speak Alutor actively and some are monolinguals, the middle-aged know it passively, those younger than 35 know only Russian (1997). Endangered. Children were sent to boarding schools during the 1950s to the 1970s.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KoryakLanguage 'The &%KoryakLanguage is a &%KoryakAlyutorLanguage of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: KPY. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 3,500 speakers out of an ethnic population of 7,000 (1997 M. Krauss). Region: Koryak National Okrug, south of the Chukot, northern half of Kamchatka Peninsula and adjacent continent. Alternate names: NYMYLAN. Dialects: CAVCUVENSKIJ (CHAVCHUVEN), APOKINSKIJ (APUKIN), KAMENSKIJ (KAMEN), XATYRSKIJ, PAREN, ITKAN, PALAN, GIN. Comments: Chavchuven, Palan, and Kamen are apparently not inherently intelligible. Bilingualism in Russian. A few children speak Koryak. Taught in school. Coast: fishermen, hunters, inland: cattle raisers. Traditional religion, Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KerekLanguage 'The &%KerekLanguage is a &%KoryakAlyutorLanguage of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: KRK. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 2 speakers out of an ethnic population of 400 (1997 M. Krauss). There were 200 to 400 speakers in 1900. Region: Cape Navarin, in Chukot villages. Dialects: MAINYPILGINO (MAJNA-PILGINSKIJ), KHATYRKA (XATYRSKIJ). Comments: Kerek is now classified as a separate language. Previously it had been considered a dialect of Chukot. Speakers are now assimilated into Chukot. All are elderly. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage 'Of the five &%ChukotkoKamchatkanLanguages, one of these are classified as a &%SouthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ItelmenLanguage s__SouthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage__t 'The &%ItelmenLanguage is a &%SouthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: ITL. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 100 or fewer speakers out of an ethnic population of 1,500 (1991 A.E. Kibrik). Region: Southern Kamchatka Peninsula, Koryak Autonomous District, Tigil region, primarily in Kovran and Upper Khairiuzovo villages, west coast of the Kamchatka River. Alternate names: ITELYMEM, WESTERN ITELMEN, KAMCHADAL, KAMCHATKA. Dialects: SEDANKA, KHARYUZ, ITELMEN, XAJRJUZOVSKIJ, NAPANSKIJ, SOPOCNOVSKIJ. Comments: Bilingualism in Russian. Speakers are primarily the older generation. From the 1950s to the 1980s the state sent all children to boarding schools. All are reported to be acculturated. Taught in school through fourth grade. Shamanism. Bible portions 1996.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChumashGroupLanguage 'A &%ChumashGroupLanguage is any of seven languages found in the &%UnitedStates that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. All seven languages are now extinct meaning that this language family is also extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BarbarenoLanguage s__ChumashGroupLanguage__t 'The &%BarbarenoLanguage is a &%ChumashGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: BOI. ISO 639-2: nai. Region: Southern California, near Santa Barbara. Comments: Was not intelligible with other Chumash varieties. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChumashLanguage 'The &%ChumashLanguage is a &%ChumashGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CHS. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No speakers out of a possible 100 population (1977 SIL). Region: Southern California coast near Santa Barbara. Comments: Extinct since 1965. Inherently unintelligible Chumash varieties formerly spoken included Obispeno, Ineseno, Purisimeno, Barbareno, Ventureno, and Cruzeno (Island Chumash, Isleno), named after the missions to which they were brought. Marianne Mithun says it is not Hokan. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CruzenoLanguage 'The &%CruzenoLanguage is a &%ChumashGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CRZ. ISO 639-2: nai. Region: Southern California, near Santa Barbara. Alternate names: ISLAND CHUMASH, ISLENO. Comments: Was not intelligible with other Chumash varieties. Had multiple dialects. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__InesenoLanguage 'The &%InesenoLanguage is a &%ChumashGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: INE. ISO 639-2: nai. Region: Southern California, near Santa Barbara. Comments: Was not intelligible with other Chumash varieties. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ObispenoLanguage 'The &%ObispenoLanguage is a &%ChumashGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: OBI. ISO 639-2: nai. Region: Northernmost Chumash language, California, near Santa Barbara. Comments: Not inherently intelligible with other Chumash varieties. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PurisimoLanguage 'The &%PurisimoLanguage is a &%ChumashGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: PUY. ISO 639-2: nai. Region: Southern California, near Santa Barbara. Comments: Was not intelligible with other Chumash varieties. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__VenturenoLanguage 'The &%VenturenoLanguage is a &%ChumashGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: VEO. ISO 639-2: nai. Region: Southern California, near Santa Barbara. Comments: Was not intelligible with other Chumash varieties. Had multiple dialects. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CoahuiltecanLanguage 'A &%CoahuiltecanLanguage is the single language of the &%UnitedStates (Oklahoma) known as the &%TonkawaLanguage. This now extinct language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming an extinct language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TonkawaLanguage s__CoahuiltecanLanguage__t 'The &%TonkawaLanguage is a &%CoahuiltecanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: TON. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No fluent speakers left out of a population of 90 (1977 SIL). Region North central Oklahoma. Comments: The ethnic group speak English as mother tongue. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DravidianLanguage 'A &%DravidianLanguage is any one of 75 languages forming a major family of languages of southern &%India.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EastBirdsHeadLanguage 'An &%EastBirdsHeadLanguage is any of three languages found in &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ManikionLanguage 'The &%ManikionLanguage is an &%EastBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: MNX. ISO 639-2: paa. Population 12,000 (1987 SIL). Region: East Birds Head, east of Meyah, south of Manokwari, about 50 villages. Alternate names: MANTION, SOUGB, SOGH. Comments: Four dialects. NT 1996.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MeyahLanguage s__EastBirdsHeadLanguage__t 'The &%MeyahLanguage is an &%EastBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: MEJ. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 15,000 to 20,000 (1995 G. Gravelle SIL). Region: East Birds Head, north coast, west of Manokwari, north of Hattam language, and scattered locations. Alternate names: MEAX, MEYACH, MEAH, MEJAH, MEJACH. Comments: Closest to Sougb. Many are becoming bilingual in Indonesian. Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT 1997.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MoskonaLanguage 'The &%MoskonaLanguage is an &%EastBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: MTJ. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 8,000 (1996 G. Gravelle SIL). Region: Southeast Birds Head, south of Meyah and west of Manikion. Alternate names: SABENA, MENINGGO, MENINGO. Comments 85% lexical similarity with Meyah. Also related to Manikion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EastPapuanLanguage s__EastPapuanLanguage__t 'An &%EastPapuanLanguage is any one of 36 languages forming a distinct family of languages of &%PapuaNewGuinea.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EskimoAleutLanguage 'An &%EskimoAleutLanguage is any one of 11 languages forming a distinct family of languages of &%NorthAmerica.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GeelvinkBayLanguage s__GeelvinkBayLanguage__t 'A &%GeelvinkBayLanguage is any one of 33 languages forming a distinct family of languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GuahibanLanguage 'A &%GuahibanLanguage is any of five languages found in &%Colombia that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CuibaLanguage 'The &%CuibaLanguage is a &%GuahibanLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: CUI. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 in Colombia (1979 SIL). Population: total both countries 2,650. Region: Meta Casanare and Capanapara rivers and tributaries. Alternate names: CUIVA, CUIBA-WAMONAE. Dialects: CHIRICOA, MASIWARE (MASIGUARE), CHIRIPO (WUPIWI, SIRIPU), YARAHUURAXI-CAPANAPARA, MAYAYERO, MOCHUELO-CASANARE-CUIBA, TAMPIWI (MARIPOSAS), AMARUWA (AMORUA). Comments: 8 dialects, 2 in Venezuela, 7 in Colombia. 50% in Colombia are monolingual. Semi-nomadic bands. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 45%. Literacy rate in second language: 45%. Savannah. Hunter-gatherers, swidden agriculturalists. NT 1988. Also spoken in: Venezuela (Language name: CUIBA.) Population: 650 in Venezuela (1995 SIL). Alternate names: CUIVA. Dialects: CHIRICOA, AMARUWA (AMORUA), MASIGUARE, SIRIPU, YARAHUURAXI-CAPANAPARA, MELLA, PTAMO, SICUANE (SICUARI). Comments: Semi-nomadic bands. Nearly all are monolingual. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. Hunter-gatherers. NT 1988.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GuahiboLanguage 'The &%GuahiboLanguage is a &%GuahibanLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: GUH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 15,000 in Colombia. Population total both countries 20,000. Region: Casanare, eastern Meta, Vichada, Guaviare, Guainia states, plains regions. Also spoken in Venezuela. Alternate names: GUAJIBO, GOAHIBO, GUAIGUA, GUAYBA, WAHIBO, GOAHIVA, SICUANI Dialects: GUAHIBO (SIKUANI), AMORUA (RIO TOMO GUAHIBO), TIGRERO. Comments: The Guahiban languages may not be within Arawakan. The Guahibo range from good bilinguals to about 40% completely monolingual. Rio Tomo Guahibo are nomadic. The name Sicuani is derogatory, and is disliked by most Guahibo. Dictionary. Grammar. SOV, SVO. Literacy rate in first language: 45%. Literacy rate in second language: 45%. Available in most areas. Available for some. Newspapers. Savannah, gallery forest. Plains, riverine, interfluvial. Swidden agriculturalists, fishermen, hunters-gatherers, limited animal husbandry. 200 meters. Traditional religion, Christian, secular. NT 1982. Also spoken in: Venezuela. (Language name: GUAHIBO.) Population: 5,000 in Venezuela. Alternate names: GUAJIBO, WAHIBO. Comments: The Guahiban languages may or may not be within Arawakan. Plains. NT 1982.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GuayaberoLanguage 'The &%GuayaberoLanguage is a &%GuahibanLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: GUO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,200 (1991 Adelaar). Region: Upper Guaviare River, Meta and Guaviare states. Alternate names: JIW, CUNIMIA, MITUS, MITIA. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 33%, 1 50%, 2 15%, 3 2%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Young children and older women are monolingual in Guayabero. Others know varying degrees of Spanish. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: Few. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20%. Available in most villages. Savannah, tropical forest. Riverine. Hunter-gatherers, swidden agriculturalists. Traditional religion. Bible portions 1961-1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MacaguanLanguage 'The &%MacaguanLanguage is a &%GuahibanLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: MBN. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 130 or more (1981 SIL). Region: Arauca, Agualinda, and San Jose de Lipa between the Lipa, Ele, and Cuiloto rivers and Cano Colorado, and other scattered locations. Alternate names: MACAGUANE, AGUALINDA GUAHIBO, HITNU. Comments: Unintelligible to speakers of other Guahibo varieties. Most are monolingual. Vigorous. Small groups. Semi-nomadic. Dictionary. Grammar. Hunter-gatherers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PlayeroLanguage s__GuahibanLanguage__t 'The &%PlayeroLanguage is a &%GuahibanLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: GOB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 150 to 160 (1983 SIL). Region: Arauca River, Venezuela border, Arauca Division, on the banks of the Arauca River from Gaviotas Island to Arauca. Alternate names: RIO ARAUCA GUAHIBO. Comments Low intelligibility with other Guahibo. Somewhat acculturated and bilingual in Spanish for trading purposes. Many have fields in Venezuela. Interested in literacy.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GulfLanguage 'A &%GulfLanguage is any of four languages found in the Gulf of Mexico region of the &%UnitedStates that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Since all four of these languages are now extinct, the entire language family is extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AtakapaLanguage 'The &%AtakapaLanguage is a &%GulfLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: ALE. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No speakers left out of a few individuals in the ethnic group (1977 SIL). Region: Southwestern Louisiana and southeastern Texas. Comments: Dictionary. Grammar. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChitimachaLanguage s__GulfLanguage__t 'The &%ChitimachaLanguage is a &%GulfLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CHM. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No speakers out of 300 population (1977 SIL). Region: Southern Louisiana. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NatchezLanguage 'The &%NatchezLanguage is a &%GulfLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: NCZ. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No speakers left. Region: Oklahoma. Comments: There are some individuals of Natchez descent among the Creek and Cherokee in Oklahoma. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TunicaLanguage 'The &%TunicaLanguage is a &%GulfLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: TUK. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No speakers left out of a population of 150 (1977 SIL). Region: Central Louisiana. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HarakmbetLanguage 'A &%HarakmbetLanguage is either of two languages found in &%Peru that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AmarakaeriLanguage s__HarakmbetLanguage__t 'The &%AmarakaeriLanguage is a &%HarakmbetLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: AMR. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 500 (1987 SIL). Region: Madre de Dios and Colorado rivers. Alternate names: AMARAKAIRE, AMARACAIRE, MASHCO. Dialects: KISAMBAERI. Comments: The Harakmbet languages are probably not within Arawakan. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 20%, 1 30%, 2 40%, 3 5%, 4 5%, 5 0%. Mashco is a derogatory term. Ethnic subgroups: Kochimberi, Kupondirideri, Wintaperi, Wakitaneri, Kareneri. Dictionary. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Gold panners. NT 1986.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HuachipaeriLanguage 'The &%HuachipaeriLanguage is a &%HarakmbetLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: HUG. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 130 to 215 including about 12 Sapiteri, 10 Toyeri, 20 Arasairi, 50 Manuquiari, 36 to 50 Pukirieri (Puncuri) (1981 SIL). Region: Upper Madre de Dios and Keros rivers. Alternate names: HUACHIPAIRE, WACIPAIRE, MASHCO. Dialects: HUACHIPAIRE, SAPITERI, TOYERI (TOYOERI, TUYUNERI), ARASAIRI. Comments: Closely related to Amarakaeri but they probably cannot use the same literature. The Sapiteri are integrating with the Amarakaeri. Toyeri is similar to Sapiteri. Some Kisambaeri (Amarakaeri dialect) have integrated with the Toyeri and others with the Sapiteri. Manuquiari may be a subgroup of Toyeri or Huachipaeri. Pukirieri may be a subgroup of Toyeri or Arasairi. Arasairi is distinct from Amarakaeri or Huachipaeri, similar to Sapiteri. Speakers are somewhat bilingual in Spanish. Mashco is a derogatory name. SOV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HmongMienLanguage s__HmongMienLanguage__t 'A &%HmongMienLanguage is any one of 32 languages forming a distinct family of languages unrelated to others. These languages are found in Southeast Asia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HokanLanguage s__HokanLanguage__t 'A &%HokanLanguage is any one of 28 languages forming a distinct family of languages unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HuaveanLanguage 'A &%HuaveanLanguage is any of the four Huave languages found in &%Mexico that together form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SanDionisioDelMarHuaveLanguage s__HuaveanLanguage__t 'The &%SanDionisioDelMarHuaveLanguage is a &%HuaveanLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: HVE. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 3,000 to 5,000 speakers (1993 G. Stairs SIL). Region: Southeastern coast, Oaxaca, Juchitan Distrct, San Dionisio del Mar. Comments: 98% intelligibility of Santa Maria del Mar Huave, 88% of San Mateo del Mar Huave. Bilingualism in Spanish. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency. Nontonal. Desert. Coastal. Fishermen. 0 to 60 meters.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SanFranciscoDelMarHuaveLanguage 'The &%SanFranciscoDelMarHuaveLanguage is a &%HuaveanLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: HUE. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 900 speakers out of an ethnic population of 3,900 (1990 census). Region: Southeastern coast, Oaxaca, Juchitan District, San Francisco del Mar, old town and new town. Comments: 38% intelligibility of San Mateo del Mar Huave. The most divergent variety of Huave. Only fishermen were tested, and they are familiar with the other varieties. Younger speakers use Spanish as second language. 2,000 to 3,000 in the new San Francisco town have shifted from Huave to Spanish. 30% to 40% monolingual in the old village. Nontonal. Desert. Coastal. Fishermen. 0 to 60 meters.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SanMateoDelMarHuaveLanguage 'The &%SanMateoDelMarHuaveLanguage is a &%HuaveanLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: HUV. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 12,000 including 1,800 monolinguals (1990 census). Region: Southeastern coast, Oaxaca, San Mateo del Mar. Comments: Only very limited intelligibility of other Huave varieties, 88% of San Dionicio del Mar. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 0.5%, 1 14.5%, 2 40%, 3 35%, 4 10%, 5 0%. Their legend says they came from Central America. SVO, nontonal, short words, affixes. Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Desert. Coastal. Fishermen, agriculturalists. sea level. NT 1972-1996.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SantaMariaDelMarHuaveLanguage 'The &%SantaMariaDelMarHuaveLanguage is a &%HuaveanLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: HVV. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 500 speakers in 100 families (1993 G. Stairs SIL). Region: Southeastern coast, Oaxaca, Santa Maria del Mar. Comments: Very limited intelligibility of other Huave, although closest to San Dionisio. Bilingualism in Spanish. Children learn Spanish first, but learn Huave by adulthood, because adults speak Huave. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Spanish. Nontonal. Desert. Coastal. Fishermen. 0 to 60 meters.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IndoEuropeanLanguage s__IndoEuropeanLanguage__t 'There are 433 languages categorized as an &%IndoEuropeanLanguage, forming a major family of the worlds languages and including many of the most familiar languages of Europe and South Asia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AlbanianLanguage s__AlbanianLanguage__t 'An &%AlbanianLanguage is any of four closely related &%IndoEuropeanLanguages spoken in &%Albania and nearby countries.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GhegGroupAlbanianLanguage 'Of the four &%AlbanianLanguages, one is classified as a &%GhegGroupAlbanianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GhegAlbanianLanguage s__GhegGroupAlbanianLanguage__t 'The &%GhegAlbanianLanguage is a &%GhegGroupAlbanianLanguage of &%Yugoslavia. SIL code: ALS. ISO 639-1: sq. ISO 639-2(B): alb. ISO 639-2(T): sqi. Population: 1,372,750 to 1,800,000 in Yugoslavia (1992). Ethnic Albanians are 90% of Kosovos 2,000,000 people (1998 Los Angeles Times). Population total all countries 2,000,000 (1980 UBS). Region: Kossovo-Metohija (Kosmet). Also spoken in Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, Slovenia, USA. Alternate names: GEG. Comments: Books are published in Gheg in Yugoslavia. Restrictions on Albanian at Kossovos university since 1990. Not endangered. Speakers are called Kossovar in Yugoslavia. Official language. Newspapers. Shiptars: Muslim. NT 1869-1990. Also spoken in: Albania. (Language name: ALBANIAN, GHEG.) Population: 300,000 in Albania. Alternate names: GEG, GHEG, SHOPNI, GUEGUE. Dialects: MANDRICA, SHIP (KOSOVE), SCUTARI, ELBASAN-TIRANA. Comments: Speakers may be bilingual in Standard Albanian. Predominantly Muslim except in the northwest around Scutari and the Mirdita, which are RC. NT 1869-1990. See main entry under Yugoslavia. Also spoken in: Bulgaria. (Language name: ALBANIAN, GHEG.) Population: 1,000 in Bulgaria (Newmark). Comments: Not intelligible with Tosk Albanian. NT 1869-1990. Also spoken in: Macedonia. (Language name: ALBANIAN, GHEG.) Population: 242,250 in Macedonia (1992). Alternate names: GEG. Comments: Shiptars: Sunni and Bektashi Muslim. NT 1869-1990.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ToskGroupAlbanianLanguage 'Of the four &%AlbanianLanguage, three are classified as a &%ToskGroupAlbanianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ArberesheAlbanianLanguage 'The &%ArberesheAlbanianLanguage is a &%ToskGroupAlbanianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: AAE. ISO 639-2: ine. Population: 80,000 (L. Newmark) to 100,000 speakers (N. Vincent in B. Comrie 1987), out of a population of 260,000 (1976 M. Stephens). Region: Southern, Calabria, Apulia, Basilicata, Molise, Sicily. Alternate names: ARBERESHE. Dialects: SICILIAN ALBANIAN, CALABRIAN ALBANIAN, CENTRAL MOUNTAIN ALBANIAN, CAMPO MARINO ALBANIAN. Comments: Speakers say the four Italian dialects are not inherently intelligible with each other. 45% lexical similarity with Tosk Albanian. Speakers are bilingual in Italian and regional Italian varieties in varying degrees, one report says they are highly bilingual. Albanian is the language of the home. Strong position in some districts. Not used in schools. No official status. Descendents of 15th century mercenaries. Some literature. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Italian, attitudes toward Italian. Farmers, shepherds. Christian. Bible portions 1868-1869.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ArvanitikaAlbanianLanguage s__ToskGroupAlbanianLanguage__t 'The &%ArvanitikaAlbanianLanguage is a &%ToskGroupAlbanianLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: AAT. ISO 639-2: ine. Population: 50,000 (Newmark) to 140,000 possible speakers (1977 Trudgill and Tzavaras). Region: Attica (Attiki), Bocotia (Viotia), southern Euboea (Evia), and the island of Salamis (Salamina), Epyrus region and Athens. Mainly rural. Alternate names: ARVANITIKA, ARVANITIC, ARBERICHTE. Dialects: THRACEAN ARVANITIKA, NORTHWESTERN ARVANITIKA, SOUTH CENTRAL ARVANITIKA. Comments: Arvanitika is partially intelligible to speakers of Tosk. Dialects are perceived as unintelligible to speakers of other dialects. Bilingualism in Greek. Speakers are older people. Young people are migrating to Athens and assimilating as Greeks. Some cultural revival since the 1980s. Speakers are called Arvanites. The language is heavily influenced by Greek. Greek or Roman script. Christian. NT 1827.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ToskAlbanianLanguage 'The &%ToskAlbanianLanguage is a &%ToskGroupAlbanianLanguage of &%Albania. SIL code: ALN. ISO 639-1: sq. ISO 639-2(B): alb. ISO 639-2(T): sqi. Population: 2,900,000 in Albania (1989). 3,202,000 in Albania including Gheg (1989), 98% of the population (1989). Population total all countries 3,000,000 for Tosk, 5,000,000 for all Albanian (L. Newmark and WA 1999). Region: Mainly south Albania to the Shkumbi River. Also spoken in Belgium, Canada, Egypt, Germany, Sweden, Turkey (Europe), Ukraine, USA. Alternate names: TOSK, ARNAUT, SHKIP, SHQIP, SKCHIP, SHQIPERE, ZHGABE. Dialects: ARBANASI (ZADAR), SREM (SYRMIA), CAMERIJA, KORCA. Comments: Reported to be inherently unintelligible with Gheg Albanian and partially intelligible with Arvanitika Albanian of Greece. Not intelligible with Arbereshe of Italy. Tosk has been the basis of the official language for Standard Albanian since 1952. It is used in schools. The Jevgjit claim to be Egyptians, but may be assimilated Roma. National language. Grammar. SVO. Deciduous forest. Coastal, mountain slope. Peasant agriculturalists, animal husbandry: sheep, petroleum workers. Sea level to 800 meters. Muslim, Christian (Orthodox). Bible 1993. Also spoken in: Turkey (Europe). (Language name: ALBANIAN, TOSK.) Population: 15,000 first language speakers (1980), out of 65,000 in Turkey (1993 Johnstone), 1,075 monolinguals (1965 census). Comments: 96% of speakers can use Turkish as second language. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ArmenianGroupLanguage s__ArmenianGroupLanguage__t 'An &%ArmenianGroupLanguage is either of two closely related &%IndoEuropeanLanguages spoken in &%Armenia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ArmenianLanguage 'The &%ArmenianLanguage is an &%ArmenianGroupLanguage of &%Armenia. SIL code: ARM. ISO 639-1: hy. ISO 639-2(B): arm. ISO 639-2(T): hye. Population: 3,197,000 in Armenia (1993 Johnstone). 91% of the ethnic group in the former USSR spoke it as mother tongue (1979 census). Population total all countries 6,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Throughout the country. Also spoken in 29 other countries including Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Egypt, Estonia, France, Georgia, Greece, Honduras, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon. Alternate names: HAIEREN, SOMKHURI, ENA, ERMENICE, ERMENI DILI, ARMJANSKI YAZYK. Dialects: EASTERN ARMENIAN, EREVAN (ERIWAN), TBILISI (TIFLIS), KARABAGH, SHAMAKHI (SCHAMACHI), ASTRAKHAN (ASTRACHAN), DZHULFA (DSCHUGHA, DSCHULFA), AGULIS, KHVOY-SALMST (CHOI-SALMST), URMIA-MARAGHEH (URMIA-MARAGHA), ARTVIN (ARTWIN), KARIN (ERZURUM, ERZERUM), MUS (MUSCH), VAN (WAN), TIGRANAKERT (DIYARBAKIR, DIARBEKIR), KHARBERD (CHARBERD, ERZINCAN, ERZENKA), SHABIN-KARAHISSAR (SCHABIN-KARAHISSAR), TRABZON (TRAPEZUNT), HAMSHEN (HAMSCHEN), MALATYA (MALATIA), KILIKIEN, SYRIA (SYRIEN), ARABKIR, AKN, SEBASTE, EWDOKIA (TOKAT), SMYRNA (IZMIR), NORTH KOMEDIA, CONSTANTINOPLE (KONSTANTINOPEL, ISTANBUL), RODOSTO, CRIMEA (KRIM), ASHKHARIK. Comments: All dialects in all countries usually reported to be inherently intelligible. Russian (about 30% of Armenians in Armenia). Eastern Armenian (Ashkharik) spoken in Armenia, Turkey, Iran. National language. SVO. Unique alphabet. National Armenian Christian Church. Bible 1883-1994. Also spoken in: Azerbaijan. (Language name: ARMENIAN.) Alternate names: HAIEREN, SOMKHURI, ERMENICE, ARMJANSKI. Dialects: WESTERN ARMENIAN. Comments: Christian, Monophysite. Bible 1853-1978. Also spoken in: Cyprus. (Language name: ARMENIAN.) Population: 2,740 in Cyprus (1987). Alternate names: HAIEREN, SOMKHURI, ERMENICE, ARMJANSKI. Dialects: WESTERN ARMENIAN. Comments: Most speak Greek. The older ones speak Turkish. Urban population. Christian. Bible 1853-1978. Also spoken in: Iran. (Language name: ARMENIAN.) Population: 170,800 in Iran (1993). Alternate names: HAIEREN, SOMEKHURI, ERMENICE, ARMJANSKI. Dialects: EASTERN ARMENIAN, AGULIS, ASTRAKHAN, EREVAN, JOLFA (DZHULFA), KARABAGH SHAMAKHI, TBILISI (TIFLIS), ARTVIN, KHOI-SALMST (KHVOY), URMIA-MARAGHEH. Comments: Dialects listed are Eastern. Eastern Armenian is spoken in Armenia and its Turkish and Iranian borderlands, Western Armenian is spoken elsewhere. Western Armenian is understood only by some in Iran. Christian. Bible 1883-1994. Also spoken in: Iraq. (Language name: ARMENIAN.) Population: 60,000 in Iraq. Dialects: WESTERN ARMENIAN. Comments: Christian. Bible 1853-1978. Also spoken in: Israel. (Language name: ARMENIAN.) Population: 3,000 in Israel (1971 The Armenian Review). Alternate names: HAIEREN, SOMKHURI, ERMENICE, ARMJANSKI. Dialects: WESTERN ARMENIAN. Comments: Bilingualism in South Levantine Arabic. Eastern Armenian is spoken in Armenia, Turkey, and Iran, Western in other countries, including Israel. SVO. Christian. Bible 1853-1978. Also spoken in: Jordan. (Language name: ARMENIAN.) Population: 8,000 in Jordan (1971 The Armenian Review). Dialects: WESTERN ARMENIAN. Comments: Christian. Bible 1853-1978. Also spoken in: Lebanon. (Language name: ARMENIAN.) Population: 234,600 in Lebanon, 6% of the population (1986). Alternate names: ERMENICE, ARMANSKI, HAIEREN, SOMKHURI. Dialects: WESTERN ARMENIAN. Comments: Eastern dialect (4,341,000) spoken in Armenia and in its Turkish and Iranian borderlands. Western dialect (879,612) spoken elsewhere. Language of wider communication. Christian. Bible 1853-1978. Also spoken in: Syria. (Language name: ARMENIAN.) Population: 320,000 in Syria (1993), 2.8% of the population (1986). Alternate names: HAIEREN, SOMKHURI, ERMENICE, ARMJANSKI. Dialects: WESTERN ARMENIAN. Comments: Eastern dialect spoken in Armenia and its Turkish and Iranian borderlands. Western dialect spoken elsewhere. In Syria, people in Kessaberen (northeastern mountain village of Kessab) and the village of Musa Dagh (now relocated to Lebanon) speak related varieties which other Western Armenian speakers do not understand. Most speakers of Kessaberen have now learned Western Armenian. Language of wider communication. Christian. Bible 1853-1978. Also spoken in: Turkey (Europe). (Language name: ARMENIAN.) Population: 40,000 first language speakers out of 70,000 ethnic group in Turkey (1980 estimate), 1,022 monolingual speakers (1965 census). Alternate names: HAIEREN, SOMKHURI, ERMENICE, ARMJANSKI. Dialects: EASTERN ARMENIAN. Comments: Eastern dialect spoken in Armenia and its Iranian and Turkish borderlands. Western dialect spoken elsewhere. Western (Turkish) Armenian and Ararat (Russian) are easily intelligible. 96% bilingual in Turkish. Christian. Bible 1883-1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LomavrenLanguage 'The &%LomavrenLanguage is an &%ArmenianGroupLanguage of &%Armenia. SIL code: RMI. ISO 639-2: ine. Population: No estimate available. Region: Armenia, southern Caucasus. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Russia (Asia), Syria. Alternate names: ARMENIAN BOSHA, ARMENIAN BOSA, BOSHA, BOSA. Comments: Gramatically restructured to be like Armenian with phonology and lexicon also influenced by Armenian. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Armenian. Also spoken in: Syria. (Language name: LOMAVREN.) Alternate names: ARMENIAN BOSHA, ARNEBUAB BISA, BOSHA, BOSA. Comments: Restructured Armenian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BalticLanguage s__BalticLanguage__t 'A &%BalticLanguage is any of three closely related &%IndoEuropeanLanguages spoken in the Baltic lands.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EasternBalticLanguage 'Of the three &%BalticLanguages, two are classified as an &%EasternBalticLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LatvianLanguage s__EasternBalticLanguage__t 'The &%LatvianLanguage is an &%EasternBalticLanguage of &%Latvia. SIL code: LAT. ISO 639-1: lv. ISO 639-2: lav. Population: 1,394,000 in Latvia including over 500,000 Latgalians. Population total all countries 1,500,000 (1995 V. Zeps). Region: Also spoken in Australia, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Estonia, Germany, Lithuania, New Zealand, Russia (Europe), Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom, USA, Venezuela. Alternate names: LATVISKA, LETTISH, LETTISCH. Dialects: WEST LATVIAN (CENTRAL LATVIAN), EAST LATVIAN (HIGH LATVIAN, LATGALIAN). Comments: Tamian is a subdialect of Central Latvian. Latvians do not like the term Lettish. National language. Grammar. Roman script. Christian. Bible 1689-1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LithuanianLanguage 'The &%LithuanianLanguage is an &%EasternBalticLanguage of &%Lithuania. SIL code: LIT. ISO 639-1: lt. ISO 639-2: lit. Population: 2,955,200 in Lithuania (including 3,460 Tatar) or about 80% of the population (1998). Population total all countries 4,000,000 (1993 UBS). Region: Lithuania. Capital is Vilnius. Also spoken in Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Poland, Russia (Europe), Sweden, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, United Kingdom, Uruguay, USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: LIUTUVISKAI, LIETUVI, LITOVSKIY, LITEWSKI, LITAUISCHE. Dialects: AUKSHTAITISH (AUKSHTAICHIAI, AUKSTAITISKAI, HIGHLAND LITHUANIAN), DZUKISH (DZUKISKAI), SHAMAITISH (SAMOGITIAN, ZHEMAITISH, ZEMAITIS, ZEMAITISKAI, ZEMACHIAI, LOWLAND LITHUANIAN), SUVALKIETISKAI. Comments: Aukstaitiskai speakers can understand Suvalkai easily, Dzukai with a little difficulty, and vice versa. Zemaitiskai is difficult for all others to understand. Second languages Russian or English used with foreigners. All domains. All ages. Highlanders look down on lowlanders. Some speakers have reserved attitudes toward Russian and Polish. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. Postpositions, genitives, relatives after noun heads. Literacy rate in first language: 99%. Roman script. Christian, Muslim (Tatar). Bible 1735-1998.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WesternBalticLanguage 'Of the three &%BalticLanguages, one is classified as a &%WesternBalticLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PrussianLanguage s__WesternBalticLanguage__t 'The &%PrussianLanguage is a &%WesternBalticLanguage of &%Poland. SIL code: PRG. ISO 639-2: bat. Region: East Prussia, formerly in Germany, now in Poland and Russia. Alternate names: OLD PRUSSIAN. Comments: Among other extinct Baltic languages are: Selonian, Yotvingian, Semigallian, Curonian. Became extinct the end of the 17th or beginning of the 18th century. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CelticLanguage s__CelticLanguage__t 'A &%CelticLanguage is any of seven closely related &%IndoEuropeanLanguages spoken in the &%UnitedKingdom, &%Ireland, and northern &%France.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__InsularCelticLanguage 'All seven &%CelticLanguages are also classified as an &%InsularCelticLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BrythonicLanguage 'Of the seven &%InsularCelticLanguages (&%CelticLanguages), three are classified as a &%BrythonicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BretonLanguage 'The &%BretonLanguage is a &%BrythonicLanguage of &%France. SIL code: BRT. ISO 639-1: br. ISO 639-2: bre. Population: 500,000 speakers for whom it is the daily language in France (1989 ICDBL). 1,200,000 know Breton who do not regularly use it. Population total both countries 500,000. Region: Western Brittany, and dispersed in Eastern Brittany and Breton emigrant communities throughout the world. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: BREZHONEG. Dialects: LEONAIS, TREGORROIS, VANNETAIS, CORNOUAILLAIS. Comments: Some claim to be monolingual in Breton. 18,000 speakers are children under 14 years, 56,250 between 15 and 24, 423,000 between 25 and 64, 168,000 over 65 (1974). No official status. Strong nationalistic movement demanding recognition, a place in the schools, media, and public life. VSO, prepositions, genitives, adjectives, relatives after noun heads, articles, numerals before noun heads, question word initial, probably 2 prefixes, 2 or 3 suffixes on a word, topic or focus first, verb second, verb affixes mark person, number of subject, passives, causatives and comparatives shown lexically, up to 3 consonants syllable initially, and 3 finally, one vowel, nontonal. Literacy rate in first language: 25% can read and write Breton. Radio programs, TV. Bible 1866-1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CornishLanguage 'The &%CornishLanguage is a &%BrythonicLanguage of the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: CRN. ISO 639-1: kw. ISO 639-2: cor. Population: A number of people under 20 years of age are first language speakers. There are 1,000 speakers who use Cornish as their everyday language, and about 2,000 others who speak it fluently (1999). Region: Duchy of Cornwall, southwest of England. Alternate names: KERNOWEK, KERNEWEK, CURNOACK. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Some children grow up bilingual. Church services are held in Cornish. There are evening classes, correspondence courses, summer camps, childrens play groups. There is a Cornish Language Board. It became extinct as a first language in 1777, but is being revived. Two spelling systems are in use. Taught in some schools. Bible portions 1936.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WelshLanguage s__BrythonicLanguage__t 'The &%WelshLanguage is a &%BrythonicLanguage of the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: WLS. ISO 639-1: cy. ISO 639-2(B): wel. ISO 639-2(T): cym. Population: 508,098 speakers (1991 census). Out of 575,102 speakers in 1971, it included 32,700 monolinguals, 542,402 bilinguals (1971 census). Population total all countries 580,000. Region: Northern, western, and southern Wales. Also spoken in Argentina, Canada. Alternate names: CYMRAEG. Dialects: NORTHERN WELSH, SOUTHERN WELSH, PATAGONIAN WELSH. Comments: 44,600 between 5 and 9 years old and speak Welsh, 47,100 between 10 and 14 years old (1991). 19% of the Welsh population speak the language, and 33% able to understand it (1998). Literature being produced. The Royal National Eisteddfod meets annually. 88% of those questioned believe they should be proud of Welsh, and that it should be treated equally with English. There is an increase in the number of parents choosing a Welsh-medium education for their children. Official language. Dictionary. Grammar. VSO. 525 Welsh primary and secondary schools provide Welsh-medium education to over 82,000 children (1999). Compulsory in most Welsh schools. Magazines, radio programs, TV. Bible 1588-1988.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GoidelicLanguage s__InsularCelticLanguage__t 'Of the seven &%InsularCelticLanguages (&%CelticLanguages), three are classified as a &%GoidelicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IrishGaelicLanguage 'The &%IrishGaelicLanguage is a &%GoidelicLanguage of &%Ireland. SIL code: GLI. ISO 639-1: ga. ISO 639-2: gle. Population: 260,000 fluent or native speakers (1983 census), 13% of the population (1983 census). 13% of the population over 3 claim to be Irish speakers (1981 census). Population total all countries 260,000 or more. Region: Western isles northwest and southwest coasts, Galway, part of Mayo, Kerry, Donegal, Meath, Cork, Waterford, Scotland (Albain), Isle of Mann. Also spoken in Brazil, Canada, United Kingdom, USA. Alternate names: IRISH, ERSE, GAEILGE. Dialects: MUNSTER, CONNACHT, DONEGAL, LEINSTER, ULSTER. Comments: Bilingualism in English. It is taught as an official language in schools and encouraged by the government. National language. VSO. Bible 1685-1989. Also spoken in: United Kingdom. (Language name: GAELIC, IRISH.) Alternate names: IRISH, ERSE. Comments: Grammar. Bible 1685-1989.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ScotsGaelicLanguage 'The &%ScotsGaelicLanguage is a &%GoidelicLanguage of the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: GLS. ISO 639-1: gd. ISO 639-2: gla. Population: 88,892 including 477 monolinguals, 88,415 bilinguals in Scotland (1971 census). Population total all countries 94,000. Region: North and central counties of Ross, Islands of Hebrides and Skye. Also spoken in Australia, Canada, USA. Alternate names: GAIDHLIG, GAELIC. Dialects: EAST SUTHERLANDSHIRE. Comments: Church Gaelic is based on the Perthshire dialect of 200 years ago, and is at a distance from spoken dialects. East Sutherlandshire dialect is so different from other spoken dialects as to be a barrier to communication. In some communities it is primarily used in the home, in church, and for social purposes. Books and journals are produced on various topics. Resurgence of interest in Scots Gaelic in the 1990s has been given a boost by the establishing of Scotlands own Parliament, for the first time in 300 years. Investigation needed: intelligibility with East Sutherlandshire. VSO. Literacy rate in first language: 50% (1971 census). In bilingual areas Gaelic is usually the first language of instruction for most primary subjects. Gaelic Medium Education schools have been set up. Newspapers, radio programs. Bible 1801-1991.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SheltaLanguage s__GoidelicLanguage__t 'The &%SheltaLanguage is a &%GoidelicLanguage of &%Ireland. SIL code: STH. ISO 639-2: cel. Population: 6,000 in Ireland. Population total all countries 86,000. Region: Also spoken in United Kingdom, USA. Alternate names: THE CANT, CANT, IRISH TRAVELER CANT, SHELDRU, GAMMON. Comments: The secret language, or cryptolect, of Travellers in the British Isles. Based largely on Irish. Not Gypsies.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ManxLanguage 'The &%ManxLanguage is a &%GoidelicLanguage of the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: MJD. ISO 639-1: gv. ISO 639-2: glv. Population: On the Isle of Man: 77,000 residents (1998 UN). Region Isle of Man, part of the British Isles, a Crown Dependency, with its own Parliament, laws, currency, and taxation. The United Kingdom represents the Isle of Man at the United Nations. Alternate names: GAELG, GAILCK, MANX GAELIC. Comments: It became extinct during this century as a first language. There are efforts to revive it. Second language for 200 to 300 who have mainly learned it as adults. Used for some public functions. It was supplanted by Manx Vernacular English, which in turn is now being supplanted by other varieties of English. Grammar. Extinct. Bible 1773.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GermanicLanguage 'A &%GermanicLanguage is any of 58 closely related &%IndoEuropeanLanguages spoken in the &%UnitedKingdom and northern and central &%Europe.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EastGermanicLanguage 'Of the 58 &%GermanicLanguages, just one is classified as an &%EastGermanicLanguage. This is the extinct &%GothicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GothicLanguage s__EastGermanicLanguage__t 'The &%GothicLanguage is an &%EastGermanicLanguage of the &%Ukraine. SIL code: GOF. ISO 639-2: got. Region: Bulgaria and central Europe. Dialects: CRIMEAN GOTHIC, OSTROGOTH, VISIGOTH. Comments Some settlements survived in Crimea until the 18th century (Bloomfield 1933). Extinct. Bible 520. Also spoken in: Bulgaria. (Language name: GOTHIC. Dialects: CRIMEAN GOTHIC, OSTROGOTH, VISIGOTH. Comments: Some settlements survived in the Crimea until the 18th century (Bloomfield 1933). Extinct. Bible 520.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthGermanicLanguage s__GermanicLanguage__t 'Of the 58 &%GermanicLanguages, 14 are classified as a &%NorthGermanicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EastScandinavianLanguage s__EastScandinavianLanguage__t s__NorthGermanicLanguage__t 'Of the 14 &%NorthGermanicLanguages, eight are classified as a &%EastScandinavianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DanishSwedishLanguage 'Of the eight &%EastScandinavianLanguages, all eight are classified as a &%DanishSwedishLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DanishBokmalLanguage s__DanishBokmalLanguage__t s__DanishSwedishLanguage__t 'Of the eight &%DanishSwedishLanguages, four are classified as a &%DanishBokmalLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BokmalGroupLanguage s__BokmalGroupLanguage__t 'Of the four &%DanishBokmalLanguages, one is classified as a &%BokmalGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BokmalNorwegianLanguage 'The &%BokmalNorwegianLanguage is a &%BokmalGroupLanguage of &%Norway. SIL code: NRR. ISO 639-1: nb. ISO 639-2: nob. Population: 4,250,000 including Nynorsk, 99.5% of population (1991 WA). Population total all countries: 5,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in Canada, Ecuador, Sweden, UAE, USA. Alternate names: BOKMAAL, RIKSMAAL, DANO-NORWEGIAN, NORWEGIAN. Dialects: WESTERN NORWEGIAN (COASTAL NORWEGIAN), CENTRAL NORWEGIAN (MIDLAND NORWEGIAN), EASTERN NORWEGIAN (OSTLANDET), NORTHERN NORWEGIAN (TRONDELAAG, NORDLAND). Comments: Norwegian form of Danish and based on urban dialects. One of the two norms for written Norwegian. Spoken Norwegian has many dialects, grouped as shown under the dialect list. It was reported in 1971 that 82.5% of the pupils used Riksmaal as their main written language. Primarily urban. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO. Bible 1834-1978.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DanishGroupLanguage s__DanishGroupLanguage__t 'Of the four &%DanishBokmalLanguages, three are classified as a &%DanishGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DanishLanguage 'The &%DanishLanguage is a &%DanishGroupLanguage of &%Denmark. SIL code: DNS. ISO 639-1: da. ISO 639-2: dan. Population: 5,000,000 in Denmark (1980). Population total all countries: 5,326,000. Region: Also spoken in Canada, Germany, Greenland, Norway, Sweden, UAE, USA. Alternate names: DANSK, CENTRAL DANISH, SJAELLAND. Comments: See separate entries for Skane, often called Eastern Danish and Jutish, often called Western Danish. Also see Norwegian, Riksmal. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO. Christian. Bible 1550, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Germany. (Language name: DANISH.) Population: 50,000 in Germany (1976 Stephens). Alternate names: DANISCH, DANSK. Comments: There are Danish schools. Bible 1550, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Greenland. (Language name: DANISH.) Population: 7,830 in Greenland, 14.5% of the population (1986). Comments: National language. Bible 1550, in press (1993).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__JutishLanguage 'The &%JutishLanguage is a &%DanishGroupLanguage of &%Denmark. SIL code: JUT. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: German-Danish border area, Southern Jutland on the Danish side, and in northern Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Also spoken in Germany. Alternate names: JUTLANDISH, JYSK, WESTERN DANISH. Comments: The westernmost and southernmost dialects differ so much from Standard Danish, that many people from the Eastern Islands have great difficulty understanding it. From the viewpoint of inherent intelligibility, it could be considered a separate language (Norbert Strade). All inhabitants in Rudbol village are reported to be able to speak 5 languages: Danish, Jutish, North Frisian, Low Saxon, and German.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TravellerDanishLanguage 'The &%TravellerDanishLanguage is a &%DanishGroupLanguage of &%Denmark. SIL code: RMD. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: RODI, ROTWELSCH. Comments: An independent language based on Danish with heavy lexical borrowing from Northern Romani. Not inherently intelligible with Angloromani. It may be intelligible with Traveller Norwegian and Traveller Swedish. There are reported to be few speakers. It may be linguistically extinct (D. Kenrick 1986). Romani people were transported to Denmark by James IV of Scotland in July 1505.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SwedishGroupLanguage s__SwedishGroupLanguage__t 'Of the eight &%DanishSwedishLanguages, four are classified as a &%SwedishGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DalecarlianLanguage 'The &%DalecarlianLanguage is a &%SwedishGroupLanguage of &%Sweden. SIL code: DLC. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 1,500 (1996 Oesten Dahl). Region: Upper Dalecarlia (Oevre Dalarna), especially Aelvdalen (Elfdal). Alternate names: DALSKA, DALMAAL. Comments: Quite deviant from other varieties. Various dialects, some of which are reported to be unintelligible to each others speakers. Bilingualism in Swedish.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SkaneLanguage 'The &%SkaneLanguage is a &%SwedishGroupLanguage of &%Sweden. SIL code: SCY. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 1,500,000 (1998 Scanian Regional Institute). Population total both countries 1,500,000. Region: Blekinge, Halland, Skane in Sweden. The main regional city is Malmo. Alternate names: SKANSKA, SCANIAN, SKANSK. Dialects: HALLAENDSKA, SKANSKA, BLEKINGSKA, BORNHOLM. Comments: Speakers are highly bilingual in Swedish. The language has had no recognition since Sweden obtained Scania from Denmark in 1658. It is called Southern Swedish in Sweden, and Eastern Danish in Denmark. Today it is heavily influenced by Swedish in Sweden. Dictionary. Literacy rate in second language: 100% Swedish. Bible 1523. Also spoken in: Denmark. (Language name: SKANE.) Alternate names: SKANSKA, SCANIAN, EASTERN DANISH. Dialects: HALLAENDSKA, SKANSKA, BLEKINGSKA, BORNHOLM. Comments: Speakers are highly bilingual in Swedish or Danish. The language has had no recognition since Sweden obtained Scania from Denmark in 1658. It is called Southern Swedish in Sweden, and Eastern Danish in Denmark. Bible 1523.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SwedishLanguage 'The &%SwedishLanguage is a &%SwedishGroupLanguage of &%Sweden. SIL code: SWD. ISO 639-1: sv. ISO 639-2: swe. Population: 7,825,000 in Sweden, 93% of the population (1986), including 5,000 speakers of Gutniska (1998 Sven Hakansson). Gutniska has 10,000 second language speakers. Population total all countries 9,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: The Gota dialect group is southern, including parts of Smaland, south Swedish provinces, Varmland, Vastergvtland, the Svea dialect group is northern, including Halsingland, parts of Ostergotland and Uppland, and the Swedish-speaking parts of Finland. Southern Swedish is in Skaane, Blekinge, southern Smaland, southern Halland. Northern Swedish is from northern Halsingland and Jamtland and northwards. Eastern Swedish is in Finland, Estonia, and Gammalsvenskby, Ukraine. Gutnic is in southeastern Isle of Gotland and Faaroe. Nearly extinct in Estonia. Also spoken in Canada, Estonia, Finland, Norway, UAE, USA. Alternate names: SVENSKA, RUOTSI. Dialects: NORTHERN SWEDISH (NORRLAND), EASTERN SWEDISH (FINLAND SWEDISH, ESTONIAN SWEDISH), SVEA, GUTNISKA (GUTAMAL, GOTLANDIC, GUTNIC). Comments: Proper Swedish is considered to be spoken in Svealand. Dialect investigation is needed of diverse varieties Gutniska, Overkalixmal, Norpes, Pitemal, provinces around the Bothnic Sea (Vasterbotten and Norbotten in Sweden, and Oesterbotten in Finland), and the island of Gotland. Gutniska is descended from Forngutniska (Old Gotlandic), which is ranked as a separate language. A mixed variety, with Turkish influence, Rinkebysvenska, is used among immigrants. There are, or were, Swedish varieties spoken in Estonia and Ukraine which are now more or less extinct. See separate listing for Skane, often called Southern Swedish. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Gutniska, Overkalixmal, Pitemal, Norpes, Skane. National language. Bible 1541-1999. Also spoken in: Finland. (Language name: SWEDISH.) Population: 296,000 in Finland, 5.7% of the population (1997). Dialects: STANDARD SWEDISH, OSROBOTHNIAN, ALAND ISLANDS SWEDISH, SOUTHWEST FINLAND SWEDISH, UUSIMAA SWEDISH. Comments: Swedish Finns have a distinctive pronunciation compared to the dialect in Sweden, but no apparent difficulty in intelligibility. Some Ostrobothnian dialects are intelligible to others with difficulty. Perhaps 3/4 of speakers are fluent in Finnish, 1/4 are totally bilingual. National language. Bible 1541-1999.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TavringerRomaniLanguage 'The &%TavringerRomaniLanguage is a &%SwedishGroupLanguage of &%Sweden. SIL code: RMU. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 25,000 in Sweden (1998 Hallman). Population total both countries 31,000. Region: Scattered all over Sweden. Alternate names: ROMMANI, SVENSK ROMMANI, TRAVELLER SWEDISH, TATTARE. Comments: Not intelligible with Angloromani. Speakers are fluent in Swedish or Norwegian. Used mainly as a secret language by the speakers (D. Kenrick 1985), a Gypsy group in Sweden. An independent language based on Swedish with heavy lexical borrowing from Northern Romani. Romani people arrived in Sweden via Denmark in 1512. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Traveller Norwegian, Traveller Danish, bilingual proficiency in Swedish. Also spoken in: Norway. (Language name: TAVRINGER ROMANI.) Population: 6,000 in Norway (1998 Hallman). Alternate names: ROMMANI, SVENSK ROMMANI, TRAVELLER SWEDISH, TATTARE. Comments: Not intelligible with Angloromani. Speakers are fluent in Swedish or Norwegian. Used mainly as a secret language by the speakers (D. Kenrick 1985). An independent language based on Swedish with heavy lexical borrowing from Northern Romani. Romani people arrived in Sweden via Denmark in 1512. A Gypsy group.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WestGermanicLanguage 'Of the 58 &%GermanicLanguages, 43 are classified as a &%WestGermanicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EnglishGroupLanguage s__EnglishGroupLanguage__t s__WestGermanicLanguage__t 'Of the 43 &%WestGermanicLanguages, five are classified as an &%EnglishGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CaymanIslandsEnglishLanguage 'The &%CaymanIslandsEnglishLanguage is an &%EnglishGroupLanguage of the &%CaymanIslands. SIL code: CYE. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 10,770 (1995). Comments: The colloquial English seems to have borrowed creole features similar to Jamaica and Central America without having undergone creolization (John Holm 1989:479-80). Structurally similar to a creole language. May be close to Northern Central America Creole English. Agriculturalists: cotton.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' 'The &%EnglishLanguage is an &%EnglishGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: ENG. ISO 639-1: en. ISO 639-2: eng. Population: 55,000,000 first language speakers in United Kingdom (1984 estimate). Population total all countries 341,000,000 first language speakers (1999 WA), 508,000,000 including second language speakers (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in 104 other countries including American Samoa, Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Botswana, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Cook Islands, Denmark. Dialects: COCKNEY, SCOUSE, GEORDIE, WEST COUNTRY, EAST ANGLIA, BIRMINGHAM (BRUMMY, BRUMMIE), SOUTH WALES, EDINBURGH, BELFAST, CORNWALL, CUMBERLAND, CENTRAL CUMBERLAND, DEVONSHIRE, EAST DEVONSHIRE, DORSET, DURHAM, BOLTON LANCASHIRE, NORTH LANCASHIRE, RADCLIFFE LANCASHIRE, NORTHUMBERLAND, NORFOLK, NEWCASTLE NORTHUMBERLAND, TYNESIDE NORTHUMBERLAND, LOWLAND SCOTTISH, SOMERSET, SUSSEX, WESTMORLAND, NORTH WILTSHIRE, CRAVEN YORKSHIRE, NORTH YORKSHIRE, SHEFFIELD YORKSHIRE, WEST YORKSHIRE. Comments: 60% lexical similarity with German, 27% with French, 24% with Russian. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO, prepositions, genitives after noun heads, articles, adjectives, numerals before noun heads, question word initial, word order distinguishes subject, object, indirect objects, given and new information, topic and comment, active and passive, causative, comparative, consonant and vowel clusters, nontonal. Deciduous forest. Island, plains, hills. Industrial, fishermen, craftsman. Christian. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: American Samoa. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,248 first language speakers in American Samoa, foreign born (1970 census), 15,050 mainly second language speakers, representing 75% of the native born population. Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Anguilla. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Antigua and Barbuda. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Aruba. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: ARUBA ENGLISH. Comments: The third most important language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Australia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 15,682,000 in Australia (1987), 95% of population (1980 WA). Dialects: AUSTRALIAN STANDARD ENGLISH, ABORIGINAL ENGLISH, NEO-NYUNGAR (NOONGA, NOONGAR, NOOGAR). Comments: Minor regional dialect differences. Neo-Nyungar is the community dialect of the Nyungar people. National language. Dictionary. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Bahamas. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Barbados. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 13,000 (1995). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Belize. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 55,998 in Belize (1991 census). Comments: Used in education, government, and business. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Bermuda. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 58,800 in Bermuda (1989 estimate). Dialects: BERMUDAN ENGLISH. Comments: Colloquial English may not be a creole but a regional variety of uncreolized English. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Botswana. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Alternate names: SEKGOA. Comments: International trade, medium of western influences, language of instruction from fifth grade, written language, official purposes, as second language. Official language. Taught as a subject from the beginning of primary school as a required subject. Officially becomes the language of instruction in Standard 5. Standard 7 exams are written in English. Medium of instruction. Newspapers, magazines, radio programs, TV. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: British Indian Ocean Territory. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: The indigenous population no longer resides in the islands. Current residents include members of the USA military, a small detachment of British officials, and support staff, mainly of Mauritian and Philippine origin. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: British Virgin Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 2,000 (1998). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Brunei. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 8,000 in Brunei. 16% of ethnic Chinese speak English as first language. Probably other first language speakers. Comments: Government, education. Used increasingly by educated speakers as first or second language. National language. Newspapers, TV. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Cameroon. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Canada. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 17,100,000 mother tongue speakers in Canada, or 60% of the population (1998 Statistics Canada). 820,000 mother tongue speakers in Quebec (1995 Statistics Canada), plus another 1,500,000 in Quebec whose first or second language is English (1995 Statistics Canada). Dialects: NEWFOUNDLAND ENGLISH. Comments: National language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Cayman Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 9,200 (1993). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Cook Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 683 in Cook Islands (1966 UN report). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Dominica. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: DOMINICAN ENGLISH. Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Eritrea. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Language of higher education and many technical fields. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Ethiopia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,986 mother tongue speakers, 169,726 second language users (1998 census). Comments: Language of higher education, many technical fields, and international communication. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Falkland Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,991 in Falkland Islands (1993 Johnstone). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Fiji. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 4,929 Europeans in Fiji (1976 census). An additional 10,276 or 1.8% of population (1976 census) are part-European, and speak English and Fijian. Comments: Also used by many urban Chinese (4,652 in 1976), Rotuman, occasionally by Indians, rarely by Fijians (P. Geraghty 1981). Main language of commerce, education, government. There are also reports of a Fijian Pidgin English. National language. Newspapers, radio programs. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Gambia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Ghana. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 1,000,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Gibraltar. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,300 in Gibraltar (1993 Johnstone). Dialects: YANITO. Comments: Yanito is spoken by most Gibraltarians among themselves. It is a dialect of English with a strong Spanish influence, with over 500 words coming from Genoese (Ligurian) and Hebrew. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Grenada. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: GRENADIAN ENGLISH. Comments: Post-creole English with French Creole influences (M. Alleyne). National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Guam. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 28,800 in Guam (1987). Comments: USA military and dependents. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Guyana. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: GUYANESE ENGLISH. Comments: Spoken as first language by some Blacks and some Hindustanis. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Honduras. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 9,000 first language speakers in Honduras. Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: India. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 11,021,610 (1961 census). Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Ireland. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 2,600,000 in Ireland (1983 estimate). Dialects: SOUTH HIBERNO ENGLISH, NORTH HIBERNO ENGLISH. Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Israel. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 100,000 in Israel (1993). Alternate names: ANGLIT. Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Jamaica. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Kenya. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Mainly second language speakers. Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Kiribati. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 338 in Kiribati (1978 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Lebanon. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Has been used to some extent since the founding of the American University of Beirut in 1866. Many English language publications. Not spoken on the street or in Lebanese homes. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Lesotho. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Liberia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 69,000 or 2.5% of the population are Americo-Liberian (1993). Dialects: LIBERIAN STANDARD ENGLISH. Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Malawi. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 16,000 in Malawi (1993). Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Malaysia (Peninsular). (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Malta. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 2,400 speakers in Malta (1993 Johnstone). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Marshall Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Mauritius. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,000 in Mauritius (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Used in secondary school, courts, for road signs. Not widely known. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Micronesia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,540 first language speakers in Micronesia, foreign born (1970 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Midway Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 2,256 in Midway (1975 WA). Comments: National language. 99% USA military. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Montserrat. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Namibia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 10,941 in Namibia (1991 census). Comments: Not understood or spoken by everyone. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Nauru. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 564 first language speakers, 7,254 including second language users (1979 Government figures). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Netherlands Antilles. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Post-creole English is the dialect used (Alleyne). The third most important language in Netherlands Antilles. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: New Zealand. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,213,000 in New Zealand (1987), 90% of the population. Comments: National language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Nigeria. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 1,000,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Used in government, education. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Niue. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers in Niue: 2,082. Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Norfolk Island. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,678 in Norfolk Island (1980 Government report). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Northern Mariana Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Pakistan. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Mainly second language speakers in Pakistan. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Palau. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Papua New Guinea. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 50,000 in Papua New Guinea (1987), 1.5% of the population. Comments: Official language. Used in schools. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Philippines. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 32,802 in Philippines (1990 census). 52% of the population said they could speak it as a second language (1980 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Pitcairn. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Puerto Rico. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 82,000 mother tongue speakers (1995), 376,371 second language users (1970 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Rwanda. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Mainly second language speakers. Comments: There may be more users of English than of French. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Seychelles. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,601 in Seychelles (1971 census). Comments: Principal language of the schools. Official language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Sierra Leone. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Used in administration, law, education, commerce. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Singapore. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 227,000 speakers, 8.9% of population, 729,000 second language users (literate in English) in Singapore, 28.5% of population (1985 estimate). Comments: Ethnic groups which use English: Chinese 154,000, 68%, European and Eurasian 34,000, 15%, Indian 32,000, 14%, Malay 6,000, 3%. Chinese varieties and Tamil also used at home. National language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Solomon Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Somalia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Used more in the north. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: South Africa. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,500,000 in South Africa (1991 Christos van Rensburg), 9.1% of the population (1995 The Economist). Comments: The main means of communication in urban areas. Many second generation people from India, Portugal, Germany, and Greece speak English as first language. Official language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Sri Lanka. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 97,000 first language speakers in Sri Lanka (1962). Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Helena. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Kitts-Nevis. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Lucia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: ST. LUCIAN ENGLISH. Comments: There is an emerging English vernacular on St. Lucia, in a certain rural area. It is significantly restructured, heavily French creole-influenced, English lexicon (Paul Garrett 1998). National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Pierre and Miquelon. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 188 in St. Pierre and Miquelon (1967 census). Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Vincent and the Grenadines. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Swaziland. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Taught in all government and private schools. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Tanzania. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers in Tanzania: 1,500,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Used by some Asian residents as mother tongue. Taught in secondary school and university. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Tokelau. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Used in schools. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Tonga. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Trinidad and Tobago. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Turks and Caicos Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: U.S. Virgin Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 8,414 mother tongue speakers in U.S. Virgin Islands (1970 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Uganda. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 1,000,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Used in primary schools, law courts. Official language. Newspapers, radio programs. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 210,000,000 first language speakers in USA (1984 estimate). 8,400,000 USA residents with no one 14 years old or older who speaks fluent English, 38% or 7,700,000 households headed by immigrants. Dialects: BLACK ENGLISH. Comments: There are many regional dialects. Official language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Vanuatu. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,900 in Vanuatu (1995), 1.1% of the population. Comments: First language speakers are from the United Kingdom. Also spoken in: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Wake Island. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,730 on Wake Island (1987). Comments: National language. 99% USA military. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Western Samoa. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Zambia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 41,434 in Zambia (1969 census). Comments: Spoken as mother tongue by Europeans mainly. A small minority of Zambian Africans speak it as a mother tongue. Used as a second language. The only language of Parliament. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Zimbabwe. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 375,490 in Zimbabwe (1969 census). Comments: Spoken by most Europeans and an increasing number of Africans. Used in all or most education. Official language. Newspapers. Bible 1535-1989.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AngloromaniLanguage 'The &%AngloromaniLanguage is an &%EnglishGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: RME. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 90,000 in Britain (1990 I. Hancock). Population total all countries: 170,000 to 270,000. Region: England, Wales, Scotland. Also spoken in Australia, South Africa, USA. Alternate names: ENGLISH ROMANI, ROMANI ENGLISH, ROMANICHAL, POGADI CHIB, POSH N POSH. Comments: Angloromani not inherently intelligible with Welsh Romani, Traveller Swedish, Traveller Norwegian, or Traveller Danish. The grammar is basically English with heavy Romani lexical borrowing. Many dialects. It has been spoken in the United Kingdom for 500 years. The Romanichal population must be considered as being more actively determined to retain the ethnic language than some other British minorities. (I. Hancock). Also spoken in: Australia. (Language name: ANGLOROMANI. Population: 5,000 in Australia. Alternate names: ROMANICHAL, ENGLISH ROMANI, POGADI CHIB. Comments: A variety of English with heavy Romani lexical borrowing. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: ANGLOROMANI.) Population: 100,000 or fewer in North America. Alternate names: ENGLISH ROMANI, ROMANI ENGLISH, ROMANICHAL, ROMANIS. Comments: A variety of English with heavy Romani lexical borrowing. See main entry under United Kingdom.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ScotsLanguage 'The &%ScotsLanguage is an &%EnglishGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: SCO. ISO 639-2: sco. Population: 100,000 (1999 Billy Kay) including 60,000 in Lallans, 30,000 in Doric, 10,000 in Ulster. Population total both countries 100,000. Region: All of Scotland except highlands: lowlands: Aberdeen to Ayrshire. Northern Ireland. Doric dialect in northeastern Scotland, Lallans in South Scotland lowlands, Ulster in Northern Ireland. Also spoken in Ireland. Dialects: DORIC, LALLANS, ULSTER. Comments: Difficult intelligibility among dialects. Northern Scots on the Scottish Islands is considered by some to be a different language (Shetlandic or Orcadian). Doric and Ulster are inherently intelligible to speakers, but difficulties are common in speech and writing. Lallans is the main literary dialect. Ulster Scots has its own development group. Scots is closest to English and Frisian. English is considered to be the language of education and religion. Used with family and friends. All ages. 1,500,000 speak it as second language. Dictionary. SVO, prepositions, gentivies, articles, adjectives, numerals before noun heads, relatives without noun heads, question word initial, 2 prefixes, 1 suffix, word order distinguishes subjects, objects, indirect objects, given and new information, topic and comment, affixes indicate genitive case of noun phrase, passives, comparatives, CVC, nontonal. Literacy rate in second language: 97% English. Poetry, magazines. Christian. NT 1901-1984. Also spoken in: Ireland. (Language name: SCOTS.) Comments: English is considered to be the language of education and religion. Used with family and friends. All ages. Christian. NT 1901-1984. See main entry under United Kingdom.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YinglishLanguage 'The &%YinglishLanguage is an &%EnglishGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: YIB. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Also spoken in the United Kingdom. Alternate names: AMERIDISH. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Professor Joshua A. Fishman says, Yinglish is a variety of English influenced by Yiddish (lexically, particularly, but also grammatically and phonetically). Any good English dictionary will now include 50-100 or more borrowings from Yiddish (=Yinglish)... These forms are now used not only by Jews but by others, inversely proportionally to their distance from NYC. In the case of non-Jews the original Yiddish meaning may no longer be known and a related metaphoric or contextual meaning is intended...Since the variety is only used...by speakers who can always speak proper English. Yinglish is never a mother tongue acquired by the usual process of intergenerational transmission. French, Spanish, and Russian counterparts (also a Hebrew counterpart) also exist, but are more restricted in nature, both in size as well as in availability to non-Jews. Jewish. Second language only. Also spoken in: United Kingdom. (Language name: YINGLISH.) Comments: Bilingualism in English. Professor Joshua A. Fishman says, Yinglish is a variety of English influenced by Yiddish (lexically, particularly, but also grammatically and phonetically). Any good English dictionary will now include 50-100 (or more) borrowings from Yiddish (=Yinglish)....Since the variety is only used...(by speakers who can always speak proper English) Yinglish is never a mother tongue acquired by the usual process of intergenerational transmission. French, Spanish, and Russian counterparts (also a Hebrew counterpart) also exist(s), but are more restricted in nature, both in size as well as in availability to non-Jews. Jewish. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FrisianLanguage 'Of the 43 &%WestGermanicLanguages, three are classified as a &%FrisianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EasternFrisianLanguage 'The &%EasternFrisianLanguage is a &%FrisianLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: FRS. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 11,000 (1976 Stephens). Language of the home for 1,500 to 2,000 (1977 SIL). Population total both countries: 11,000. Region: Schleswig-Holstein, Ostfriesland, the area around the towns of Emden and Oldenburg in Lower Saxony, and Saterland, Jeverland, and Butjadingen in 1976. Reported to be used only in Saterland, Eastern Frisia in 1998. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: OSTFRIESISCH, SATERLANDIC FRISIAN, SEELTERSK FRISIAN. Comments: Not intelligible with Western Frisian of the Netherlands or Northern Frisian (E. Matteson SIL 1978). 77% lexical similarity with Standard German, 74% with Western Frisian. Speakers are mainly the older generation. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency, attitudes.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthernFrisianLanguage 'The &%NorthernFrisianLanguage is a &%FrisianLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: FRR. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 10,000 speakers out of 60,000 population (1976 Stephens). Language of the home for 10,000 (1977 SIL). Region: Schleswig-Holstein, on the coastal strip between the rivers Eider in the south and Wiedau in the north, and adjacent islands of Fohr, Amrum, Sylt, Norstrand, Pellworm, the ten islands of the Halligen group, and Helgoland. Alternate names: NORDFRIESISCH. Dialects: MOORINGER (MOORINGA, MAINLAND FRISIAN), FERRING (FOHR-AMRUM), SOLRENG (SYLT), HELGOLAND. Comments: The first 3 dialects listed are different enough that more than one set of literature would be needed. Ferring dialect is actively used. Not intelligible to Eastern Frisian of Germany or Western Frisian of the Netherlands except to a few educated bilingual speakers of West Frisian. Mooringer has 70% lexical similarity with Standard German, 55% with English, 66% with Eastern Frisian, Fohr has 69% with Standard German, 62% with English, 68% with Western Frisian, 73% with Eastern Frisian, 86% with Mooringer, 91% with Amrum, Sylt has 64% with Standard German, 61% with English, 79% with Mooringer, 85% with Fohr. Standard German, Low Saxon, and some English are used as second languages, but fluency is limited. Few children speakers. The Solreng dialect is nearly extinct. There is ethnic pride, efforts to revive Frisian literature and bilingual education. Education is in Standard German only. Business and church services in German. Investigation needed: intelligibility with 3 dialects, BLN German, Low Saxon. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: Few read Frisian. Bible portions 1954.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WesternFrisianLanguage s__FrisianLanguage__t 'The &%WesternFrisianLanguage is a &%FrisianLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: FRI. ISO 639-1: fy. ISO 639-2: fry. Population: 700,000 in the Netherlands, including 400,000 in Friesland, 300,000 elsewhere (1976 Stephens). Population total all countries 730,000 or more. Region: Friesland, northern Netherlands. Also spoken in Canada, Denmark, Germany, USA. Alternate names: FRYSK, FRIES. Dialects: TOWN FRISIAN. Comments: Linguistically between Dutch and English. Not intelligible with Eastern and Northern Frisian of Germany (E. Matteson SIL 1978). 71% lexical similarity with Standard German, 61% with English, 74% with Eastern Frisian. Most speakers are bilingual in Dutch. Over 70% of those in Friesland still speak Western Frisian. Town Frisian is a mixed language. National language. Literacy rate in first language: Speakers not generally literate in Frisian. Bilingual education is compulsory in Friesland but speakers are not generally literate in Frisian. Has an official orthography in the Netherlands. Bible 1943-1978.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HighGermanLanguage s__HighGermanLanguage__t 'Of the 43 &%WestGermanicLanguages, 19 are classified as a &%HighGermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GermanGroupLanguage 'Of the 19 &%HighGermanLanguages, 17 are classified as a &%GermanGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MiddleGermanLanguage s__MiddleGermanLanguage__t s__GermanGroupLanguage__t 'Of the 17 &%GermanGroupLanguages, eight are classified as a &%MiddleGermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EastMiddleGermanLanguage 'Of the eight &%MiddleGermanLanguages, three are classified as an &%EastMiddleGermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GermanLanguage s__EastMiddleGermanLanguage__t 'The &%GermanLanguage is an &%EastMiddleGermanLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: GER. ISO 639-1: de. ISO 639-2(B): ger. ISO 639-2(T): deu. Population: 75,300,000 in Germany (1990). Population total all countries 100,000,000 first language speakers (1999 WA), 128,000,000 including second language speakers (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in 40 other countries including Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan. Alternate names: DEUTSCH, HOCHDEUTSCH, HIGH GERMAN. Dialects: ERZGEBIRGISCH. Comments: Major related language areas are Bavarian, Schwabisch, Allemannisch, Mainfrankisch, Hessisch, Palatinian, Rheinfrankisch, Westfalisch, Saxonian, Thuringian, Brandenburgisch, and Low Saxon. Many varieties are not inherently intelligible with each other. Our present treatment in this edition is incomplete. Standard German is one High German variety, which developed from the chancery of Saxony, gaining acceptance as the written standard in the 16th and 17th centuries. High German refers to dialects and languages in the upper Rhine region. 60% lexical similarity with English, 29% with French. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. Poetry, newspapers, radio programs, films, TV, videos. Christian. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Austria. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 7,500,000 in Austria (J.A. Hawkins in B. Comrie 1987), 98% of the population (1990 WA). Comments: National language. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Belgium. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 150,000 in Belgium (J.A. Hawkins in B. Comrie 1988), 1.5% of the population. Comments: Official language. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Czech Republic. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 50,000 in Czech Republic (1998). Dialects: ERZGEBIRGISCH. Comments: Bilingualism in Czech. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Denmark. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 23,000 first language speakers (1976 Stephens). Comments: There are German schools. Official language. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Hungary. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 250,000 in Hungary (J.A. Hawkins in B. Comrie 1988) .5% of the population. Comments: Germans in Hungary speak other Germanic varieties than Standard German at home. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 225,000 in Italy (N. Vincent in B. Comrie 1987). Comments: German used in schools. Official language. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Kazakhstan. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 958,000 in Kazakhstan excluding Plautdietsch. 57% of ethnic Germans speak it as mother tongue. Comments: Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Liechtenstein. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Comments: German dialects vary. National language. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Luxembourg. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 9,200 or more (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Used as a second language by industrial workers and rural people. Taught in school as a second language. National language. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Paraguay. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 166,000 in Paraguay including 19,000 who are also mother tongue speakers of Plautdietsch. Comments: Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Poland. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 500,000 in Poland (1998). Comments: Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Romania. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 150,000 in Romania (1993). Dialects: TRANSYLVANIA. Comments: Over 70% of the 500,000 1988 population has emigrated to Germany since 1988 (1993 Johnstone). The people are known as Saxons. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Slovakia. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 5,900 in Czech Republic (1991 census) to 15,000 (1999). Comments: Bilingualism in Slovakian, Hungarian. Christian. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Switzerland. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Comments: Not used as mother tongue by many. Official language. Main language used in education in Schwyzerdutsch- (German) and Rheto-Romansch-speaking areas. Bible 1466-1982.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LowerSilesianLanguage 'The &%LowerSilesianLanguage is an &%EastMiddleGermanLanguage of &%Poland. SIL code: SLI. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Dolny Slask (Lower Silesia). Alternate names: LOWER SCHLESISCH. Comments: Bilingualism in Polish. Even spoken by younger people. There is literature by Gerhard Hauptmann. Different than Upper Silesian, a dialect of Polish. Also spoken in: Czech Republic. (Language name: SILESIAN, LOWER.) Alternate names: LOWER SCHLESISCH. Comments: Different than Upper Silesian, a dialect of Polish. Also spoken in: Germany. (Language name: SILESIAN, LOWER.) Alternate names: LOWER SCHLESISCH. Comments: Bilingualism in Standard German. Spoken by younger people. There is literature by Gerhard Hauptmann. Different from Upper Silesian, a dialect of Polish.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UpperSilesianLanguage 'The &%UpperSilesianLanguage is an &%EastMiddleGermanLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: SXU. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 2,000,000 or more (1998 Andreas Thomsen). Region: Eastern Germany, southeast, Sachsen with Dresden, Leipzig, Chemnitz, Halle in Sachsen-Anhalt. Comments: Bilingualism in Standard German. Spoken by several millions.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MoselleFranconianMiddleGermanLanguage s__MoselleFranconianMiddleGermanLanguage__t 'Of the eight &%MiddleGermanLanguages, one is classified as a &%MoselleFranconianMiddleGermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LuxembourgeoisLanguage 'The &%LuxembourgeoisLanguage is a &%MoselleFranconianMiddleGermanLanguage of &%Luxembourg. SIL code: LUX. ISO 639-1: lb. ISO 639-2: ltz. Population: 250,000 first language speakers in Luxembourg, perhaps 50,000 as second language (1998). Population total all countries: 300,000. Region: Also spoken in Belgium, France, Germany, USA. Alternate names: LUXEMBURGISH, LUXEMBURGIAN, LUXEMBOURGISH, LETZBURGISCH, LETZEBUERGESCH, MOSELLE FRANCONIAN, FRANKISH. Comments: As distinct from Standard German as is Dutch (Stephens 1976), and not inherently intelligible with it. A Moselle variety of Frankish-German origin, related to varieties of Mitteldeutsch of Belgium. Bilingual level estimates for French are 0 0%, 1 10%, 2 25%, 3 40%, 4 15%, 5 10%. Speakers learn French and German mainly in school. Younger well-educated people speak English. Most written statements are in French (official) or German (less official, TV, newspaper). French used in high school, for speaking to foreigners at work. German used in school for technical terms, speaking to tourists, commuters from Germany. Everyday life, home, school for explanations, court, parliament. All ages. Vigorous use. The mother tongue of most of the population. Taught in school. For most people it is the language of creativity. Literature flourishes at a modest level. Pride in ethnic identity and language. West and Central varieties considered to be more sophisticated, North considered more rural, peasant-like. The variety used by older Belgian-border inhabitants is considered old-fashioned and riddled with French words, but perfectly intelligible. German is considered to be a foreign language, not to be used with others who speak Luxembourgeois. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO, prepositions, genitives, articles, adjectives, numerals, relatives before noun heads, question word initial, 3 prefixes, 2 suffixes on a word, rigid word order, passives, nontonal. Literacy rate in second language: 99% German, French. Written Luxembourgeois not taught in school, so use depends on individual. Letters often written in it. Newspapers, radio programs, TV. Christian. Also spoken in: Belgium. (Language name: LUXEMBOURGEOIS.) Population: 30,000 in Belgium (1998). Alternate names: LETZBURGISCH. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: LUXEMBOURGEOIS.) Alternate names: FRANKISH, PLATT. Comments: As distinct from Standard German as is Dutch (Stephens 1976), and not inherently intelligible with it. The common language of French and German coal miners. Also spoken in: Germany. (Language name: LUXEMBOURGEOIS.) Population: A few. Alternate names: LUXEMBURGIAN, LETZBURGISCH, LETZEBUERGESCH, MOSELLE FRANCONIAN.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WestMiddleGermanLanguage 'Of the eight &%MiddleGermanLanguages, four are classified as a &%WestMiddleGermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MoselleFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage 'Of the four &%WestMiddleGermanLanguages, one is classified as a &%MoselleFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PennsylvaniaGermanLanguage s__MoselleFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage__t s__RhenischFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage s__RhenischFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage__t s__WestMiddleGermanLanguage__t 'Of the four &%WestMiddleGermanLanguages, one is classified as a &%RhenischFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PfaelzischLanguage 'The &%PfaelzischLanguage is a &%RhenischFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: PFL. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southwest Palatinate, Rheinpfalz. Alternate names: PFALZISCHE, PFALZISCH. Comments: Various dialects. Bilingualism in Standard German. There is literature published in the language. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RipuarianFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage 'Of the four &%WestMiddleGermanLanguages, one is classified as a &%RipuarianFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KolschLanguage s__RipuarianFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage__t 'The &%KolschLanguage is a &%RipuarianFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: KOR. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 250,000 (1997 Holger Jakobs). Region: Cologne (Koln) and surrounding areas. Comments: Nearly all use Standard German as second language. Used in theaters, literature, and an academy for teaching it. All ages. Literacy rate in second language: 99%. Christian. Bible portions 1992.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UpperGermanLanguage 'Of the 17 &%GermanGroupLanguages, eight are classified as an &%UpperGermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AlemannicLanguage 'Of the eight &%UpperGermanLanguages, three are classified as an &%AlemannicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AlemannischLanguage s__AlemannicLanguage__t 'The &%AlemannischLanguage is an &%AlemannicLanguage of &%Switzerland (Alsatian). SIL code: GSW. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 4,215,000 in Switzerland, 63.6% of the population (1990 census). Population total all countries: 6,044,000 or more. Region: Central, south central, north central, northeast, and eastern cantons. Also spoken in Austria, France, Germany, Liechtenstein. Alternate names: SCHWYZERDUTSCH. Dialects: BERN (BARNDUTSCH), ZURICH, LUCERNE, BASEL, OBWALD, APPENZEL, ST. GALLEN, GRAUBENDEN-GRISONS (VALSERISCH), WALLIS. Comments: Swiss varieties are High Alemannisch (most) and Highest Alemannisch (several in central Switzerland). Not functionally intelligible to speakers of Standard German. Each canton has a separate variety, many of which are unintelligible to each others speakers. Only a few of the 20 to 70 varieties are listed as dialects (subdialects). Close to Schwabish in south central Germany. All speakers are actively or passively bilingual in Standard German. Standard German is the language of instruction in school. There is an important literature. Used in some schools and churches. 93.3% of German speakers in Switzerland speak a Swiss German dialect, and 66.4% speak dialect only, and no High German (1990 census). 72% of the entire population of Switzerland speak Schwyzerdutsch every day (1990 census). They have a strong social function, being used to maintain the borders of regions or cantons, or even to keep one village different from another. They also draw the line between Germans, Swiss, and Austrians. Called Schwytzertutsch in Switzerland, and Alsatian in France. Grammar. NT 1984. Also spoken in: Austria. (Language name: ALEMANNISCH.) Population: 300,000 in Austria (1991 Annemarie Schmidt). Alternate names: ALEMANNIC. Dialects: HIGH ALEMANNISCH (HOCHALEMANNISCH). Comments: Similar to Swabian. Called Schwyzerdutsch in Switzerland and Alsatian in southeastern France. NT 1984. See main entry under Switzerland. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: ALEMANNISCH.) Population: 1,500,000 in France (J.A. Hawkins in B. Comrie 1988). Alternate names: ALEMANNIC. Dialects: ALSATIAN (ALSACIEN, ELSAESSISCH). Comments: No standard form of Alsatian, but a variety of village dialects. All speakers do not necessarily understand or read Standard German, but most are bilingual in French. Bilingualism in Standard French varies from 79% to 90% of the population in the different regions. Standard German is taught in some primary schools, and used in local newspapers. Called Schwyzerdutsch in Switzerland and Alemannisch in Austria and parts of Germany. Christian. NT 1984. Also spoken in: Germany. (Language name: ALEMANNISCH.) Alternate names: ALEMANNIC. Dialects: LOW ALEMANNISCH, HIGH ALEMANNISCH. Comments: Varieties in Germany include Low and High Alemannisch. Approximately 40% inherent intelligibility with Standard German. Close to Schwyzerdutsch in Switzerland. Alsatian in northeastern France. Similar to Swabian. Speakers are bilingual in Standard German. NT 1984. Also spoken in: Liechtenstein. (Language name: ALEMANNISCH.) Population: 29,000. Alternate names: ALEMANNIC, SCHWYZERDUTSCH, SCHWYTZERTUETSCH. Dialects: HIGH ALEMANNISCH. Comments: Bilingualism in Standard German. Spoken by the majority of the people in the country. NT 1984.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ColoniaTovarGermanLanguage 'The &%ColoniaTovarGermanLanguage is an &%AlemannicLanguage of &%Venezuela. SIL code: GCT. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: ALEMAN COLONEIRO. Comments: Developed from the Alemannisch (Oberdeutsch) of 1843 under the influence of many other dialects of south Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Not intelligible with Standard German. Bilingualism in Spanish. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Spanish. Newspapers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SwabianLanguage 'The &%SwabianLanguage is an &%AlemannicLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: SWG. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southwest, Wuerttemberg, the eastern part of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Schwaben, western Bavaria. Alternate names: SCHWABISCH, SUABIAN, SCHWAEBISCH. Comments: A variety of Highest Alemannisch. More distinct than Bavarian from Standard German. 40% inherently intelligible with Standard German (estimate). Swabian of the Black Forest is different from Swabian in the Alb (H. Kloss 1978). Bilingualism in Standard German. Dictionary. Bible portions.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AllemannicLanguage s__AllemannicLanguage__t s__UpperGermanLanguage__t 'Of the eight &%UpperGermanLanguages, one is classified as an &%AllemannicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WalserLanguage 'The &%WalserLanguage is an &%AllemannicLanguage of &%Switzerland. SIL code: WAE. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 10,000 to 20,000 speakers in Switzerland out of 21,900 population (1980 C. Buchli). Population total all countries: 20,000 to 40,000. Region: Bosco-Gurin, Canton Ticino, Wallis, Simplon, Graubunden, Obersaxen, Valsertal (Vals, St. Martin), Safiental (Valendas, Versam, Tenna, Safien), Rheinwald (Medels, Nufenen, Splngen, Sufers, Hinterrhein, Avers), Schanfigg (Arosa, Langwiesn), Albula (Mutten, Schmitte Wiesen), Landquart (Davos, Klosters, Furna, Says, St. Antonien, Valzeina). 26 communities in Switzerland, and 7 former ones. Also spoken in Austria, Italy, Liechtenstein. Alternate names: WALSCHER. Comments: Ancestors came from the Wallis Canton between the 12th and 13th centuries. Close but different from Schwytzertusch spoken in Wallis Canton in Switzerland. Different from Cimbrian, Mocheno, or Bavarian. Also spoken in: Austria. (Language name: WALSER.) Population: 5,000 to 10,000 in Austria (1995 C. Buchli). Alternate names: WALSCHER. Comments: Ancestors came from the Wallis Canton between the 12th and 13th centuries. Close but different from Schwytzertusch. Different from Cimbrian, Mocheno, or Bavarian. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: WALSER.) Population: 3,400 in Italy (1978 Fazzini). Alternate names: WALSCHER. Comments: Ancestors came from the Wallis Canton between the 12th and 13th centuries. Close but different from Schwytzertusch. Different from Cimbrian, Mocheno, or Bavarian. All ages. Used for childrens services in church. In Valle dAosta it has been influenced by Franco-Provencal and Piemontese, elsewhere in Italy by Italian. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Italian. Also spoken in: Liechtenstein. (Language name: WALSER.) Population: 1,300 in Liechtenstein (1995 C. Buchli). Alternate names: WALSCHER. Comments: Ancestors came from the Wallis Canton in Switzerland. Close but different from Schwytzertusch. Different from Cimbrian, Mocheno, or Bavarian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BavarianAustrianLanguage 'Of the eight &%UpperGermanLanguages, four are classified as a &%BavarianAustrianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BavarianLanguage 'The &%BavarianLanguage is a &%BavarianAustrianLanguage of &%Austria. SIL code: BAR. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Central Bavarian is in the Alps and Lower Austria and Salzburg, North Bavarian in the north of Regensburg, to Nuremburg and Western Bohemia, Czech Republic, South Bavarian in the Bavarian Alps, Tyrol, Styria, including the Heanzian dialect of Burgenland, Carinthia, northern Italy, and part of Gottschee. Also spoken in Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy. Alternate names: BAYERISCH, BAIRISCH, BAVARIAN AUSTRIAN, OST-OBERDEUTSCH. Dialects: CENTRAL BAVARIAN, NORTH BAVARIAN, SOUTH BAVARIAN. Comments: School is compulsory for 9 years, and is taught in Standard German. However, one report indicated that active competence in Standard German is limited for some speakers. News broadcasts in German are understood poorly by some of the population. Not endangered. SVO, prepositions, genitives, articles, adjectives, numerals, relatives before noun heads, question word initial, 2 prefixes, 3 to 4 suffixes on a word, word order distinguishes subjects, objects, indirect objects, affixes indicate case of noun phrase, obligatory verb affixes mark person and number of subject, other suffixes can mark gender of subject and person, number, and gender of object, causatives, comparatives, CV, CVC, CVV, CCV. Bible 1998. Also spoken in: Czech Republic. (Language name: BAVARIAN.) Alternate names: BAYERISCH, BAVARIAN AUSTRIAN. Dialects: CENTRAL BAVARIAN, NORTH BAVARIAN, SOUTH BAVARIAN. Comments: Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects, bilingual proficiency, attitudes. Bible 1998. Also spoken in: Germany. (Language name: BAVARIAN.) Alternate names: BAIRISCH, BAYERISCH, BAVARIAN AUSTRIAN. Dialects: CENTRAL BAVARIAN, NORTH BAVARIAN, SOUTH BAVARIAN. Comments: Bilingualism in Standard German, Czech. School is taught in Standard German. Bible 1998. Also spoken in: Hungary. (Language name: BAVARIAN.) Alternate names: BAYERISCH, BAVARIAN-AUSTRIAN. Comments: Standard German used by educated people. Hungarian, Standard German used in professions. Used at home. Investigation needed: intelligibility, bilingual proficiency, attitudes. Bible 1998. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: BAVARIAN.) Alternate names: BAYERISCH, BAVARIAN AUSTRIAN. Dialects: CENTRAL BAVARIAN, NORTH BAVARIAN, SOUTH BAVARIAN. Comments: School in South Tyrol is taught in Standard German. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Standard German, bilingual proficiency in Italian, attitudes toward German, Italian. Bible 1998.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CimbrianLanguage s__BavarianAustrianLanguage__t 'The &%CimbrianLanguage is a &%BavarianAustrianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: CIM. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 2,230 including 500 in Lusernese Cimbrian in Trentino Alto Oolige 40 km. southeast from Trento, plus 1,500 Sette Comuni Cimbrian (40% of Roana (Rowan), 70% of Messaselva di Roana Rotzo) in Veneto around 60 km. north of Vicenza (1978 H. Kloss), and 230 or 65% of Giazza (Ijetzan) Veneto, 43 km. northeast of Verona (1992 R. Zamponi). There were 22,700 speakers in Sieben Gemainde and 12,400 in Dreizehn Gemeinde in 1854. Region: Northeast Italy, Sette and Tredici Comuni (Sieben and Dreizehn Gemainde) south of Trent, towns of Giazza (Glietzen, Ljetzen), Roana (Rabam), Lusern, some in Venetia Province. Alternate names: TZIMBRO, ZIMBRISCH. Dialects: LUSERNESE CIMBRIAN, TREDICI COMMUNI CIMBRIAN (TAUCH), SETTE COMUNI CIMBRIAN. Comments: Structural and intelligibility differences indicate that the 3 dialects listed could be considered separate languages. Lusernese Cimbrian is heavily influenced by Italian. Heavily influenced by Bajuwarisch dialects. It is sometimes considered to be a dialect of south Bavarian. Different from Bavarian, Walser, and Mocheno. No written influence from Standard German. Speakers are all bilingual in Standard Italian and Venetian (Trentine), and many know Standard German. Pastors preached in Cimbrian until the late 19th century. Attempts to promote it have been increasing in recent decades. It is taught in some classes and is scheduled to become required. Newspapers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HutteriteGermanLanguage 'The &%HutteriteGermanLanguage is a &%BavarianAustrianLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: GEH. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 15,000 in western Canada, including 7,000 in Alberta (1981 P. Fast SIL). Population total both countries 30,000 (1982 V. Peters). Other estimates up to 100,000. Region: 76 colonies in Alberta, 12 or 13 in Saskatchewan, 27 in Manitoba, some in British Columbia, 30 in USA, with about 100 people in each, an estimated 300 colonies around the world. Alternate names: TYROLESE, TIROLEAN, HUTTERIAN GERMAN. Comments: About 70% intelligible to a speaker of Pennsylvania German, about 50% to a speaker of Plautdietsch and Standard German. Although it is called Tirolean, it is not a Tirolean dialect. In addition to attendance at public schools, children attend supplemental private schools with instruction in religion and Standard German. Some reports say adults are usually equally fluent in English and Standard German, others that most understand English better and have limited understanding in Standard German. They all use Standard German in church for written sermons and for Scriptures. All ages in the home. Strict communal living. Communal groups in New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Japan have affiliated recently with the Hutterians, but are not ethnically Hutterian (Victor Peters 1982). Intensive agriculturalists. Christian. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: GERMAN, HUTTERITE.) Population: 5,000 in USA (1981 P. Fast SIL). Alternate names: TYROLESE, TIROLEAN, HUTTERIAN GERMAN. Comments: Called Tirolean, but not a Tirolean dialect. Speakers use Standard German in church and for Scriptures. They are partly bilingual in English and Standard German. Have their own schools. Strict communal living. Communal groups in New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Japan have affiliated recently with Hutterians but are not ethnically Hutterian. Intensive agriculturalists. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MochenoLanguage 'The &%MochenoLanguage is a &%BavarianAustrianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: QMO. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 1,900 including 400 Fierozzo, 1,000 Palu, 460 Gereut (1992 Raoul Zamponi). Region: Valle del Fersina (Trentino). Dialects: FIEROZZO (FLORUTZ), PALU (PALAI), FRASSILONGO (GEREUT). Comments: Speakers can partially understand Bavarian, Cimbrian, or Standard German. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Italian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YiddishLanguage s__YiddishLanguage__t 'Of the 43 &%WestGermanicLanguages, two are classified as a &%YiddishLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EasternYiddishLanguage 'The &%EasternYiddishLanguage is a &%YiddishLanguage of &%Israel. SIL code: YDD. ISO 639-1: yi. ISO 639-2: yid. Population: 215,000 in Israel, 5% of the population (1986). Population total all countries: 3,000,000 (J.A. Fishman 1991:194). Region: Southeastern dialect in Ukraine and Romania, Mideastern in Poland and Hungary, Northeastern dialect in Lithuania and Belarus. Also spoken in Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Belgium, Canada, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Panama, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russia (Europe), South Africa, Ukraine, Uruguay, USA. Alternate names: JUDEO-GERMAN, YIDDISH. Dialects: SOUTHEASTERN YIDDISH, MIDEASTERN YIDDISH, NORTHEASTERN YIDDISH. Comments: Has many loans from Hebrew and local languages where spoken. Eastern Yiddish originated east of the Oder River through Poland, extending into Belarus, Russia (to Smolensk), Lithuania, Latvia, Hungary, Rumania, Ukraine, and pre-state British-Mandate Palestine (Jerusalem and Safed). Western Yiddish originated in Germany, Holland, Switzerland, Alsace (France), Czecholovakia, western Hungary, and is nearing extinction. It branched off medieval High German (mainly Rhenish dialects) and received Modern German influences during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Eastern and Western Yiddish have difficult inherent intelligibility, because of differing histories and influences from other languages. There are some Western Yiddish speakers in Israel too (M. Herzog 1977). The vast majority speak Eastern Yiddish. SVO. Usually written in Hebrew character. Radio programs. Jewish. Bible 1821-1936. Also spoken in: Latvia. (Language name: YIDDISH, EASTERN.) Population: 40,000 (1991). Alternate names: JUDEO-GERMAN. Comments: Of the 1,811,000 Jewish people listed in the 1979 USSR census, the majority spoke Russian as their first language and virtually all others spoke Russian as their second language. About 50,000 Jews spoke Georgian, Tat, or Tajiki as their first language. There may be no Yiddish speakers in Latvia now (1995). Had literary status, but very little literature. Jewish. Bible 1821-1936.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WesternYiddishLanguage 'The &%WesternYiddishLanguage is a &%YiddishLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: YIH. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southwestern dialect in southern Germany, Switzerland, and Alsace France, Midwestern dialect in central Germany and parts of the former Czechoslovakia, Northwestern dialect is northern Germany and the Netherlands. Also spoken in France, Hungary, Netherlands, Switzerland. Alternate names: YIDDISH, YIDISH, JUDEO-GERMAN. Dialects: SOUTH WESTERN YIDDISH, MIDWESTERN YIDDISH, NORTHWESTERN YIDDISH. Comments: Western Yiddish originated in Germany, Holland, Switzerland, Alsace (France), Czechoslovakia, western Hungary. The variety of Western Yiddish in Hungary is probably the most readily intelligible to Yiddish speakers in Romania, the Baltic, and the Slavic countries in the East. The Western Yiddish variety in Holland less so, the Western Yiddish in Alsace [France] and Switzerland, least so (M. Herzog 1997). On the eve of the Holocaust it was spoken by several tens of thousands. Hebrew characters. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LowSaxonLowFranconianLanguage 'Of the 43 &%WestGermanicLanguages16 are classified as a &%LowSaxonLowFranconianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LowFranconianLanguage s__LowSaxonLowFranconianLanguage__t 'Of 16 &%LowSaxonLowFranconianLanguages, three are classified as a &%LowFranconianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AfrikaansLanguage 'The &%AfrikaansLanguage is a &%LowFranconianLanguage of &%SouthAfrica. SIL code: AFK. ISO 639-1: af. ISO 639-2: afr. Population: 6,200,000 in South Africa (1991 Christos van Rensburg), of whom 1,000,000 are native bilinguals with English (1989 J. Holm), 15.1% of the population (1995 The Economist). 4,000,000 in South Africa use it as a second or third language (1989 J. Holm). Population total all countries: 6,381,000. Including second language users: 10,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Pretoria and Bloemfontein are principal centers of population. Cape Malays live mainly in Capetown, with some in Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban, and Port Elizabeth. Also spoken in Australia, Botswana, Canada, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, New Zealand, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Dialects: CAPE AFRIKAANS (WEST CAPE AFRIKAANS), ORANGE RIVER AFRIKAANS, EAST CAPE AFRIKAANS. Comments: A variant of the Dutch spoken by the 17th century colonists, with some lexical and syntactic borrowings from Malay, Bantu languages, Khoisan languages, Portuguese, and other European languages. Their ancestors were brought from Java 300 years ago. 150,000 Cape Malays speak Afrikaans, some also speak English. National language. Cape Malays: builders, carpenters. Cape Malay: Muslim, Christian. Bible 1933-1983. Also spoken in: Botswana. (Language name: AFRIKAANS. Population: 20,000 in Botswana (1995 LBT). Comments: Spoken as mother tongue by Afrikaners (Ghanzi District) and by people of mixed racial background (Kweneng and Kgalagadi districts). Literacy rate in first language: 100% in Ghanzi, 50% in Kweneng and Kgalagadi. Literacy rate in second language: 75% in Kweneng and Kgalagadi districts in Tswana, 50% in English, few in Ghanzi District in Tswana, most in English. Christian. Bible 1933-1983. Also spoken in: Malawi. (Language name: AFRIKAANS.) Comments: Spoken by people of Dutch descent from South Africa. Bible 1933-1983. Also spoken in: Namibia. (Language name: AFRIKAANS.) Population: 133,324 in Namibia (1991 census). Used by 25% of the population in Windhoek in their homes (1995 census). Comments: It formerly had official status. Bible 1933-1983. Also spoken in: Zambia. (Language name: AFRIKAANS.) Comments: Language of wider communication. Bible 1933-1983.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DutchLanguage 'The &%DutchLanguage is a &%LowFranconianLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: DUT. ISO 639-1: nl. ISO 639-2(B): dut. ISO 639-2(T): nld. Population: 13,400,000 in the Netherlands (1976 WA). Population total all countries: 20,000,000 or more (1988 J.G. Kooij in B. Comrie). Region: Also spoken in: Aruba, Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Indonesia, Israel, Netherlands Antilles, Philippines, Suriname, UAE, USA. Alternate names: NEDERLANDS, HOLLANDS. Dialects: BREDAS, VENLOS. Comments: The name Dutch is resented by some speakers. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SOV. Bible 1522-1988. Also spoken in: Aruba. (Language name: DUTCH.) Comments: It is decreasing in importance. Official language. Bible 1522-1988. Also spoken in: Belgium. (Language name: DUTCH.) Population: 4,620,150 in Belgium (1990 WA). Alternate names: NEDERLANDS. Dialects: BRABANTS, OOST-VLAAMS. Comments: The variety of Dutch (not Vlaams) spoken in Belgium is only slightly different from the variety spoken in the Netherlands. Called Vlaams in Belgium, even though it is different from the (West) Vlaams spoken there. In the Dutch linguistic area there are minority rights for French-speaking persons in Drogenbos, Kraainem, Linkebeek, Sint-Genesius-Rode, Wemmel, Wezembeek-Oppem, Mesen, Spiere-Helkijn, Ronse, Bever, Herstappe, Voeren. Official language. Radio programs, TV. Bible 1522-1988. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: DUTCH.) Population: 80,000 in Westhoek. Comments: Not used in schools. Usage is reported to be diminishing. Bible 1522-1988. Also spoken in: Netherlands Antilles. (Language name: DUTCH.) Comments: It is decreasing in importance. Official language. Bible 1522-1988. Also spoken in: Suriname. (Language name: DUTCH.) Population: 200,000 mother tongue speakers in Suriname (1997 Christa DeKleine), many of whom are native bilingual speakers with Sranan or Sarnami Hindustani. Comments: National language. Bible 1522-1992.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__VlaamsLanguage 'The &%VlaamssLanguage is a &%LowFranconianLanguage of &%Belgium (Flemish). SIL code: VLA. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 1,070,000, over 89% of the inhabitants of West Flanders in Belgium (1998 U. of Ghent). Population total all countries 1,300,000 (1998 University of Ghent) including 220,000 in Zeeuws, 1,100,000 in West Vlaams and Frans Vlaams. Region: Large parts of the Province of West Flanders. Alternate names: FLAMAND, VLAEMSCH. Dialects: WEST VLAAMS (VLAEMSCH). Comments: Bilingualism in French, some English. All ages. Speakers attitude toward French was hostile, but has normalized. Speakers are called Vlamingen, language Vlaemsch. Dictionary. SOV. The spelling systems in the 3 countries differ so as to make acceptance of written materials difficult among them. Christian. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: VLAAMS.) Population: 10,000 in France (1984 Menheere, 1993 Evenhuis). Alternate names: FLAMAND, FLEMISH, VLAEMSCH. Dialects: FRANS VLAAMS (VLAEMSCH). Comments: Close to Dutch, English, Frisian. Dutch is not understood in France, but Vlaams dialects in Belgium and the Netherlands are understood. Bilingualism in French, some English. Used for informal situations. Speakers are over 50 years old. Speakers view Dutch as a completely different, friendly language. Speakers in France are called Vlamingen, the language called Vlaemsch. Speakers sometimes refer to Dutch as Vlaams. Dictionary. SOV. Different orthographies used in the 3 countries. Christian. Also spoken in: Netherlands. (Language name: VLAAMS.) Population: 222,000, or 60% of the 370,000 inhabitants of Zeeland in the Netherlands (1998 U. of Ghent). Alternate names: FLAMAND, FLEMISH. Dialects: ZEEUWS (ZEAWS), WEST VLAAMS, FRANS VLAAMS (VLAEMSCH). Comments: Close to Dutch, English, Frisian. Subdialects of Zeeuws include: Goerees, Flakkees, Schouws, Duvelands, Fluplands, Bevelands, Walchers, Axels, Kezands. Speakers have difficulty understanding nearby Brabant dialect of Dutch. Bilingualism in Dutch, English, German. Used for informal situations. Varies locally from all ages to over 40. Speakers have Vlaams as first and sometimes only language. 50,000 speak it as second language. Speakers sometimes refer to Dutch as Vlaams. They view Dutch as the language of trade, tourism, school. Dictionary. SOV. Literacy rate in second language: 99% Dutch. There is a magazine, drama, folk music. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LowSaxonGroupLanguage 'Of 16 &%LowSaxonLowFranconianLanguages, 13 are classified as a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AchterhoeksLanguage s__LowSaxonGroupLanguage__t 'The &%AchterhoeksLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: ACT. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern, Gelderland Province. Alternate names: ACHTERHOEK, AACHTERHOEKS. Comments Bilingualism in Dutch. Official language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DrentsLanguage 'The &%DrentsLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: DRT. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Drenthe Province, northeastern Netherlands near German border. Alternate names: DRENTE. Dialects: NORTH DRENTE (NOORD-DRENTS), SOUTH DRENTE (ZUID-DRENTS). Comments: Bilingualism in Dutch. Official language. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EastVeluwsLanguage 'The &%EastVeluwsLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: VEE. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern, Gelderlaand Province. Alternate names: EAST VELUWE. Comments: Bilingualism in Dutch. Official language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GroningsLanguage 'The &%GroningsLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: GOS. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Groningen Province. Alternate names: GRONINGEN, GRUNNINGS. Dialects: WEST GRONINGEN (WEST GRONINGS), GRONINGEN-EAST FRISIAN (GRONINGS-OOSTFRIES). Comments: Most use Dutch as second language. The primary language of many rural people. Official language. Dictionary. Bible portions 1955-1956.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LowSaxonLanguage 'The &%LowSaxonLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: SXN. ISO 639-2: nds. Population: An estimated 10,000,000 understand it in Germany, but much fewer are native speakers (1996 Reinhard F. Hahn). Region: Northern Germany. The dialects listed are northwest, southwest, south central, northeast, and southeast, respectively. Lower Rhine region below a line from Aachen to Witenberg. Alternate names: NEDDERSASSISCH, NIEDERSAECHSISCH, NEDERSAKSISCH, LOW GERMAN, PLATTDNNTSCH, NEDDERDNNTSCH. Dialects: NORTHERN LOW SAXON, EASTPHALIAN (OSTFAELISCH, OSTFALISCH), MECKLENBURG-ANTERIOR POMERANIA (MECKLENBURGISCH-VORPOMMERSCH), MARK-BRANDENBURG (MAERKISCH-BRANDENBURGISCH, MARKISCH-BRANDENBURGISCH). Comments: The dialects listed are in Germany. The first three dialects listed are Western Low Saxon, the other two are Eastern Low Saxon. Not intelligible to speakers of Standard German. A direct descendant of Old Saxon, related to English. 20 to 30 dialects with differing inherent intelligibility, depending on geographic distance. They did not experience the second consonantal shift of the 8th and 9th centuries (J. Thiessen, U. of Winnipeg 1976). Its modern forms have been largely suppressed until recently, and have received much German, Dutch, or Frisian influence, depending on the area. Low Saxon varieties listed as separate entries in the Netherlands, where they have official status. Pomerano is used in Latin America. Westphaelian and Plautdietsch also have separate entries. Most speakers in Germany are bilingual in Standard German. Officially recognized as a regional (separate) language in 8 states of Germany and in the northeastern provinces of the Netherlands. Recognized as a regional (separate) language by the European Charta on Languages. Printed fairly widely outside Europe, particularly in North and Latin America, Australia, Southern Africa, Eastern Europe (Siberia, Kazakhstan). Dictionary. Bible 1478-1534.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthVeluwsLanguage 'The &%NorthVeluwsLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: VEL. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern. Alternate names: NOTH VELUWE. Comments: Bilingualism in Dutch. Official language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PlautdietschLanguage 'The &%PlautdietschLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: GRN. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 80,000 or more first language speakers and 20,000 second language speakers in Canada (1978 Kloss and McConnell). Total German mother tongue speakers in Canada including standard German, 561,000 (J.A. Hawkins in B. Comrie 1986). Population total all countries: 400,000, of whom 150,000 use it habitually. 110,735 or more in Latin America are fairly monolingual. Region: Southern Canada, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Alberta, British Columbia. Also spoken in: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Germany, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Paraguay, Russia (Asia), Uruguay, USA. Alternate names: LOW GERMAN, MENNONITE GERMAN, MENNONITEN PLATT. Comments: Not intelligible with many other Low German languages, Standard German, Pennsylvania German or Hutterite German. 110,735 or more speakers in Latin America are mainly monolingual in Plautdietsch. 50% of speakers in Canada speak Standard German and 95% speak English as second language. Literacy rate in second language: 95%. Christian. NT 1987. Also spoken in: Belize. (Language name: PLAUTDIETSCH.) Population: 5,763 in Belize (1991 census), 4% of the population (1989 J. Holm). 110,735 or more in Latin America are fairly monolingual. Alternate names: GERMAN, MENNONITE GERMAN. Comments: 15% speak German, many speak English, and some speak Creole or Spanish as second language. Christian. NT 1987. Also spoken in: Bolivia. (Language name: PLAUTDIETSCH.) Population: 28,567 in Bolivia (1996 editor, Menno-Bote). Alternate names: GERMAN, MENNONITE GERMAN. Comments: 6% speak Spanish or Standard German as second language. Christian. NT 1987. Also spoken in: Brazil. (Language name: PLAUTDIETSCH.) Population: 5,955 in Brazil (1985 SIL). 110,735 or more in Latin America are fairly monolingual. Alternate names: LOW GERMAN, MENNONITE GERMAN. Comments: Bilingualism in Portuguese, Standard German. Christian. NT 1987. Also spoken in: Costa Rica. (Language name: PLAUTDIETSCH. Population: 100 in Costa Rica (1974 Minnich). Alternate names: LOW GERMAN, MENNONITE GERMAN. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. People speak Plautdietsch in the home. Church services are in Spanish. Christian. NT 1987. Also spoken in: Germany. (Language name: PLAUTDIETSCH.) Population: 90,000 possibly (1996 Reuben Epp). Comments: NT 1987. Also spoken in: Kazakhstan. (Language name: PLAUTDIETSCH.) Population: 100,000 in Russia and Kazakhstan (1986). Alternate names: LOW GERMAN. Comments: 50% speak Russian as second language. Christian. NT 1987. Also spoken in: Mexico. (Language name: PLAUTDIETSCH.) Population: 40,000 in Mexico (1996). Alternate names: LOW GERMAN, MENNONITE GERMAN. Comments: Not intelligible with other Low Saxon languages or Standard German. 22% speak Standard German, 5% speak English, 30% speak Spanish, 5% speak Russian as second language. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Intensive agriculturalists, cheese production. Christian. NT 1987. Also spoken in: Paraguay. (Language name: PLAUTDIETSCH.) Population: 38,000 first language speakers in Paraguay, including 19,000 who speak Plautdietsch and Standard German both as mother tongue. Alternate names: LOW GERMAN. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish, German. Agriculturalists: dairy, grain, cotton, peanuts. Christian. NT 1987. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: PLAUTDIETSCH. Population: 10,000 in USA (1978 Kloss and McConnell). Alternate names: LOW GERMAN, MENNONITE GERMAN. Comments: Not inherently intelligible with Pennsylvania German, Hutterite German, many other Low German languages or Standard German. 5% speak Standard German, 98% speak English as second language. Literacy rate in second language: 95%. Christian. NT 1987.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SallandsLanguage 'The &%SallandsLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: SNK. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern, Overijssels Province. Sallands in the Center. Alternate names: SALLAND, SALLAN. Comments: Bilingualism in Dutch. Official language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__StellingwerfsLanguage 'The &%StellingwerfsLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: STL. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern, Stellingwerven region, Friesland Province. Centers are Oosterwoolde and Wolvege. Alternate names: STELLINGWERFSTELLINGWARFS. Comments: Bilingualism in Dutch. Official language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TwentsLanguage 'The &%TwentsLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: TWD. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern, Overijssels Province. Twents is in the east. Alternate names: TWENTE. Comments: Bilingualism in Dutch. Official language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__VeenkoloniaalsLanguage 'The &%VeenkoloniaalsLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: VEK. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern. Alternate names: VEEN COLONY. Comments Bilingualism in Dutch. Official language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WesterwoldsLanguage 'The &%WesterwoldsLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: WEV. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern. Alternate names: WESTERWOLD. Comments: Bilingualism in Dutch. Official language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WestphalienLanguage 'The &%WestphalienLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: WEP. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northwestern, Westphalia. Alternate names: WESTFAELISCH, WESTFALISCH. Comments: Bilingualism in Standard German. See also Low Saxon entry.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GreekGroupLanguage 'A &%GreekGroupLanguage is any of seven closely related &%IndoEuropeanLanguages spoken in &%Greece and nearby regions.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AtticGreekLanguage 'Of the seven &%GreekGroupLanguages, six of these are classified as an &%AtticGreekLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AncientGreekLanguage 'The &%AncientGreekLanguage is an &%AtticGreekLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: GKO. ISO 639-2: grc. Dialects: KOINE GREEK, CLASSICAL GREEK. Comments: Koine Greek is used as a religious language by the Greek Orthodox Church. The language of the text of the Christian New Testament. Extinct. Bible c. 42-98 A.D.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CappadocianGreekLanguage 'The &%CappadocianGreekLanguage is an &%AtticGreekLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: CPG. ISO 639-2: ine. Region: Resettled to various locations in Greece in 1922. Formerly in central Turkey (Cappadocia). Sille was in Sille town near Konya, Western Cappadocian was in villages south of Kayseri, Pharasa was in Pharasa (Faras) and surrounding villages. Dialects: SILLE, WESTERN CAPPADOCIAN, PHARASA. Comments: Closest to Pontic. Even more distinct from Standard Greek than Pontic is. Language was under extensive attrition from Turkish at the time of the population exchanges in 1922, and has now died out since the 1960s under pressure from Standard Greek (N. Nicholas 1997, Costakis). Different from the ancient Anatolian language spoken in Cappadocia. Dictionary. Christian. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GreekLanguage s__AtticGreekLanguage__t 'The &%GreekLanguage is an &%AtticGreekLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: GRK. ISO 639-1: el. ISO 639-2(B): gre. ISO 639-2(T): ell. Population: 9,859,850 in Greece, 98.5% of the population (1986). Population total all countries: 12,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Thoughout the country. Also spoken in 35 other countries including Albania, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bulgaria, Canada, Congo, Cyprus, DRC, Djibouti, Egypt, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan. Alternat names: ELLINIKA, GREC, GRAECAE, ROMAIC, NEO-HELLENIC. Dialects: KATHAREVOUSA, DIMOTIKI, SARACATSAN. Comments: Katharevousa is an archaic literary dialect, Dimotiki is the spoken literary dialect and now the official dialect. The Saracatsan are nomadic shepherds of northern Greece. Greeks in Russia and Ukraine speak either Greek or Turkish and are called Urums. The Karamanli were Orthodox Christian Turks who came from central Turkey. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO. Bible 1840-1955. Also spoken in: Albania. (Language name: GREEK.) Population: 60,000 in Albania, 1.8% of the population (1989). Comments: Bible 1840-1994. Also spoken in: Cyprus. (Language name: GREEK.) Population: 578,000 in Cyprus (1995), 75% of the population. Dialects: CYPRIOT GREEK. Comments: The dialect is reported to be closer to Classical Greek than that spoken in Greece in some vocabulary and grammar, and to have many Arabic and Turkish loan words. National language. Christian. Bible 1840-1994. Also spoken in: Egypt. (Language name: GREEK.) Population: 60,000 in Egypt (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Bible 1840-1994. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: GREEK.) Dialects: CARGESE. Comments: The Greek of Italy and that of Corsica are probably separate languages (R. Zamponi 1992). The last native speaker died about 1982 (Nick Nicalas 1997). The ethnic group speaks French. Bible 1840-1994. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: GREEK.) Population: 20,000 in Italy (N. Vincent in B. Comrie 1987). Dialects: SALENTO, ASPROMONTE. Comments: The Greek spoken in Italy and that of Corsica are probably two separate languages (R. Zamponi 1992). Mainly older speakers. Not used in schools. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Greek of Greece, Corsica. Bible 1840-1994. Also spoken in: Romania. (Language name: GREEK.) Comments: The Karakatchan are Romanian nomadic shepherds who speak Greek. Bible 1840-1955. Also spoken in: Turkey (Europe). (Language name: GREEK.) Population: 4,000 in Turkey (1993). Comments: Nearly all Greeks have now emigrated from Turkey. There were 1,500,000 in Turkey in 1900. Bible 1840-1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PonticGreekLanguage 'The &%PonticGreekLanguage is an &%AtticGreekLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: PNT. ISO 639-2: ine. Population: 200,000 in Greece (1993 Johnstone). Population total all countries: 320,000 or more. Region: The majority of speakers live in Salonica, borough of Kalamaria, and the rest of Macedonia in Greece. There may still be speakers on the Black Sea coast of Turkey. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Canada, Georgia, Kazakhstan, USA. Alternate names: PONTIC GREEK. Comments: Speakers of Standard Greek cannot understand Pontic, and Pontic speakers are reported to not understand or speak Standard Greek. Pontic clubs and centers exist in the Athens-Peiraeus suburbs. Young people may speak Standard Greek as their first language. Speakers in North America are reported to hold onto their language more zealously than those in Greece. Ethnic Greeks in Georgia called Rumka speak Pontic Greek. Brought to Greece in the 1920s and 1930s by immigrants from the Black Sea coast, which had been inhabited by Greeks since antiquity.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RomanoGreekLanguage 'The &%RomanoGreekLanguage is an &%AtticGreekLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: RGE. ISO 639-2: ine. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: HELLENOROMANI. Comments: Structured on Greek with heavy Romani lexicon.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YevanicGreekLanguage 'The &%YevanicGreekLanguage is an &%AtticGreekLanguage of &%Israel. SIL code: YEJ. ISO 639-2: ine. Population: 35 possibly in Israel. There were a few semi-speakers left in 1987, and may be none now. Population total both countries 50 or fewer. Region: There may be a handful of elderly speakers still in Turkey. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: JUDEO-GREEK, YEVANITIKA. Comments: Jews gave it up in Rome by 4th century, Spain by 6-7th centuries, Crimea by 8th century. After 1000 A.D. almost entirely in Greece, some in the Balkans (Wexler 1985). Jewish. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DoricGreekLanguage s__GreekGroupLanguage__t 'Of the seven &%GreekGroupLanguages, one of these are classified as a &%DoricGreekLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TsakonianGreekLanguage s__DoricGreekLanguage__t 'The &%TsakonianGreekLanguage is a &%DoricGreekLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: TSD. ISO 639-2: ine. Population: (300 shepherds, 1981 J. Werner). Region: Towns of Kastanitsa, Sitena, Prastos, Leonidi, Pramatefti, Sapounakeika, Tyros,Melana, possibly Korakovunio, eastern coast of Peloponnesos. Isolated in summer in the mountains west of Leonidi in the eastern Peloponnesus, in winter they descend to Leonidi and neighboring towns. Alternate names: TSAKONIA. Dialects: NORTHERN TSAKONIAN (KASTANISTA- SITENA), SOUTHERN TSAKONIAN (LEONIDIO-PRASTOS), PROPONTIS TSAKONIAN (VATKA- HAVOUTSI). Comments: Derived from the Doric dialect spoken in Lakonia by ancient Spartans. Northern and Southern are reported to be intelligible to each others speakers, but Propontis was more distinct, and closer to Standard Greek. Not inherently intelligible with modern Greek (Voegelin and Voegelin). All use Greek as second language. There were monolingual speakers in 1927. Few speakers of Northern Tsakonian. Speakers use Southern Tsakonian. Propontis Tsakonian has become extinct since 1970. Children attend Greek schools in winter, including kindergarten. Dictionary. Grammar. Pastoralists. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IndoIranianLanguage 'An &%IndoIranianLanguage is any of 296 closely related &%IndoEuropeanLanguages spoken in south Asia and nearby regions.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IndoAryanLanguage s__IndoAryanLanguage__t s__IndoIranianLanguage__t 'Of the 296 &%IndoIranianLanguages, 210 of these are classified as an &%IndoAryanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage 'Of the 210 &%IndoAryanLanguages, 67 of these are classified as a &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BhilLanguage s__BhilLanguage__t 'Of the 67 &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguages, 16 of these are classified as a &%BhilLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DomLanguage s__DomLanguage__t 'Of the 67 &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguages, one of these is classified as a &%DomLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GujaratiGroupLanguage s__GujaratiGroupLanguage__t 'Of the 67 &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguages, nine of these are classified as a &%GujaratiGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KhandesiLanguage s__KhandesiLanguage__t 'Of the 67 &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguages, three of these are classified as a &%KhandesiLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PanjabiGroupLanguage s__PanjabiGroupLanguage__t 'Of the 67 &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguages, one of these is classified as a &%PanjabiGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RajasthaniGroupLanguage s__RajasthaniGroupLanguage__t 'Of the 67 &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguages, 14 of these are classified as a &%RajasthaniGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RomaniGroupLanguage s__RomaniGroupLanguage__t 'Of the 67 &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguages, seven of these are classified as a &%RomaniGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WesternHindiGroupLanguage s__WesternHindiGroupLanguage__t 'Of the 67 &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguages, 12 of these are classified as a &%WesternHindiGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DangauraTharuLanguage 'The &%DangauraTharuLanguage is an unclassified &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage of &%Nepal. SIL code: THL. ISO 639-2: inc. Population: 300,000 or more in Nepal (1991 census). 993,388 all Tharu, 5.37% of the population (1991 census). Population total both countries: 343,000. Region: Rapti Zone, Dang District. Also in other areas of the Tarai, like Bardiya, Banke, Kailali, and Kanchanpur districts. Alternate names: DANG THARU. Comments: 68% to 91% intelligibility of Rana, 95% to 97% of Kathoriya. Some varieties listed as dialects have only 71% to 79% intelligibility of others. Some intelligibility difficulty with speakers from India. Closest to Mari Tharu. Possibly Eastern Hindi Group. 74% to 79% lexical similarity with Kathoriya, 72% to 74% with Sunha, 63% to 72% with Rana Thakur, 61% to 67% with Chitwan, 58% to 65% with Hindi. Educated people tend to be more bilingual in Nepali, men more than women, young people more than older people. Hindi and Maithili are also used. Dangaura is used almost exclusively in the family, with older people, children, and mainly with village leaders. They usually use Tharu with other Tharu, but sometimes Nepali. All ages. Vigorous. The Rana Tharu and Dangaura Tharu are well known, but the Kathoriya Tharu and other smaller groups are often unknown. Dang and Dangora are separate clans. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Deokuri, Kathoriya. Dictionary. SOV; postpositions, genitives after noun heads, adjectives, numerals before noun heads, CV, CVC, CCV, nontonal. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 27.7% all Tharu (1991 census). Devanagari. Radio programs. Subtropical. Hill, valley. Agriculturalists. 600 to 900 meters. Traditional religion, Hindu overly. Also spoken in: India. (Language name: THARU, DANGAURA.) Population: 31,000 in India (1981 census). Alternate names: DANG, DANGORA, DANGURA, DANGALI, DANGHA. Comments: 63% to 72% lexical similarity with Rana Tharu, 74% to 79% with Kathoriya Tharu, 58% to 65% with Hindi. Hindi bilingual proficiency is limited among the 70% to 90% who are uneducated. Tharu is a Scheduled Tribe in India. Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25% (census). Hindu, traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KathoriyaTharuLanguage 'The &%KathoriyaTharuLanguage is an unclassified &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage of &%Nepal. SIL code: TKT. ISO 639-2: inc. Population: 60,000 (1981). Population total both countries: 60,000 or more. Region: Seti Zone, Kailali District. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: KATHARIYA. Comments: There appear to be differences in speech between Nepal and India dialects. Possibly Eastern Hindi Group. 79% lexical similarity with Dangaura and Rana, 66% with Hindi, 66% to 69% with Buksa, 63% with Chitwania. Bilingualism in Nepali. Hindi also used. Literacy rate in second language: 27.7% (1991 census). Traditional religion, Hindu overlay.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ParyaLanguage s__CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage__t 'The &%ParyaLanguage is an unclassified &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage of &%Tajikistan. SIL code: PAQ. ISO 639-2: inc. Population: 1,000 in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan (1960). Population total all countries: 1,000 or more. Region: Hissar Valley in Tajikistan and some in the upper part of the Surkhandarya Valley in Uzbekistan. Also spoken in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: AFGHANA-YI NASFURUSH, AFGHANA-YI SIYA RUI, LAGHMANI, PBHARYA. Comments It may be a dialect of Marwari, related to Panjabi, or the Laghman dialect of Southeast Pashayi of Afghanistan. Subgroups: Kalu, Jitain, Juni, Maggar, Bisiyan, Mussali, Shuiya. Bilingualism in Tajiki. Parya remains the exclusive language within the home. Uzbek and Tajiki men who marry Parya women learn Parya and become assimilated into the community. They came to Tajikistan from Laghman, Afghanistan in 1880. They refer to themselves as Changgars. Subgroup names are similar to those of the Changgars of Lahore, and to names used for groups mistakenly called Gypsies. Collective farm workers. Sunni Muslim. Also spoken in: Afghanistan. (Language name: PARYA.) Alternate names: AFGHANA-YI NASFURUSH, AFGHANA-YI SIYARUI, LAGHMANI. Comments: It may be related to Panjabi, or the Laghman dialect of Southeast Pashayi of Afghanistan. Bilingualism in Tajiki. Parya remains the exclusive language within the home. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SonhaLanguage 'The &%SonhaLanguage is an unclassified &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage of &%Nepal. SIL code: SOI. ISO 639-2: inc. Population: 10,000 (1985). Region: Along Karnali River in western Nepal, Kailali District, Seti Zone, Bheri River, Bheri Zone, Mahakali River, Mahakali Zone. Alternate names: SONAHAA. Comments: Close to Dangura Tharu, 80% intelligibility. Gold panners, agriculturalists.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthwesternZoneIndoAryanLanguage 'Of the 210 &%IndoAryanLanguages, 39 of these are classified as a &%NorthwesternZoneIndoAryanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DardicLanguage s__NorthwesternZoneIndoAryanLanguage__t 'Of the 39 &%NorthwesternZoneIndoAryanLanguages, 27 of these are classified as a &%DardicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KunarLanguage s__DardicLanguage__t 'Of the 27 &%DardicLanguages, eight of these are classified as a &%KunarLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PashayiGroupLanguage s__PashayiGroupLanguage__t s__KunarLanguage__t 'Of the eight &%KunarLanguages, four of these are classified as a &%PashayiGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NortheastPashayiLanguage 'The &%NortheastPashayiLanguage is a &%PashayiGroupLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: AEE. ISO 639-2: inc. Population: No estimate available. Region: Side valleys between the Kunar and Pech rivers, in Kunar Province, west of Asadabad. Dialects: ARET, CHALAS (CHILAS), KANDAK, KURANGAL, KURDAR. Comments: Unintelligible to other Pashayi language speakers. The villages of Kandak, Shemul, Aret, Shumasht, and Kordar belong to the Chugani people, Chalas and Kurangal are separate. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthwestPashayiLanguage 'The &%NorthwestPashayiLanguage is a &%PashayiGroupLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: GLH. ISO 639-2: inc. Population: No estimate available. Region: From Gulbahar across Kapisa and Laghman provinces to Nuristan on the Alingar River, especially the Alisheng Valley and valleys north of Sarobi. Dialects: GULBAHAR, KOHNADEH, LAUROWAN, SANJAN, SHUTUL, BOLAGHAIN, PACHAGAN, ALASAI, SHAMAKOT, UZBIN, PANDAU, NAJIL, PARAZHGHAN, PASHAGAR, WADAU, NANGARACH. Comments: Unintelligible to other Pashayi language speakers. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SoutheastPashayiLanguage 'The &%SoutheastPashayiLanguage is a &%PashayiGroupLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: DRA. ISO 639-2: inc. Population: No estimate available. Region: Upper and Lower Darrai Nur Valley, Damench, Shale (Shari). North of Shewa in Nangarhar Province, and adjacent regions of the Alingar Valley in southern Laghman Province. Alternate names: PASHAI. Dialects: DARRAI NUR, WEGAL, LAGHMAN, ALINGAR, KUNAR. Comments: Unintelligible to other Pashayi language speakers. In the upper Darrai Nur there are ten villages (including Bamba Kot, Lamatek, and Sutan) which form a single people group with their own dialect. Residents of the lower Darrai Nur (Nur River) are separate and perhaps not ethnically an organized people. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthwestPashayiLanguage 'The &%SouthwestPashayiLanguage is a &%PashayiGroupLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: PSH. ISO 639-2: inc. Population: 108,000 or .6% of the population (1982), including all Pashayi languages or dialects. Region: Tagau (Tagab) Valley, north of Sarobi, northeast of Kabul. Dialects: TAGAU, ISHPI, ISKEN. Comments: Not intelligible with other Pashayi languages. All Pashayi peoples have rich folklore and songs preserved by oral tradition. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IranianLanguage 'Of the 296 &%IndoIranianLanguages, 84 of these are classified as an &%IranianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EasternIranianLanguage s__EasternIranianLanguage__t s__IranianLanguage__t 'Of the 84 &%IranianLanguages, 14 of these are classified as an &%EasternIranianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SoutheasternIranianLanguage 'Of the 14 &%EasternIranianLanguages, 11 of these are classified as a &%SouthasternIranianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PashtoLanguage s__PashtoLanguage__t s__SoutheasternIranianLanguage__t 'Of the 11 &%SoutheasternIranianLanguages, four of these are classified as a &%PashtoLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CentralPashtoLanguage 'The &%CentralPashtoLanguage is a &%PashtoLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: PST. ISO 639-1: ps. ISO 639-2: pus. Population: No estimate available. Region: Wazirstan, Bannu, Karak, southern tribal territories and adjacent areas. Alternate names: MAHSUDI. Dialects: WACIRI (WAZIRI), BANNUCHI (BANNOCHI, BANNU). Comments: Lexical comparison and interviews indicate this is distinct from Northern and Southern Pashto. Dictionary. Grammar. Sunni Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthernPashtoLanguage 'The &%NorthernPashtoLanguage is a &%PashtoLanguage of &%Pakistan. SIL code: PBU. ISO 639-1: ps. ISO 639-2: pus. Population: 9,585,000 in Pakistan or 8.47% of population, including Southern Pashto (1993 estimate). Population total all countries: 9,685,000. Region: Along Afghanistan border, most of NWFP, Yusufzai and Peshawar. Also spoken in Afghanistan, India, UAE, United Kingdom. Alternate names: PAKHTO, PUSHTO. Dialects: NINGRAHARIAN PASHTO, NORTHEASTERN PASHTO. Comments: A good deal of similarity with Northwestern Pashto in Afghanistan. Subdialects of Northeastern Pashto are Kohat (Khatak), Yusufzai (Peshawar), Afridi, Shinwari, Mohmand, Shilmani. There is generally an 80% lexical similarity between Northeastern and Southwestern Pashto. Rich literary tradition. The Powinda are a nomadic Pashto-speaking group. Dictionary. Literacy rate in second language: Low. Modified Perso-Arabic script used. Used in schools and media in NWFP and adjacent tribal territories. Newspapers, radio programs, films, TV. Sunni Muslim, some Shia. Bible 1895. Also spoken in: Afghanistan. (Language name: PASHTO, NORTHERN.) Alternate names: PAKTU, PAKHTU, PAKHTOO, AFGHAN. Dialects: NORTHWESTERN PAKHTO, GHILZAI, DURANI. Comments: Bilingualism in Farsi. Since the early 1930s the Afghan government has been exerting considerable effort to standardize and publicize the language. One of the two official languages taught in schools. The Ghilzai speakers are nomadic and 24% of the national population. The Durani, 16%, live in permanent settlements. The people are called Pakhtoon in the north, Pashtoon in the south. Pashto clans are: Mohmandi, Ghilzai, Durani, Yusufzai, Afridi, Kandahari (Qandahari), Waziri, Chinwari (Shinwari), Mangal, Wenetsi. National language. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10% (?) Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Radio programs. Mainly Hanafi Sunni Muslim. Bible 1895. Also spoken in: United Arab Emirates. (Language name: PASHTO, NORTHERN. Population: 100,000 in UAE (1986). Alternate names: PUSTO, PASHTU, PASSTOO, PAKHTOO, PUSHTO. Comments: People called Pathans. Speakers have come from Pakistan. Modified Urdu script used. Unskilled laborers, drivers. Muslim. Bible 1895.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthernPashtoLanguage 'The &%SouthernPashtoLanguage is a &%PashtoLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: PBT. ISO 639-1: ps. ISO 639-2: pus. Population: 8,000,000 all Pashto in Afghanistan (1989), 35% to 50% of the population (1996). Population total all countries 9,204,000 or more. All Pashto in all countries: 19,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Kandahar area. Also spoken in Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, UAE, United Kingdom. Dialects: SOUTHWESTERN PASHTO, KANDAHAR PASHTO, QANDAHAR PASHTO. Comments: There is generally an 80% lexical similarity between the northern and southern varieties of Pashto. Grammar. Perso-Arabic script used. Muslim. Also spoken in: Iran. (Language name: PASHTO, SOUTHERN.) Population: 113,000 in Iran (1993). Alternate names: PASHTU, PAKTU. Comments: Different from Northern Pashto of Pakistan and India. Sunni Muslim. Also spoken in: Pakistan. (Language name: PASHTO, SOUTHERN.) Population: 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 in Pakistan (1992). Alternate names: PUSHTO, PUSHTU. Dialects: SOUTHEASTERN PASHTO, QUETTA PASHTO. Comments: 80% lexical similarity with Northern Pashto, 76% with Central Pashto. Some Pashto speakers educated in Urdu medium schools mix Urdu into their Pashto speech. Perso-Arabic script used. Muslim. Also spoken in: United Arab Emirates. (Language name: PASHTO, SOUTHERN.) Population: Thousands in UAE. Alternate names: PAKTU, PAKHTU, PAKHTOO, AFGHAN. Comments: Speakers have come from Afghanistan. Unskilled laborers, drivers, shopkeepers. Mainly Sunni Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WaneciLanguage 'The &%WaneciLanguage is a &%PashtoLanguage of &%Pakistan. SIL code: WNE. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: 95,000 (1998). Region: Northeastern Balochistan Province, Harnai area. Alternate names: WANECHI, WANETSI, VANECHI, TARINO, CHALGARI. Comments: 71% to 75% lexical similarity with Southern Pashto, 63% to 72% with other Pashto varieties, 27% with Ormuri. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Below 5%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WesternIranianLanguage 'Of the 84 &%IranianLanguages, 69 of these are classified as a &%WesternIranianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthwesternIranianLanguage s__NorthwesternIranianLanguage__t s__WesternIranianLanguage__t 'Of the 69 &%WesternIranianLanguages, 53 of these are classified as a &%NorthwesternIranianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BalochiLanguage 'Of the 53 &%NorthwesternIranianLanguages, five of these are classified as a &%BalochiLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BashkardiLanguage s__BalochiLanguage__t 'The &%BashkardiLanguage is a &%BalochiLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: BSG. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EasternBalochiLanguage 'The &%EasternBalochiLanguage is a &%BalochiLanguage of &%Pakistan. SIL code: BGP. ISO 639-2: bal. Population: 1,800,000 in Pakistan (1998). Population total both countries: 1,805,000. Including second language users of all Balochi languages: 5,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Northeastern Balochistan Province, northwestern Sind, southwestern Punjab. Alternate names: BALUCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI. Comments: One of the major languages in Pakistan. Distinct from Western Balochi and Southern Balochi. Balochi has a small body of literature. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Urdu script used. Radio programs. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1815-1906. Also spoken in: India. (Language name: BALOCHI, EASTERN.) Population: 5,000 in India (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Alternate names: BALOCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI. Comments: Distinct from Western Balochi of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, and Southern Balochi of Pakistan, Iran, Oman, United Arab Emirates. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1815-1906.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KoroshiLanguage 'The &%KoroshiLanguage is a &%BalochiLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: KTL. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: 160 to 200, or 40 to 50 families (Mohamedi). Comments: Appears to be Baluchi with some features of Farsi. They work for the Qashqai people. Camel keepers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthernBalochiLanguage 'The &%SouthernBalochiLanguage is a &%BalochiLanguage of &%Pakistan. SIL code: BCC. ISO 639-2: bal. Population: 2,765,000 in Pakistan (1998). Population total all countries: 3,400,000. Region: Southern Balochistan, southern Sind, Karachi. Also spoken in Iran, Oman, UAE. Alternate names: BALUCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI, MAKRANI. Dialects: COASTAL BALOCHI, KECHI, MAKRANI (LOTUNI). Comments: Distinct from Eastern Balochi and fairly distinct from Western Balochi. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Urdu script used. Sunni Muslim, and about 700,000 Zigri (Zikri) sect (semi-Muslim). Bible portions 1992-1994. Also spoken in: Iran. (Language name: BALOCHI, SOUTHERN.) Population: 405,000 in Iran. Alternate names: BALUCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI. Dialects: MAKRANI (LOTUNI). Comments: Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1992-1994. Also spoken in: Oman. (Language name: BALOCHI, SOUTHERN.) Population: 130,300 out of 312,000 ethnic population in Oman (1993). Alternate names: BALUCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI. Dialects: MAKRANI (LOTUNI, ZADGAALI), BARAHUWI, BASHGAADI, HUUTI. Comments: Ethnic Baloch who immigrated long ago are Omani citizens, but no longer speak Balochi. Speakers come from Pakistan. The majority are not Omani citizens. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1992-1994. Also spoken in: United Arab Emirates. (Language name: BALOCHI, SOUTHERN.) Population: 100,000 in UAE. Alternate names: BALUCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI. Dialects: MAKRANI (LOTUNI). Comments: Speakers come from Oman, Iran, and Pakistan. Unskilled laborers, police, military. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1992-1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WesternBalochiLanguage 'The &%WesternBalochiLanguage is a &%BalochiLanguage of &%Pakistan. SIL code: BGN. ISO 639-2: bal. Population: 1,116,000 in Pakistan (1998). Population total all countries: 1,800,000. Region: Northwestern Balochistan Province. Also spoken in Afghanistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan. Alternate names: BALUCHI, BALOCI, BALUCI. Dialects: RAKHSHANI (RAXSHANI), SARAWANI. Comments: Balochi is the official spelling in Pakistan. It has a small body of literature. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Urdu script used. Radio programs. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1984. Also spoken in: Afghanistan. (Language name: BALOCHI, WESTERN. Population: 200,000 in Afghanistan (1979 estimate). Alternate names: BALUCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI. Dialects: RAKHSHANI (RAXSHANI). Comments: Largely nomadic. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Arabic script. Newspapers. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1984. Also spoken in: Iran. (Language name: BALOCHI, WESTERN.) Population: 451,000 in Iran, 1% of the population (1986). Alternate names: BALUCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI. Dialects: RAKHSHANI (RAXSHANI), SARAWANI. Comments: Strongly influenced by Fars, but not intelligible with Farsi. Few speak Farsi. Distinct from Eastern and Southern Balochi. Ethnic group: Yarahmadza. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1984. Also spoken in: Turkmenistan. (Language name: BALOCHI, WESTERN.) Population: 28,000 in Turkmenistan (1993). Alternate names: BALOCI, BALUCHI, BALUCI. Comments: Turkmen is used as the literary language in Turkmenistan. Distinct from Eastern and Southern Balochi. Muslim. Bible portions 1984.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CentralIranianLanguage 'Of the 53 &%NorthwesternIranianLanguages, 11 of these are classified as a &%CentralIranianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AshtianiLanguage 'The &%AshtianiLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: ATN. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Region: Tafres area. Alternate names: ASTIANI. Comments: Transitional between central Iranian dialects and Talysh. Very close to Vafsi. Speakers are bilingual in Farsi. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DariLanguage 'The &%DariLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: GBZ. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: 8,000 to 15,000 (1999). Region: Yezd and Kerman areas. Alternate names: GABRI, GABAR. Comments: Related to Parsi-Dari. All use Western Farsi as second language. Spoken by Persian Zoroastrians in their personal communications as a private language. A different language from Dari (Eastern Farsi [PRS]) of Afghanistan, although both names come from Darius, the ancient Emperor, whom they both relate to. Many Zoroastrians speak Parsi-Dari, and do not know this language. Gabri and Gabar are derogatory names. Zoroastrian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GaziLanguage 'The &%GaziLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: GZI. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KhunsariLanguage 'The &%KhunsariLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: KFM. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Distinct from Kumzari of Oman. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NatanziLanguage 'The &%NatanziLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: NTZ. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NayiniLanguage s__CentralIranianLanguage__t 'The &%NayiniLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: NYQ. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ParsiLanguage 'The &%ParsiLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%India. SIL code: PRP. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: 60,000 to 150,000 in India (1999). Population: total all countries 230,000 or more. Region: Gujarat; Maharashtra. Also reported to be in Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, Germany, Hong Kong, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, southern and western Africa, elsewhere in Europe. Also spoken in Pakistan, United Kingdom, USA. Alternate names: PARSEE. Comments: Parsi is reported to not be inherently intelligible with Parsi-Dari, from whom they separated 600 to 700 years ago or more. Other reports say they came to India 1300 years ago. Related to Dari [GBZ] in Iran. Many are reported to not speak other languages well. Parsee is the name of the ethnic group. Literacy rate in second language: 90% in English. Well educated. Zoroastrian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ParsiDariLanguage 'The &%ParsiDariLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: PRD. ISO 639-2: ira. Population total both countries: 350,000 or more. Region: Also spoken in Afghanistan. Alternate names: PARSEE-DARI. Comments: Parsi-Dari is reported to not be inherently intelligible with Parsi of India, Pakistan, and other countries, but linguistically and ethnically related. Separated 600 to 700 years ago or more from that. It is related to Dari [GBZ]. Many are reported to not speak other languages well. Parsee is the name of the ethnic group. Zoroastrian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SivandiLanguage 'The &%SivandiLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: SIY. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SoiLanguage 'The &%SoiLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: SOJ. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__VafsiLanguage 'The &%VafsiLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: VAF. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Region: Central Province, Arak District, Vafs, Tafres area. Comments: Various dialects. Transitional between central Iranian dialects and Talysh, very close to Ashtiani. Bilingualism in Western Farsi. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthwesternIranianLanguage 'Of the 69 &%WesternIranianLanguages 16 of these are classified as a &%SouthwesternIranianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PersianLanguage s__SouthwesternIranianLanguage__t 'Of the 16 &%SouthwesternIranianLanguages, 10 of these are classified as a &%PersianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AimaqLanguage 'The &%AimaqLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: AIQ. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: 480,000 in Afghanistan (1993) including 1,000 Jamshidi (1978 MARC). Population total all countries: 800,000 (1980 Dupree). Region: West of the Hazara, central northwest Afghanistan, eastern Iran, and Tajikistan (Jamshidi and Khazara). Also spoken in Iran, Tajikistan. Alternate names: BARBARI, BERBERI, CHAHAR-AIMAQ, CHAR AIMAQ. Dialects: TAIMURI (TEIMURI, TIMURI, TAIMOURI), TAIMANI, ZOHRI (ZURI), JAMSHIDI (JAMSHEDI, DJAMCHIDI, YEMCHIDI, DZHEMSHID), FIROZKOHI, MALIKI, MIZMAST, CHINGHIZI, ZAINAL. Comments: Dialect names listed are as much or more ethnic names. Dari Persian dialects with some Turkic and Mongolian elements, possibly quite distinct. Barbari and Berberi are also applied to Hazara people in and around Mashad, Iran. Investigation needed: intelligibility with related varieties. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Agriculturalists, pastoralists. Hanafi Sunni Muslim. Also spoken in: Iran. (Language name: AIMAQ.) Population: 170,000 (1993 Johnstone). Dialects: TEIMURI (TEIMURTASH).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BukharicLanguage 'The &%BukharicLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Israel. SIL code: BHH. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: 50,000 in Israel (1995 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 60,000. Region: Also spoken in USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: BOKHARIC, BUKHARIAN, BOKHARAN, BUKHARAN, JUDEO-TAJIK. Comments: Related to Tajiki Persian. May be easily intelligible with Tajiki or Farsi. Also close to Judeo-Persian. Many are recent immigrants (1995). Investigation needed: intelligibility, bilingual proficiency. Hebrew script used. Radio programs. Jewish. Also spoken in: Uzbekistan. (Language name: BUKHARIC.) Population: 10,000 in Uzbekistan (1995). Alternate names: BUKHARAN, JUDEO-TAJIK, BOKHARIC, BUKHARIN, BOKHARIAN. Comments: Related to Tajiki Persian. It may be easily intelligible with Tajiki or Farsi. Also close to Judeo-Persian. Hebrew script used. Jewish. See main entry under Israel.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DehwariLanguage 'The &%DehwariLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Pakistan. SIL code: DEH. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: 13,000 possibly (1998). Region: Central Balochistan, in Kalat and Mastung. Alternate names: DEGHWARI. Comments: Influenced by Brahui. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Below 5%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DarwaziLanguage 'The &%DarwaziLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: DRW. ISO 639-2: ira. Population 10,000 (1983). Region: Town of Darwaz on the Amu Darya River, in the northernmost tip of Afghanistan. May also be in Tajikistan. Comments: May be called Badakhshani. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DzhidiLanguage 'The &%DzhidiLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Israel. SIL code: DZH. ISO 639-2: jpr. Population: 60,000 in Israel (1995). Population total both countries: 60,000 or more. Region: Also spoken in Iran. Alternate names: JUDEO-PERSIAN. Comments: Close to Bukharic, Western Farsi. Many are speakers of Western Farsi. Jewish. Also spoken in: Iran. (Language name: DZHIDI.) Population: (60,000 in Israel, 1995). Alternate names: JUDEO-PERSIAN, DJUDI, JUDI. Comments: Close to Bukharic, Western Farsi. Jewish.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EasternFarsiLanguage s__PersianLanguage__t 'The &%EasternFarsiLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: PRS. ISO 639-1: fa. ISO 639-2(B): per. ISO 639-2(T): fas. Population: 5,600,000 25% to 50% of population (1996). Population total both countries: 7,000,000. Region: Various Dari dialects in Khorasan Province (Iran), and provinces of Herat, Hazarajat, Balkh, Ghor, Ghazni, Budaksham, Panjsher, and Galcha-Pamir Mountains and Kabul regions. Alternate names: PERSIAN, DARI, PARSI. Dialects: DARI (AFGHAN FARSI, HERATI, TAJIKI, KABOLI, KABULI, KHORASANI), PARSIWAN. Comments: Radio Afghanistan broadcasts are promoting a standardized pronunciation of the literary language which is based on the old dictional tradition of the country, with its archaic phonetic characteristics. Formal style is closer to Tehrani Persian (Farsi), in formal style in some parts of Afghanistan is closer to Tajiki of Tajikistan. Phonological and lexical differences between Iran and Afghanistan cause little difficulty in comprehension. Most Afghan dialects are closer to literary Persian than Iranian dialects are to literary Persian. Zargari (Morghuli) is a secret language used among goldsmiths and perhaps others, based on a dialect of Persian. See also Balkan Romani in Iran. National language. Arabic script. Taught in schools. Radio programs. Sunni and Shia Muslim. 70 Jews (1980) speak the same dialect as Muslims. NT 1982-1985. Also spoken in: Pakistan. (Language name: FARSI, EASTERN.) Population: 1,000,000 in Pakistan, plus 1,400 in Madaglasht, and many refugees (1992 SIL). Alternate names: DARI, TAJIK, MADAGLASHTI, BADAKHSHI. Comments: Madaglasht community came from Badakhshan, Afghanistan 200 years ago. Other communities have been in Pakistan for many generations. Muslim. NT 1982-1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HazaragiLanguage 'The &%HazaragiLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: HAZ. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: 1,403,000 in Afghanistan (1989), 9% of the population (1989). Population total all countries: 1,756,000 to 6,000,000. Region: Central Afghanistan mountains between Kabul and Herat (Hazarajat), in Kabul, in area between Maimana and Sari-Pul, in settlements in north Afghanistan and from immediately south of the IKoh i Baba mountain Range almost all the way to Mazar e Sharif, and in the area of Qunduz, in Baluchistan and near Quetta in Pakistan. Some have moved to northern Iran. Many are refugees. Also spoken in Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan. Alternate names: AZARGI, HAZARA, HEZAREH. Comments: They speak a variety related to Dari, possibly distinct. Ethnic group names are (Central) Dai Kundi, Dai Zangi, Behsud, Yekaulang, (Southern) Polada, Urusgani, Jaguri, Ghazni Hazaras, Dai Miradad. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Possibly 10% to 20%. In Hazarajat: agriculturalists, semi-sedentary pastoralists, in cities like Kabul and Mazar e Sharif: laborers, traders, shopkeepers, tradesmen, transportation workers. Muslim. Also spoken in: Iran. (Language name: HAZARAGI. Population: 283,000 in Iran (1993). Alternate names: HAZARA, HEZAREH, HEZAREI. Comments: They speak a dialect related to Dari, possibly distinct from Dari. Ethnic group names are (Central) Dai Kundi, Dai Zangi, Behsud, Yekaulang, (Southern) Polada, Urusgani, Jaguri, Ghazni Hazaras, Dai Miradad. Agriculturalists, semi-sedentary pastoralists. Muslim: Imami Shia, Ismaili, some Sunni. Also spoken in: Pakistan. (Language name: HAZARAGI.) Population: 110,000 to 220,000 in Pakistan, including many recent refugees from Afghanistan (1998). Alternate names: AZARGI, HAZARA, HEZAREH. Comments: They speak a language related to Eastern Farsi (Dari). The alternate names listed refer to the people. Tribal or regional names are (Central) Dai Kundi, Dai Zangi, Behsud, Yekaulang, (Southern) Polada, Urusgani, Jaguri, Ghazni Hazaras, Dai Miradad, Kabul. Literacy rate in first language: Below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 30% Urdu, Dari or Farsi. Radio programs. Laborers, civil servants, tradesmen, shop keepers, traders. Imami Shia Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TajikiLanguage 'The &%TajikiLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Tajikistan. SIL code: PET. ISO 639-1: tg. ISO 639-2: tgk. Population: 3,344,720 in Tajikistan (1991), 98% speak it as mother tongue. Population total all countries: 4,380,000. Region: Also spoken in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia (Asia), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: TADZHIK, TAJIKI PERSIAN, GALCHA. Comments: Four groups of small dialects, no distinct boundaries. Dialect blending into Dari Persian in Afghanistan. Most Tajiki are trilingual in Northern Uzbek, Russian, and Tajiki. There is some literature. Russian sources refer to all Persian dialects in Afghanistan as Tajiki. So-called Tajiki in China is actually Shugni or Wakhi. There are Tajiki-speaking Gypsy communities in Soviet central Asia. National language. Cyrillic script used. Agriculturalists. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1992.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PahlavaniLanguage 'The &%PahlavaniLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: PHV. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Region: Spoken in village Haji Hamza Khan of Karim Kushta in Chakhansoor Province. Comments: Similar to Dari Persian but still distinct. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WesternFarsiLanguage 'The &%WesternFarsiLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: PES. ISO 639-1: fa. ISO 639-2(B): per. ISO 639-2(T): fas. Population: 22,000,000 in Iran, or 35.92% of the population (1997), including 800,000 Dari in Khorasan, Gilan, Tat, Bakhtiyari, Lor. Population total all countries: 24,280,000. Region: Central and south central Iran. Also spoken in 26 other countries including Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, India, Iraq, Israel, Netherlands, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Tajikistan. Alternate names: PERSIAN, PARSI. Dialects: QAZVINI, MAHALLATI, HAMADANI, KASHANI, ISFAHANI, SEDEHI, KERMANI, ARAKI, SHIRAZI, JAHROMI, SHAHRUDI, KAZERUNI, MASHADI (MESHED), BASSERI. Comments: The literary language is virtually identical in Iran and Afghanistan, with very minor lexical differences. Zargari may be a dialect used by goldsmiths (also see Balkan Romani in Iran). Dialect shading into Dari in Afghanistan and Tajiki in Tajikistan. National language. Grammar. SOV. All schools use Farsi. Radio programs. Mainly Shia Muslim. Bible 1838-1995. Also spoken in: Iraq. (Language name: FARSI, WESTERN.) Population: 227,000 in Iraq (1993), 1.2% of the population (1989). Alternate names: PERSIAN. Comments: Muslim. Bible 1838-1995. Also spoken in: Oman. (Language name: FARSI, WESTERN.) Population: 25,000 in Oman (1993). Alternate names: PERSIAN. Comments: Many women speak only Farsi. Men who go outside the community speak Arabic as second language, and many know 2 or 3 other languages. Shia Muslim. Bible 1838-1995. Also spoken in: Qatar. (Language name: FARSI, WESTERN.) Population: 73,000 in Qatar (1993), 23% of the population (1986). Alternate names: PERSIAN. Comments: Muslim. Bible 1838-1995. Also spoken in: Tajikistan. (Language name: FARSI, WESTERN.) Population: 31,000 in Tajikistan (1993 Johnstone), 31% speak it as mother tongue. Alternate names: PERSIAN. Comments: Dialect blending into Tajiki. Not a literary language in Tajikistan. Shia Muslim. Bible 1838-1995. Also spoken in: United Arab Emirates. (Language name: FARSI, WESTERN.) Population: 80,000 or 4.9% of population in UAE (1986). Alternate names: PERSIAN. Comments: Merchants, traders. Muslim. Bible 1838-1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ItalicLanguage 'An &%ItalicLanguage is any of 48 closely related &%IndoEuropeanLanguages spoken in &%Europe.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LatinoFaliscanLanguage 'Of the 48 &%ItalicLanguages, one of these is classified as a &%LatinoFaliscanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LatinLanguage s__LatinoFaliscanLanguage__t 'The &%LatinLanguage is a &%LatinoFaliscanLanguage of the &%HolySee (Vatican State). SIL code: LTN. ISO 639-1: la. ISO 639-2: lat. Alternate names: LATINA. Comments: Used in Roman Catholic liturgy. There is an effort to revive it. The Vatican Latin Foundation was established in 1976. National language. Dictionary. Radio programs. Extinct. Bible 1385-1906.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RomanceLanguage s__ItalicLanguage__t 'Of the 48 &%ItalicLanguages, 47 of these are classified as a &%RomanceLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EasternRomanceLanguage 'Of the 47 &%RomanceLanguages, four of these are classified as an &%EasternRomanceLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IstroRomanianLanguage s__EasternRomanceLanguage__t 'The &%IstroRomanianLanguage is an &%EasternRomanceLanguage of &%Croatia. SIL code: RUO. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 555 to 1,500 (1994 T. Salminen). Region: Northeast Istrian Peninsula, Zejane village and a few villages to the south. Alternate names: ISTRO-ROMANIAN. Comments: Structurally a separate language from Romanian (F.B. Agard). Split from the other 3 Romanian languages between 500 and 1000 A.D. Not the same as the Istriot language. Few children speakers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MacedoRomanianLanguage 'The &%MacedoRomanianLanguage is an &%EasternRomanceLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: RUP. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 200,000 in Greece (1995 Greek Monitor of Human and Minority Rights 1.3 Dec. 1995), out of possibly 700,000 in the ethnic group (Association of French Aromanians). Population total all countries: 260,000 to 378,000. Region: Northwest Salonika, and northern Greece, Pindus Mts., around Trikala. Also spoken in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, Yugoslavia. Alternate names: MACEDO-RUMANIAN, ARUMANIAN, AROMANIAN, ARMINA, VLACH. Comments: Structurally a distinct language from Romanian (F. Agard). It split from the other 3 Rumanian languages between 500 and 1000 A.D. Many dialects. Bilingualism in Greek. People over 50 are fluent in Aromanian, many between 25 to 50 are passive speakers with limited knowledge of vocabulary and grammar. Some younger ones know the language. Rapid assimilation to Greek culture, children attend Greek schools. 20% live traditionally. No legal status in Greece. Not taught in school except for one course at the University of Salonica. Some revival of the culture in progress since the 1980s. Armini refers to the people. Roman or Greek alphabet used. Traditionally shepherds and woodworkers. Christian. Bible portions 1881-1889. Also spoken in: Albania. (Language name: ROMANIAN, MACEDO.) Population: 50,000 (1995 T.J. Winnifrith) or more out of up to 400,000 in the ethnic group in Albania. Alternate names: MACEDO-RUMANIAN, ARUMANIAN, ARUMUN, AROMUNIAN, ARMINA, VLACH. Comments: Structurally a distinct language from Romanian (F. Agard). Inherent intelligibility with Romanian is very low. It split from the other three Romanian languages between 500 and 1000 A.D. No Arumanian language teaching, press, or television. A church in Korce holds services in Arumanian. Armini refers to the people. Bible portions 1881-1889. Also spoken in: Bulgaria. (Language name: ROMANIAN, MACEDO.) Population: 2,000 to 3,000 (Sofia Aromanian Society). Alternate names: MACEDO-RUMANIAN, ARUMANIAN, AROMANIAN, ARMINA. Comments: Structurally a distinct language from Romanian (F. Agard). Armini refers to the people. Their relatives emigrated from Macedonia and northern Greece between 1850 and 1914. The Romanian Cultural Institute has been closed since 1948. Bible portions 1881-1889. Also spoken in: Macedonia. (Language name: ROMANIAN, MACEDO.) Population: 8,467 (1994 official figures) to 100,000 (1994 British Helsinki Human Rights Group). Alternate names: ARUMANIAN, AROMUNIAN, ARMINA, MACEDO-RUMANIAN. Comments: Structurally a distinct language from Romanian (F. Agard). Split from the other 3 Romanian languages between 500 and 1000 A.D. Armini refers to the people. Bible portions 1881-1889. Also spoken in: Romania. (Language name: ROMANIAN, MACEDO.) Population: 28,000 (official Romanian figure) to 150,000 (World Union of Aromanian Women), or 200,000 (President of the Aromanian Youth Foundation). Alternate names: AROMANIAN. Comments: The educational structure is being set up to teach in Aromanian. Speakers are officially related to the Romanians rather than classified as a minority. Newspapers, radio programs, TV. Also spoken in: Yugoslavia. (Language name: ROMANIAN, MACEDO.) Population: Up to 15,000 (Society of Aromanians).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MeglenoRomanianLanguage 'The &%MeglenoRomanianLanguage is an &%EasternRomanceLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: RUQ. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 12,000 (1995). Region: Meglen region, north of Salonika. Alternate names: MEGLENITIC, MEGLENITE. Comments: Structurally a distinct language from Romanian, Macedo Romanian, and Istro Romanian (F. Agard). The 4 Romanian languages split between 500 and 1000 A.D.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RomanianLanguage 'The &%RomanianLanguage is an &%EasternRomanceLanguage of &%Romania. SIL code: RUM. ISO 639-1: mo. ISO 639-2: mol. ISO 639-1: ro. ISO 639-2(B): rum. ISO 639-2(T): ron. Population: 20,520,000 in Romania, 90% of the population (1986). Population total all countries 26,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Moldavian is in Moldova to the northeast, and Muntenian in Muntenia, or Wallachia in the southeast, other dialects in the north and west, including much of Transylvania. Also spoken in Australia, Azerbaijan, Canada, Finland, Hungary, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia (Europe), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia. Alternate names: RUMANIAN, MOLDAVIAN, DACO-RUMANIAN. Dialects: MOLDAVIAN, MUNTENIAN (WALACHIAN), TRANSYLVANIAN, BANAT, BAYASH. Comments: Romanian has 77% lexical similarity with Italian, 75% with French, 74% with Sardinian, 73% with Catalan, 72% with Portuguese and Rheto-Romance, 71% with Spanish. The Bayash are Gypsies who have lost their language and now speak Romanian based on the Banat dialect with Romani and Hungarian influences. National language. Grammar. SVO. Deciduous forest. Mountain slope. Peasant agriculturalists, other. Christian. Bible 1688-1989. Also spoken in: Hungary. (Language name: ROMANIAN.) Population: 100,000 in Hungary (1995 Iosif Bena). Alternate names: RUMANIAN, DACO-ROMANIAN, MOLDAVIAN. Dialects: BAYASH ROMANIAN. Comments: The Bayash are ex-slave Roma who worked in houses, and were forbidden to speak Romani. The Bayash speak a very distinctive kind of Romanian. Substantial literature in Bayash. Radio programs. Bible 1688-1989. Also spoken in: Israel. (Language name: ROMANIAN.) Population: 250,000 in Israel (1993 Statistical Abstract of Israel). Comments: Bilingualism in Hebrew. Elderly speakers use Hebrew as second language but prefer Romanian. Radio programs. Jewish. Bible 1688-1989. Also spoken in: Moldova. (Language name: ROMANIAN.) Population: 2,664,000 in Moldova (1979 census). Alternate names: MOLDAVAN, ROUMANIAN, RUMANIAN. Dialects: MOLDAVAN (MOLDOVIAN, MOLDOVEAN), MUNTENIAN (WALACHIAN, MUNTEAN), BANAT, BAYASH, CHRISHANA, MARAMURESH, OLTENIA-LESSER WALLACHIA (OLTEAN). Comments: Little dialect variation. The Bayash are Gypsies who speak a dialect based on Banat, but influenced by Romani and Hungarian. Many Gypsies in Moldova and southern Ukraine speak Moldavan as mother tongue. Called Moldavan in Moldova. National language. Cyrillic script was replaced by Roman script in 1989. Christian. Bible 1688-1984. Also spoken in: Ukraine. (Language name: ROMANIAN.) Population: 250,000 or fewer in Ukraine (1999). Alternate names: RUMANIAN, MOLDAVIAN, DACO-ROMANIAN. Comments: Mountain slope. Bible 1688-1989. Also spoken in: Yugoslavia. (Language name: ROMANIAN.) Population: 200,000 to 300,000 in Yugoslavia (1995 Iosif Bena). Alternate names: RUMANIAN, MOLDAVIAN, DACO-RUMANIAN. Comments: Radio programs, TV. Bible 1688-1989.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ItaloWesternRomanceLanguage s__RomanceLanguage__t 'Of the 47 &%RomanceLanguages, 38 of these are classified as an &%ItaloWesternRomanceLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ItaloDalmatianRomanceLanguage 'Of the 36 &%ItaloWesternRomanceLanguages, six of these are classified as an &%ItaloDalmatianRomanceLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DalmatianLanguage s__ItaloDalmatianRomanceLanguage__t 'The &%DalmatianLanguage is an &%ItaloDalmatianLanguage of &%Croatia. SIL code: DLM. ISO 639-2: roa. Region: Coast near Dubrovnik. Alternate names: RAGUSAN, VEGLIOTE. Comments: Recently extinct, late nineteenth century. A dialect of Croatian is now spoken in the area. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IstriotLanguage 'The &%IstriotLanguage is an &%ItaloDalmatianLanguage of &%Croatia. SIL code: IST. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 1,000 or fewer (1994 Tapani Salminen). Region: Western coast of Istrian Peninsula, now only in the towns of Rovinj (Rovigno) and Vodnjan (Dignano). Comments: Reported to be an archaic Romance language, often confused with Istro-Rumanian. Perhaps closer to Friulian or Dalmatian than to Istro-Rumanian. Few children speakers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__JudeoItalianLanguage 'The &%JudeoItalianLanguage is an &%ItaloDalmatianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: ITK. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: A tiny number who speak it fluently. Perhaps 4,000 occasionally use elements of it in their speech (1/10th of Italys 40,000 Jews). Alternate names: ITALKIAN. Comments: More commonly spoken two generations ago. Used in Passover song. Hebrew script. Jewish. Nearly extinct. Bible portions.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ItalianLanguage 'The &%ItalianLanguage is an &%ItaloDalmatianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: ITN. ISO 639-1: it. ISO 639-2: ita. Population: 55,000,000 mother tongue speakers, some of whom are native bilinguals of Italian and regional varieties, and some of whom may use Italian as second language. Population total all countries: 62,000,000. Region: Also spoken in 29 other countries including Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Croatia, Egypt, Eritrea, France, Germany, Israel, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Paraguay, Philippines, Puerto Rico, San Marino. Alternate names: ITALIANO. Dialects: TUSCAN, ABRUZZESE, PUGLIESE, UMBRIAN, LAZIALE, CENTRAL MARCHIGIANO, CICOLANO-REATINO-AQUILANO, MOLISANO. Comments: Regional varieties coexist with the standard language, some are inherently unintelligible (Nida) to speakers of other varieties unless they have learned them. Aquilano, Molisano, and Pugliese are very different from the other Italian dialects. Piemontese and Sicilian are distinct enough to be separate languages (F.B. Agard 1981, personal communication). Venetian and Lombard are also very different (Philippe Cousson 1981, personal communication). Neapolitan is reported to be unintelligible to speakers of Standard Italian. Northern varieties are closer to French and Occitan than to standard or southern varieties (Agard, N. Vincent). 89% lexical similarity with French, 87% with Catalan, 85% with Sardinian, 82% with Spanish, 78% with Rheto-Romance, 77% with Rumanian. Most Italians use varieties along a continuum from standard to regional to local according to what is appropriate. Possibly nearly half the population do not use Standard Italian as mother tongue. Only 2.5% of Italys population could speak standard Italian when it became a unified nation in 1861. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Pugliese with Standard Italian. National language. Grammar. SVO. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: Croatia. (Language name: ITALIAN.) Population: 70,000 in Croatia whose mother tongue is Italian or Venetian, including 30,000 ethnic Italian and 40,000 ethnic Croats and Istrian people (1998 Eugen Marinov). Comments: Official language. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: Eritrea. (Language name: ITALIAN.) Comments: Spoken as a second language. A few monolinguals. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: ITALIAN.) Population: 1,000,000 in France (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Few, if any, speakers of Italian dialects in France do not know French. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: San Marino. (Language name: ITALIAN.) Comments: National language. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: Slovenia. (Language name: ITALIAN.) Population: 4,009 in Slovenia (1991 census). Comments: Acknowledged as autochtonous communities and protected by the constitution. Official language. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: Switzerland. (Language name: ITALIAN.) Population: 195,000 in Switzerland (1990). Comments: People in all in the Italian cantons speak Italian as first or second language. Used for education in Italian- and Ticino- (Lombard) speaking areas. Official language. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: Holy See (Vatican State). (Language name: ITALIAN.) Comments: Bible 1471-1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NapoletanoCalabreseLanguage 'The &%NapoletanoCalabreseLanguage is an &%ItaloDalmatianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: NPL. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 7,047,399 (1976). Region: Campania and Calabria provinces, southern Italy. Alternate names: NEAPOLITAN-CALABRESE. Dialects: NAPOLETANO (NEAPOLITAN, TIRRENIC), NORTHERN CALABRESE-LUCANO (LUCANIAN, BASILICATAN). Comments: Limited inherent intelligibility with Standard Italian. Neapolitan and Calabrese are reported to be very different from each other. Southern Calabrian is reported to be a dialect of Sicilian. Bilingualism in Italian. Vigorous. Not endangered. A large literature. It might be in Southern Romance instead of Italo-Western. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Neapolitan, Southern Calabrian with Sicilian. Bible portions 1861-1862.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SicilianLanguage 'The &%SicilianLanguage is an &%ItaloDalmatianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: SCN. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 4,680,715 (1976). Region: Sicily, an island off the southern mainland. Alternate names: CALABRO-SICILIAN. Dialects: WESTERN SICILIAN (PALERMO, TRAPANI, CENTRAL-WESTERN AGRIGENTINO), CENTRAL METAFONETICA, SOUTHEAST METAFONETICA, EASTERN NONMETAFONETICA, MESSINESE, ISOLE EOLIE, PANTESCO, SOUTHERN CALABRO. Comments: Distinct enough from Standard Italian to be considered a separate language. Pugliese (see Italian) and Southern Calabrese are reported to be dialects of Sicilian. Bilingualism in Italian. Vigorous. Not endangered. French influence. It may be Southern Romance instead of Italo-Western. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Pugliese, Southern Calabrian, bilingual proficiency in Italian. Bible portions 1860.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WesternRomanceLanguage 'Of the 38 &%ItaloWesternRomanceLanguages, 32 of these are classified as a &%WesternRomanceLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GalloIberianLanguage 'Of the 32 &%WesternRomanceLanguages, 30 of these are classified as a &%GalloIberianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GalloRomanceLanguage s__GalloRomanceLanguage__t s__GalloIberianLanguage__t 'Of the 30 &%GalloIberianLanguages, 13 of these are classified as a &%GalloRomanceLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GalloItalianLanguage 'Of the 13 &%GalloRomanceLanguages, five of these is classified as a &%GalloItalianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EmilianoRomagnoloLanguage 'The &%EmilianoRomagnoloLanguage is a &%GalloItalianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: EML. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 3,531,780 speakers in Emilia-Romagna (1987) Maurizio Masetti). About 10% of the people in the province come from elsewhere, and do not speak the language. Population total both countries: 3,551,892. Region: Northwest Italy, region of Piacenza to that of Ravenna, and between the Po and the Adriatic and the Apennines, in the territories of Emilia and Romagna, southern Pianura Padana (all provinces), southern Lombardia (Provinces Mantova and Pavia), northern Toscana (Lunigiana), northern Marche (Province Pesaro). Alternate names: EMILIANO, EMILIAN, SAMMARINESE. Dialects: WESTERN EMILIANO, CENTRAL EMILIANO, EASTERN EMILIANO, NORTHERN ROMAGNOLO, SOUTHERN ROMAGNOLO, MANTOVANO, VOGHERESE-PAVESE, LUNIGIANO. Comments: A structurally separate language from Italian (F.B. Agard). Related to Lombard (R.A. Hall 1974:29, S. Fleischman in OIEL 3.339:1992). Adults use Italian as second language. Not endangered. SVO. Literacy rate in second language: 100%. Christian. Bible portions 1862-1995. Also spoken in: San Marino. (Language name: EMILIANO-ROMAGNOLO.) Population: 20,112 in San Marino (1993), 83% of the population (1993 Johnstone). Dialects: SAMMARINESE.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LigurianLanguage 'The &%LigurianLanguage is a &%GalloItalianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: LIJ. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 1,853,578 (1976). Population total all countries: 1,856,680 or more. Region: Liguria, northern Italy, east and west of Genoa long the Riviera and mountain hinterland, St. Pietro and St. Antioch, islands off southwest coast of Sardinia, cities of Carloforte and Calasetta in Sardinia. Alternate names: LIGURU, LIGURE. Dialects: GENOESE (GENOAN, GENOVESE). Comments: Very different from Standard Italian. Speakers may all be adequately bilingual in Standard Italian. Not endangered. Bible portions 1860. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: LIGURIAN. Alternate names: LIGURE. Dialects: GENOESE (GENOAN, GENOVESE). Comments: Bible portions 1860. Also spoken in: Monaco. (Language name: LIGURIAN. Population: 5,100 in Monaco, 17% of the population (1988). Alternate names: LIGURE. Dialects: GENOESE (GENOAN, GENOVESE), MONEGASQUE (MUNEGASC, VENTIMIGLIESE). Comments: Ligurian is closer to Piemontese, Lombard, and French than to Standard Italian. Monegasque was nearly extinct in the 1970s. Compulsory learning in schools has revived it. Bible portions 1860.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LombardLanguage 'The &%LombardLanguage is a &%GalloItalianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: LMO. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 8,671,210 in Italy (1976). Population total all countries: 8,974,000. Region: Milan, Lombardy, 3 valleys of Graubnnden (Val Mesolcina, Val Bregaglia, Val Poschiavo), northern Italy. Western Lombard varieties also in Sicily. Ticino is in Switzerland. Also spoken in Switzerland, USA. Alternate names: LOMBARDO. Dialects: MILANESE, EASTERN LOMBARD, WESTERN LOMBARD (PIAZZA ARMERINA, NOVARA, NICOSIA, SAN FRATELLO), ALPINE LOMBARD, NOVARESE LOMBARD, TRENTINO WESTERN, LATIN FIAMAZZO, LATIN ANAUNICO, BERGAMASCO, TICINESE (TICINO). Comments: A group of dialects, some of which may be separate languages. Western Lombard dialects (of Ticino and Graubnnden) are inherently intelligible to each others speakers. Speakers in more conservative valleys may have to use some kind of standard dialect to communicate with speakers of other dialects of Lombard. Very different from Standard Italian. Speakers may all be adequately bilingual in Standard Italian. Not endangered. Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects, bilingual proficiency in Italian. Bible portions 1859-1860. Also spoken in: Switzerland. (Language name: LOMBARD.) Population: 303,000 or fewer (1995). Dialects: TICINESE (TICINO, TESSINIAN, TICINES, TICINEES). Comments: No intelligibility with Standard Italian. Speakers are adequately bilingual in Standard Italian. Ticinese is the form of Lombard used in the home in Italy. Used more extensively in Switzerland than in Italy. 14.5% of the population of Switzerland speak Italian every day (1990 census). Dictionary. Radio programs, TV. Bible portions 1859-1860.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PiemonteseLanguage s__GalloItalianLanguage__t 'SIL code: PMS. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 3,000,000 (1976). Population: total all countries 3,000,000. Region: Northwest Italy, Piedmont, except for the Provencal- and Franco-Provencal-speaking Alpine valleys. Also spoken in Australia, USA. Alternate names: PIEMONTEIS, PIEDMONTESE. Dialects: HIGH PIEMONTESE, LOW PIEMONTESE. Comments: Distinct enough from Standard Italian to be considered a separate language. Considerable French influence. Speakers may all be highly bilingual in Standard Italian. NT 1835.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__VenetianLanguage 'The &%VenetianLanguage is a &%GalloItalianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: VEC. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 2,109,502 in Italy (1976). Population: total all countries 2,210,000. Region: Northern Italy, city of Venice, area of the Tre Venezie, Venezia Euganea westward to Verona, southward to the Po, and eastward to the border of the Fruili, Venezia Tridentina, in the Adige valley and neighboring mountain regions to the north of Trent, and Venezia Giulia, east of the Friuli, and including Trieste. Bisiacco is spoken in Gorizia Province. Also spoken in Croatia, Slovenia. Alternate names: VENETO. Dialects: ISTRIAN, TRIESTINO, VENETIAN PROPER, BISIACCO. Comments: Very different from Standard Italian. Bilingualism in Italian. Vigorous. Not endangered. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Italian, attitudes. Bible portions 1859. Also spoken in: Croatia. (Language name: VENETIAN.) Population: 100,000 in Croatia and Slovenia (1994 Tapani Salminen). See also Italian in Croatia. Dialects: ISTRIAN, TRETINE, VENETIAN PROPER. Comments: Very different from Standard Italian. Vigorous. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency, attitudes. Bible portions 1859.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GalloRhaetianLanguage s__GalloRhaetianLanguage__t 'Of the 13 &%GalloRomanceLanguages, eight of these are classified as a &%GalloRhaetianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OielLanguage 'Of the eight &%GalloRhaetianLanguages, five of these are classified as an &%OielLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FrenchGroupLanguage 'Of the five &%OielLanguages, four of these are classified as a &%FrenchGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CajunFrenchLanguage 'The &%CajunFrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: FRC. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 1,000,000 (M. Harris in B. Comrie 1988.212). Region: Southern Louisiana west of the Mississippi as far north as Avoyelles, Evangeline, Allen, and Calcasieu parishes. Alternate names: FRANCAIS ACADIEN, ACADIAN, CAJUN, CAJAN, CADIEN. Dialects: MARSH FRENCH, PRAIRIE FRENCH, BIG WOODS FRENCH. Comments: Ancestors came from French Canada in the 18th century. It is reported that Cajun speakers can partially understand Standard French, but Cajun is difficult for some Standard French speakers. Different from the variety of Broken French used by 8,000 African Americans, or the Napoleanic Era French (located around Houma and north of Theriot on Hwy. 315, speaking an archaic French and English). Many are reported to have limited proficiency in English. Some use Cajun English. Most under 50 speak English as first language, Cajun as second. There are children actively speaking Cajun to friends and family. Textbooks on Cajun, translations of some classics. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: 60% English, 0% French. Radio programs. Swamps. Fishermen, fur trappers. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FrenchLanguage s__FrenchGroupLanguage__t 'The &%FrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchGroupLanguage of &%France. SIL code: FRN. ISO 639-1: fr. ISO 639-2(B): fre. ISO 639-2(T): fra. Population: 51,000,000 first language speakers in France. Population total all countries: 77,000,000 first language speakers (1999 WA), 128,000,000 including second language speakers (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in 53 other countries including Algeria, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, CAR, Chad, Comoros Islands, Congo, Cote dIvoire, DRC, Djibouti, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon. Alternate names: FRANCAIS. Dialects: STANDARD FRENCH, NORMAN (NORMAND), PICARD (ROUCHI, CHTIMI), WALLON (WALLOON), ANGEVIN, BERRICHON, BOURBONNAIS, BOURGUIGNON, FRANC-COMTOIS, GALLO, LORRAINE, POITEVIN, SANTONGEAIS. Comments: 89% lexical similarity with Italian, 80% with Sardinian, 78% with Rheto-Romance, 75% with Portuguese, Romanian, and Spanish, 29% with German, 27% with English. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Walloon, Picard Jerrais. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO. Deciduous forest. Intensive agriculturalists, industry, business. 80 meters. Christian. Bible 1530-1995. Also spoken in: Algeria. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 110,600 in Algeria (1993). Comments: 20% of the population can read and write French, and more can speak it. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Andorra. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 2,400 in Andorra, 6% of the population (1986). Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Belgium. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 4,000,000 in Belgium (M. Harris in B. Comrie 1988), 33% of the population (1990 WA). Alternate names: FRANCAIS. Dialects: WALLOON (WALLON), PICARD. Comments: The eastern subdialect of Walloon is considered to be more difficult to understand within Belgium. The following municipalities have minority rights for Dutch-speaking persons: Comines-Warneton, Mouscron, Enghien, Floubecques, and for German-speaking persons: Malmedy, Weismes, Welkenraedt. Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Benin. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 16,700 in Benin (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Burkina Faso. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Burundi. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Cameroon. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Canada. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 6,700,000 mother tongue speakers in Canada, or less than 24% (1998 Statistics Canada). Mother tongue of over 80% of Quebecs population (1997 DiverCite Langues). 300,000 speak Acadien, 500,000 speak Franco-Ontariens. Alternate names: FRANCAIS. Dialects: QUEBEICOIS, FRANCO-ONTARIEN, ACADIAN (ACADIEN). Comments: Difficult intelligibility between speakers of Quebecois and Acadian for speakers not fluent in Standard French. National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Central African Republic. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 9,000 in CAR (1996). Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Chad. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 3,000 in Chad (1993). Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Comoros Islands. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 1,700 in Comoros Islands (1993). Comments: Language of all formal education except Koranic. Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Congo. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 28,000 in Congo (1993). Comments: Sole language of formal education. Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Cote dIvoire. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 17,470 in Cote dIvoire (1988 census). Comments: Official language. Grammar. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Democratic Republic of Congo. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Djibouti. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 15,440 in Djibouti, 2.84% of the population (1988). Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: French Guiana. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: French Polynesia. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 15,338 first language speakers in French Polynesia, foreign born (1977). 50,215 attending French schools, second language users (1978). Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Gabon. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 37,500 in Gabon (1993 Johnstone). Comments: The only language of formal education. Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Guadeloupe. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: There is a variety on the northwest end of St. Barthelemy, west of but not including Gustavia, similar to Cajun French of the USA, which may or may not be a French dialect (Julianne Maher 1997). National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Guinea. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Haiti. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: Second language speakers in Haiti: 400,000. Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 100,000 in Italy (M. Harris in B. Comrie 1987). Alternate names: FRANCAIS. Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Lebanon. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: An estimated 20% of the population speak French in their daily lives, and up to 65% of the population can read and converse in French. A number of government and private universities teach in French. Official language. The language of instruction in most schools. Newspapers, magazines. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Luxembourg. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 13,100 or more (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Used mainly by intellectuals, professionals, authorities. Taught in school as a third language. Used for streets, shops, travel tickets, hotel registries, menus. National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Madagascar. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 18,000 in Madagascar (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Mali. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 9,000 in Mali (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Official language for instruction in schools. Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Martinique. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Mauritius. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 37,000. Comments: Used in stores. Widely used by young people as second language. The elderly tend to use creole. Newspapers, radio programs, TV. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Mayotte. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 2,450 in Mayotte (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Monaco. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 17,400 in Monaco, 58% of the population (1988). Alternate names: FRANCAIS. Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: New Caledonia. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 53,400 first language speakers in New Caledonia (1987), 35.6% of the population. Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Niger. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 6,000 in Niger (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Reunion. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 2,400 in Reunion (1993 Johnstone). Including second language speakers: 160,500 in Reunion, 30% of the population (1986). Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Rwanda. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Senegal. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Seychelles. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 977 in Seychelles (1971 census). Comments: Spoken by the French settler families, grands blancs. Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: St. Pierre and Miquelon. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 5,114 out of 5,235 population in St. Pierre and Miquelon (1967 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Switzerland. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 1,272,000 in Switzerland, 19.2% of the population (1990 census). Alternate names: FRANCAIS. Dialects: FRANCHE-COMTOIS (JURASSIEN, FRIBOURGOIS). Comments: 33% of the population of Switzerland speak French every day (1990 census). Official language. Used for education in French-speaking areas. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Togo. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 3,000 in Togo (1993). Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Tunisia. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 11,000 in Tunisia (1993). Comments: Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: United Kingdom. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 14,000 in England (1976 Stephens). Dialects: JERRIAIS, DGERNESIAIS. Comments: French is only spoken by about 11% of the population of Channel Islands, mainly older people. Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Vanuatu. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 6,300 in Vanuatu (1995), 3.8% of the population. Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Wallis and Futuna. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 120 in Wallis and Futuna (1993 Johnstone). Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PicardLanguage 'The &%PicardLanguage is a&%FrenchGroupLanguage of &%France. SIL code: PCD. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: No estimate available. Region: Most of the Region de Picardie (Amiens, Abbeville, Beauvais, St. Quentin), the Region Nord-Pas-de-Calais (Lille, Douai, Cambrai, Arras, Valenciennes, Boulogne sur Mer, Calais), except the Dunkerque District, and a little eastern zone (border with Picardie of the Region de Haute Normandie near Dieppe). Alternate names: ROUCHI, CHTIMI. Dialects: PONTHIEU, VIMEU, HAINAUT, ARTOIS, LILLOIS, BOULONNAIS, SANTERRE, CALAISIS, CAMBRESIS, VERMANDOIS, AMIENOIS. Comments: All dialects, including those in Belgium are inherently intelligible to speakers. French is spoken at school, in court, for administration, with outsiders. Home, family, friends, in local stores. The Belgian government recognizes Picard officially as an indigenous regional language. The European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages considers it as a language. Some reports used and edited by the French government consider it a separate language from French. No standardized writing system. Poetry. Also spoken in: Belgium. (Language name: PICARD.) Alternate names: ROUCHI, CHTIMI. Dialects: BELGIAN PICARD. Comments: All dialects, including those in France are inherently intelligible to speakers. French is spoken at school, in court, for administration, with outsiders. Home, family, friends, in local stores. The Belgian government recognizes Picard officially as an indigenous regional language. The European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages considers it as a language. Some reports used and edited by the French government consider it a separate language from French. No standardized writing system. Poetry.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ZarphaticLanguage 'The &%ZarphaticLanguage is a &%FrenchGroupLanguage of &%France. SIL code: ZRP. ISO 639-2: roa. Alternate names: JUDEO-FRENCH. Comments: Jewish. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SoutheasternOielLanguage s__SoutheasternOielLanguage__t s__OielLanguage__t 'Of the five &%OielLanguages, one of these is classified as a &%SoutheasternOielLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FrancoProvencalLanguage 'The &%FrancoProvencalLanguage is a &%SoutheasternOielLanguage of &%France. SIL code: FRA. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: Population total all countries 77,000 or more. Region: Savoie, southeastern France, near the Italian and Switzerland borders. Alternate names: PATOIS. Dialects: DAUPHINOIS, LYONNAIS, NEUCATELAIS, SAVOYARD. Comments: Structurally separate language from Provencal, French, Piemontese, and Lombard (F. B. Agard). Bilingualism in French. Bible portions 1830. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: FRANCO-PROVENCAL.) Population: 70,000 in Italy (1971 census), including 700 Faetar speakers (1995 Naomi Nagy). Dialects: VALLE DAOSTA (PATOE VALDOTEN, VALDOTAIN, VALDOSTANO), FAETO (FAETAR), CELLE SAN VITO. Comments: A structurally separate language from Provencal, French, Piemontese, and Lombard (F.B. Agard). Bilingualism in Italian, Piemontese. Most occasions. Bible portions 1830. Also spoken in: Switzerland. (Language name: FRANCO-PROVENCAL. Population: 7,000 in Valais Canton, Switzerland (1998). Alternate names: PATOIS. Dialects: SAVOYARD, NEUCH-TELOIS, VALAISAN, VAUDOIS. Comments: A structurally separate language from Provencal, French, Piemontese, and Lombard (F.B. Agard). Every canton in Switzerland has its own dialect, with no standardization. Difficult intelligibility among the dialects, and especially with Fribourg. Bilingualism in French. Valais Canton: young and old in Evolene commune, communes of Heremence, Vex, Saint-Martin, Saviese, Nendaz, Cermignon, Fully, Arbaz, Ayent, Vissole, and other smaller villages in the central Valais, and persons in towns like Sion and Sierre, spoken by persons 50 and older, understood by persons 35-40. Fribourg Canton: rural areas as Gruyere. Dictionary. Bible portions 1830.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RhaetianLanguage 'Of the eight &%GalloRhaetianLanguages, three of these are classified as a &%RhaetianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FriulianLanguage 'The &%FriulianLanguage is a &%RhaetianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: FRL. ISO 639-2: fur. Population: 600,000 (1976 Stephens). Region: Northeast and adjacent areas, northern Friuli-Venezia-Giulia on the borders of the Austrian province of Corinthia and the Republic of Slovenia. Alternate names: FURLAN, FRIOULAN, FRIOULIAN, PRIULIAN, FRIULANO. Dialects: EAST CENTRAL FRIULIAN, WESTERN FRIULIAN, CARNICO. Comments: Friulian, Ladin, and Romansch are separate languages (R. A. Hall, Jr. 1978, personal communication). F.B. Agard considers it to be structurally closer to Italian than to Romansch (personal communication 1981). Most speakers know Standard Italian. Some are cultivating Friulian as a literary language. In the area of Gorizia all the Slovenes speak it as a second or third language. Germans in the area also speak it. Regional pride. NT 1972.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LadinLanguage 'The &%LadinLanguage is a &%RhaetianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: LDD. ISO 639-2: afa. Population: 30 (1973 SIL). Region: Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA, Kayarda and Luri villages. Comments: Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Hausa. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RomanschLanguage s__RhaetianLanguage__t 'The &%RomanschLanguage is a &%RhaetianLanguage of &%Switzerland. SIL code: RHE. ISO 639-1: rm. ISO 639-2: roh. Population: 40,000 or 0.6% of the population (1990 census). Region: Borders of Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Graubunden Canton, Grisons valley of Surselva, valley of Voderrhein, Engadin and Val Mustair, southeast Switzerland. Alternate names: RHETO-ROMANCE, RHAETO-ROMANCE, ROMANSH, ROMANCHE. Dialects: LOWER ENGADINE (PUTER-LOWER ENGADINE, GRISONS), UPPER ENGADINE (VALLADER-UPPER ENGADINE), SURSILVAN (SURSELVA, SUTSILVAN-HINTERRHEIN), SURSILVAN-OBERLAND, SURMIRAN-ALBULA. Comments: Friulian, Ladin, and Romansch are separate languages (R. A. Hall, Jr., personal communication 1978). 78% lexical similarity with Italian and French, 76% with Catalan, 74% with Spanish, Sardinian, and Portuguese, 72% with Romanian. Speakers are bilingual. Standard German is the language of instruction in school. An official written language is in common use now, called Grischuna. Official language. All dialects taught in school. Newspapers. Bible 1679-1953.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IberoRomanceLanguage 'Of the 30 &%GalloIberianLanguages, 17 of these are classified as an &%IberoRomanceLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EastIberianLanguage s__EastIberianLanguage__t s__IberoRomanceLanguage__t 'Of the 17 &%IberoRomanceLanguages, one of these is classified as an &%EastIberianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CatalanValencianBalearLanguage 'The &%CatalanValencianBalearLanguage is an &%EastIberianLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: CLN. ISO 639-1: ca. ISO 639-2: cat. Population: 6,472,828 mother tongue speakers (1996), plus 5,000,000 second or third language speakers in Spain (1994 La Generalitat de Catalunya). Population total all countries 6,565,000 or more. Including second language users: 10,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Northeastern Spain, around Barcelona, Catalonia, Valencia Provinces, Balearic Islands, region of Carche, Murcia Province. Menorquin is on Menorca. Pallarese, a subdialect of Northwestern Catalan, is in Pallars. Ribagorcan, another subdialect extends from the Valley of Aran to the south of Tamarit, and from the Noguera Ribagorcana to the border with Aragonese. Also spoken in Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Switzerland, Uruguay, USA, Venezuela. Alternate names: CATALA, CATALAN, BACAVES, CATALONIAN. Dialects: CATALAN-ROUSILLONESE (NORTHERN CATALAN), VALENCIAN (VALENCIANO, VALENCIA), BALEARIC (BALEAR, INSULAR CATALAN, MALLORQUI, MENORQUI, EIVISSENC), CENTRAL CATALAN, ALGHERESE, NORTHWESTERN CATALAN (PALLARESE, RIBAGORCAN, LLEIDATA, AIGUAVIVAN). Comments: The standard variety is a literary composite which no one speaks, based on several dialects. Pallarese and Ribogorcan dialects are less similar to standard Catalan. Benasquese and Aiguavivan people live in isolated valleys and have a distinct phonology from their neighbors. Tortosin may be closer to Valencian. Central Catalan has about 90% to 95% inherent intelligibility to speakers of Valencian (R.A. Hall, Jr., 1989). Written Catalan is closest to Barcelona speech. Central Catalan has 87% lexical similarity with Italian, 85% with Portuguese and Spanish, 76% with Rheto-Romance, 75% with Sardinian, 73% with Rumanian. Bilingualism in Spanish, French, Italian, Sard, Occitan. All domains. All ages. Official language. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 96%. The high literacy in Catalan (60%) is recent. Pallarese and Ribogorcan speakers have less education, less contact with the standard, and live in high valleys of the Pyrenees. Some Valencian speakers desire separate literature. Radio programs, TV. Christian, secular. Bible 1478-1993. Also spoken in: Andorra. (Language name: CATALAN-VALENCIAN-BALEAR. Population: 31,000 in Andorra (1990), 61% of the population (1990). Alternate names: CATALA, CATALAN, BACAVES. Comments: National language. Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Christian. Bible 1478-1993. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: CATALAN-VALENCIAN-BALEAR.) Population: 100,000 in France (1996). Comments: Population given above may be the ethnic group, not mother tongue speakers. Bible 1478-1993. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: CATALAN-VALENCIAN-BALEAR. Population: 20,000 in Alghero (1996). Dialects: ALGHERESE. Comments: Italian or Logudorese Sardinian are used as second language by many. Bible 1478-1993. See main entry under Spain.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OcLanguage 'Of the 17 &%IberoRomanceLanguages, six of these are classified as an &%OcLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AuvergnatLanguage 'The &%AuvergnatLanguage is an &%OcLanguage of &%France. SIL code: AUV. ISO 639-1: oc. ISO 639-2: oci. Population: No estimate available. Region: Auvergne, Haut-Auvergnat in Cantal and south of Haute-Loire, Bas-Auvergnat in the north of Haute-Loire and in Puy-de-Dome. Alternate names: AUVERNHAS, AUVERNE, OCCITAN. Dialects: HAUT-AUVERGNAT, BAS-AUVERGNAT. Comments: Highly fragmented dialect situation, with limited intelligibility between northern and southern varieties. Bilingualism in French. More vigorous use in the south. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other. Investigation needed: intelligibility with northern and southern varieties. Bible portions 1831.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GasconLanguage 'The &%GasconLanguage is an &%OcLanguage of &%France. SIL code: GSC. ISO 639-1: oc. ISO 639-2: oci. Population: 250,000 speakers in France (1990 P. Blanchet), The population in the Bearn region of southern Gasconha, France is 400,000 (1982), 51% speak Gascon, 70% understand it, 85% are in favor of saving it. Population total both countries 254,800. Region: Gascogne Province, from Medoc to the Pyrenees, from the Atlantic to the Catalan area. Bearnese is spoken by a strong majority in the Bearn. Alternate names: OCCITAN. Dialects: LANDAIS, BEARNAIS (BIARNESE), ARIEGEOIS, ARANESE. Comments: Gascon, Languedocien, and Limousin are structurally separate languages (F.B. Agard). Gascon speakers have some intelligibility of Provencal, some or limited intelligibility of Languedocien (reports differ). Inherently intelligible with Aranese Gascon in Spain, which is a dialect. Literacy rate in first language: Much lower than in Spain. Bible portions 1583-1983. Also spoken in: Spain. (Language name: GASCON, ARANESE.) Population: 3,814 speakers, plus 1,283 who understand it in Spain (1991 linguistic census) out of 5,922 in the valley (1991 census). Alternate names: ARANES, ARANESE, ARNAIS, GASCON, ARANESE OCCITAN. Dialects: BAISH ARANES, MIJARANES ARANES, NAUT ARANES. Comments: Some regional variation. Inherently intelligible with Commingese Gascon of France. Not as close to Limousin, Auvergnat, Languedocien, or Provencal, related languages of France. Over half the speakers are fluent in French, Spanish, Catalan, or Occitan. Catalan and Spanish are taught in school. About half of those in Spain also speak French because of commercial traffic both ways across the border. Most occasions. Speakers in Spain: 532 ages 2-14, 775 15-29, 733 30-44, 750 45-64, 609 over 65, 9 without age indicated. The Aranese magazine Toti is published monthly. The Center of Linguistic Normalization is dedicated to the promotion of its use. Called Aranese in France. Aranese is influenced by Catalan and Spanish more than French. Official language. Literacy rate in first language: 32% Aranese. Literacy rate in second language: Nearly 100% in Spanish, 50% in Catalan. Own orthography in Spain. Taught regularly in school since 1984. Newspapers. Bible portions 1583-1983.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LimousinLanguage 'The &%LimousinLanguage is an &%OcLanguage of &%France. SIL code: LMS. ISO 639-1: oc. ISO 639-2: oci. Population: Spoken by 10% to 20% of the population of the region. Region: Limousin Province. Haut-Limousin around Limoges, Gueret, and Nontron in Charente, Bas-Limousin around Correze and Perigord. Alternate names: LEMOSIN, OCCITAN. Dialects: HAUT-LIMOUSIN, BAS-LIMOUSIN. Comments: Limousin, Languedocien, and Gascon are structurally separate languages (F.B. Agard). Partially intelligible to Provencal. In the north of the province people use a transition dialect with certain Oil (north French) features. People speak French as first or second language. Few children speakers. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LanguedocienLanguage s__OcLanguage__t 'The &%LanguedocienLanguage is an &%OcLanguage of &%France. SIL code: LNC. ISO 639-1: oc. ISO 639-2: oci. Population: Fluent speakers are 10% of the population in the region. About 20% more have some knowledge of it. Region: Languedoc Province, from Montpellier to Toulouse, Bordeaux, Rodez, and Albi. Alternate names: LENGADOUCIAN, LANGUEDOC, LANGADOC, OCCITAN, OCCITANI. Dialects: BAS-LANGUEDOCIEN, LANGUEDOCIEN MOYEN, HAUT-LANGUEDOCIEN, GUYENNAIS. Comments: A separate language from Provencal (P. Blanchet 1990). Gascon speakers have limited intelligibility of Languedocien. Everyone speaks French as first or second language. To family and close friends. Mainly spoken in rural communities by people over 50. Attempts to standardize Languedocien for all languages of southern France have not been accepted by speakers of those languages. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other. Languedocien resembles most the literary variety of Middle Occitan used in the Troubadours of the Middle Ages. Literacy rate in second language: 99%. Toulouse orthography is different from Ron. Poetry, newspapers. Bible portions 1888.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ProvencalLanguage 'The &%ProvencalLanguage is an &%OcLanguage of &%France. SIL code: PRV. ISO 639-1: oc. ISO 639-2: oci. Population: 250,000 fluent speakers in France, 800,000 with some knowledge (1990 P. Blanchet). Population total all countries: 354,500. Region: Southeastern France, province of Provence, south of Dauphine, region of Nimes in Languedoc. Alternate names: PROUVENCAU, MISTRALIEN. Dialects: TRANSALPIN, NICARD (NICOIS), MARITIME PROVENCAL (MARSEILLAIS, TOULONNAIS, VAROIS), GAVOT (ALPIN, VALEIEN, GAPIAN, FORCALQUIEREN), RHODANIEN (NIMOIS), DAUPHINOIS (DROMOIS). Comments: Gascon, Languedocien, and Limousin are structurally separate languages (F. Agard). Provencal and Languedocien (Occitan) are separate languages (P. Blanchet 1990). No Provencal variety is universally accepted as the standard literary form. Nicard and Northern Gavot (Valeien and Gapian) are more difficult for other dialect speakers to understand. Through increased contact in army and school, most speakers are actively bilingual in French. Literary French is sometimes difficult for speakers with less school education. Regional French has a lot of Provencal influence. Most speakers are over 50 years old. There is regional pride and increasing status as a literary language. Strong demand for teaching in school and books in Provencal. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other. The Nobel Prize laureate Frederic Mistal wrote in Provencal. Two orthographies in use: Ron and Toulousse. Bible portions 1824-1975. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: PROVENCAL. Population: 100,000 in Italy (1990 P. Blanchet). Alternate names: PROVENZALE. Dialects: TRANSALPIN. Comments: Bilingualism in Piemontese, Italian. All ages. It is widely spoken. Bible portions 1824-1975. Also spoken in: Monaco. (Language name: PROVENCAL.) Population: 4,500 in Monaco, 15% of the population (1988). Dialects: NICARD (NICOIS). Comments: Speakers come from Nice and Cannes. Bible portions 1824-1975.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ShuaditLanguage 'The &%ShuaditLanguage is an &%OcLanguage of &%France. SIL code: SDT. ISO 639-1: oc. ISO 639-2: oci. Region: Department of Vaucluse in southern France, and city of Avignon. Alternate names: SHUADI, JUDEO-PROVENCAL, JUDEO-COMTADINE. Comments: It became extinct in 1977. May still be used in Passover song. Jewish. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WestIberianLanguage 'Of the 17 &%IberoRomanceLanguages, 10 of these is classified as a &%WestIberianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AsturoLeoneseLanguage s__AsturoLeoneseLanguage__t s__WestIberianLanguage__t 'Of the 10 &%WestIberianLanguages, two of these are classified as an &%AsturoLeoneseLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AsturianLanguage 'The &%AsturianLanguage is an &%AsturoLeoneseLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: AUB. ISO 639-2: ast. Population: 100,000 first language speakers, plus 450,000 second language speakers able to speak or understand it (1994 F. F. Botas). 50,000 in Central Asturian, 30,000 in Western Asturian, 20,000 in Eastern Asturian. 550,000 in the ethnic group. Population total both countries: 100,000 or more. Region: Princedom of Asturias except for the most western section where Galician is spoken, the western part of Cantabria and Leon, and northern Castilla-Leon. In Cantabria and Las Penamelleras (Asturies) people speak Montanes, a Spanish dialect with Asturian influence. Leonese associations promote their language variety. There are Leonese minorities in Portugal. Also spoken in Portugal. Alternate names: ASTUR-LEONESE, ASTURIAN-LEONESE, ASTURIANU. Dialects: LEONESE (LLEONES), WESTERN ASTURIAN, CENTRAL ASTURIAN (BABLE), EASTERN ASTURIAN. Comments: As different from Spanish as Galician or Catalan, more different than Murcian and Andalusian. Close to Leonese. About 80% intelligibility with Spanish (R.A. Hall, Jr. 1989), enough to cause disruption of communicative ability (T. Erickson SIL 1992). The Vaqueiros ethnic group speaks Western Asturian. Intelligibility among the three dialects is functional. Central Asturian is considered the model, and has the most speakers. Closely related to Mirandes in Portugal. Leonese may be a separate language. Bilingualism in Spanish. May be studied in school by ages 6 to 19 if teachers and books are available. They use Spanish in formal situations and with outsiders. There is literature, both popular and literary, since the 17th century, poetry, and traditional ballads and chivalric novels of oral tradition. The Academy of the Asturian Language was formed in 1981, to revive the academy of the 18th century. About 43% of the population in the region have immigrated into the region from the south since the 1950s, and they have not absorbed the Asturian culture or language. Official language. Dictionary. Western Asturian may need orthography adaptation. NT 1997. Also spoken in: Portugal. (Language name: ASTURIAN.) Alternate names: ASTURIAN-LEONESE. Dialects: WEST ASTURIAN, CENTRAL ASTURIAN (BABLE). Comments: As different from Spanish as Galician or Catalan, more different than Murcian and Andalusian. Close to Leonese. About 80% intelligibility with Spanish (R.A. Hall, Jr. 1989), enough to cause disruption of communicative ability (T. Erickson SIL 1992). Intelligibility among the dialects is adequate. Central Asturian is considered the model, and has the most speakers. Children 6 to 16 are required to study it in school. It is voluntary for those 16-19. They use Spanish in formal situations and with outsiders. There is literature, both popular and literary, since the 17th century, poetry, and traditional ballads and chivalric novels of oral tradition. The Academy of the Asturian Language was formed in 1981, to revive the academy of the 18th century. The Vaqueros ethnic group speaks Western Asturian. Dictionary. Western Asturian may need orthography adaptation. NT 1997.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MirandaDoDouroLanguage 'The &%MirandaDoDouroLanguage is an &%AsturoLeoneseLanguage of &%Portugal. SIL code: MWL. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 10,000 (1995 SIL). Region: Northeast Portugal, southeastern tip of Tras Os Montes area, on the Spain border, at the latitude of Zamora, city of Miranda. Alternate names: MIRANDESA, MIRANDES. Comments: Related to Asturian and Leones. Probably separated from them at the time of the invasion of the Moors. A folklore group is promoting the language and culture. The language has been introduced into the schools. The people have a different style of dress from their neighbors (black, handwoven cloth). Official language. Agriculturalists.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CastilianLanguage 'Of the 10 &%WestIberianLanguages, five of these are classified as a &%CastilianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CaloLanguage s__CastilianLanguage__t 'The &%CaloLanguage is a &%CastilianLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: RMR. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 40,000 to 140,000 in Spain. Population total all countries: 65,000 to 170,000. Region: Also spoken in Brazil, France, Portugal. Alternate names: GITANO, IBERIAN ROMANI, HISPANOROMANI. Dialects: SPANISH CALO, PORTUGUESE CALAO (CALAO, LUSITANO-ROMANI), CATALONIAN CALO, BASQUE CALO, BRAZILIAN CALAO. Comments: A cryptological variety of Spanish (I. Hancock 1995). McLane found 300 to 400 words based on Romani, but no individual was acquainted with more than 100. The Iberian base for Calo is regional dialects, where the overlap is not distinct between Spanish and Portuguese. Bilingualism in Spanish. There is a movement to revive the defunct inflected Spanish Romani, and a book has been printed in it (I. Hancock 1990). Grammar. Christian. Bible portions 1837-1872. Also spoken in: Brazil. (Language name: CALO.) Population: 10,000 in Latin America. Alternate names: CALO, GITANO, IBERIAN ROMANI. Dialects: BRAZILIAN CALAO. Comments: Very different from other Romani. A cryptolectal variety of Portuguese. Bilingualism in Portuguese. Christian. Bible portions 1837-1872. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: CALO.) Population: 10,000 to 20,000 in France. Alternate names: GITANO, IBERIAN ROMANI. Dialects: BASQUE CALO, CATALONIAN CALO, SPANISH CALO. Comments: Related to Spanish. Bilingualism in Spanish, Portuguese. Christian. Bible portions 1837-1872. Also spoken in: Portugal. (Language name: CALO.) Population: 5,000 in Portugal. Alternate names: CALAO, GITANO, IBERIAN ROMANI. Dialects: SPANISH CALO, PORTUGUESE CALAO (CALAO, LUSITANO-ROMANI), CATALONIAN CALO, BASQUE CALO, BRAZILIAN CALAO. Comments: A Gypsy language very different from other Romani. Calao of Portugal is structured on Portuguese regional dialects where the overlap is not distinct between Spanish and Portuguese. Bilingualism in Portuguese. Christian. Bible portions 1837-1872.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ExtramaduranLanguage 'The &%EstramaduranLanguage is a &%CastilianLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: EXT. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 200,000 active speakers, plus 500,000 able to use it, including some monolinguals (1994 T. Erickson). Most speakers are in the northern dialect. 1,100,000 in the ethnic group. Region: Autonomous region of Extremadura (except the Fala-speaking valley in the northwest, Portuguese dialect-speaking strips in the west, and Spanish-speaking strip in the east), and a few neighboring areas. Alternate names: EXTREMENO, EHTREMENU, CAHTUO, CAHTUO. Dialects: NORTHERN EXTREMADURAN (ARTU EHTREMENU), CENTRAL EXTREMADURAN (MEYU EHTREMENU), SOUTHERN EXTREMADURAN (BAHU EHTREMENU). Comments: Related to the eastern dialect of Tur-Leonese. Dialects: are inherently intelligible to each others speakers. Those who have gone to school speak Spanish in formal situations and to outsiders. Most speakers are over 30 years old (1994). They use Extremaduran in all contexts. SVO. Literacy rate in second language: 90%. 2 orthographies, one Castilian-like, developed around the turn of the century by the famous poet Jose Maria Gabriel y Galan, the other more recent and more phonetic.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LadinoLanguage 'The &%LadionLanguage is a &%CastilianLanguage of &%Israel. SIL code: SPJ. ISO 639-2: lad. Population: 100,000 or more in Israel (1985). Population total all countries: 160,000 or fewer (1992). Region: Ethnic group members also in Salonica, Greece, Sofia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia. Formerly also in Morocco. Also spoken in Puerto Rico, Turkey (Europe), USA. Alternate names: JUDEO SPANISH, SEFARDI, DZHUDEZMO, JUDEZMO, SPANYOL, HAQUETIYA. Dialects: JUDEZMO (JUDYO, JIDYO), LADINO, HAQUETIYA (HAKETIA, HAKETIYA, HAKITIA). Comments: The Balkan dialect is more influenced by Turkish and Greek. The North African dialect is more influenced by Arabic and French. There are no monolinguals. It is not the dominant language for most speakers. Formerly the main language of Sefardic Jewry. The name Dzhudezmo is used by Jewish linguists and Turkish Jews, Judeo-Spanish by Romance philologists, Ladino by laymen, especially in Israel, Hakitia by Moroccan Jews, Spanyol by some others. Different from Ladin in the Rhaeto-Romansch group. The Hebrew (Rashi) alphabet does not work well because of the need to differentiate vowels. Yet there are texts in Hebrew script. Newspapers, radio programs. Jewish. Bible 1829. Also spoken in: Turkey (Europe). Language name: LADINO. Population: 8,000 or fewer first language speakers out of 15,000 people in Turkey (1976). Alternate names: DZHUDEZMO, JUDEO SPANISH, SEFARDI, JUDEZMO, HAKITIA, HAKETIA, SPANYOL. Comments: Nearly all are bilingual in Turkish. Chief language of Sefardic Jews. The Donme are a Ladino-speaking group in Turkey, adherents of Shabbetai Zevi (Zvi). Roman. Newspapers. Jewish. Bible 1829.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LoretoUcayaliSpanishLanguage 'The &%LoretoUcayaliSpanishLanguage is a &%CastilianLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: SPQ. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: No estimate available. Region: Loreto and Ucayali River areas. Alternate names: JUNGLE SPANISH. Comments: Some other speakers have limited understanding of colloquial standard Spanish. There are monolingual speakers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SpanishLanguage 'The &%SpanishLanguage is a &%CastilianLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: SPN. ISO 639-1: es. ISO 639-2: spa. Population: 28,173,600 in Spain, 72.8% of the population (1986). Population total all countries: 322,200,000 to 358,000,000 first language users (1999 WA--source for the second figure), 417,000,000 including second language users (1999 WA). Region: Central and southern Spain and the Canary Islands. Also spoken in 43 other countries including Andorra, Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Canada, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, France. Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO, CASTILIAN. Dialects: ANDALUSIAN, MURCIAN, ARAGONESE, NAVARRESE, CASTILIAN, CANARY ISLANDS SPANISH, AMERICAN SPANISH. Comments: Leonese has similarities to Asturian, and may be extinct. 89% lexical similarity with Portuguese, 85% with Catalan, 82% with Italian, 76% with Sardinian, 75% with French, 74% with Rheto-Romance, 71% with Rumanian. Most mother tongue speakers of other languages in Spain use Spanish as second language. The Aragonese dialect of Spanish is different from the Aragonese language. Official language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO, prepositions, genitives, relatives after noun heads, articles, numerals before noun heads, adjectives before or after noun heads depending on whether it is evaluative or descriptive, question word initial, (C(C))V(C), nontonal. Christian. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Andorra. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 24,600 in Andorra, 60% of population (1986). Alternate names: CASTILIAN. Comments: Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Argentina. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 33,000,000 in Argentina (1995 estimate). Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Belize. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 80,477 in Belize (1991 census). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: Radio programs, TV. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Bolivia. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 3,483,700 in Bolivia (1995 estimate). Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Chile. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 13,800,000 in Chile, including 25% Spanish, 66% mestizo (1995). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Colombia. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 34,000,000 in Colombia (1995 estimate). Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Costa Rica. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 3,300,000 in Costa Rica (1995 estimate). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Cuba. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 10,000,000 in Cuba (1995 estimate). Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Dominican Republic. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 6,886,000 in Dominican Republic (1995 estimate), 87% of the population. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Ecuador. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 9,500,000 in Ecuador (1995 estimate). Comments: National language. Christian. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: El Salvador. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 5,900,000 in El Salvador (1995), or 92.3% of the population (1982 Barrett). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Equatorial Guinea. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 11,500 in Equatorial Guinea (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Official language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: SPANISH.) Alternate names: CASTILLIAN. Comments: Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Gibraltar. (Language name: SPANISH.) Comments: Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Guatemala. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 4,673,000 in Guatemala (1995 estimate). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Honduras. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 5,600,000 in Honduras (1996). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Mexico. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 86,211,000 first language speakers in Mexico (1995), 88% of the population. Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Morocco. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 20,000 in Morocco (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Nicaragua. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 4,347,000 in Nicaragua (1995 estimate). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Panama. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 2,100,000 in Panama (1995 estimate). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Paraguay. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 110,000 in Paraguay (1979 estimate). Comments: Used in education and government. National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Peru. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 20,000,000 in Peru (1995 estimate). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Philippines. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 2,658 (1990 census). Comments: Formerly the official language. Used by a few families as mother tongue. Christian. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Puerto Rico. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 3,437,120 speakers in Puerto Rico, 90% of the population (1996). Comments: Some dialects are considered to be archaic. National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Trinidad and Tobago. (Language name: SPANISH.) Comments: Users seem to be second language users only. Frequent contact with Venezuelan fishing communities that lie nine miles off the coast of Trinidad. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Uruguay. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 3,000,000 in Uruguay (1995 estimate). Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 22,400,000 in USA, 8.9% of the population (1990 census). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: Population: has increased 61% or more since 1970. Official language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Venezuela. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 21,480,000 in Venezuela (1995 estimate). Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PortugueseGalicianLanguage 'Of the 10 &%WestIberianLanguages, three of these are classified as a &%PortugueseGalicianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FalaLanguage 'The &%FalaLanguage is a &%PortugueseGalicianLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: FAX. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 10,500 including 5,500 active speakers in the language area, 5,000 outside, many of whom return each summer (1994 T. Erickson). Region: Northwest corner of the autonomous region of Extremadura, an isolated valley on the Portuguese border called Val de Xalima or Val du riu Ellas, towns of Valverdi du Fresnu, As Ellas and Sa Martin de Trebellu. Alternate names: A FALA DE XALIMA, A FALA DO XALIMA, GALAICO-EXTREMADURAN, CHAPURREAU. Dialects: VALVIDEIRU, MANEGU, LAGARTEIRU. Comments: Dialects: are inherently intelligible to each others speakers. Not easily intelligible with the surrounding language varieties. Intelligible to speakers of Galician. They speak Spanish in school, church, and with outsiders. Spoken in all contexts except school, church, and contacts with outsiders. All ages. Vitality is high. The speakers do not identify with the Galicians. Literacy rate in second language: Nearly 100%. Speakers do not want orthography to be like Galician.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GalicianLanguage s__PortugueseGalicianLanguage__t 'The &%GalicianLanguage is a &%PortugueseGalicianLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: GLN. ISO 639-1: gl. ISO 639-2: glg. Population: 3,173,400 in Spain, 8.2% of the population (1986). Population total both countries: 4,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Northwest Spain, Autonomous Region of Galicia. Also spoken in Portugal. Alternate names: GALEGO, GALLEGO. Comments: Galician is between Portuguese and Spanish, but closer to Portuguese. Portuguese has about 85% intelligibility to speakers of Galician (R.A. Hall, Jr., 1989). Many dialects. Bilingualism in Spanish. There is an Academy of the Galician Language. It has had many decades of development as a language of serious literature, including poetry, essays on novel, ideological, philosophical, and sociological topics, and for all levels of education, including higher education. A growing sense of ethnic identity and of the Galician language. Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects on the border with Asturian. Official language. Bible 1989-1992. Also spoken in: Portugal. (Language name: GALICIAN.) Population: 15,000 in Tras Os Montes (1994 D. and N. Burns). Alternate names: GALEGO, GALLEGO. Comments: Galician is between Portuguese and Spanish, but closer to Portuguese. There is an Academy of the Galician Language. There is tension between those in Tras Os Montes Portugal and Spain over dialect differences and identity. There is tension between those in Tras Os Montes Portugal and Spain over orthography. Bible 1989-1992.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PortugueseLanguage 'The &%PortugueseLanguage is a &%PortugueseGalicianLanguage of &%Portugal. SIL code: POR. ISO 639-1: pt. ISO 639-2: por. Population: 10,000,000 in Portugal. Population total all countries: 176,000,000 first language speakers (1999 WA), 191,000,000 including second language speakers (1999 WA). Region: Iberia, Azores, Madeira. Also spoken in 33 other countries including Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde Islands, China, Congo, France, Germany, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Luxembourg, Malawi, Mozambique. Alternate names: PORTUGUES. Dialects: BEIRA, GALICIAN, MADEIRA-AZORES, ESTREMENHO, BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE. Comments: Standard Portuguese of Portugal is based on Southern or Estremenho dialect (Lisbon and Coimbra). Official language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO. Literacy rate in second language: 83% to 84%. Christian. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Angola. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Population: 57,600 in Angola (1993). Comments: Official language. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Brazil. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Population: 158,000,000 in Brazil (1997 UBS). Comments: National language. Literacy rate in first language: 71%. Christian, spiritism. Bible 1751-1996. Also spoken in: Cape Verde Islands. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: France. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Population: 750,000 in France (1989 National Geographic). Comments: Literacy rate in second language: Relatively low. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Guinea-Bissau. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Mozambique. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Population: 30,000 or more in Mozambique (1998 SIL), 27% speak it as second language (1980 census). Comments: Official language. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Sao Tome e Principe. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Population: 2,580 in Sao Tome (1993). Comments: Used by many people as their primary language until their late 20s, when they become more active in Sao Tomense society, and relearn Sao Tomense, the language of social networks above age 30. Used as a second language by some people. Official language. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Timor Lorosae. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Alternate names: PORTUGUES. Comments: Probably 2% of the population from Timor Lorosae worldwide can function in it, including about 9,000 people living overseas. Dictionary. Grammar. Christian. Bible 1751, in press (1993).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PyreneanMozarabicLanguage s__PyreneanMozarabicLanguage__t s__WesternRomanceLanguage__t 'Of the 32 &%WesternRomanceLanguages, two of these are classified as a &%PyreneanMozarabicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MozarabicGroupLanguage 'Of the two &%PyreneanMozarabicLanguages, one of these is classified as a &%MozarabicGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MozarabicLanguage s__MozarabicGroupLanguage__t 'The &%MozarabicLanguage is a &%MozarabicGroupLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: MXI. ISO 639-2: roa. Comments: A Romance language with Arabic influences. It is still used liturgically by 2 churches in Toledo. Used by Christians during the Moorish occupation of Spain in the Middle Ages. Christian. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PyreneanLanguage 'Of the two &%PyreneanMozarabicLanguages, one of these is classified as a &%PyreneanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AragoneseLanguage s__PyreneanLanguage__t 'The &%AragoneseLanguage is a &%PyreneanLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: AXX. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 11,000 or more active speakers. An additional 20,000 people use it as second language (1993 Counsel of the Aragonese Language). The majority speak Eastern Aragonese. 2,000,000 in the ethnic group. Region: Zaragoza, Uesca Province. The northern limit is the Pyrenean border, separating Aragon from Occitania, the western limit is the border of Navarra, the eastern limit is north of Montso. Western Aragonese includes the towns of Anso, Echo, Chasa, Berdun, and Chaca, Central Aragonese the towns of Panticosa, Biescas, Torla, Broto, Bielsa, Yebra, and LAinsa, Eastern Aragonese the towns of Benas (Benasque, Benasc, Patues), Plan, Bisagorri, Campo, Perarruga, Graus, Estadilla, Southern Aragonese the towns of Aguero, Ayerbe, Rasal, Bolea, Lierta, Uesca, Almudebar, Nozito, Labata, Alguezra, Angues, Pertusa, Balbastro, Nabal. Alternate names: ARAGOIERAZ, ALTOARAGONES, ARAGONES, FABLA ARAGONESA, PATUES, HIGH ARAGONESE. Dialects: WESTERN ARAGONESE (ANSOTANO, CHESO), CENTRAL ARAGONESE (BELSETAN, CHISTABINO, TENSINO, PANDICUTO, BERGOTES), EASTERN ARAGONESE (BENASQUES, GRAUSINO, RIBAGORZANO, FOBANO, CHISTABINO), SOUTHERN ARAGONESE (AYERBENSE, SEMONTANES). Comments: There are local varieties. Different from the local variety of Spanish (also called Aragonese, which is influenced by High Aragonese). Eastern Aragonese is transitional to Catalan. Similarities to Catalan, Occitan, and Gascon. Speakers use Spanish (Castilian) in varying degrees, depending on their education, generally they use it well. Used with outsiders. Speakers include 500 elderly monolinguals (1993). There is an Aragonese Speakers League (Ligallo de Fablans de lAragones) in Zaragoza, and a Council of the Aragonese Language (Consello da Fabla Aragonesa) in Uesca. There are 5 magazines in Aragonese, and at least 6 organizations of mother tongue speakers working in the language. The written language is based on Central and Eastern Aragonese. Official language. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: Nearly 100%. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthernRomanceLanguage s__SouthernRomanceLanguage__t s__ItaloWesternRomanceLanguage__t 'Of the 36 &%ItaloWesternRomanceLanguages, five of these are classified as a &%SouthernRomanceLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CorsicanGroupLanguage 'Of the five &%SouthernRomanceLanguages, one of these is a &%CorsicanGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CorsicanLanguage s__CorsicanGroupLanguage__t 'The &%CorsicanLanguage is a &%CorsicanGroupLanguage, of &%France (Corsica). SIL code: COI. ISO 639-1: co. ISO 639-2: cos. Population: 281,000 in Corsica (1993 Johnstone). Population total all countries: 341,000 or more (1976). Region: Corsica, Paris, Marseilles. Also spoken in Bolivia, Canada, Cuba, Italy, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, USA, Venezuela. Alternate names: CORSU, CORSO, CORSE, CORSI. Dialects: SARTENAIS, VICO-AJACCIO, NORTHERN CORSICAN (CAPE CORS, BASTIA), VENACO. Comments: Corsican is in the Tuscan group of Italian varieties. Southern Corsican is closer to northern Sardinian or Gallurese than other Corsican dialects (R. A. Hall, Jr.) Dialects: of Bastia, Venaco, Vico, and Sartene have 79% to 89% lexical similarity. Bonifacio on the southern tip of the island has 78% lexical similarity (highest) with Bastia at extreme north. Ajaccio dialect is central and prestigious. Speakers are bilingual in French but many are not fluent in it. There is a movement for bilingual education. Corsican has been recognized as a separate language by the French government. Not endangered. Bible portions 1861-1994. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: CORSICAN.) Alternate names: CORSO, CORSU, CORSE, CORSI. Comments: Southern Corsican is closer to Gallurese Sardinian than to other Corsican dialects (R.A. Hall, Jr.) Bible portions 1861.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SardinianLanguage 'Of the five &%SouthernRomanceLanguages, four of these is a &%SardinianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CampindaneseSardinianLanguage s__SardinianLanguage__t 'The &%CampindaneseSardinianLanguage is a &%SardinianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: SRO. ISO 639-1: sc. ISO 639-2: srd. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southern Sardinia. Alternate names: SARDU, CAMPIDANESE, CAMPIDESE, SOUTH SARDINIAN. Dialects: CAGLIARE (CAGLIARI, CAGLIARITAN), ARBORENSE, SUB-BARBARICINO, WESTERN CAMPIDENESE, CENTRAL CAMPIDANESE, OGLIASTRINO, SULCITANO, MERIDIONALE, SARRABENSE. Comments: Cagliaritan is the dialect of Cagliari, the capital of Sardinia. Campidanese is quite distinct from the other Sardinian languages. Cagliare has 62% lexical similarity with Standard Italian, 73% with Logudorese, 66% with Gallurese. It is in general use in the south. A movement is growing to recognize Sard as an important part of their linguistic and cultural heritage. Bible portions 1860-1900.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GallureseSardinianLanguage 'The &%GallureseSardinianLanguage is a &%SardinianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: SDN. ISO 639-1: sc. ISO 639-2: srd.Population: No estimate available. Region: Gallurese is in northeastern Sardinia. Alternate names: NORTHEASTERN SARDINIAN, GALLURESE. Comments: 83% lexical similarity with Standard Italian, 81% with Sassarese, 70% with Logudorese, 66% with Cagliare. A growing movement to recognize Sard as an important part of their cultural and linguistic heritage. Influenced by Corsican and Tuscan (Standard Italian). They call Campidanese and Logudorese Sard, and the people Sards, but do not include themselves or their language in those terms. Bible portions 1861-1862.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LogudoreseSardinianLanguage 'The &%LogudoreseSardinianLanguage is a &%SardinianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: SRD. ISO 639-1: sc. ISO 639-2: srd. Population: 1,500,000 including all Sardinian languages (1977 M. Ibba, Rutgers University). Region: Central Sardinia. Alternate names: SARD, SARDARESE, LOGUDORESE, CENTRAL SARDINIAN. Dialects: NUORESE, NORTHERN LOGUDORESE, BARBARICINO, SOUTHWESTERN LOGUDORESE. Comments: No one form of Sardinian is selected as standard for literary purposes. Logudorese is quite different from other Sardinian varieties. 68% lexical similarity with Standard Italian, 73% with Sassarese and Cagliarese, 70% with Gallurese. Sardinian has 85% lexical similarity with Italian, 80% with French, 78% with Portuguese, 76% with Spanish, 74% with Rumanian and Rheto-Romance. Italian is used for literary and teaching purposes. Farmers and housewives over 35 use almost no Italian. Sardinian is in general use in central and southern areas. It has prestige equal to Italian in some contexts including writing. There is a growing movement to recognize Sard as an important part of their linguistic and cultural heritage. Christian. Bible portions 1858-1861.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SassareseSardinianLanguage 'The &%SassureseSardinianLanguage is a &%SardinianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: SDC. ISO 639-1: sc. ISO 639-2: srd. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northwestern Sardinia. Alternate names: NORTHWESTERN SARDINIAN, SASSARESE. Comments: 81% lexical similarity with Gallurese, 76% with Standard Italian. There is a growing movement to recognize Sard as an important part of their cultural and linguistic heritage. Influenced by Ligurian and Pisan (Pisa, northwest coast of Italy). They call Campidanese and Logudorese Sard, and the people Sards, but do not include themselves or their language in those terms. Bible portions 1863-1866.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SlavicLanguage 'A &%SlavicLanguage is any of 18 closely related &%IndoEuropeanLanguages spoken in central and eastern &%Europe.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EastSlavicLanguage 'Of the 18 &%SlavicLanguages, four are classified as an &%EastSlavicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RusynLanguage 'The &%RusynLanguage is an &%EastSlavicLanguage of the &%Ukraine. SIL code: RUE. ISO 639-2: sla. Population: Population total both countries 50,000 or more. Region: Transcarpathian Oblast of Ukraine. Also possibly in Romania. Alternate names: RUTHENIAN, CARPATHIAN, CARPATHO-RUSYN. Comments: Rusyn is called a dialect of Ukrainian, but speakers are reported to consider themselves distinct from Ukrainians. Standard Ukrainian used for literature, signs. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Ukrainian. Radio programs, TV. Christian. Also spoken in: Slovakia. (Language name: RUSYN.) Population: 50,000 in Slovakia (1991 census). Alternate names: RUTHENIAN, CARPATHIAN, CARPATHO-RUSYN. Dialects: LEMKO. Comments: Rusyn is sometimes called a dialect of Ukrainian, but speakers are reported to consider themselves distinct from Ukrainians. Nearly two-thirds have assimilated culturally and linguistically with the Slovaks. Some ethnic Rusyns in Yugoslavia are reported to speak Eastern Slovak, Sarish dialect, not Rusyn. In 1995 it was declared a normative, codified language in Slovakia, can formally be taught in schools, used for publications, school textbooks. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Ukrainian, bilingual proficiency in Slovak. Dictionary. Radio programs, TV. Christian. See main entry under Ukraine.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RussianLanguage 'The &%RussianLanguage is an &%EastSlavicLanguage of &%Russia (Europe). SIL code: RUS. ISO 639-1: ru. ISO 639-2: rus. Population: 153,655,000 in the republics of the former USSR. Population total all countries: 167,000,000 first language speakers (1999 WA), 277,000,000 including second language users (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in 30 other countries including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, India, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova. Alternate names: RUSSKI. Dialects: NORTH RUSSIAN, SOUTH RUSSIAN. Comments: The Chuvan are a Yukagiric people now speaking Russian. The Meshcheryak are ethnically Erzya, but speak Russian. The Teryukhan are ethnically Erzya in Gorkiy, but speak Russian. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO, prepositions, genitives after noun heads, articles, adjectives, numerals before noun heads, question word initial, 1 prefix on a word, recursive addition of suffixes allowed, nontonal. Christian. Bible 1680-1993. Also spoken in: China. (Language name: RUSSIAN.) Population: 13,504 in China (1990 census). Alternate names: OLOSSU, ELUOSI, RUSS, RUSSKI. Comments: An official nationality in China. Agriculturalists, animal husbandry. Christian. Bible 1680-1993. Also spoken in: Israel. (Language name: RUSSIAN.) Population: 750,000 in Israel (1999 H. Mutzafi). Alternate names: RUSSIT, RUSSKI. Comments: Most speakers use Hebrew as second language but prefer Russian. Radio programs. Jewish. Bible 1860-1993. Also spoken in: Mongolia. (Language name: RUSSIAN.) Population: 4,000 in Mongolia (1993 Johnstone). Alternate names: RUSSKI. Comments: Russians who are permanent residents are called Mectny Oros. Widely taught in schools and for higher education. Mainly atheist, many occultist. Bible 1680-1993. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: RUSSIAN.) Population: 334,615 in USA (1970 census). Alternate names: RUSSKI. Comments: The Doukhobors and Molokans are conservative religious groups who speak Standard Russian. Other Russian speakers in the USA have long-standing residence, still others have come more recently. Bible 1680-1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BelarusanLanguage 'The &%BelarusanLanguage is an &%EastSlavicLanguage of &%Belarus. SIL code: RUW. ISO 639-1: be. ISO 639-2: bel. Population: 7,905,000 in Belarus, 98% of the population (1993 Johnstone). Population total all countries: 10,200,000. 74% of the ethnic group from the former USSR speak it as mother tongue. Region: Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Canada, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Russia (Europe), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: BELARUSIAN, BELORUSSIAN, BIELORUSSIAN, WHITE RUSSIAN, WHITE RUTHENIAN, BYELORUSSIAN. Dialects: NORTHEAST BELARUSAN (POLOTS, VITEB-MOGILEV), SOUTHWEST BELARUSAN (GRODNEN-BARANOVICH, SLUTSKO-MOZYR, SLUTSKA-MAZYRSKI), CENTRAL BELARUSAN. Comments: Linguistically between Russian and Ukrainian, with transitional dialects to both. National language. Cyrillic script used. Christian, Muslim (Tatar). Bible 1973. Also spoken in: Poland. (Language name: BELARUSAN.) Population: 230,000 in Poland (1993 Johnstone). Alternate names: BYELORUSSIAN, WHITE RUSSIAN. Comments: Cyrillic alphabet. Bible 1973.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UkrainianLanguage s__EastSlavicLanguage__t 'The &%UkrainianLanguage is an &%EastSlavicLanguage of the &%Ukraine. SIL code: UKR. ISO 639-1: uk. ISO 639-2: ukr. Population: 31,058,000 in Ukraine (1993), 83% of 37,419,000 in the ethnic group (1993 Johnstone). 75% of the population is ethnic Ukrainian. Population total all countries: 47,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Western Ukraine, adjacent republics. Also spoken in 25 other countries including Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Paraguay, Poland, Romania, Russia (Asia), Slovakia. Dialects: NORTHWEST UKRAINIAN, SOUTHWEST UKRAINIAN, EAST UKRAINIAN. Comments: Dialect differences are slight. Official language. Grammar. Cyrillic script. Christian. Bible 1903-1962. Also spoken in: Poland. (Language name: UKRAINIAN.) Population: 1,500,000 in Poland. Comments: The largest minority language group in Poland. Christian. Bible 1903-1962. Also spoken in: Slovakia. (Language name: UKRAINIAN.) Population: 100,000 in Slovakia. Comments: Christian. Bible 1903-1962.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthSlavicLanguage 'Of the 18 &%SlavicLanguages, six are classified as a &%SouthSlavicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SoutheasternSlavicLanguage 'Of the six &%SouthSlavicLanguages, three are classified as a &%SoutheasternSlavicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BulgarianLanguage 'The &%BulgarianLanguage is a &%SoutheasternSlavicLanguage of &%Bulgaria. SIL code: BLG. ISO 639-1: bg. ISO 639-2: bul. Population: 7,986,000 in Bulgaria, 85% of the population (1986). Population total all countries: 9,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in Canada, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Moldova, Romania, Turkey (Europe), Ukraine, USA, Yugoslavia. Alternate names: BALGARSKI. Dialects: PALITYAN (PALITIANI, BOGOMIL). Comments: Palityan is functionally intelligible with Standard Bulgarian. The Sopa are of Petecheneg origin and speak Bulgarian. National language. Grammar. SVO. Christian. Bible 1864-1923. Also spoken in: Greece. (Language name: BULGARIAN.) Population: 30,000 in Greece (1998 Greek Helsinki Monitor). Dialects: POMAK (POMAKCI, POMAKIKA). Comments: Pomak is close to Serbian and Bulgarian, geographical dialect shading toward each. Bilingualism in Turkish, Greek. They speak Pomak at home. Also referred to locally as Macedonian and Vlach. The term Vlach is applied variously to varieties of Bulgarian, Romani, and Romanian in Romania, Greece, Albania, and Yugoslavia. Many Greek loan words and others from the dead language, Thraco-Illyrian. Viewed as Turks in Greece. Muslim. Bible 1864-1923. Also spoken in: Moldova. (Language name: BULGARIAN.) Population: 361,000 in Moldova (1979 census), 68% speak it as mother tongue. Comments: Christian. Bible 1864-1923. Romania. (Language name: BULGARIAN.) Population: 10,439 (1966 census). Dialects: PALITYAN (PALITIANI, BOGOMIL). Comments: The Palityan dialect is apparently intelligible with other Bulgarian dialects. In Romania it is a recognized minority language. Christian. Bible 1864-1923. Also spoken in: Turkey (Europe). (Language name: BULGARIAN.) Population: 270,000 in Turkey, including refugees from Bulgaria (1993 Johnstone). Alternate names: POMAK. Dialects: POMAK. Comments: 93% bilingual in Turkish. Spoken by Muslim Pomaks in Turkey and Greece. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1864-1923. Also spoken in: Yugoslavia. (Language name: BULGARIAN.) Comments: Catholic Bulgarians are in Yugoslav and Romanian Banat. Bible 1864-1923.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MacedonianLanguage s__SoutheasternSlavicLanguage__t 'The &%MacedonianLanguage is a &%SoutheasternSlavicLanguage of &%Macedonian. SIL code: MKJ. ISO 639-1: mk. ISO 639-2(B): mac. ISO 639-2(T): mkd. Population: 1,386,000 in Macedonia (1986). Population total all countries: 2,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: The northern dialect is in Kumanovo-Kratovo region, the southeastern dialect around Gevgelija, Strumica, and Lake Dojran, the western dialect has one subdialect in the Veles, Prilep, Kichevo, and Bitola region, and another in the Debar-Galchnik region. Also spoken in Albania, Bulgaria, Canada, Greece, Hungary, Slovenia. Alternate names: MAKEDONSKI, SLAVIC, MACEDONIAN SLAVIC. Dialects: NORTHERN MACEDONIAN, SOUTHEASTERN MACEDONIAN, WESTERN MACEDONIAN. Comments: The standard dialect was recognized in 1944. Sociopolitical attitudes are strong: called Slavic in Greece, considered to be a dialect of Bulgarian by some in Bulgaria. National language. Grammar. Newspapers, radio programs. Bible 1990. Also spoken in: Albania. (Language name: MACEDONIAN.) Population: 30,000 in Albania (1993 Johnstone). Alternate names: SLAVIC, MACEDONIAN SLAVIC. Comments: Called Slavic in Greece. Bible 1990. Also spoken in: Bulgaria. (Language name: MACEDONIAN.) Comments: Bible 1990. Also spoken in: Greece. (Language name: SLAVIC.) Population: 41,017 mother tongue speakers in Greece, 0.537% of the population (1951 census). Alternate names: MACEDONIAN SLAVIC, MACEDONIAN. Comments: Speakers are bilingual in Greek, which is used for education and religion. Called Slavic in Greece, where Macedonian refers only to people living in Macedonia, a region in Greece. Bible 1990.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OldChurchSlavonicLanguage 'The &%OldChurchSlavonicLanguage is a &%SoutheasternSlavicLanguage of &%Russia (Europe). SIL code: SLN. ISO 639-1: cu. ISO 639-2: chu. Comments: Used as liturgical language of various Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches. Christian. Extinct. Bible 1581-1751.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthwesternSlavicLanguage s__SouthSlavicLanguage__t 'Of the six &%SouthSlavicLanguages, three are classified as a &%SouthwesternSlavicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RomanoSerbianLanguage 'The &%RomanoSerbianLanguage is a &%SouthwesternSlavicLanguage of &%Yugoslavia. SIL code: RSB. ISO 639-2: sla. Population: No estimate available. Region: Serbia. Alternate names: TENT GYPSY. Comments: Related linguistically to Serbian with influences from Romani.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SlovenianLanguage s__SouthwesternSlavicLanguage__t 'The &%SlovenianLanguage is a &%SouthwesternSlavicLanguage of &%Slovenia. SIL code: SLV. ISO 639-1: sl. ISO 639-2: slv. Population: 1,727,360 in Slovenia (1991 census). Population total all countries: 2,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Carniola and southern parts of Styria and Carinthia, Lower Carniola in Dolenjsko, Upper Carniola in Gorenjska, Primorski in West Slovenia, Stajerski in Styria. Also spoken in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Canada, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, USA, Yugoslavia. Alternate names: SLOVENSCINA, SLOVENE. Dialects: LOWER CARNIOLA, UPPER CARNIOLA, STAJERSKI, PRIMORSKI. Comments: The literary dialect is between the two main dialects, based on Dolenjsko. Dialects: are diverse. National language. Grammar. SVO. Radio programs. Bible 1584-1996. Also spoken in: Austria. (Language name: SLOVENIAN.) Population: 20,000 to 40,000 in Austria (1993 T. Priestly), including at least several thousand Windisch speakers (1995). Alternate names: SLOVENE. Dialects: WINDISCH. Comments: Separated by the Karawanken Mts. from the larger group of Slovenes in Slovenia. They and their speech are called Windisch, an archaic form of Slovene, heavily influenced by German. The dialects of Slovene, generally, tend to differ from one another very much. No one has made any kind of a measured dialect analysis, so it is not possible at this time (1995) to say how different any of the dialects are from the standard (T. Priestly, U. of Alberta, personal communication 1995). Some speakers speak Standard Slovene well, some use it only in church. Some of the ethnic group are able to speak the dialects, some are losing their command of them. Many speakers go to church, where they hear Standard Slovene. Speakers are bilingual or trilingual in the Slovenian dialect (Windisch), a German regional variety (Karntnerisch or Steierisch), or Standard German. Most speakers educated since 1945 speak Standard German reasonably well. Most do not consider themselves to be Slovenians, but Carinthians, belonging to the German culture. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Standard Slovenian. Official language. Bible 1584-1996. Also spoken in: Hungary. (Language name: SLOVENIAN.) Population: 4,205 in Hungary (1970). Alternate names: SLOVENE. Dialects: PREKMURSKI. Comments: Bible 1584-1996. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: SLOVENIAN.) Population: 100,000 in Italy (N. Vincent in B. Comrie 1987). Alternate names: SLOVENE. Dialects: PRIMORSKI, CIVIDALE, RESIA. Comments: Some dialects are very diverse. The Slovene have their own schools. Bible 1584-1996.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SerboCroatianLanguage 'The &%SerboCroatianLanguage is a &%SouthwesternSlavicLanguage of &%Yugoslavia. SIL code: SRC. ISO 639-1: bs. ISO 639-2: bos. ISO 639-1: hr. ISO 639-2(B): scr. ISO 639-2(T): hrv. ISO 639-1: sr. ISO 639-2(B): scc. ISO 639-2(T): srp. Population: 10,200,000 in Yugoslavia and Macedonia (1981 WA). Population total all countries: 21,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Serbia, Kossovo, and Montenegro. Also spoken in 23 other countries including Albania, Australia, Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Romania, Russia (Europe), Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey (Europe). Alternate names: SERBIAN, MONTENEGRIN. Dialects: CHAKAVIAN, KAJKAVIAN, STOKAVIAN, TORLAKIAN. Comments: Speakers are Serbs, Croatians, Bosnians, Montenegrins. National language. Grammar. SVO, postpositions, genitives, articles, adjectives, numerals, relatives after noun heads, question word initial, 1 suffix, case determines subject, object, obligatory verb affixes mark person, number, gender of subject, object, other noun phrase, passive for each tense, today not commonly used, causatives marked by separate words, comparatives marked by prefix, CCVCVC, nontonal. Roman script used by Croats, both Cyrillic and Roman by Serbs and Montenegrins. Orthodox (most Serbs). Bible 1804-1968. Also spoken in: Albania. (Language name: SERBO-CROATIAN.) Alternate names: MONTENEGRIN. Comments: Montenegrins. Mainly Muslim. Bible 1804-1968. Also spoken in: Austria. (Language name: SERBO-CROATIAN.) Population: 103,000 or more in Austria (1991). Dialects: BURGENLAND CROATIAN. Comments: The form of Croat spoken in Burgenland differs extensively from that spoken in the Republic of Croatia and intelligibility is difficult. Some dialects are heavily influenced by German. Bilingualism in Standard German. About 40 primary schools teach bilingually through Croat and German. Croat is used extensively by the RC church. Rapid assimilation with the German-speaking population. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Standard German. Literacy rate in first language: Few. Christian. Bible 1804-1968. Also spoken in: Bosnia-Herzegovina. (Language name: BOSNIAN.) Population: 4,000,000 in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1995). Dialects: BOSNIAN, CROATIAN, SERBIAN. Comments: There are influences from Turkish and Arabic. Macedonian and Montenegrin are ethnic minorities speaking varieties of this language. Official language. Dictionary. SVO. Literacy rate in second language: 97%. Roman script used. Muslim, Christian, Jewish. Bible 1804-1999. Also spoken in: Croatia. (Language name: CROATIAN.) Population: 4,800,000 in Croatia (1995). Alternate names: HRVATSKI. Dialects: KAYKAVSKI, CHAKAVSKI, SHTOKAVSKI. Comments: Shtokavski is the official dialect, but the others are recognized as valid dialects, with a large body of literature. Other dialects in other countries, like Burgenland Croatian in Austria, are less intelligible. Bilingualism in English, German. Official language. SVO. Literacy rate in second language: 90%. Roman script. Christian, Muslim. Bible 1831-1968. Also spoken in: Hungary. (Language name: SERBO-CROATIAN.) Population: 32,130 in Hungary, .3% of the population (1986). Dialects: CROATIAN, SERBIAN. Comments: Roman script used by Croats. Croats tend to be RC Christian. Bible 1804-1968. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: SERBO-CROATIAN.) Population: 3,500 in Italy (N. Vincent in B. Comrie 1987). Dialects: CROATIAN. Comments: They are reviving the use of Serbo-Croatian literature. Descendents of 15th and 16th century refugees. Official language. Christian, Muslim. Bible 1804-1968. Also spoken in: Macedonia. (Language name: SERBO-CROATIAN.) Dialects: SERBIAN. Comments: SVO. Roman script used. Christian. Bible 1831-1968. Also spoken in: Romania. (Language name: SERBO-CROATIAN.) Population: 80,000 in Romania (1993 Johnstone). Alternate names: SERBIAN. Comments: Several dialects. Christian, Muslim. Bible 1804-1968. Also spoken in: Russia (Europe). (Language name: SERBO-CROATIAN.) Population: 5,000 in Russia (1959 census). Alternate names: SERBIAN. Comments: Cyrillic script. Christian, Muslim. Bible 1804-1968. Also spoken in: Slovakia. (Language name: SERBO-CROATIAN.) Dialects: CROATIAN. Comments: Latin script used by Croats, Cyrillic by Serbs and Montenegrins. Christian, Muslim. Bible 1804-1968. Also spoken in: Turkey (Europe). (Language name: SERBO-CROATIAN.) Population: 20,000 first language speakers (1980), out of 61,000 in Turkey (1980 estimate), 2,345 monolinguals (1965 census). Alternate names: BOSNIAN. Comments: 95% bilingual in Turkish. Muslim. Bible 1804-1968.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WestSlavicLanguage s__SlavicLanguage__t 'Of the 18 &%SlavicLanguages, eight are classified as a &%WestSlavicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CzechSlovakLanguage s__CzechSlovakLanguage__t s__WestSlavicLanguage__t 'Of the eight &%WestSlavicLanguages, three are classified as a &%CzechSlovakLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CzechLanguage 'The &%CzechLanguage is a &%CzechSlovakLanguage of the &%CzechRepublic. SIL code: CZC. ISO 639-1: cs. ISO 639-2(B): cze. ISO 639-2(T): ces. Population: 10,004,800 in Czech Republic (1990 WA). Population total all countries: 12,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Western, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia. Also spoken in Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Israel, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine, USA. Alternate names: CESTINA, BOHEMIAN. Dialects: CENTRAL BOHEMIAN, CZECHO-MORAVIAN, HANAK, LACH (YALACH), NORTHEAST BOHEMIAN, SOUTHWEST BOHEMIAN. Comments: All Czech and Slovak dialects are inherently intelligible to each others speakers. National language. Grammar. SVO. Christian. Bible 1380-1980.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KnaanicLanguage 'The &%KnaanicLanguage is a &%CzechSlovakLanguage of the &%CzechRepublic. SIL code: CZK. ISO 639-2: sla. Alternate names: CANAANIC, LESHON KNAAN, JUDEO-SLAVIC. Dialects: JUDEO-CZECH. Comments: Became extinct in late Middle Ages. The name Knaanic applied mainly to Judeo Czech, but also to other Judeo-Slavic varieties. Jewish. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SlovakLanguage 'The &%SlovakLanguage is a &%CzechSlovakLanguage of &%Slovakia. SIL code: SLO. ISO 639-1: sk. ISO 639-2(B): slo. ISO 639-2(T): slk. Population: 4,865,450 in Slovakia (1990 WA). Population total all countries: 5,606,000. Region: Western upland country around Bratislava. Also spoken in Canada, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, USA, Yugoslavia. Alternate names: SLOVAKIAN. Comments: Western and central dialects of Slovak are inherently intelligible with Czech. National language. Grammar. Christian. Bible 1832-1926. Also spoken in: Hungary. (Language name: SLOVAK.) Population: 10,000 to 12,000 in Hungary (1990 Slovak Information Agency). Comments: Western and central dialects of Slovak are inherently intelligible to Czech speakers. Bible 1832-1926. Also spoken in: Yugoslavia. (Language name: SLOVAK.) Population: 80,000 in Yugoslavia (1996 W. Brown). Comments: Western and central dialects of Slovak are inherently intelligible to Czech speakers. Official language. Bible 1832-1926.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LechiticLanguage 'Of the eight &%WestSlavicLanguages, three are classified as a &%LechiticLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KashubianLanguage s__LechiticLanguage__t 'The &%KashubianLanguage is a &%LechiticLanguage of &%Poland. SIL code: CSB. ISO 639-2: sla. Population: A few thousand speakers. Most of the ethnic group of over 100,000 speak a regional variety of Polish (1993 Tapani Salminen). Population total both countries 3,000 or more. Region: The left bank of the Lower Vistula in north central Poland, near the Baltic coast, west of the Bay of Gdansk, and a narrow strip inland, southwest from Gdynia. Also spoken in Canada. Alternate names: KASZUBSKI, CASHUBIAN, CASSUBIAN. Dialects: KASHUBIAN PROPER, SLOVINCIAN. Comments: German influences in the language. There are transitional dialects between Kashubian Proper, Slovenian, and Polish. Few children speakers of Kashubian Proper. The Slovincian dialect is extinct. NT 1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PolabianLanguage 'The &%PolabianLanguage is a &%LechiticLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: POX. ISO 639-2: sla. Region: North of the Wend language area. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PolishLanguage 'The &%PolishLanguage is a &%LechiticLanguage of &%Poland. SIL code: PQL. ISO 639-1: pl. ISO 639-2: pol. Population: 36,554,000 in Poland, 98% of the population (1986). Population total all countries: 44,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Canada, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Russia (Europe), Slovakia, Ukraine, UAE, USA. Alternate names: POLSKI, POLNISCH. Dialects: UPPER SILESIAN. Comments: National language. SVO. Roman script. Christian, Muslim. Bible 1561-1965. Also spoken in: Czech Republic. (Language name: POLISH.) Population: 50,000 in Czech Republic. Alternate names: POLSKI. Comments: Christian. Bible 1561-1965. Also spoken in: Germany. (Language name: POLISH.) Population: 241,000 in Germany. Alternate names: POLSKI, POLNISCH. Comments: Christian. Bible 1561-1965. Also spoken in: Israel. (Language name: POLISH.) Population: 100,000 speakers out of 272,000 people of Polish origin (1992 H. Mutzafi). Alternate names: POLSKI. Comments: All speakers use Hebrew as second language but prefer Polish. Many other people of Polish origin speak Yiddish or Hebrew as first or second language. Jewish. Bible 1561-1965. Also spoken in: Romania. (Language name: POLISH.) Population: 10,000 in Romania. Alternate names: POLSKI. Comments: Christian. Bible 1561-1965. Also spoken in: Slovakia. (Language name: POLISH.) Population: 50,000 in Slovakia. Alternate names: POLSKI. Comments: Christian. Bible 1561-1965.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SorbianLanguage 'Of the eight &%WestSlavicLanguages, two are classified as a &%SorbianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LowerSorbianLanguage s__SorbianLanguage__t 'The &%LowerSorbianLanguage is a &%SorbianLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: WEE. ISO 639-2: wen. Population: 14,000 or fewer speakers (1991 Elle) out of a larger ethnic group. Region: Niederlausitz (Dolna Luzica) in eastern Germany, Cottbus (Chosebuz) the main town. The ethnic group has over 60 towns and villages. Alternate names: NIEDERSORBISCH, BAS SORABE, WENDISH, LUSATIAN, LOWER LUSATIAN, DOLNOSERBSKI, DELNOSERBSKI. Comments: Almost exclusively older generation. Their own name for the language is Dolnoserbski. High school, Sorbian language school. Newspapers. Bible 1796-1824.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UpperSorbianLanguage 'The &%UpperSorbianLanguage is a &%SorbianLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: WEN. ISO 639-2: wen. Population: 55,000 (1991 Elle). 15,000 are reported to be primary users. 40,000 to 45,000 others have some knowledge of it (1996). Region: Upper Saxony, eastern Germany, principal towns Bautzen (Budysin, Catholic) and Kamenz (Protestant). Perhaps a few in Texas, USA. Alternate names: OBERSORBISCH, HAUT SORABE, UPPER LUSATIAN, WENDISH, HORNJOSERBSKI, HORNOSERBSKI. Dialects: BAUTZEN, KAMENZ. Comments: Nearly all are bilingual in German. Mainly older speakers. Most of the monolinguals are the very young (Stephens 1976). Zgusta (1974) says Upper Sorbian and Lower Sorbian are two standard languages. Use of Sorbian is authorized in local government and schools. Increasing literature production. Now accepted as a minority language. Newspapers, radio programs, TV. Bible 1728-1797.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IroquoianLanguage 'An &%IroquoianLanguage is any of 10 related languages found in &%NorthAmerica that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthernIroquoianLanguage 'Of the 10 &%IroquoianLanguages, eight related languages are classified as a &%NorthernIroquoianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LaurentianLanguage s__LaurentianLanguage__t 'The &%LaurentianLanguage is an unclassified &%NorthernIroquoianLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: LRE. ISO 639-2: iro. Region: Along the St. Lawrence River. Alternate names: ST. LAWRENCE IROQUOIAN. Comments: A group of languages, at least one with no modern descendents. Encountered by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and 1535. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FiveNationsLanguage 'Of the eight &%NorthernIroquoianLanguages, five related languages are classified as a &%FiveNationsLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MohawkOneidaLanguage s__MohawkOneidaLanguage__t s__FiveNationsLanguage__t 'Of the five &%FiveNationsLanguages, two closely related languages are classified as a &%MohawkOneidaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MohawkLanguage 'The &%MohawkLanguage is a &%MohawkOneidaLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: MOH. ISO 639-2: moh. Population: 350 mother tongue speakers in Canada (1998 Statistics Canada) out of 30,000 population including USA (1999 SIL). Population total both countries: 2,000 to 4,000. Region: Southwestern Quebec, southern Ontario. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Most speakers are middle-aged or over. In some areas younger ones may speak the language. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions 1787-1991. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: MOHAWK.) Population: 1,667 speakers in the USA (1990 census) out of 30,000 in the ethnic group in both countries (1999 SIL). Alternate names: KANIENKEHAKA. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Most speakers are middle-aged or older. In some areas the younger ones may speak the language. Bible portions 1787-1991.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OneidaLanguage 'The &%OneidaLanguage is a &%MohawkOneidaLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: ONE. ISO 639-2: iro. Population: 200 speakers in Canada (1991 H. Dale Kincade). Population total both countries: 250. Region: Southern Ontario. Comments: Bilingualism in English. In Canada most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Grammar. Bible portions 1880-1942. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: ONEIDA.) Population: 50 speakers in USA (1991 M. Dale Kincade). The 1990 census reports 6 monolinguals in the USA. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Only a few elderly speakers remain in New York. Bible portions 1880-1942.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SenecaOnondagaLanguage s__SenecaOnondagaLanguage__t 'Of the five &%FiveNationsLanguages, three closely related languages are classified as a &%SenecaOnondagaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OnondagaGroupLanguage 'Of the three &%SenecaOnondagaLanguages, one language is classified as an &%OnondagaGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OnondagaLanguage s__OnondagaGroupLanguage__t 'The &%OnondagaLanguage is an &%OnondagaGroupLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: ONO. ISO 639-2: iro. Population: 50 to 100 speakers in Canada (1991 H. Dale Kinkade). Population total both countries: 65 to 115 speakers out of 1,500 population (1977 SIL). Region: Southern Ontario. Alternate names: ONANDAGA. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Grammar. Also spoken in: USA Language name: ONONDAGA. Population: 15 speakers in USA (1993 V. Zeps), out of 1,000 population in USA (1993). Alternate names: ONANDAGA. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SenecaCayugaLanguage 'Of the three &%SenecaOnondagaLanguages, two languages are classified as an &%SenecaCayugaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CayugaLanguage 'The &%CayugaLanguage is a &%SenecaCayugaLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: CAY. ISO 639-2: iro. Population: 360 speakers in Canada. Population total both countries 370. Region: Six Nations, Ontario. Comments: English is the first or second language for the ethnic group. In Ontario most speakers are middle-aged or older. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: CAYUGA.) Population: 10 speakers in USA (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). Comments: Bilingualism in English. In the USA, only a few elderly speakers are left.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SenecaLanguage s__SenecaCayugaLanguage__t 'The &%SenecaLanguage is a &%SenecaCayugaLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: SEE. ISO 639-2: iro. Population: 200 speakers including Canada, out of 8,000 population (1977 SIL). Population total both countries: 200. Region: Tonawanda, Cattaraugus, and Allegheny Reservations in western New York, and mixed with Cayuga in northeastern Oklahoma. Also spoken in: Canada. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Most speakers are elderly in New York (1998). Bible portions 1829-1874. Also spoken in: Canada. (Language name: SENECA.) Population: 25 in Canada (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). Comments: Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions 1829-1874.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HuronLanguage s__HuronLanguage__t 'Of the eight &%NorthernIroquoianLanguages, one language is classified as a &%HuronLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WyandotLanguage 'The &%WyandotLanguage is a &%HuronLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: WYA. ISO 639-2: iro. Region: Northeastern Oklahoma and Canada. Alternate names: WENDAT, WYENDAT, WYANDOTTE. Dialects: HURON, WYANDOT. Comments: No mother tongue fluent speakers. Wyandot was spoken until quite recently near Sandwich, Ontario, and Wyandotte, Oklahoma. There were 2 elderly speakers in 1961. Huron was last spoken at Lorette, near Quebec City, in the mid-19th century, or 1912. Dictionary. The language is being taught to children in school (1999). Extinct. Also spoken in: Canada. (Language name: WYANDOT.) Alternate names: WENDAT. Comments: Wyandot became extinct after 1961, Huron in the mid-19th century or 1912. Dictionary. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TuscaroraNottowayLanguage s__TuscaroraNottowayLanguage__t s__NorthernIroquoianLanguage__t 'Of the eight &%NorthernIroquoianLanguages, one language is classified as a &%TuscaroraNottowayLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TuscaroraLanguage 'The &%TuscaroraLanguage is a &%TuscaroraNottowayLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: TUS. ISO 639-2: iro. Population: 7 or 8 speakers in Canada (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). Population total both countries: 17. Region: Six Nations Reserve, Ontario. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Only elderly speakers left. Dictionary. Grammar. Nearly extinct. Also spoken in: USA. Language name: TUSCARORA. Population: 10 or fewer speakers in USA (1998 James Brooke New York Times 4/9/98) out of 1,000 population including Canada (1977 SIL). Alternate names: SKAROHREH. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Only elderly speakers left. Children are being taught the Tuscarora language in eastern North Carolina. Dictionary. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthernIroquoianLanguage 'Of the 10 &%IroquoianLanguages, one language is classified as a &%SouthernIroquoianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CherokeeLanguage s__SouthernIroquoianLanguage__t 'The &%CherokeeLanguage is a &%SouthernIroquoianLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CER. ISO 639-2: chr. Population: 11,905 to 22,500 speakers, including 14,000 speakers out of 70,000 population on Oklahoma rolls (1986 Durbin Feeling, Cherokee Nation, OK), 8,500 in North Carolina. 11,905 speakers including 130 monolinguals, 308,132 ethnic Cherokee (1990 USA Census). Region: Eastern and northeastern Oklahoma and Cherokee Reservation, Great Smokey Mts., western North Carolina. Alternate names: TSALAGI, TSLAGI. Dialects: ELATI (LOWER CHEROKEE, EASTERN CHEROKEE), KITUHWA (MIDDLE CHEROKEE), OTALI (UPPER CHEROKEE, WESTERN CHEROKEE, OVERHILL CHEROKEE), OVERHILL-MIDDLE CHEROKEE. Comments: In Oklahoma children are being raised speaking the language (1998). Vigorous in some Oklahoma communities. Elsewhere some younger ones prefer English. The Elati dialect is extinct. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 20% can read it, 5% can write it (1986 Cherokee Heritage Center). Sequoyah syllabary. Now being taught in schools, churches, and other classes (1986 Cherokee Advocate). Christian, traditional religion. NT 1850-1951.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SusquehannockLanguage s__IroquoianLanguage__t 'The &%SusquehannockLanguage is an &%IroquioianLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: SQN. ISO 639-2: iro. Region: Along the Susquehanna River. Alternate names: SUSQUEHANNA, CONESTOGA, ANDASTE, MINQUA. Comments Became extinct about 1763. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__JapaneseGroupLanguage 'A &%JapaneseGroupLanguage is any of 12 related languages, spoken in &%Japan, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__JapaneseProperLanguage s__JapaneseGroupLanguage__t 'Of the 12 &%JapaneseGroupLanguages, one is classified as a &%JapaneseProperLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__JapaneseLanguage s__JapaneseProperLanguage__t 'The &%JapaneseLanguage is the &%JapaneseProperLanguage (&%JapaneseGroupLanguage) of &%Japan. SIL code: JPN. ISO 639-1: ja. ISO 639-2: jpn. Population: 121,050,000 in Japan (1985). Population total all countries: 125,000,000 first language speakers (1999 WA), 126,000,000 including second language speakers (1999 WA). Region: Throughout the country. Also spoken in 26 other countries including American Samoa, Argentina, Australia, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Germany, Guam, Mexico, Micronesia, Mongolia, New Zealand, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines. Dialects: WESTERN JAPANESE, EASTERN JAPANESE. Comments: Possibly related to Korean. The Kagoshima dialect is 84% cognate with Tokyo dialect. National language. Grammar. SOV, postpositions, demonstrative, numeral, adjective, possessive, relative clause, proper noun precede noun head, adverb precedes verb, sentence final question particle, CV. Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji (Chinese character) writing systems. Buddhist, Shintoist. Bible 1883-1987. Also spoken in: Taiwan. (Language name: JAPANESE.) Population: 10,000 in Taiwan (1993). Comments: Used among a few elderly aboriginal speakers and some Chinese as second language. Trade language. Bible 1883-1987.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RyukyuanLanguage 'Of the 12 &%JapaneseGroupLanguages, 11 are classified as a &%RyukyuanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AmamiOkinawanLanguage s__AmamiOkinawanLanguage__t s__RyukyuanLanguage__t 'Of the 11 &%RyukyanLanguages, eight are classified as an &%AmamiOkinawanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage 'Of the eight &%AmamiOkinawanLanguages, four are classified as a NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KikaiLanguage 'The &%KikaiLanguage is a &%NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: KZG. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern Okinawa, Kikai Island. Dialects: ONOTSU. Comments: Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are mainly monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). Those over 50 use Kikai at home among themselves but can understand and use Japanese. Those 20 to 50 can understand Kikai, but mainly speak Japanese.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthernAmamiOshimaLanguage 'The &%NorthernAmamiOshimaLanguage is a &%NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: RYN. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northwestern Okinawa, northern Amami-oshima Island. Alternate names: NORTHERN AMAMI-OSIMA, OSHIMA, OSIMA, OOSIMA. Dialects: NAZE, SANI. Comments: Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are mainly monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). Those over 50 use the vernacular among themselves, but understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20 to 50 understand the vernacular, but mainly use Japanese.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthernAmamiOshimaLanguage s__NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage__t 'The &%SouthernAmamiOshimaLanguage is a &%NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: AMS. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: SOUTHERN AMAMI-OSIMA. Comments: Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese. Those over 50 use the vernacular at home among themselves but understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20 to 50 understand the vernacular, but mainly speak Japanese.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TokuNoShimaLanguage 'The &%TokuNoShimaLanguage is a &%NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: TKN. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northern Okinawa, Toku-no-shima Island. Dialects: KAMETSU. Comments: Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). Those over 50 use the vernacular at home among themselves but understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20-50 understand the vernacular but use Japanese at home and work.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage 'Of the eight &%AmamiOkinawanLanguages, four are classified as a SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CentralOkinawanLanguage 'The &%CentralOkinawanLanguage is a &%SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: RUY. ISO 639-2: nic. Population: 1,800 (1948). Region: Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA. Alternate names: RUMAYA, RUMAIYA, AMALA, TUMALA. Comments: Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Hausa, attitudes.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KunigamiLanguage s__SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage__t 'The &%KunigamiLanguage is a &%SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: XUG. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Central Okinawa, central and northern Okinawa Island, Iheya, Izena, Ie-jima, Sesoko islands. Dialects: NAGO. Comments: Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. Ryukyu languages are 62% to 70% cognate with Tokyo dialect of Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (1981 Hattori in Wurm and Hattori). Those under 20 are mainly monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). Those over 50 use Kunigami at home among themselves but can understand and use Japanese. Those 20 to 50 can understand Kunigami, but mainly use Japanese at home and work.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OkiNoErabuLanguage 'The &%OkiNoErabuLanguage is a &%SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: OKN. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: North central Okinawa, Oki-no-erabu Island. Dialects: EAST OKI-NO-ERABU, WEST OKI-NO-ERABU. Comments: Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. Dialect differences are noticeable, but communication is not impossible. Ryukyu languages are 62% to 70% cognate with Tokyo dialect of Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (1981 Hattori in Wurm and Hattori). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). Those over 50 use the vernacular at home among themselves but can understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20-50 can understand the vernacular, but use Japanese at home and work.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YoronLanguage 'The &%YoronLanguage is a &%SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: YOX. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: North central Okinawa, Yoron Island. Comments Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. Ryukyu languages are 62% to 70% cognate with Tokyo dialect of Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (1981 Hattori in Wurm and Hattori). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). Those over 50 use Yoron at home among themselves, but also understand and use Standard Japanese. Those from 20 to 50 understand Yoron but mainly speak Standard Japanese at home and work.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SakishimaLanguage 'Of the 11 &%RyukyuanLanguage, three are classified as a &%SakishimaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MiyakoLanguage 'The &%MiyakoLanguage is a &%SakishimaLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: MVI. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southern Okinawa, Miyako, Ogami, Ikema, Kurima, Irabu, Tarama, Minna islands. Dialects: MIYAKO-JIMA (HIRARA, OGAMI), IRABU-JIMA, TARAMA-MINNA. Comments: Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. The dialects listed have noticeable differences, but not impossible communication. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are mainly monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). Those over 50 use Miyako at home but can understand and speak Japanese. Those 20 to 50 can understand Miyako, but mainly use Japanese at home and work. Dictionary. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YaeyamaLanguage s__SakishimaLanguage__t 'The &%YaeyamaLanguage is a &%SakishimaLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: RYS. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southern Okinawa, Ishigaki, Iriomote, Hatoma, Kohama, Taketomi, Kuroshima, Hateruma, Aregusuku islands. Alternate names: YAYEYAMA. Dialects: ISHIGAKI, KABIRA, SHIRAHO, TAKETOMI, KOHAMA, HATOMA, SONAI, KUROSHIMA, HATERUMA. Comments: Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). Those over 50 use Yaeyama at home among themselves but can understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20-50 can understand Yaeyama but mainly use Japanese at home and work.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YonaguniLanguage 'The &%YonaguniLanguage is a &%SakishimaLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: YOI. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southern Okinawa, Yonaguni Island. Comments: Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). Those over 50 speak Yonaguni at home among themselves but can understand Japanese. Those 20-50 can understand Yonaguni, but mainly use Japanese at home and work (T. Fukuda SIL 1989).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__JivaroanLanguage 'A &%JivaroanLanguage is any of four related languages, spoken in &%Peru, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AchuarShiwiarLanguage s__JivaroanLanguage__t 'The &%AchuarShiwiarLanguage is a &%JivaroanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: ACU. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 3,000 to 3,500 in Peru. Population total both countries: 5,000 to 5,500. Region: Morona, Macusari, Tigre, Huasaga, and Corrientes rivers. Alternate names: ACHUAR, ACHUAL, ACHUARA, ACHUALE, JIVARO, MAINA. Comments: Different from Shuar (Jivaro) of Ecuador. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 90%, 1 6%, 2 3%, 3 1%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Dictionary. Grammar. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. NT 1981-1994. Also spoken in: Ecuador. (Language name: ACHUAR-SHIWIAR.) Population: 2,000 in 7 villages in Ecuador. Alternate names: ACHUAR, ACHUAL, ACHUARA, ACHUALE, JIVARO, MAINA. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Shuar are 0 60%, 1 20%, 2 10%, 3 7%, 4 3%, 5 0%. Many people in the Ecuador group seem to be fairly bilingual in Shuar, but their comprehension is limited. SOV. Tropical forest. Interfluvial. Swidden agriculturalists, hunters-gatherers, fishermen. 150 to 500 meters. Traditional religion. NT 1981.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AguarunaLanguage 'The &%AguarunaLanguage is a &%JivaroanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: AGR. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 35,000 to 39,000 (1998 SIL). Region: Western upper Maranon River area, Potro, Mayo and Cahuapanas rivers. Alternate names: AGUAJUN, AHUAJUN. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 35%, 1 20%, 2 20%, 3 15%, 4 9.9%, 5 .1%. Dictionary. Grammar. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Tropical forest. Mountain slope. Swidden agriculturalists: manioc, bananas, peanuts, wild potatoes, hunter-gatherers. 200 to 1,000 meters. NT 1973.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HuambisaLanguage 'The &%HuambisaLanguage is a &%JivaroanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: HUB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 6,000 to 10,000 (1991 SIL). Region: Morona and Santiago rivers. Alternate names: HUAMBIZA, WAMBISA. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 20%, 1 25%, 2 25%, 3 20%, 4 9%, 5 1%. Dictionary. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Tropical forest. Hunter-gatherers. NT 1975-1997.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ShuarLanguage 'The &%ShuarLanguage is a &%JivaroanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: JIV. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 30,000 to 32,000 (1981 SIL). Region: Southeastern jungle, Morona-Santiago Province. Alternate names: JIVARO, XIVARO, JIBARO, CHIWARO, SHUARA. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 14%, 1 30%, 2 25%, 3 20%, 4 10%, 5 1%. Different from Achuar Jivaro of Peru. The people prefer to be called Shuar. SOV. Tropical forest. Mountain slope, plains, interfluvial. Swidden, peasant agriculturalists. 500 to 1,000 meters. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1976-1983.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KatukinanLanguage 'A &%KatukinanLanguage is any of three related languages, spoken in &%Brazil, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KanamariLanguage s__KatukinanLanguage__t 'The &%KanamariLanguage is a &%KatukinanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: KNM. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 647 (1995 SIL). Region: Amazonas, upper regions of Jurua, Jutai, Itaquai rivers. Alternate names: KANAMARE, CANAMARI. Dialects: TSHOM-DJAPA (TXUNHUA-DJAPA, TXUNHUA DYAPA).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KatawixiLanguage 'The &%KatawixiLanguage is a &%KatukinanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: QKI. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 10 (1986 SIL). Region: Amazonas. Alternate names: CATAWIXI, CATAUIXI, CATAWISHI, CATAUICHI. Comments: Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KatukinaLanguage 'The &%KatukinaLanguage is a &%KatukinanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: KAV. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1 speaker (1976 SIL). 253 in the ethnic group (1986 SIL). Region: Acre. Alternate names: KATUKINA DO JUTAI, PIDA-DJAPA, CATUQUINA. Dialects: CUTIADAPA (KUTIA-DYAPA). Comments: Different from Panoan Katukina in Amazonas and Acre. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KeresLanguage 'A &%KeresLanguage is either of two closely related languages, spoken in the &%UnitedStates, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EasternKeresLanguage 'The &%EasternKeresLanguage is a &%KeresLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: KEE. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 4,580 speakers out of 5,701 population (80%), 463 Zia speakers out of 602 population, 229 Santa Ana speakers out of 374 population, 1,560 San Felipe speakers out of 1,789 population, 1,888 Santo Domingo speakers out of 2,140 population, 384 Cochiti speakers out of 796 population. Region: North central New Mexico. Alternate names: EASTERN KERES PUEBLO. Dialects: ZIA, SANTA ANA, SAN FELIPE, SANTO DOMINGO, COCHITI. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Language use is vigorous in some pueblos, in others some younger people prefer English. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions 1933-1936.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WesternKeresLanguage s__KeresLanguage__t 'The &%WesternKeresLanguage is a &%KeresLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: KJQ. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 3,391 speakers out of 5,880 population (57.7%) including 1,695 Laguna speakers out of 3,526 population, 1,696 Acoma out of 2,354 (1980 census). Region: New Mexico, north central. Alternate names: WESTERN KERES PUEBLO. Dialects: ACOMA (LAGUNA). Comments: In Acoma most adults speak the language but some younger people prefer English and many children do not speak the language. In Laguna most or all speakers are middle-aged or over. Percentage under 18 years old who are speakers: 47.7%, including Laguna 32.3%, Acoma 67.9%, above 18: 75.1%. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions 1966-1997.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KhoisanLanguage s__KhoisanLanguage__t 'A &%KhoisanLanguage is any of 29 closely related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KiowaTanoanLanguage s__KiowaTanoanLanguage__t 'A &%KiowaTanoanLanguage is any of six closely related languages, spoken in &%PapuaNewGuinea, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BaibaiGroupLanguage 'Of the six &%KiowaTanoanLanguages, two are classified as a &%BaibaiGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BaibaiLanguage s__BaibaiGroupLanguage__t 'The &%BaiBaiLanguage is a &%BaiBaiGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: BBF. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 271 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NaiLanguage 'The &%NaiLanguage is a &%BaiBaiGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: BIO. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 600 (1991 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District, adjacent to and southeast of the Angor language. 3 large villages. Alternate names: BIAKA, AMINI. Comments: No schools, but speakers desire education. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Hills, plain.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KwomtariGroupLanguage 'Of the six &%KiowaTanoanLanguages, three are classified as a &%KwomtariGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FasLanguage 'The &%FasLanguage is a &%KwomtariGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: FAS. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,600 or more (1988 W. Baron SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab and Aitape districts. Alternate names: BEMBI. Dialects: EASTERN FAS, WESTERN FAS. Comments: Dialect differences are small. SOV. Tropical forest. Mountain slope, riverine. Hunter-gatherers, agriculturalists. 200 to 600 meters.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GuriasoLanguage 'The &%GuriasoLanguage is a &%KwomtariGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: GRX. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 350 (1993 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District. Comments: Distinct language from Kwomtari.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KwomtariLanguage s__KwomtariGroupLanguage__t 'The &%KwomtariLanguage is a &%KwomtariGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: KWO. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 600 (1998 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District, north of Namia. 6 villages. Dialects: WEST CENTRAL KWOMTARI, EKOS-YENABI-MARAGIN. Comments: Some men and boys and a few women can communicate in Tok Pisin. Kwomtari is used for home and village life. One school. Tropical forest. Swamp. Hunter-gatherers. 100 to 300 meters. Traditional religion, Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PyuGroupLanguage s__PyuGroupLanguage__t 'Of the six &%KiowaTanoanLanguages, one is classified as a &%PyuGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PyuLanguage 'The &%PyuLanguage is a &%PyuGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: PBY. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 100 (1978 SIL). Region: Village of Biake No. 2 on the October River just east of Irian Jaya border. Not in Irian Jaya. Comments: Different from Austronesian Piu in Morobe Province.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LeftMayLanguage 'A &%LeftMayLanguage is any of seven closely related languages, spoken in &%PapuaNewGuinea, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AmaLeftMayLanguage 'The &%AmaLeftMayLanguage is a &%LeftMayLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: AMM. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 475 (1990 census). Region: East Sepik Province, Ambunti District, Waniap Creek, south of the Sepik River, south of Namia. Villages: Ama (Wopolu I, Wopolu II (Nokonufa), Kauvia (Kawiya), Yonuwai, all on hills rising from the swamp. Alternate names: SAWIYANU. Comments: Dialects have converged into one. Semi-nomadic. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Hunter-gatherers, sago. 100 to 200 meters. Christian, traditional religion. NT 1990.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BoLanguage 'The &%BoLanguage is a &%LeftMayLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: BPW. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 85 (1998 NTM). Region: Sandaun Province, the heart of the western range, Bo, Kobaru, Kaumifi, Nigyama Umarita villages. Western range, close to the border of West Sepik Province, near Right May River, East Sepik Province. Alternate names: PO, SORIMI. Dialects: KABORU, NIKIYAMA, UMURUTA. Comments: The area is seldom entered by outsiders. Unconfirmed as a separate language. Literacy rate in second language: 50% Tok Pisin. Tropical forest. Mountain slope, valley. Hunters-gatherers. 475 feet. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IteriLanguage 'The &%IteriLanguage is a &%LeftMayLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: ITR. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 450 to 500 (1998 NTM). Region: East Sepik Province. Alternate names: ALOWIEMINO. Comments: Area seldom entered by outsiders. The Iteri are called the Rocky Peak people. Bible portions 1988-1998.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NakwiLanguage 'The &%NakwiLanguage is a &%LeftMayLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: NAX. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 250 to 300 (1998 NTM). Region: East Sepik Province, south of Ama language. Villages, Nakwi-Amasu, Augot (Mumupra, Sari), Tiki, Uwau. Comments: 71% lexical similarity between Nakwi and Nimo. Village locations change frequently. Acculturation is slight. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. Tropical forest, swamp. Foothills. Hunter-gatherers, some gardens. 80 to 120 feet. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NimoLanguage s__LeftMayLanguage__t 'The &%NimoLanguage is a &%LeftMayLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: NIW. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 350 (1998 NTM). Region: East Sepik Province, southeast of Ama language. Villages, Nimo (Boyemo), Wasuai, Didipas (including Uburu site), Yuwaitri (moved from Aimi site to Wanawo site), Fowiom, Uwawi, Wamwiu, Binuto, Arakau. Alternate names: NIMO-WASAWAI. Comments: 71% lexical similarity between Nakwi and Nimo. Village locations change frequently. Acculturation is slight. Bible portions.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OwinigaLanguage 'The &%OwinigaLanguage is a &%LeftMayLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: OWI. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 330 (1998 NTM). Region: East Sepik Province, southeast of Nimo language. Villages: Yei, Amu, Inagri, Samo. Alternate names: SAMO, BERO, TAINA. Comments: Traditional culture. Traditional religion, Christian. Bible portions 1991.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RockyPeakLanguage 'The &%RockyPeakLanguage is a &%LeftMayLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: ROK. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 275 or more (1975 Conrad and Dye). Estimate may be too high (1995). Region: Sandaun Province, Rocky Peak Mountains, Iwau, Agrame, Uwau, and at least two other villages (possibly Benato). Alternate names: LARO, IYO, YINIBU. Comments: 80% to 90% lexical similarity with Iteri. Speakers in Iwau and Agrame vilages are partly bilingual in Ama. Traditional culture.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LowerMamberamoLanguage 'A &%LowerMamberamoLanguage is either of two closely related languages, spoken in &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya), forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WaremboriLanguage 'The &%WaremboriLanguage is a &%LowerMamberamoLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: WSA. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 600 (1998 SIL). Region: North coast, mouth of Mamberamo River and west to Poiwai, villages of Warembori, Tamakuri, and Bonoi. Alternate names: WARENBORI, WAREMBOIVORO. Comments: Close to Yoke. About 33% lexical similarity with Yoke, and about 30% resembles Austronesian. Most are proficient in Irianese Malay. Indonesian and Yoke also spoken. Most are 20 and older, but there are speakers below 20. About 20 people use it as their second or third language. Much typology resembles Austronesian. Dictionary. SVO, prepositions, genitives before noun heads, articles, adjectives, numerals, relatives after noun heads, 1 prefix, 6 or more suffixes on a word, word order distinguishes subject, object, indirect object, topic (SVO) is for pragmatic salience, affixes do not indicate case of noun phrase, obligatory subject agreement, optional object agreement shown by verb affixes, the scope of a serialized quantifier shows a trace of ergativity, causative shown by verbs make and give, CV, nontonal. Literacy rate in second language: 30% in Indonesian. Swamp. Riverine. Swidden agriculturalists. Sea level. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YokeLanguage s__LowerMamberamoLanguage__t 'The &%YokeLanguage is a &%LowerMamberamoLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: YKI. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 200 (1998 Donohue). Region: East of Warembori east of the Mamberamo River, Jayapura Kabupaten, Mantarbori village. Recently moved to coastal location from the interior. Alternate names: YOKI, YAUKE, JAUKE, PAUWI. Comments: About 33% lexical similarity with Warembori. Almost no ability in Indonesian. Some ability in Warembori, though more Warembori speak Yoke than vice versa. All ages. Vigorous.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LuleVilelaLanguage 'A &%LuleVilelaLanguage is the single &%VilelaLanguage of &%Argentina. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__VilelaLanguage s__LuleVilelaLanguage__t 'The &%VilelaLanguage is a &%LuleVilelaLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: VIL. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Five families. Region: Resistencia, east central Chaco province near Paraguay border. Comments: Bilingualism in Toba. Any remaining Vilela are apparently being absorbed by the Toba or losing their Indian identity in the barrios of towns and cities (1981 Buckwalter). Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MacroGeLanguage s__MacroGeLanguage__t 'A &%MacroGeLanguage is any one of 32 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MakuLanguage 'A &%MakuLanguage is any one of six related languages, spoken in &%SouthAmerica, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CacuaLanguage 'The &%CacuaLanguage is a &%MakuLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: CBV. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 150 (1982 SIL). Region: Wacara, 30 kms. east of Mitu, Lower Vaupes region. Alternate names: MACU DE CUBEO, MACU DE GUANANO, MACU DE DESANO, BADA, KAKWA. Dialects: VAUPES CACUA, MACU-PARANA CACUA. Comments: Related to Jupda and Nukak. Some bilingualism in Cubeo, Desano, and Guanano, but none in Spanish. Many are monolingual, especially children. Vigorous. SOV, OSV. Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: Below 5% in Spanish. Tropical forest. Interfluvial. Hunter-gatherers (nomadic), swidden agriculturalists. 200 meters. Bible portions 1975.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HupdeLanguage 'The &%HupdeLanguage is a &%MakuLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: JUP. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,208 in Brazil (1995 SIL). Population total both countries 1,350. Region: Rio Auari, northwestern Amazonas. Also spoken in Colombia. Alternate names: HUPDA MAKU, JUPDA MACU, MAKU-HUPDA, MACU DE TUCANO, UBDE. Dialects: HUPDE, TUHUP, NEHUP. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Puinave, Macro-Tucanoan. Intelligibility among Yahup, Tuhup, and Nehup needs investigation. Possibly 50% are bilingual in Tucano or some other Tucanoan language. They are subservient to the Tucano and other Tucanoan Indians. The name Macu is offensive. Some are nomadic between Brazil and Colombia. Tropical forest. Also spoken in: Colombia. (Language name: HUPDE.) Population: 150 in Colombia (1991 SIL). Alternate names: UBDE, HUPDA MAKU, JUPDA MACU, MACU DE TUCANO, MAKU-HUPDA. Comments: A related but separate language from Yahup. Tuhup and Nehup may be related dialects, and may be extinct. Possibly half the speakers use Tucano or another Tucano language as second language. Subservient to the Tucano and other Tucanoan Indians. The name Macu is offensive. Some are nomadic between Colombia and Brazil. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Nehup, Yuhup, Tuhup. Tropical forest.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KamaLanguage 'The &%KamaLanguage is a &%MakuLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: KWA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 83 (1994 ALEM). Region: Amazonas, across the river from Sao Gabriel de Cochoeira, a county seat just below the confluence of the Vaupes and Negro rivers. Alternate names: KAMA MAKU, DAW. Comments: They call themselves Daw.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NadebLanguage 'The &%NadebLanguage is a &%MakuLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: MBJ. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 300 (1986 SIL). Region: Amazonas, three locations on the Uneiuxi River, a tributary of the Negro River, on the Japura and Negro rivers, and in other scattered places. Alternate names: NADEB MACU, MAKU NADEB, MAKUNADOBO, NADOBO, ANODOUB, KABORI, KABARI, XIRIWAI, XURIWAI. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Puinave in Macro-Tucanoan. The people are semi-nomadic. OSV. Hunter-gatherers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NukakMakuLanguage 'The &%NukakMakuLanguage is a &%MakuLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: MBR. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 300 possibly. Region: Jungle region between Guaviare and Inirida Rivers, up to Maparipan. Near Charco Caiman. Alternate names: MACZSA, GUAVIARE. Comments: Evasive hunters.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YuhupLanguage s__MakuLanguage__t 'The &%YuhupLanguage is a &%MakuLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: YAB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 360 in Brazil (1995 AMTB). Population total both countries: 600. Region: Amazonas, on a tributary of the Vaupes River. Also spoken in Colombia. Alternate names: MAKU-YAHUP, YEHUP, YAHUP, YAHUP MAKU, MAKU. Comments: Limited intelligibility with Hupde. Ruhlen and other classify it as related to Puinave. South of the Hupde. The name Maku is offensive. OSV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MascoianLanguage 'A &%MascoianLanguage is any one of five related languages, spoken in &%Paraguay, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EmokLanguage s__MascoianLanguage__t 'The &%EmokLanguage is a &%MascoianLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: EMO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (630 in ethnic group, 1981 census). Region: Near Asuncion. Eastern Chaco. Alternate names: TOBA-EMOK, TOBA, PARAGUAYAN TOBA. Comments: They speak Toba mainly, but the women speak Lengua in the home. Agriculturalists, fishermen, hunters. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GuanaLanguage 'The &%GuanaLanguage is a &%MascoianLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: GVA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 500 to 600 (1991 SIL). Region: Boqueron, Salado River, south of Chamacoco, north of Sanapana, Loma Plata. Alternate names: KASKIHA, CASHQUIHA. Dialects: LAYANA (NIGUECACTEMIGI), ECHOALDI (ECHONOANA, CHARARANA). Comments: Closely related to Sanapana. Increasing use of Paraguayan Guarani as second language. A separate Guana (Kinikinao) is in Mato Grosso, Brazil, related to Chane of Argentina and Terena of Brazil (Arawakan, Voegelin and Voegelin 1977.284, 216, Ruhlen 1987.374, 375, Branislava Susnik). Unconfirmed reports of some Guana in Bolivia. Many live in large villages divided into two sections based on kinship, others live in scattered groups. Some intermarriage with other language groups. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Sanapana, bilingual proficiency in Paraguayan Guarani. Agriculturalists: maize, hunters, fishermen.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LenguaLanguage 'The &%LenguaLanguage is a &%MascoianLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: LEG. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 10,000 (1991). Region: Chaco, Presidente Hayes Department, Boqueron. Alternate names: ENXET. Dialects: NORTHERN LENGUA (EENTHLIT, VOWAK, LENGUA NORTE), SOUTHERN LENGUA (LENGUA SUR). Comments: Differences between the two dialects are reported to be mainly phonological and orthographic. Southern Lengua are semi-nomadic. Southern Lengua women are less bilingual in Paraguayan Guarani. Different orthography between Southern and Northern Lengua. Southern: agriculturalists, pastoralists: cattle, sheep, horses, hunter-gatherers, fishermen. Bible 1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SanapanaLanguage 'The &%SanapanaLanguage is a &%MascoianLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: SAP. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 6,900 including 2,900 Sanapana and 4,000 Angaite (1991 SIL). Region: Chaco. Sanapana are north of Angaite and Lengua, Boqueron, Presidente Hayes Department, Galban River. Large concentrations at Salazar Ranch, La Patria, and Esperanza. Angaite are in the southeast Chaco, Presidente Hayes Department, Boqueron, San Carlos. Alternate names: QUIATIVIS, QUILYACMOC, LANAPSUA, SAAPA, SANAM. Dialects: SANAPANA, ANGAITE (ANGATE, ENLIT, COVAVITIS, COVAHLOC). Comments: 85% lexical similarity with Northern Lengua. Very limited understanding of Lengua and Paraguayan Guarani. Some older people are monolingual. Many young people speak only Guarani, but understand Angaite. All ages. Some of the older people are monolingual. Vigorous. Children do not go to school. An alternate name may be Kasnatan. Agriculturalists, plantation laborers, tannin factor workers, cattle hands. Bible portions 1994-1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TobaMaskoyLanguage 'The &%TobaMaskoyLanguage is a &%MascoianLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: TMF. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,500 (1991 SIL). Region: Reserve of 30,000 hectares near Puerto Victoria and Puerto Guarani, eastern Chaco. Alternate names: TOBA OF PARAGUAY, QUILYILHRAYROM, CABANATIT, MACHICUI, ENENLHIT. Comments: Men 40 years and older speak Paraguayan Guarani, others use it as second language, and it is used as the church language. They are reported to speak a poor variety of Paraguayan Guarani. Young people speak Toba-Maskoy and learn some Spanish in school. Different from Toba Qom, Toba-Pilaga of Argentina, Maskoy of Paraguay, or Maskoy Pidgin.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MatacoGuaicuruLanguage s__MatacoGuaicuruLanguage__t 'A &%MatacoGuaicuruLanguage is any one of 11 related languages, spoken in &%SouthAmerica, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GuaicuruanLanguage 'Of the 11 &%MatacoGuaicuruLanguages, four are classified as a &%GuaicuruanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KadiweuLanguage 'The &%KadiweuLanguage is a &%GuaicuruanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: KBC. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,200 (1995 SIL) to 1,800 (1995 Filomena Sandalo). Region: Mato Grosso do Sul, around Serra da Bodoquena. 3 villages. Alternate names: MBAYA-GUAIKURU, CADUVEO, EDIU-ADIG. Comments: Payagua may be a term for enemy applied to this group. SVO. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT in press (1999).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MocoviLanguage 'The &%MocoviLanguage is a &%GuaicuruanLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: MOC. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 3,000 to 4,000 (1981 Buckwalter). Region: South Chaco, northeast Santa Fe. Alternate names: MOCOBI, MBOCOBI. Comments: Traditional religion. NT 1988.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PilagaLanguage s__GuaicuruanLanguage__t 'The &%PilagaLanguage is a &%GuaicuruanLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: PLG. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 (1991 UBS). Region: Along the valleys of the Bermejo and Pilcomayo rivers in central and western Formosa Province, Chaco and Salta Province. Alternate names: PILACA. Dialects: TOBA-PILAGA (SOMBRERO NEGRO), CHACO PILAGA. Comments: Intelligibility between the dialects needs investigation. Traditional religion. NT 1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TobaLanguage 'The &%TobaLanguage is a &%GuaicuruanLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: TOB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 15,000 to 20,000 in Argentina. Population total all countries 15,500 to 20,500. Region: Eastern Formosa Province and Chaco Province. Also spoken in Bolivia, Paraguay. Alternate names: CHACO SUR, QOM, TOBA QOM. Dialects: SOUTHEAST TOBA, NORTHERN TOBA. Comments: Different from Toba of Paraguay (Toba-Maskoy) or Toba-Pilaga of Argentina. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1980. Also spoken in: Bolivia. (Language name: TOBA.) Population: 100 possibly in Bolivia. Alternate names: QOM. Comments: Different from Toba-Pilaga of Argentina or Toba of Paraguay (Toba-Maskoy). NT 1980. Also spoken in: Paraguay. (Language name: TOBA.) Population: 700 in Paraguay (1991 SIL). Alternate names: TOBA-QOM, QOM. Comments: Different from Toba-Maskoy and Toba-Pilaga. NT 1980.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MatacoLanguage 'Of the 11 &%MatacoGuaicuruLanguages, seven are classified as a &%MatacoLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChulupiLanguage 'The &%ChulupiLanguage is a &%MatacoLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: CAG. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 18,000 in Paraguay (1991 SIL), 200 in Argentina. Population total both countries 18,200. Region: Chaco, Presidente Hayes Department, Boqueron. Alternate names: CHURUPI, CHULUPIE, CHULUPE, NIVACLE, ASHLUSHLAY, AXLUSLAY. Comments: Dialects are inherently intelligible with each other. Mataguayo languages in Paraguay are less similar than Mascoi languages in Paraguay (Fasold 1984). The home language is Chulupi. Vigorous by all Chulupi. Bilingual education in Chulupi. Radio programs. Bible 1995. Also spoken in: Argentina. (Language name: CHULUPI.) Population: 200 in Argentina. Alternate names: CHURUPI, ASHLUSHLAY, CHULUPIE, CHULUPE, NIVAKLE, NIVACLE. Dialects: FOREST CHULUPI, RIVER CHULUPI. Comments: Dialects are inherently intelligible. Traditional religion. Bible 1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IyowujwaChoroteLanguage 'The &%IyowujwaChoroteLanguage is a &%MatacoLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: CRQ. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,500 in Argentina. Perhaps 50% monolinguals. Population total all countries: 2,000. Region: In Argentina they are mixed with the Iyojwaja Chorote. No more than a couple of families in Bolivia. Also spoken in Bolivia, Paraguay. Alternate names: CHOROTI, MANJUY, MANJUI. Comments: In Argentina all children have primary education in Spanish. Traditional religion. Bible portions 1992. Also spoken in: Bolivia. (Language name: CHOROTE, IYOWUJWA.) Population: No more than a couple of families in Bolivia (1982). Alternate names: CHOROTI, MANJUY, MANJUI. Comments: Estimated 80% monolingual. Bible portions 1992. Also spoken in: Paraguay. (Language name: CHOROTE, IYOWUJWA.) Population: 500 in Paraguay (1991 SIL). Alternate names: MANJUY, MANJUI, CHOROTI. Comments: Almost 100% are monolingual in Paraguay. Only leaders can speak some Guarani or Spanish. All ages. Vigorous. Bible portions 1992.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IyojwajaChoroteLanguage s__MatacoLanguage__t 'The &%IyojwajaChoroteLanguage is a &%MatacoLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: CRT. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 800 all in Argentina (1982 Drayson ANG). Region: Northeast Salta Province. Alternate names: CHOROTI, YOFUAHA, EKLENJUY. Comments: A distinct language from Iyowujwa Chorote (Drayson). Called Chorote in Argentina, Choroti in Paraguay, Eklenjuy by the Chulupi. River dwellers. Traditional religion. NT 1997.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MacaLanguage 'The &%MacaLanguage is a &%MatacoLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: MCA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,000 (1991 SIL). Region: Southwestern, Presidente Hayes Department, Colonia Juan Belaieff Island in Paraguay River west of Asuncion. Many were taken to Asuncion. Alternate names: TOWOLHI, MAKA, MAKA, ENIMACA, ENIMAGA. Comments: Men are more proficient in Spanish than women. Vigorous by all Maca. Alternate names may be Nynaka, Toothle. Artifact craftsmen, hunters, agriculturalists. Christian, traditional religion. Bible portions 1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WichiLhamtesGuisnayLanguage 'The &%WichiLhamtesGuisnayLanguage is a &%MatacoLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: MZH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 15,000 (1999). Region: Northern, Pilcomayo River area. Alternate names: MATACO GUISNAY, GUISNAY, MATACO PILCOMAYO, MATACO. Comments: Mataco is derogatory. The self name of the people is Wichi, the language Wichi Lhamtes. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WichiLhamtesNoctenLanguage 'The &%WichiLhamtesNoctenLanguage is a &%MatacoLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: MTP. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,427 in Bolivia (1978 SFM). Population total both countries: 1,530 or more. Region: North central Tarija Department, southwest of Pilcomayo River, Cordillera de Pirapo. Alternate names: MATACO NOCTEN, OKTENAI, NOCTEN, NOCTENES, BOLIVIAN MATACO. Also spoken in: Argentina. (Language name: WICHI LHAMTES NOCTEN. Population: 100 in Argentina. Alternate names: MATACO NOCTEN, NOCTEN, NOCTENES, OKTENAI. Comments: Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WichiLhamtesVejozLanguage 'The &%WichiLhamtesVejozLanguage is a &%MatacoLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: MAD. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Population total both countries 25,000 (1991 UBS). Region: Northern area: Chaco, Formosa, Salta, Jujuy. Generally west of Toba, along upper Bermejo River Valley and Pilcomayo River. Also spoken in Bolivia. Alternate names: MATACO VEJOZ, VEJOS. Dialects: BERMEJO VEJOZ. Comments: Not intelligible with other Chaco languages. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 0%, 1 80%, 2-3 19%, 4-5 1%. Language family also called Mataco-Mataguayo. Traditional religion. NT 1962-1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MayanLanguage s__MayanLanguage__t 'A &%MayanLanguage is any one of 69 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MisumalpanLanguage 'A &%MisumalpanLanguage is any one of four related languages, spoken in &%Nicaragua and formerly in &%ElSalvador, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CacaoperaLanguage 'The &%CacaoperaLanguage is a &%MisumalpanLanguage of &%ElSalvador. SIL code: CCR. ISO 639-2: cai. Region: Department of Morazan. Comments: Closely related to Matagalpa. In 1974 several elderly men could remember a few words and fixed phrases, but none had been native speakers. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MatagalpaLanguage s__MisumalpanLanguage__t 'The &%MatagalpaLanguage is a &%MisumalpanLanguage of &%Nicaragua. SIL code: MTN. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: No speakers out of an ethnic group of 18,000 to 20,000 (1981 MARC). Region: The ethnic group is in the Central highlands, Matagalpa and Jinotega departments, and in Honduras, El Paraiso Department. Alternate names: PANTASMAS. Comments: They now speak Spanish. Sedentary subsistence agriculturalists. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MiskitoLanguage 'The &%MiskitoLanguage is a &%MisumalpanLanguage of &%Nicaragua. SIL code: MIQ. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 154,400 in Nicaragua (1993 census). Population total both countries: 183,400. Region: From Pearl Lagoon to Black River, coast and lowlands. Zalaya Department, North Atlantic Autonomous Region (RAAN) with a concentration in the city of Puerto Cabeza, and towns and villages of Prinzapolka, Tronquera, San Carlos (Rio Coco), Waspam, Leimus, Bocana de Paiwas, Karawala, Sangnilaya, Wasla, Sisin, Rosita, Bonanza, Siuna, Bihmuna, and all along the Rio Coco area. Also in South Atlantic Autonomous Region (RAAS). Alternate names: MISQUITO, MISKITU, MOSQUITO, MARQUITO. Dialects: HONDURAN MISKITO (MAM), TAWIRA (TAUIRA), BAYMUNA (BAYMUNANA, BALDAM), WANKI (WANGKI), CABO (KABO). Comments: All dialects are intelligible with each other. The language is closest to Sumo. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 0%, 1 2%, 2 3%, 3 15%, 4 70%, 5 10%. Secondary school children are taught in Spanish, Some English is known. All Miskito understand the language. Widespread use among older people. Many Hispanic people have learned Miskito. Educational materials are in Wangki, spoken around Puerto Cabeza. The other dialects are in settlements southwest of there. Trade language. SOV, articles, relatives after noun heads, word order distinguishes subject, object, verb affixes mark person, number, ergative, passive, CVC, nontonal. Literacy rate in first language: 52% to 58%. Widespread use in primary shools. Semi-tropical to tropical. Coastal. Agriculturalists, fishermen, government and education workers. Just above sea level. Christian. Bible 1999. Also spoken in: Honduras. (Language name: MISKITO.) Population: 29,000 in Honduras (1993 Ramon D. Rivas). Alternate names: MISQUITO, MARQUITO, MISKITU, MOSQUITO. Comments: Trade language. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. Bible 1999.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SumoTawahkaLanguage 'The &%SumoTawahkaLanguage is a &%MisumalpanLanguage of &%Nicaragua. SIL code: SUM. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 6,700 in Nicaragua (1982 Mesoamerica). Population total both countries: 7,400. Region: Huaspuc (Waspuk) River and tributaries. Alternate names: SUMU, SOUMO, SUMOO, WOOLWA, SUMO, ULWA. Dialects PANAMAHKA, TWAHKA, NICARAGUAN TAWAHKA, HONDURAN TAWAHKA (SOUTHERN SUMO). Comments: The same language as Honduras, but a different dialect. The first three dialects listed group together into Northern Sumo. SOV. Hunter-gatherers, fishermen, swidden agriculturalists: manioc. NT in press (1999). Also spoken in: Honduras. (Language name: SUMO TAWAHKA.) Population: 700 in Honduras (1997 SIL). 800 to 1,000 in the ethnic group (1993 Ramon D. Rivas. Alternate names: SUMO, SUMU, SOUMO, SUMOO. Dialects: TAWAHKA, ULWA. Comments: Same language as in Nicaragua, but different dialect. Honduran Tawahka is reported to be closer to Nicaraguan Panamahka than to Nicaraguan Tawahka. Bilingualism in Miskito. The name Sumo is not used by speakers. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Nicaraguan Tawahka. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT in press (1999).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MixeZoqueLanguage s__MixeZoqueLanguage__t 'A &%MixeZoqueLanguage is any one of 16 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MosetenanLanguage s__MosetenanLanguage__t 'A &%MosetenanLanguage is the single &%TsimaneLanguage of &%Bolivia. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TsimaneLanguage 'The &%TsimaneLanguage is a &%MosetenanLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: CAS. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 5,500 including 500 speakers of Moseten. Region: Southwestern Beni Department and along Maniqui River, and towns of San Miguel de Huachi and Santa Ana de Alto Beni. Alternate names: CHIMANE, MOSETEN. Comments: Adelaar (1991) considers Moseten and Tsimane to be 2 separate languages. Fishermen, swidden agriculturalists: bananas, manioc, hunters. Bible portions 1963-1986.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MuraLanguage 'A &%MuraLanguage is the single &%MuraPirahaLanguage of &%Brazil. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MuraPirahaLanguage s__MuraLanguage__t 'The &%MuraPirahaLanguage is a &%MuraLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: MYP. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 150 (1986 SIL) out of an ethnic group of 1,500 (1995 SIL). The Piraha are small, the Mura larger. Region: Amazonas, along the Maici and Autaces rivers. Alternate names: PIRAHA. Comments: Probably related to Matanawi, which is extinct. The Mura are mostly integrated into Portuguese. The Piraha are quite monolingual. Semi nomadic. Grammar. SOV. Tropical forest. Riverine. Hunter-gatherers. 40 to 120 feet. Bible portions 1987.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MuskogeanLanguage 'A &%MuskogeanLanguage is any one of six related languages, spoken in the &%UnitedStates, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EasternMuskogeanLanguage s__MuskogeanLanguage__t 'Of the six &%MuskogeanLanguages, four closely related languages are classified as &%EasternMuskogeanLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AlabamaLanguage s__EasternMuskogeanLanguage__t 'The &%AlabamaLanguage is an &%EasternMuskogeanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: AKZ. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 256 speakers (1990 census), out of an ethnic group of 500 to 600 (1990 Heather Hardy). Region: Alabama-Coushatta Reservation near Livingston in southeastern Texas. No speakers left in Oklahoma. Alternate names: ALIBAMU. Comments: Less than 50% cognate with Koasati. Bilingualism in English.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KoasatiLanguage 'The &%KoasatiLanguage is an &%EasternMuskogeanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CKU. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 600 speakers (1996 Geoff Kimball), including 100 in Texas and 500 speakers out of 600 in the ethnic group in Louisiana. Region: Koasati reservation near Elton, Louisiana, and Alabama-Koasati reservation near Livingston, Texas. Others elsewhere, 1 family in Oregon. The language is no longer used in Oklahoma. Alternate names: COUSHATTA. Comments: The grammars of Koasati and Alabama are significantly different. Less than 50% cognate with Alabama. 30 people have limited English proficiency (1992 D. Rising SIL). Others are quite bilingual in English. A few are more bilingual in Cajun French than in English. In Louisiana the people use Koasati in the home and for church services. More vigorous in Louisiana than Texas. Dictionary. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MikasukiLanguage 'The &%MikasukiLanguage is an &%EasternMuskogeanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: MIK. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 496 speakers including 33 monolinguals (1990 census), out of 1,200 population (1977 SIL). Region: Southern Florida. Alternate names: HITCHITI, MIKASUKI SEMINOLE, MICCOSUKEE. Dialects: HITCHITI, MIKASUKI. Comments: Not intelligible with Creek, Alabama, or Koasati. There are monolinguals only among elderly women. Others use English as second language. Language use is vigorous except at Hollywood, where most younger ones do not speak Mikasuki. Bible portions 1980-1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MuskogeeLanguage 'The &%MuskogeeLanguage is an &%EasternMuskogeanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CRK. ISO 639-2: mus. Population: 6,213 speakers including 43 monolinguals (1990 census), out of 20,000 population (1977 SIL). Region: Creek and Seminole of east central Oklahoma, Creek of southern Alabama, Seminole of Brighton Reservation, Florida. Alternate names: CREEK. Dialects: CREEK, SEMINOLE. Comments: Closely related to Mikasuki in Florida. The dialects are not very different. Most adults speak the language. Many younger ones may prefer English and some may not speak the language. NT 1886-1891, out of print.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WesternMuskogeanLanguage 'Of the six &%MuskogeanLanguages, four closely related languages are classified as &%WesternMuskogeanLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChoctawLanguage 'The &%ChoctawLanguage is an &%WesternMuskogeanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CCT. ISO 639-2: cho. Population: 17,890 speakers including 11,140 in Oklahoma (1998), 6,750 fluent speakers in Mississippi (1997). Ethnic group: 120,400 including 111,400 in Oklahoma (1998 Choctaw Language Department, Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma), 9,000 in Mississippi (1997 Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians). Region: Principally in southeastern Oklahoma (McCurtain County) and east central Mississippi. Some in Louisiana and Tennessee. Comments: Recent reports indicate that Choctaw speakers find Chickasaw to be unintelligible. 24 years old and older in Oklahoma. Children are being raised speaking Choctaw in Mississippi. Vigorous in Mississippi, but some children prefer English. The Houma are 12,000 racially mixed descendents of a Choctaw subgroup in southern Louisiana who speak a dialect of Cajun French, and no longer speak Choctaw. More Choctaw are registering with the BIA now than previously (R.S. Williams). Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. NT 1848.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChickasawLanguage s__WesternMuskogeanLanguage__t 'The &%ChickasawLanguage is an &%WesternMuskogeanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CIC. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 1,000 or fewer speakers (1987 Munro and Willmond) out of an ethnic group of 35,000 to 37,000 (1999 Chickasaw nation). Region: Principally in south central Oklahoma, from Byng or Happyland (near Ada) in the north, and from Davis or Ardmore in the west to Fillmore and Wapanucka in the east. Some in Los Angeles, California. Comments: Recent reports indicate that Choctaw speakers find Chickasaw to be unintelligible. Most speakers over 40 years old (1987 Munro and Willmond). Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NaDeneLanguage 'A &%NaDeneLanguage is any one of 47 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NambiquaranLanguage s__NambiquaranLanguage__t 'A &%NambiquaranLanguage is any one of five related languages, spoken in &%Brazil, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HaloTeSuLanguage 'The &%HaloTeSuLanguage is a &%NambiquaranLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: HLO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 38 to 52 (1987 SIL). Region: Mato Grosso. Comments: Speakers are bilingual in Southern Nambikuara. Recently contacted. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency, intelligibility with Nambiquara.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthernNambikuaraLanguage 'The &%NorthernNambikuaraLanguage is a &%NambiquaranLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: MBG. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 126 (1995 SIL). Region: Mato Grosso (Mamainde), Rondonia (Latunde). Alternate names: MAMAINDE. Dialects: MAMAINDE, NEGAROTE, TAWANXTE, TAXMAINITE, TAXWENSITE, YALAPMUNXTE (LACONDE, LATUNDE). Comments: The Latunde live with the Tubarao. Tropical forest. Rubber gatherers. Bible portions 1979-1980.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthernNambikuaraLanguage 'The &%SouthernNambikuaraLanguage is a &%NambiquaranLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: NAB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 900 (1988 SIL), including 150 Galera (1983 SIL). Region: Northwestern Mato Grosso, scattered along the Porto Velho-Cuiaba highway for about 300 km. 10 villages. Alternate names: NAMBIQUARA, NAMBIKWARA. Dialects: MANDUKA, KHITHAULHU, SERRA AZUL, HAHAINTESU, WASUSU, ALATESU, WAIKISU, GALERA. Comments: The Manduca are semi-integrated. The Nambikuara were reduced from 10,000 in the 1940s by measles. Manairisu is a subgroup. Grammar. SOV, tonal. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1992.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SabanesLanguage 'The &%SabanesLanguage is a &%NambiquaranLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: SAE. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 60 (1995 AMTB). Region: Mato Grosso. Alternate names: SABONES, SABANE. Comments: Bilingualism in Portuguese, Northern Nambikuara. Integrated into Brazilian culture. Men are trilingual, understanding Portuguese and Northern Nambikuara.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SararweLanguage 'The &%SararweLanguage is a &%NambiquaranLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: SRR. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 150 (1983 SIL). Region: Mato Grosso, Juina River. Alternate names: KABIXI, KAVIXI. Comments: Bilingualism in Southern Nambikuara. Distinct from Kabixi which is Chapacuran.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NigerCongoLanguage 'A &%NigerCongoLanguage is any one of 1489 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NiloSaharanLanguage 'A &%NiloSaharanLanguage is any one of 199 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EasternSudanicLanguage s__EasternSudanicLanguage__t s__NiloSaharanLanguage__t 'Of the 199 &%NiloSaharanLanguages, 95 related languages are classified as an &%EasternSudanicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WestEasternSudanicLanguage 'Of the 95 &%EasternSudanicLanguages, 14 closely related languages are classified as a &%WestEasternSudanicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NyimangLanguage s__WestEasternSudanicLanguage__t 'Of the 14 &%WestEasternSudanicLanguages, two closely related languages are classified as a &%NyimangLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AfittiLanguage s__NyimangLanguage__t 'The &%AfittiLanguage is a &%NyimangLanguage of the &%Sudan. SIL code: AFT. ISO 639-2: ssa. Population: 4,512 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). Region: Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills, eastern Jebel ed Dair. Main center is Sidra. Alternate names: DITTI, UNIETTI, AFFITTI, DINIK. Comments: Not inherently intelligible with Nyimang. 59% lexical similarity with Nyimang. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AmaNyimangLanguage 'The &%AmaNyimangLanguage is a &%NyimangLanguage of the &%Sudan. SIL code: NYI. ISO 639-2: ssa. Population: 70,000 (1982 SIL). Region: Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, northwest of Dilling on range of hills of which Jebel Nyimang is a part, and on the Mandal range. Alternate names: NYIMANG, INYIMANG, NYIMA, NYIMAN. Comments: 59% lexical similarity with Afitti. Education is in Arabic. Muslim, Christian. Bible portions 1950.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthCaucasianLanguage 'A &%NorthCaucasianLanguage is any one of 34 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OtoMangueanLanguage s__OtoMangueanLanguage__t 'An &%OtoMangueanLanguage is any one of 172 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PaezanLanguage s__PaezanLanguage__t 'A &%PaezanLanguage is the single &%PaezLanguage of &%Colombia. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PaezLanguage 'The &%PaezLanguage is a &%PaezanLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: PBB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 118,845 in the ethnic group (1998 Arango). Region: Central Andes Range near Popayan, Cauca. Alternate names: NASA YUWE. Dialects: PITAYO, PANIQUITA (PANIKITA). Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 50%, 1 25%, 2 13%, 3 10%, 4 2%, 5 0%. Spanish is the predominant language of instruction in schools. It is reported that not all members of the ethnic group speak Paez (1999). Dictionary. Grammar. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Scrub forest. Mountain mesa and slope. Peasant agriculturalists. 2,500 to 3,000 meters. NT 1980.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PanoanLanguage s__PanoanLanguage__t 'A &%PanoanLanguage is any one of 30 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PebaYaguanLanguage 'A &%PebaYaguanLanguage is either of two closely related languages, spoken in &%Peru, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YaguaLanguage s__PebaYaguanLanguage__t 'The &%YaguaLanguage is a &%PebaYaguanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: YAD. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 5,000 to 6,000 in Peru (1998 SIL). Population total both countries 5,000 to 6,000 or more. Region: Northeastern Amazon River region, from Iquitos to the Brazil border. Some occasionally go into Brazil. Also spoken in Colombia. Alternate names: YAHUA, LLAGUA, YAVA, YEGUA. Comments: Two dialects. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 54%, 1 20%, 2 15%, 3 10%, 4 .95%, 5 .05%. Dictionary. VSO. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT 1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YameoLanguage 'The &%YameoLanguage is a &%PebaYaguanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: YME. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: In 1925 there were 50. Region: Maranon and Amazon rivers from the mouth of the Tigre to the Nanay River. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PenutianLanguage s__PenutianLanguage__t 'A &%PenutianLanguage is any one of 33 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__QuechuanLanguage s__QuechuanLanguage__t 'A &%QuechuanLanguage is any one of 46 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SalishanLanguage s__SalishanLanguage__t 'A &%SalishanLanguage is any one of 27 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SalivanLanguage 'A &%SalivanLanguage is either of two closely related languages, spoken in &%Colombia and &%Venezuela, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PiaroaLanguage 'The &%PiaroaLanguage is a &%SalivanLanguage of &%Venezuela. SIL code: PID. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 12,000 including 130 Maco (1987 UBS). Population total both countries 12,000. Region: South bank of the Orinoco River, inland from the Paguasa River to Manipiari, Amazonas. Large area. Alternate names: KUAKUA, GUAGUA, QUAQUA. Dialects: MACO (MAKO, ITOTO), PIAROA. Comments: Possibly 50% of the men are bilingual in Maquiritare, Yabarana, or Spanish. Ature (Adole) may be an alternate name. NT 1986. Also spoken in: Colombia. (Language name: PIAROA.) Population: 80 in Colombia (1991 Adelaar). Alternate names: KUAKUA, GUAGUA, QUAQUA. Dialects: MACO (MAKO, ITOTO), PIAROA. Comments: Maco is reported to be a separate language, with speakers of each bilingual in the other. Ature (Adole) may be an alternate name. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Maco. NT 1986.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SalibaLanguage s__SalivanLanguage__t 'The &%SalibaLanguage is a &%SalivanLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: SLC. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 in Colombia (1982 T. Benaissa SIL). Population total both countries: 2,250. Region: Meta and Casanare rivers. Alternate names: SALIVA. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. Those 50 and older use Saliba as mother tongue. Younger members use Spanish. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Tropical forest. Plains, interfluvial. Swidden agriculturalists. lower than 200 meters. Also spoken in: Venezuela. (Language name: SALIBA. Population: 250 in Venezuela (1991 Adelaar). Alternate names: SALIVA. Comments: Very acculturated in Venezuela.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SepikRamuLanguage s__SepikRamuLanguage__t 'A &%SepikRamuLanguage is any one of 104 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SinoTibetanLanguage 'A &%SinoTibetanLanguage is any one of 365 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SiouanLanguage 'A &%SiouanLanguage is any one of 17 languages, spoken in &%NorthAmerica, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CatawbaGroupLanguage s__SiouanLanguage__t 'Of the 17 &%SiouanLanguages, one language is classified as a &%CatawbaGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CatawbaLanguage s__CatawbaGroupLanguage__t 'The &%CatawbaLanguage is a &%CatawbaGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CHC. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: The last fluent speaker died in 1996, out of ethnic population of 500 (1977 SIL). Region: Near Rock Hill, northern South Carolina. Comments: There were several dialects. Related to Woccon. Bilingualism in English. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SiouanProperLanguage 'Of the 17 &%SiouanLanguages, 16 closely related languages are classified as a &%SiouanProperLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CentralSiouanLanguage 'Of the 16 &%SiouanProperLanguages, 11 closely related languages are classified as a &%CentralSiouanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MandanGroupLanguage s__MandanGroupLanguage__t s__CentralSiouanLanguage__t 'Of the 11 &%CentralSiouanLanguages, one language is classified as a &%MandanGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MandanLanguage 'The &%MandanLanguage is a &%MandanGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: MHQ. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: 6 fluent speakers (1992 M. Krauss) out of 400 population (1986 SIL). Region: Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota. Comments: Bilingualism in English. All fluent speakers are elderly (1992), 2 semi-fluent over 60 (1986). Grammar. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MississippiValleyLanguage 'Of the 11 &%CentralSiouanLanguages, 10 closely related languages are classified as a &%MississippiValleyLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChiwereLanguage s__ChiwereLanguage__t 'Of the 10 &%MississippiValleyLanguages, one is classified as a &%ChiwereLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IowaOtoLanguage 'The &%IowaOtoLanguage is a &%ChiwereLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: IOW. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: Ethnic population of 2,400, including 1,000 Iowa, 1,400 Oto (1986 SIL). Last fluent speakers of Iowa and Oto died the end of 1996. There are others who have some degree of knowledge of the language (1997 Jimm G. GoodTracks). Region: North central Oklahoma and Iowa Reservation, northeast Kansas. Dialects: IOWA (BAXOJE, IOWAY), OTO (JIWERE, OTOE, JIWELE, CHIWERE), NIUTAJI (NYUTCHI, MISSOURI, MISSOURIA). Comments: Bilingualism in English. Iowa and Oto are effectively a single language, with some family variations cross-cutting the tribal affiliations. Speakers believe certain minor differences of pronunciation and vocabulary reflect original tribal dialect distinctions (J. E. Koontz 1996). Missouri dialect has been extinct for many years. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DakotaGroupLanguage 'Of the 10 &%MississippiValleyLanguages, four closely related languages are classified as a &%DakotaGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AssiniboineLanguage s__DakotaGroupLanguage__t 'The &%AssiniboineLanguage is a &%DakotaGroupLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: ASB. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: Population total both countries 150 to 200 fluent speakers, out of 3,500 population (1986 SIL). Region: West central and southeastern Saskatchewan (Mosquito-Grizzly Bears Head) and southern Saskatchewan (part of Carry-the-Kettle and Whitebear). Alternate names: ASSINIBOIN. Comments: Very close to the Assiniboine of Montana. 94% lexical similarity with Dakota of Manitoba, 90% with Dakota of North Dakota, 89% with Lakota and Stoney. English is spoken extensively. Over 40 years old, most over 60. Also spoken in: USA. Language name: ASSINIBOINE. Alternate names: ASSINIBOIN, HOHE. Comments: Very close to the Assiniboine of Saskatchewan. Closely related to Stoney. English is spoken extensively. All speakers are over 40 years old, most over 60 (1986).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DakotaLanguage 'The &%DakotaLanguage is a &%DakotaGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: DHG. ISO 639-2: dak. Population: 15,355 speakers in USA including 31 monolinguals (1990 census). Population total both countries: 20,355. Region: Northern Nebraska, southern Minnesota, North and South Dakota, northeastern Montana. Alternate names: SIOUX. Dialects: DAKOTA (DAKHOTA, SANTEE, SANTEE-SISSETON), NAKOTA (NAKODA, YANKTON, YANKTON-YANKTONAIS). Comments: Some children are being raised speaking the language in the northern Plains (1998). Many younger ones prefer English or do not speak the language. Bible 1879. Also spoken in: Canada. (Language name: DAKOTA. Population: 5,000 in Canada (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). Alternate names: SIOUX. Dialects: DAKOTA (SANTEE), NAKOTA (YANKTON). Comments: 83% to 86% lexical similarity with Stoney, 89% to 94% with Assiniboine, 90% to 95% among dialects. All ages in some communities. Vigorous in some communities. In some communities children and young adults may not speak Dakota or may prefer English. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible 1879.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LakotaLanguage 'The &%LakotaLanguage is a &%DakotaGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: LKT. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: 6,000 speakers out of 20,000 population (1987 SIL). 103,255 ethnic Sioux in USA (1990 Census Bureau). Population total both countries: 6,000. Region: Northern Nebraska, southern Minnesota, North and South Dakota, northeastern Montana. Alternate names: LAKHOTA, TETON. Comments: Children are being raised speaking the language in the northern Plains (1998). Vigorous in some Lakota communities. Grammar. Also spoken in: Canada. (Language name: LAKOTA.) Alternate names: LAKHOTA, TETON.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__StoneyLanguage 'The &%StoneyLanguage is a &%DakotaGroupLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: STO. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: 1,000 to 1,500 speakers out of 3,200 population (1987 SIL). Region: Southern Alberta, west and northwest of Calgary, and central Alberta, west of Edmonton. Southern Stoney occupy 3 reserves represented on the Stoney Tribal Council at Morley, Alberta: Eden Valley, west of Longview, Alberta, the southern-most reserve and principally Bearspaw Band members (about 400 speakers), Morley, west of Calgary, the main administrative center of Stoney Country, with about 2,700 people of all three southern bands, the Bearspaw, Chiniki, and Wesley Bands, and the Big Horn Reserve west of Rocky Mountain House, the most northerly of the 3, with about 100 people, mostly Wesley Band. The other dialect is spoken at Paul and Alexis Bands. Alternate names: STONY, NAKODA. Dialects: SOUTHERN STONEY, NORTHERN STONEY. Comments: Dialects nearly 100% intelligible with each other. 89% lexical similarity with Assiniboine, 86% with Dakota of Manitoba, 85% with Dakota of North Dakota, 83% with Lakota. Many children prefer English. Vigorous use. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. They want provincially published school curriculum about their language, culture, and history. Bible portions 1970.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__DhegihaLanguage s__MississippiValleyLanguage__t 'Of the 10 &%MississippiValleyLanguages, four closely related languages are classified as a &%DhegihaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KansaLanguage s__DhegihaLanguage__t 'The &%KansaLanguage is a &%DhegihaLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: KAA. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: 19 speakers (1990 census), out of 250 population (1986 SIL). Region: Oklahoma, north central. Alternate names: KAW, KONZE, KANZE. Comments: Closely related to Omaha, Osage, Ponca, and Quapaw. Bilingualism in English. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OmahaPoncaLanguage 'The &%OmahaPoncaLanguage is a &%DhegihaLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: OMA. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: 85 fluent speakers including 60 speakers of Omaha (1993 V. Zeps), out of 3,000 population (1993 C. Rudin), and 25 fluent speakers over 60 and a few semi-fluent speakers of Ponca out of 2,000 population (1986 SIL). Region: Omaha Reservation, eastern Nebraska (Omaha), and north central Oklahoma (Ponca). Alternate names: MAHAIRI, PONKA, UMANHAN, PPANKKA. Dialects: OMAHA, PONCA. Comments: Ponca and Omaha are completely inherently intelligible to each others speakers, Closely related to Osage, Quapaw, and Kansa. In 1985 only a few older women seemed less than fully fluent in at least the regional English. Omaha is used formally for prayers, especially at funerals, for songs, powwow announcements, but usually translated into English for nonspeakers present. Most adults speak the language. Many young adults may prefer English. Children tend to prefer English, but many can understand Omaha and some may speak it. Christian, Native American Church, Mormon, Bahai.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OsageLanguage 'The &%OsageLanguage is a &%DhegihaLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: OSA. ISO 639-2: osa. Population: 5 fluent speakers (1991 M. Krauss), and a few semi-fluent speakers, out of 2,500 population (1986 SIL). Region: North central Oklahoma. Alternate names: WAZHAZHE. Comments: Closely related to Omaha, Ponca, Quapaw, and Kansa. Bilingualism in English. Fluent speakers are elderly (1991). Nearly extinct. Bible portions.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__QuapawLanguage 'The &%QuapawLanguage is a &%DhegihaLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: QUA. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: 34 speakers (1990 census) out of 2,000 population (1986 SIL). Region: Northeastern corner of Oklahoma. Alternate names: ARKANSAS, ALKANSEA, CAPA, OGAXPA. Comments: Closely related to Kansa, Omaha, Osage, and Ponca, all called Dhegiha. Bilingualism in English. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WinnebagoLanguage 'Of the 10 &%MississippiValleyLanguages, one is classified as a &%WinnebagoLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HocakLanguage s__WinnebagoLanguage__t 'The &%HocakLanguage is a &%WinnebagoLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: WIN. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: 250 speakers (1995 V. Zeps), out of 6,000 population (1995). 822 enrolled Hocak in Nebraska, with 535 speakers (1968 USA BIA). Region: Scattered locations in central Wisconsin and Winnebago Reservation in eastern Nebraska. Alternate names: WINNEBAGO, HOCAK WAZIJACI, HOCANK, HOCHANK, HOCHUNK. Dialects: WISCONSIN, NEBRASKA. Comments: In 1968 10% were extremely limited in their use of English. Now reported to be bilingual in English. In Wisconsin most adults speak the language. In Nebraska most are elderly (1998). The name is written with a hook under the a of Hocak, representing a nasalized vowel. The official name for the people is Hocak Nation. Winnebago is the Algonguin name. There is a Language Program which plans a full-immersion Hocak school system, grades pre-school through community college. Bible portions 1907.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MissouriValleyLanguage 'Of the 16 &%SiouanProperLanguages, two closely related languages are classified as a &%MissouriValleyLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CrowLanguage s__MissouriValleyLanguage__t 'The &%CrowLanguage is a &%MissouriValleyLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CRO. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: 4,280 speakers (1990 census), out of a population of 9,840 enrolled in the Crow tribe (1999 BIA). Includes 8 to 20 monolinguals (1999). Region: Southern Montana. Alternate names: APSAALOOKE. Comments: Close to Hidatsa. Bilingualism in English. Spoken by parents and the elderly (1998). Although almost all high school students and younger children can speak Crow, about 80% prefer to use English (1998). 77% of Crow people over 66 years old speak the language, 13% of preschoolers do. Language use is mainly vigorous. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions 1980-1998.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HidatsaLanguage 'The &%HidatsaLanguage is a &%MissouriValleyLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: HID. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: 100 fluent speakers, 25-50 semi-fluent speakers, out of 1,200 population (1986 SIL). The 1990 census reports 451 speakers including 6 monolinguals. Region: Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota. Alternate names: MINITARI, HIRACA, HINATSA. Comments: Close to Crow. Bilingualism in English. Most speakers are elderly (1998). Bible portions.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SoutheasternSiouanLanguage s__SoutheasternSiouanLanguage__t s__SiouanProperLanguage__t 'Of the 16 &%SiouanProperLanguages, three closely related languages are classified as a &%SoutheasternSiouanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BiloxiOfoLanguage 'Of the three &%SoutheasternSiouanLanguages, two closely related languages are classified as a &%BiloxiOfoLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BiloxiLanguage 'The &%BiloxiLanguage is a &%BiloxiOfoLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: BLL. ISO 639-2: sio. Region: Lower Mississippi Valley. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OfoLanguage s__BiloxiOfoLanguage__t 'The &%OfoLanguage is a &%BiloxiOfoLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: OFO. ISO 639-2: sio. Region: Lower Mississippi Valley. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TuteloGroupLanguage 'Of the three &%SoutheasternSiouanLanguages, one is classified as a &%TuteloGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TuteloLanguage s__TuteloGroupLanguage__t 'The &%TuteloLanguage is a &%TuteloGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: TTA. ISO 639-2: sio. Region: Lower Mississippi Valley. Alternate names: SAPONI. Comments: Saponi was either the same or very similar to Tutelo. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SkoLanguage s__SkoLanguage__t 'A &%SkoLanguage is any one of seven languages, spoken in &%PapuaNewGuinea and &%Indonesia, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KrisaGroupLanguage 'Of the seven &%SkoLanguages, four closely related languages are classified as a &%KrisaGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KrisaLanguage 'The &%KrisaLanguage is a &%KrisaGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: KRO. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 400 (1993 SIL). Region Sandaun Province near coast. Comments: Related languages: Rawo, Puari, Warapu.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PuariLanguage s__KrisaGroupLanguage__t 'The &%PuariLanguage is a &%KrisaGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: PUX. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 371 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: Sandaun Province, coast around Puari. Comments: Related languages: Rawo, Krisa, Warapu. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__RawoLanguage 'The &%RawoLanguage is a &%KrisaGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: RWA. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 506 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: Sandaun Province coast around Rawo and Leitre. Comments: Related languages: Krisa, Puari, Warapu. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WarapuLanguage 'The &%WarapuLanguage is a &%KrisaGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: WRA. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,602 including 442 nonresidents (1983 census). Region: Sandaun Province, coast near Sera and Sissano, northwest peninsula of the Sissano lagoon, around Sumo and Ramu towns. Comments: Related languages: Krisa, Rawo, Puari. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__VanimoGroupLanguage 'Of the seven &%SkoLanguages, three closely related languages are classified as a &%VanimoGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SkouLanguage s__VanimoGroupLanguage__t 'The &%SkouLanguage is a &%VanimoGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: SKV. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 700 (1999 M. Donohue). Region: North coast border area east of Jayapura, at the mouth of the Tami River, villages of Sko-Yambe, Sko-Mabu, Sko-Sai. Alternate names: SKO, SKOUW, SKOW, SEKOU, TUMAWO, TE MAWO. Comments: Related to Vanimo, Wutung, Yako. Most people use Irianese Malay or Indonesian, Wutung of Papua New Guinea or Vanimo to speakers of those languages. Comprehension is limited. All domains. All ages. Some older Wutung people use Sko as their second or third language. They have reservations about Indonesian. Dictionary. Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% Indonesian. Literacy motivation high, program in progress. Sago palms. Coastal, swamps. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__VanimoLanguage 'The &%VanimoLanguage is a &%VanimoGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: VAM. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 2,200 (1990 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Vanimo District. 3 villages. Not in Irian Jaya. Alternate names: MANIMO, WANIMO, DUSO. Comments: 2 dialects. Related language: Wutung. Many highly educated speakers. Coastal. 0 to 150 meters.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WutungLanguage 'The &%WutungLanguage is a &%VanimoGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: WUT. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 410 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: Sandaun Province, Vanimo District, coast bordering Irian Jaya, including Sangke village. Alternate names: UDUNG. Comments: Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Coastal.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthCaucasianLanguage 'A &%SouthCaucasianLanguage is any one of five languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GeorgianGroupLanguage s__SouthCaucasianLanguage__t 'Of the five &%SouthCaucasianLanguages, two closely related languages are classified as a &%GeorgianGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GeorgianLanguage 'The &%GeorgianLanguage is a &%GeorgianGroupLanguage of &%GeorgiaFormerSovietRepublic. SIL code: GEO. ISO 639-1: ka. ISO 639-2(B): geo. ISO 639-2(T): kat. Population: 3,901,380 speakers (98%), out of 3,981,000 in the ethnic group in Georgia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 4,103,000. Region: 69,700 square miles. Also spoken in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia (Asia), Tajikistan, Turkey (Asia), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: KARTULI, GRUZINSKI. Dialects: IMERETIAN, RACHA-LEXCHXUM (LECHKHUM), GURIAN, ADZHAR (ACHARIAN), IMERXEV KARTLIAN, KAXETIAN (KAKHETIAN), INGILO, TUSH, XEVSUR (KHEYSUR), MOXEV (MOKHEV), PSHAV, MTIUL, FEREJDAN, MESKHUR-JAVAKHURI. Comments: Imerxev is in Turkey, Ferejdan in Iran. The Meskhi are ethnically Georgian, speak Georgian, are Eastern Orthodox, and live in southwestern Georgia. Adzhai Muslims are in Armenia. South Caucasian is also called Kartvelian. National language. Grammar. SVO. Its own script is called Mkhedruli. Georgian Orthodox Church, some Sunni and Shia Muslim (Acharian dialect). Bible 1743-1989. Also spoken in: Iran. (Language name: GEORGIAN.) Population 1,000 to 10,000 in Iran. Alternate names: KARTULI, GRUZIN. Dialects: FEREYDAN (FEREJDAN). Comments: Ferejdan dialect is or was in Iran, there may not be any now. In Iran they may not be able to read Mkhedruli script, which they use in Georgia. Muslim. Bible 1743-1989. Also spoken in: Turkey (Asia). (Language name: GEORGIAN.) Population: 40,000 first language speakers out of 91,000 in ethnic group of Imerxev in Turkey (1980 estimate), 4,042 monolinguals (1965 census). Alternate names: KARTULI, GRUZIN. Dialects: IMERXEV. Comments: Imerxev is the western dialect of Georgian. 95% are bilingual in Turkish. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1743-1989.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__JudeoGeorgianLanguage s__GeorgianGroupLanguage__t 'The &%JudeoGeorgianLanguage is a &%GeorgianGroupLanguage of &%Israel. SIL code: JGE. ISO 639-2: cau. Population: 40,000 to 50,000 in Israel (1995 H. Mutzafi). Population total both countries: 60,000 to 70,000. Region: Some have gone elsewhere in the former USSR and to other countries. Comments: Oriental and Ashkenazic Jews in Georgia live separately. Judeo-Georgian speakers live separately from non-Jewish Georgian speakers. May not be a separate language from Georgian, but a dialect using various Hebrew loan words. Jewish. Also spoken in: Georgia. (Language name: JUDEO-GEORGIAN. Population: 20,000 in Georgia (1995). Comments: May not be a separate language from Georgian, but a dialect using various Hebrew loan words. Oriental and Ashkenazic Jews in Georgia live separately. Judeo-Georgian speakers live separately from non-Jewish Georgian speakers. Jewish.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SvanGroupLanguage s__SvanGroupLanguage__t 'Of the five &%SouthCaucasianLanguages, one is classified as a &%SvanGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SvanLanguage 'The &%SvanLanguage is a &%SvanGroupLanguage of &%GeorgiaFormerSovietRepublic. SIL code: SVA. ISO 639-2: cau. Population: 35,000 (1975). Alternate names: LUSHNU, SVANURI. Dialects: UPPER BAL, LOWER BAL, LASHX, LENTEX. Comments: Georgian and Russian are used as literary languages. Svan is used in daily family communication. Proficiency limited among young people. Reports indicate that speakers want to remain separate from Georgian. Their name for their language is Lushnu. Not a written language. Traditional territory and way of life. Christian, Jewish (Lakhamul).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ZanLanguage 'Of the five &%SouthCaucasianLanguages, two closely related languages are classified as a &%ZanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LazLanguage 'The &%LazLanguage is a &%ZanLanguage of &%Turkey (Asia). SIL code: LZZ. ISO 639-2: cau. Population: 30,000 first language speakers out of 92,000 in the ethnic group in Turkey (1980 estimate). Population total all countries: 33,000 or more. Region: Rize in northeast, towns of Kemer, Atin, Artasen, Vitse, Arkab, Hopa, Sarp, and villages in Artvin, Sakarya, Kocaeli, and Bolu provinces. Also spoken in Belgium, France, Georgia, Germany, USA. Alternate names: LAZURI, LAZE, CHAN, CHANZAN, ZAN, CHANURI. Comments: Linguists recognize that Laz and Mingrelian are inherently unintelligible with each others speakers. Reported to be 95% bilingual in Turkish, with only the older people not being bilingual. Their name for their language is Lazuri. Not a written language in Turkey. Fishermen. Muslim. Also spoken in: Georgia. (Language name: LAZ.) Population: 2,000 in Georgia (1982 estimate). Alternate names: LAZE, CHAN, CHANZAN, ZAN, CHANURI. Dialects: XOPA (HOPA), CHXALA (CKHALA), VICE-ARXAVA (VITAL-ARKHAVA), ATINA, SAMURZAKAN-ZUGDIDI, SENAKI. Comments: Officially considered to be a single language with Mingrelian, called Zan, although linguists recognize that they are not inherently intelligible with each other. Georgian used as literary language. Their name for their language is Lazuri. Not a written language in Georgia or Turkey. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MingrelianLanguage s__ZanLanguage__t 'The &%MingrelianLanguage is a &%ZanLanguage of &%GeorgiaFormerSovietRepublic. SIL code: XMF. ISO 639-2: cau. Population: 500,000 (1989 B.G. Hewitt). Region: Lowland west Georgia. Alternate names: MARGALURI, MEGREL, MEGRULI. Comments: Officially considered to be a single language with Laz, called Zan, but linguists recognize that they are not inherently intelligible with each other. Georgian used as a literary language. Their name for themselves is Margaluri. Not a written language. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage 'A &%SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage is any one of four languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AcatepecTlapanecoLanguage 'The &%AcatepecTlapanecoLanguage is a &%SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TPX. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 33,000 including over 10,000 monolinguals (1994 SIL). Region: Acatepec, Guerrero, Zapotitlan Tablas Municipio: Huitzapula, Ayotoxtla, Excalerilla, Huiztlatzala, Acatepec Municipio: Acatepec, Apetzuca, Tenamazapa, Barranca Pobre, Mezcalapa, Metlapilapa, Tres Cruces, El Salto, Zochitepec, Caxitepec, Platanillo municipio: Nanzintla, Teocuitlapa. Alternate names: WESTERN TLAPANEC, MEPHAA. Dialects: ACATEPEC, ZAPOTITLAN TABLAS, PLATANILLO. Comments: 83% intelligibility of Malinaltepec, 79% of Tlacoapa. Many bilingual school teachers from Malinaltepec. Primary schools in most villages, secondary schools in major centers. Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects. Mountain slope. Swidden agriculturalists. 5,000 to 6,000 feet.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AzoyucTlapanecoLanguage 'The &%AzoyucTlapanecoLanguage is a &%SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TPC. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 682 speakers. 17,000 in the Municipio including Spanish-speaking mestizos (1990 census). No monolinguals. However, there are reports of 1,000 to 10,000 speakers. Region: East and a little south of Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Azoyu, Maxnadi, Toxnene, Zapotitlan del Puente, San Isidro del Puente, El Carrizo. Comments: 50% intelligible with Malinaltepec. Reported to be bilingual in Spanish. Investigation needed: intelligibility with other Tlapaneco, bilingual proficiency.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MalinalTepecTlapanecoLanguage s__SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage__t 'The &%MalinalTepecTlapanecoLanguage is a &%SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TLL. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 33,000 speakers, including 6,000 monolinguals (1994 M. Weathers SIL). Region: East and a little south of Chilpancingo, Guerrero. Alternate names: MEPHAA, EASTERN TLAPANECO, MALINALTEPEC TLAPANEC. Dialects: TLACOAPA, MALINALTEPEC (HUIZAPULA), ZILACAYOTITLAN. Comments: Tlacoapa Tlapaneco speakers can understand Malinaltepec, but the reverse is not true. Linguistically closest to Subtiaba of Nicaragua (extinct). It may be distantly related to Tol of Honduras. Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects. Grammar. NT 1975.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SubtiabaLanguage 'The &%SubtiabaLanguage is a &%SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage of &%Nicaragua. SIL code: SUT. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No speakers out of an ethnic group of 5,000 (1981 MARC). Region: Plains of Leon, Pacific slope. Comments: Have retained few traits of their pre-conquest culture. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TacananLanguage 'A &%TacananLanguage is any one of six languages, spoken in &%Bolivia, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AraonaTacanaLanguage 'Of the six &%TacananLanguages, five are classified as an &%AraonaTacanaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AraonaGroupLanguage s__AraonaGroupLanguage__t s__AraonaTacanaLanguage__t 'Of the five &%AraonaTacanaLanguages, one is classified as an &%AraonaGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AraonaLanguage 'The &%AraonaLanguage is an &%AraonaGroupLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: ARO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 87 (1994 H. Petersen NTM). Region: Northwest, headwaters of Manupari River. Alternate names: CAVINA. Comments: Knowledge of Spanish is increasing. All ages. Vigorous. Araona and Cavina are names of two moieties of the group. Dictionary. SOV. Bible portions 1974-1981.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CavinenaTacanaLanguage s__TacananLanguage__t 'Of the five &%AraonaTacanaLanguages, four are classified as a &%CavinenaTacanaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CavinenaGroupLanguage 'Of the four &%CavinenaTacanaLanguages, one is classified as a &%CavinenaGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CavinenaLanguage s__CavinenaGroupLanguage__t 'The &%CavinenaLanguage is a &%CavinenaGroupLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: CAV. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 (1995 MES). Region: Northern Bolivia, southeast of Riberalta, along the Beni River, east of the Beni, and 500 in the Pando on the west side of the Beni. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 40%, 1 25%, 2 15%, 3 10%, 4 5%, 5 5%. Becoming increasingly bilingual in Spanish. 500 children in school (1995). High school in Galilea has 135 students and 15 teachers. Dictionary. SOV. Rubber and castana nut gatherers, agriculturalists. NT 1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TacanaProperLanguage s__TacanaProperLanguage__t s__CavinenaTacanaLanguage__t 'Of the four &%CavinenaTacanaLanguages, three are classified as a &%TacanaProperLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ReyesanoLanguage 'The &%ReyesanoLanguage is a &%TacanaProperLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: REY. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: There are perhaps 1,000 members of the ethnic group. Region: Beni Department, west central around San Borja, near Reyes. Alternate names: SAN BORJANO. Comments: There were a few speakers in 1961, including some children. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TacanaLanguage 'The &%TacanaLanguage is a &%TacanaProperLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: TNA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 3,500. Region: Beni and Madre de Dios rivers, jungle, some in foothills. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. Dictionary. Grammar. NT 1981.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ToromonoLanguage 'The &%ToromonoLanguage is a &%TacanaProperLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: TNO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northwest, close to the Araona. Alternate names: TOROMONA. Comments: They have not been located. May not still exist.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TiatinaguaLanguage 'Of the six &%TacananLanguages, one is classified as a &%TiatinaguaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__EseEjjaLanguage s__TiatinaguaLanguage__t 'The &%EseEjjaLanguage is a &%TiatinaguaLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: ESE. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 600 to 650 in Bolivia (1976 SIL). Population total both countries: 850 to 1,050. Region: Northwestern region, and into the foothills on the Beni and Madre de Dios rivers in Bolivia, Tambopata and Heath rivers around Puerto Maldonado in Peru. Alternate names: ESE EJA, ESE EXA, TIATINAGUA, CHAMA, HUARAYO. Comments: Each clan has slight dialect differences, all seem inherently intelligible. Appears the most different from other Tacanan languages. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 40%, 1 20%, 2 30%, 3 10%, 4 0%, 5 0%. The name Chama is objectionable. Dictionary. SOV. NT 1984. Also spoken in: Peru. (Language name: ESE EJJA.) Population: 250 to 400 in Peru (1977 Catholic University, Lima). Alternate names: ESE EXA, ESE EJA, ESEEJJA, TIATINAGUA, TAMBOPATA-GUARAYO, HUARAYO, CHAMA. Comments: The Tambopata dialect in Peru is somewhat different. Almost all in Peru are bilingual in Spanish. Chama is a derogatory name. SOV. NT 1984.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TaiKadaiLanguage 'A &%TaiKadaiLanguage is any one of 70 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TorricelliLanguage s__TorricelliLanguage__t 'A &%TorricelliLanguage is any one of 48 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TotonacanLanguage 'A &%TotonacanLanguage is any one of 11 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TepehuaGroupLanguage 'Of the 11 &%TotonacanLanguages, three closely related languages are classified as a &%TepehuaGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HuehuetlaTepehuaLanguage 'The &%HuehuetlaTepehuaLanguage is a &%TepehuaGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TEE. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 3,000 (1982 SIL). Region: Northeastern Hidalgo, Huehuetla, and half the town of Mecapalapa in Puebla. Alternate names: HIDALGO TEPEHUA. Comments: 70% intelligibility with Pisa Flores (closest). Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 10%, 1 37%, 2 25%, 3 10%, 4 10%, 5 8%. They use a whistle speech (G. Cowan 1952, 1972), which distinguishes consonants and vowels of the spoken language. SVO, nontonal, long words, affixes. Tropical. Mountain slope. Swidden, peasant agriculturalists. 300 meters. NT 1976.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PisaFloresTepehuaLanguage s__TepehuaGroupLanguage__t 'The &%PisaFloresTepehuaLanguage is a &%TepehuaGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TPP. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 4,000 (1990 census). Region: Veracruz, towns of Pisa Flores, Ixhuatlan de Madero, and one other town. Not in Puebla. Comments: 59% intelligibility with Huehuetla (closest), 40% or less with Tlachichilco. Limited bilingualism in Spanish. Bible portions 1998.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TlachichilcoTepehuaLanguage 'The &%TlachichilcoTepehuaLanguage is a &%TepehuaGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TPT. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 3,000 (1990 SIL). Region: Tlachichilco, Veracruz. Comments: 37% intelligibility with Pisa Flores (closest). Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 5%, 1 20%, 2 50%, 3 20%, 4 4%, 5 1%. Otomi, Nahuatl also used. SVO, nontonal, long words, affixes, clitics. Literacy rate in first language: 2%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Tropical. Mountain slope. Swidden, peasant agriculturalists. 500 to 900 meters. Bible portions 1985-1999.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TotonacGroupLanguage s__TotonacanLanguage__t 'Of the 11 &%TotonacanLanguages, eight closely related languages are classified as a &%TotonacGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CoyutlaTotonacaLanguage 'The &%CoyutlaTotonacaLanguage is a &%TotonacGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TOC. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 30,000 to 40,000 (1982 SIL). Speakers of all Totonac languages: 196,003 (1980 census). Region: Puebla, foot of the mountains north of the Sierra Totonaca and the Olintla River. Comments: Linguistically closest to Highland Totonaca with many similarities to Papantla. NT 1987.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FilomenoMataCoahuitlanTotonacaLanguage s__TotonacGroupLanguage__t 'The &%FilomenoMataCoahuitlanTotonacaLanguage is a &%TotonacGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TLP. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 10,000 to 12,000 (1982 SIL). Region: Veracruz, highlands, in the middle of the main highlands dialect. Alternate names: SANTO DOMINGO TOTONACA. Comments: 93% intelligibility with Nonacatlan. Linguistically between Highland and Northern Totonaca. Speakers are bilingual in Coyutla Totonaca.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OzumatlanTotonacaLanguage 'The &%OzumatlanTotonacaLanguage is a &%TotonacGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TQT. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 4,000 (1990 census) or fewer speakers (1999). Region: Puebla, Ozumatlan, Tepetzintla, Tlapehuala, San Agustin. Comments: 79% intelligibility of Highland Totonaca, 75% of Northern Totonaca, 67% of Zihuateutla, Puebla, 43% of Papantla. Speakers are not bilingual in Spanish. Agriculturalists: maize, squash, chicken, pigs. 5,000 feet.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PapantlaTotonacaLanguage 'The &%PapantlaTotonacaLanguage is a &%TotonacGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TOP. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 80,000 (1982 SIL). Region: Veracruz. Alternate names: LOWLAND TOTONACA. Comments: 40% intelligibility with Highland Totonaca (closest). Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 5%, 1 10%, 2 50%, 3 15%, 4 10%, 5 10%. Dictionary. VSO, nontonal, long words, affixes, clitics. Savannah, tropical. Mountain slope, coastal, interfluvial. Peasant agriculturalists. 0 to 300 meters. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1979.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PatlaChicontlaTotonacaLanguage 'The &%PatlaChicontlaTotonacaLanguage is a &%TotonacGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TOT. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 6,000 (1990 census). Region: Northeastern Puebla, Patla, Chicontla, Tecpatlan, and 2 other villages. Alternate names: PATLA-CHICONTLA TOTONAC. Comments: It is difficult for speakers to read Northern Totonaca materials. Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. NT in press (1999).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SierraTotonacaLanguage 'The &%SierraTotonacaLanguage is a &%TotonacGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TOS. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 120,000 (1982 SIL). Region: Zacatlan, Puebla area and Veracruz. Alternate names: HIGHLAND TOTONACA. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 10%, 1 50%, 2 24%, 3 10%, 4 5%, 5 1%. Nahuatl also used. Dictionary. VSO, nontonal, long words, affixes, clitics. Tropical. Mountain slope, interfluvial. Peasant agriculturalists. 300 to 2,500 meters. NT 1959, in press (1999).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__XicotepecDeJuarezTotonacaLanguage 'The &%XicotepecDeJuarezTotonacaLanguage is a &%TotonacGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TOO. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 10,000 or more (1982 SIL). Region: Northeastern Puebla, Xicotepec de Juarez, and Veracruz, 30 towns. Alternate names: NORTHERN TOTONACA, VILLA JUAREZ TOTONACA. Dialects: ZIHUATEUTLA TOTONACA. Comments: 87% intelligibility with Ozumatlan (closest). Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 3%, 1 7%, 2 35%, 3 40%, 4 10%, 5 5%. SVO, nontonal, long words, affixes, clitics. Literacy rate in first language: 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Tropical. Mountain slope. Peasant agriculturalists: coffee. 215 to 1,230 meters. NT 1978.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YecuatlaTotonacaLanguage 'The &%YecuatlaTotonacaLanguage is a &%TotonacGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TLC. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 500 (1994 SIL). Region: Near southern coast, Veracruz, towns of Yecuatla (293 speakers out of 11,541 population) and Misantla (126 speakers out of 50,000 population). Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. Speakers are all over 50 years old.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TransNewGuineaLanguage 'A &%TransNewGuineaLanguage is any one of 552 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguage s__TransNewGuineaLanguage__t 'Of the 552 &%TransNewGuineaLanguages, 308 related languages are classified as a &%MainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CentralAndWesternMainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguage s__CentralAndWesternMainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguage__t s__MainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguage__t 'Of the 308 &%MainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguages, 260 related languages are classified as a &%CentralAndWesternMainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CentralAndSouthNewGuineaKutubanLanguage 'Of the 260 &%CentralAndWesternMainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguages, 67 related languages are classified as a &%CentralAndSouthNewGuineaKutubanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CentralAndSouthNewGuineaLanguage s__CentralAndSouthNewGuineaKutubanLanguage__t 'Of the 67 &%CentralAndSouthNewGuineaKutubanLanguages, 64 related languages are classified as a &%CentralAndSouthNewGuineaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AwyuDumutLanguage s__AwyuDumutLanguage__t s__CentralAndSouthNewGuineaLanguage__t 'Of the 64 &%CentralAndSouthNewGuineaLanguages 12 related languages are classified as an &%AwyuDumutLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AwyuLanguage 'Of the 12 &%AwyuDumutLanguages, six related languages are classified as an &%AwyuLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AghuGroupLanguage s__AghuGroupLanguage__t s__AwyuLanguage__t 'Of the six &%AwyuLanguages, two closely related languages are classified as an &%AghuGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AghuIndonesianLanguage 'The &%AghuIndonesianLanguage is an &%AghuGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: AHH. ISO 639-2: paa. Population:3,000 (1987 SIL). Region: South coast area along the Digul River west of the Mandobo language, Merauke Kabupaten, Jair Kecamatan. Comments: Different from Aghu of Australia. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TsakwamboLanguage 'The &%TsakwamboLanguage is an &%AghuGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: KVZ. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 500 (1991 SIL). Region: South coast area on upper Digul River north of Mandobo language. Alternate names: KOTOGUT, TSOKWAMBO. Comments: Dialects: or related languages: Ederah, Kia, Upper Digul, Upper Kaeme.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TucanoanLanguage s__TucanoanLanguage__t 'A &%TucanoanLanguage is any one of 25 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TupiLanguage 'A &%TupiLanguage is any one of 70 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UralicLanguage 'A &%UralicLanguage is any one of 38 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UruChipayaLanguage 'A &%UruChipayaLanguage is either of two languages found in &%Bolivia that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChipayaLanguage s__UruChipayaLanguage__t 'The &%ChipayaLanguage is an &%UruChipayaLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: CAP. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 (1995 R. Olson SIL). Region: Department of Oruro, Province of Atahuallpa. Comments: May be Arawakan or distantly related to Mayan. Previously bilingualism was mainly in Aymara, now in Spanish. 400 children in school. 5% are monolingual. Now have a complete high school. SOV. Plains. Agriculturalists: grain, animal husbandry: sheep, llamas. 12,000 feet. Christian, traditional religion (8 to 10 families). NT 1978.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UruLanguage 'The &%UruLanguage is an &%UruChipayaLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: URE. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: In 1965 there were 5 to 10 (1998 R. Olson SIL). Region: Department of Oruro, Province of Atahuallpa, near Lake Titicaca, near where the Desaguadero River comes out of Titicaca, near Iruitu. Alternate names: MORATO, MURATU. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish, Aymara. A few older people 20 years ago. The others were assimilated to Spanish or Central Aymara. Those at the south end of Lake Poopo spoke only Aymara and Spanish 15 years ago. May be extinct. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__UtoAztecanLanguage s__UtoAztecanLanguage__t 'An &%UtoAztecanLanguage is any one of 62 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WakashanLanguage 'A &%WakashanLanguage is any of five languages found in &%Canada that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthernWakashanLanguage s__WakashanLanguage__t 'Of the five &%WakashanLanguages, three related languages are classified as a &%NorthernWakashanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HaislaLanguage s__NorthernWakashanLanguage__t 'The &%HaislaLanguage is a &%NorthernWakashanLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: HAS. ISO 639-2: wak. Population: 25 fluent speakers, fewer than 200 speakers (1991 M. Dale Kinkade), out of 1,000 population (1977 SIL). Region: Inlet on central British Columbia coast. Dialects: KITIMAT (KITAMAT). Comments: Related to Heiltsuk and Kwakiutl. Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HeiltsukLanguage 'The &%HeiltsukLanguage is a &%NorthernWakashanLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: HEI. ISO 639-2: wak. Population: 300 speakers (1991 M. Dale Kinkade) out of 1,200 population (1977 SIL). Region: Central British Columbia coast including Ooweekeeno on Rivers Inlet. Dialects: BELLA BELLA (NORTHERN HEILTSUK), OOWEEKEENO (SOUTHERN HEILTSUK). Comments: Related to Haisla and Kwakiutl. Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KwakiutlLanguage 'The &%KwakiutlLanguage is a &%NorthernWakashanLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: KWK. ISO 639-2: wak. Population: 250 or fewer good speakers in Canada (1991 M. Dale Kinkade) out of 3,300 population (1977 SIL). Population total both countries 295 or fewer. Region: Northern Vancouver Island and adjacent mainland, British Columbia. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: KWAGIUTL, KWAKWALA. Comments: Related to Haisla and Heiltsuk. Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions 1882-1900.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthernWakashanLanguage 'Of the five &%WakashanLanguages, two related languages are classified as a &%SouthernWakashanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MakahLanguage 'The &%MakahLanguage is a &%SouthernWakashanLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: MYH. ISO 639-2: wak. Population: 10 to 30 speakers (1997), and others who use it as second language, out of 900 population on the reservation, and others not on the reservation (1995 Davissons). Region: Northern tip of Olympic Peninsula, opposite Vancouver Island, Washington. Alternate names: KWE-NEE-CHEE-AHT, KWEEDISHCHAAHT. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are elderly (1998). There is a Makah Cultural Center. Grammar. Makah is taught bilingually in preschool on the reservation and is ongoing throughout grade school, although not heavily encouraged.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NootkaLanguage s__SouthernWakashanLanguage__t 'The &%NootkaLanguage is a &%SouthernWakashanLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: NOO. ISO 639-2: wak. Population: 590 mother tongue speakers (1998 Statistics Canada), out of 3,500 population (1977 SIL). Nitinat has about 30 speakers (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). Region: Southwestern British Columbia, Nitinat along Pacific side of Vancouver Island and on Nitinat Lake. Alternate names: NUTKA, NUUCHAHNULTH. Dialects: NITINAT (NITINAHT), NOOTKA. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. People are called West Coast People. Dictionary. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WestPapuanLanguage s__WestPapuanLanguage__t 'A &%WestPapuanLanguage is any one of 26 languages forming a distinct family of languages of &%Indonesia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BirdsHeadLanguage 'Of the 26 &%WestPapuanLanguages, eight related languages are classified as a &%BirdsHeadLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthCentralBirdsHeadLanguage 'Of the eight &%BirdsHeadLanguages, three related languages are classified as a &%NorthCentralBirdsHeadLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CentralBirdsHeadLanguage 'Of the three &%NorthCentralBirdsHeadLanguages, two closely related languages are classified as a &%CentralBirdsHeadLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MaiBratLanguage s__CentralBirdsHeadLanguage__t 'The &%MaiBratLanguage is a &%CentralBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: AYZ. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 20,000 or more (1987 SIL). Region: Central Birds Head around Ayamaru Lakes, about 40 villages. Alternate names: AYAMARU, AJAMARU, BRAT, MAIBRAT, MEY BRAT. Dialects: MAISAWIET, MAIYAH, MAIMAKA, MAITE, MAISEFA. Comments: 10% lexical similarity with Tehit, Mpur, Abun, its closest neighbors. 5,000 to 7,000 are in cities and are very bilingual, some highly educated. Maibrat is used in church. All ages. Ayamaru is name of the people, Mai Brat of language. SVO, heavy verb serialization. Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions 1990-1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KaronDoriLanguage 'The &%KaronDoriLanguage is a &%CentralBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: KGW. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 5,000 (1987 SIL). Region: Central Birds Head north of Brat, villages of Pef, Asses, Sunopi, Siakwa. Alternate names: MAIYACH, MEON. Comments: Closely related to Mai Brat.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthBirdsHeadLanguage s__NorthBirdsHeadLanguage__t s__NorthCentralBirdsHeadLanguage__t 'Of the three &%NorthCentralBirdsHeadLanguages, one of the three is classified as a &%NorthBirdsHeadLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AbunLanguage 'The &%AbunLanguage is a &%NorthBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: KGR. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 3,000 (1995 SIL). Region: North coast and interior of central Birds Head, north and south of Tamberau ranges. Sorong Kabupaten, Ayamaru, Sausapor, and Moraid kecamatans. About 20 villages. Alternate names: YIMBUN, A NDEN. Dialects: ABUN TAT (KARON PANTAI), ABUN JI (MADIK), ABUN JE. Comments: Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions 1991-1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WestBirdsHeadLanguage s__BirdsHeadLanguage__t 'Of the eight &%BirdsHeadLanguages, five closely related languages are classified as a &%WestBirdsHeadLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KalabraLanguage 'The &%KalabraLanguage is a &%WestBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: KZZ. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 2,100 (1975). Region: West Birds Head, south of Madik language, east of Moi. Alternate names: BERAUR. Comments: Closest to Tehit.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MoiLanguage 'The &%MoiLanguage is a &%WestBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: MXN. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 4,600 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Region: Salawati Island, west Birds Head around Sorong, 9 villages. Alternate names: MOSANA. Comments: Different from Mekwei (Moi).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MoraidLanguage 'The &%MoraidLanguage is a &%WestBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: MSG. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,000 or fewer (1988 SIL). Region: West Birds Head, east of Moi and south of Madik languages, villages of Sailala, Makbon, Luwelala, Seni.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SegetLanguage s__WestBirdsHeadLanguage__t 'The &%SegetLanguage is a &%WestBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: SBG. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,200 (1988 SIL). Region: West Birds Head southwest of Sorong, west and southwest of Moi language, villages of Walian, Sailolof, Segum, Seget.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TehitLanguage 'The &%TehitLanguage is a &%WestBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: KPS. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 8,800 (1993 R. Doriot). Region: Southwest Birds Head, kecamatan Teminabuan, about 35 villages. Alternate names: TEHID, KAIBUS. Dialects: TEHIT JIT, MBOL FLE, SAIFI, IMYAN, SFA RIERE, FKAR, SAWIAT SALMEIT. Comments: Closest to Kalabra. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HattamLanguage 'Of the 26 &%WestPapuanLanguages, one of these is classified as a &%HattamLanguage (the &%HatamLanguage).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__HatamLanguage s__HattamLanguage__t 'The &%HatamLanguage is a &%HattamLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: HAD. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 16,000 (1993 TEAM). Region: Eastern Birds Head, northeast of Manikion, south and southwest of Manokwari. Manokwari Kabupaten, Warmare, Ransiki, and Oransbari kecamatans. Alternate names: HATTAM, ATAM, TINAM, MIRIEI, MOI, ADIHUP, URAN, BORAI, MANSIM. Dialects: MOI (MOIRE), TINAM, MIRIEI, ADIHUP, URAN. Comments: Mountain slope. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KebarLanguage 'Of the 26 &%WestPapuanLanguages, one of these is classified as a &%KebarLanguage (the &%MpurLanguage).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MpurLanguage s__KebarLanguage__t 'The &%MpurLanguage is a &%KebarLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: AKC. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 7,000 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Region: North coast of Birds Head, west of Manokwari, and Kebar Valley. Alternate names: KEBAR, AMBERBAKEN, EKWARE, DEKWAMBRE. Dialects: SIRIR, AJIW. Comments: Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthHalmaheraLanguage 'Of the 26 &%WestPapuanLanguages, 16 are classified as a &%NorthHalmaheraLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage 'Of the 16 &%NorthHalmaheraLanguages, 14 are classified as a &%NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GalelaLolodaLanguage 'Of the 14 &%NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguages, three closely related languages are classified as a &%GalelaLolodaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GalelaLanguage 'The &%GalelaLanguage is a &%GalelaLolodaLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: GBI. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 79,000 including 41,000 Kadai, 10,000 Kadina, 24,000 Morotai, and 4,000 Sopi (1990 SIL). Region: North Maluku, Galela Bay and north of Tobelo to the northern tip of Halmahera, Morotai Island except southeast quadrant, islands of Gunage and Moari near Kayoa, Bacan, Obi, scattered along the southwest coast of Halmahera. Dialects: KADAI, KADINA, MOROTAI, SOPI. Comments: Laba may be a dialect. Speakers have 65% intelligibility of Loloda, Loloda 85% of Galela. Bilingualism in Indonesian. Vigorous use in daily communication. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Laba. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Agriculturalists, fishermen. Christian, Muslim. Bible portions 1990-1991.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LabaLanguage 'The &%LabaLanguage is a &%GalelaLolodaLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: LAU. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 2,000 (1991 H. Shelden SIL). Region: North Maluku, 4 villages to the interior of the south end of Loloda District. Alternate names: SOUTH LOLODA, KEDI. Comments: Phonology like Galela, 70% intelligibility, 75% with Loloda. 75% lexical similarity with Galela, 78% with Loloda. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__LolodaLanguage s__GalelaLolodaLanguage__t 'The &%LolodaLanguage is a &%GalelaLolodaLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: LOL. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 15,000 including 2,000 Bakun (1991 SIL). Region: North Maluku, northwest coast of Halmahera. Alternate names: LODA, NORTH LOLODA. Dialects: BAKUN. Comments: Intelligibility with Laba is very limited. Speakers have 85% intelligibility of Galela, Galela has 65% of Loloda. Vigorous. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Galela. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Christian, Muslim. Bible portions 1915.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KaoRiverLanguage 'Of the 14 &%NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguages, three closely related languages are classified as a &%KaoRiverLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KaoLanguage 'The &%KaoLanguage is a &%KaoRiverLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: KAX. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 200 to 400 possibly (1983 C. Grimes SIL). Region: North Maluku, interior North Halmahera, around the town of Kao, near the mouth of the Kao River. Alternate names: KAU, KAU. Comments: Could be a marginal dialect of Pagu, but relates uniquely to other languages in the Kao River subbranch. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Kao River subbranch, Pagu. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ModoleLanguage 'The &%ModoleLanguage is a &%KaoRiverLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: MQO. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 2,000 (1983 C. and B. D. Grimes SIL). Region: North Maluku, interior north Halmahera Island, headwaters of Kao River. Alternate names: MADOLE. Dialects: NORTH MODOLE, SOUTH MODOLE. Comments: Minimal differences between north and south Modole. Language attitudes are positive. Some intermarriage with the Tobaru. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Pagu dialects. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__PaguLanguage s__KaoRiverLanguage__t 'The &%PaguLanguage is a &%KaoRiverLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: PGU. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 2,000 to 3,000 (1983 C. and B.D. Grimes SIL). Region: North Maluku, interior North Halmahera south of the Modole language area out to the mouth of the Kao River. Alternate names: PAGO, PAGOE. Dialects: ISAM, PAGU, TOLIWIKU (TOLILIKO). Comments: Investigation needed: intelligibility with Modole, Kao. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Muslim, Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SahuGroupLanguage 'Of the 14 &%NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguages, four closely related languages are classified as a &%SahuGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__GamkonoraLanguage s__SahuGroupLanguage__t 'The &%GamkonoraLanguage is a &%SahuGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: GAK. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,500 (1987 Voorhoeve and Visser). Region: North Halmahera, a few villages along the coast to the south of the Ibu area, north Maluku. Comments: 81% lexical similarity with Waioli. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Sahu subgroup. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Muslim, Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IbuLanguage 'The &%IbuLanguage is a &%SahuGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: IBU. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: A few speakers (1987 Voorhoeve and Visser). 50 to 200 in the ethnic group (1984). Region: North Maluku, northern Halmahera Island, mouth of Ibu River, villages of Gamlamo and Gamici. Comments: May be inherently intelligible with Sahu. All are elderly (1987). Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SahuLanguage 'The &%SahuLanguage is a &%SahuGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: SUX. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 7,500 including 3,500 in Talai, 4,000 in Padisua (1987 Voorhoeve and Visser). Region: North Maluku, southwestern north Halmahera Island. Alternate names: SAU, SAU, SAHUU. Dialects: PADISUA (PALISUA), TALAI. Comments: Close to Waioli and Gamkonora. Vigorous use in daily communication. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Sahu group. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Christian, Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WaioliLanguage 'The &%WaioliLanguage is a &%SahuGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: WLI. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 3,000 (1987 Voorhoeve and Visser). Region: North Halmahera, between Sahu and Ibu languages, north Maluku. Alternate names: WAJOLI, WAYOLI. Comments: Intelligibility testing needed with all languages in Sahu subgroup. 81% lexical similarity with Gamkonora. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Sahu group. Christian, Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TobaruLanguage s__TobaruLanguage__t s__NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage__t 'Of the 14 &%NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguages, one is classified as a &%TobaruLanguage (the &%TabaruLanguage).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TabaruLanguage 'The &%TabaruLanguage is a &%TobaruLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: TBY. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 15,000 (1991 Kotynski SIL). Region: North Maluku, Ibu, Jailolo, and Oba districts. Alternate names: TOBARU. Dialects: ADU, NYEKU. Comments: The northern dialect is the main one. The two dialects are inherently intelligible with each other. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TobeloGroupLanguage 'Of the 14 &%NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguages two closely related languages are classified as a &%TobeloGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TobeloLanguage s__TobeloGroupLanguage__t 'The &%TobeloLanguage is a &%TobeloGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: TLB. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 20,000 to 25,000 (1987 SIL). Region: North Maluku, north Halmahera Island, Tobelo, Kao, and Jailolo districts, and Maba and Wasile districts, Harmahera Tengah, northern half of Morotai, all coastal areas of Kao Bay and inland, Patani, Weda, Gane, Bacan, Obi, Ambon, Raja Ampat islands of Irian Jaya, Sorong, Irian Jaya. Dialects: DODINGA, BOENG, TOBELO (HELEWORURU). Comments: Bilingualism in Indonesian. Language attitudes are positive. Tobelo taught in middle school in Tobelo town. Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects, Tugutil. Dictionary. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TugutilLanguage 'The &%TugutilLanguage is a &%TobeloGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: TUJ. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,000 to 3,000 (1984 C. and B. D. Grimes SIL). Region: North Maluku, north Halmahera Island, inland around Kusuri, inland in Kecamatan Tobelo, around Taboulamo in Kecamatan Kao, in the pass between Lolobata and Buli in Kecamatan Wasilei, along the Dodaga and Tutuling rivers, and along the Akelamo and Mabulan rivers in Kecamatan Maba, Tanjung Lili, villages of Miaf, Bebseli, and Marasibno. A few along the Lili, Waisango, and Afu rivers, and reports of other places. Dialects: TELUK LILI, KUSURI. Comments: Possibly several dialects separated by large distances. Intelligibility with Tobelo dialects is inadequate. Bilingualism in Indonesian. Language attitudes are positive. Ethnically distinct from Tobelo. A group of forest peoples who have contact with village people for selling copra and purchasing supplies. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Traditional religion, Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WestMakianGroupLanguage s__WestMakianGroupLanguage__t 'Of the 14 &%NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguages, one is classified as a &%WestMakianGroupLanguage (the &%WestMakianLanguage).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WestMakianLanguage 'The &%WestMakianLanguage is a &%WestMakianGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: MQS. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 12,000 including 7,000 on Makian Island, 5,000 on Kayoa Islands (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Region: Western Makian Island, some of the Kayoa Islands, areas along the west coast of southern Halmahera, north Maluku. Alternate names: MAKIAN BARAT, MAKIAN LUAR. Comments: Language isolate within north Halmahera. Formerly classified as Austronesian. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage s__SouthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage__t s__NorthHalmaheraLanguage__t 'Of the 16 &%NorthHalmaheraLanguages, 14 are classified as a &%SouthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TernateLanguage 'The &%TernateLanguage is a &%SouthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: TFT. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 42,000 native speakers and 20,000 or more second language users (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: North Maluku, islands of Ternate, Kayoa, Bacan, Obi, and coastal communities on western north Halmahera. Lingua franca in northern and northeastern Halmahera. Comments: Close to Tidore. Vigorous use in daily communication. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Tidore. Trade language. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__TidoreLanguage 'The &%TidoreLanguage is a &%SouthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: TVO. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 26,000 native speakers, 20,000 or more second language users (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: North Maluku, islands of Tidore, Maitara, Mare, northern half of Moti, and some areas of west coast of Halmahera. Comments: Close to Ternate. Language attitudes are positive. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Ternate. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WitotoanLanguage 'A &%WitotoanLanguage is any of six related languages found in &%Peru and &%Colombia that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BoranLanguage s__BoranLanguage__t s__WitotoanLanguage__t 'A &%BoranLanguage is either of two closely related &%WitotoanLanguages, specifically the &%BoraLanguage or the &%MuinaneLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__BoraLanguage 'The &%BoraLanguage is a &%BoranLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: BOA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 to 2,500 in Peru (1998 SIL). Population total all countries: 2,500 to 3,000. Region: Northeast Yaguasyacu, Putumayo, Ampiyacu River area, five villages in Peru. Also spoken in Brazil, Colombia. Dialects: MIRANA. Comments: A distinct language from Bora Muinane but related. 94% intelligibility with Mirana. Dictionary. Grammar. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT 1982. Also spoken in: Brazil. (Language name: BORA.) Alternate names: BORO. Dialects: MIRANHA (MIRANA, MIRANIA). Comments: Mirana has 94% intelligibility with Bora. 457 Miran in Brazil (1986 SIL) no longer speak the language. SOV. Riverine. NT 1982. Also spoken in: Colombia. (Language name: BORA. Population: 500 in Colombia, including 100 or more Mirana and 400 other Bora. Alternate names: BORO. Dialects: MIRANA (MIRANHA), BORA. Comments: Mirana has 94% intelligibility with Bora. The Mirana want a school. SOV. Riverine. NT 1982.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MuinaneLanguage 'The &%MuinaneLanguage is a &%BoranLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: BMR. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 150 in Colombia (1982 SIL). Region: Upper Cahuinari, (tributary Caqueta) Amazonas. Alternate names: MUINANA, MUINANI, MUENAME. Comments: All are bilingual in Bora or Huitotoan languages. Not to be confused with Muinane Huitoto. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: Below 5%. NT 1981.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WitotoGroupLanguage 'A &%WitotoGroupLanguage is any of four closely related &%WitotoanLanguages, including the &%OcainaLanguage and the three &%WitotoProperLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OcainaGroupLanguage s__OcainaGroupLanguage__t s__WitotoGroupLanguage__t 'Of the four &%WitotoGroupLanguages, one is classified as an &%OcainaGroupLanguage. This is the &%OcainaLanguage of &%Peru.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OcainaLanguage 'The &%OcainaLanguage is an &%OcainaGroupLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: OCA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 150 to 250 in Peru (1982 SIL), 3 or 4 families in Colombia (1976 SIL). Population total both countries: 165 to 265. Region: Yaguasyacu, Ampuyacu, and Putumayo rivers, northeastern Peru. Alternate names: OKAINA. Dialects: DUKAIYA, IBOTSA. Comments: Bilingualism in Bora, Murui Huitoto, Spanish. Dictionary. Bible portions 1964-1971. Also spoken in: Colombia. (Language name: OCAINA.) Population: (3 or 4 families in Colombia, 1982 SIL). Alternate names: OKAINA. Dialects: DUKAIYA, IBOTSA. Comments: Bilingualism in Murui Huitoto, Bora, Spanish. Bible portions 1964-1971.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WitotoProperLanguage 'Of the four &%WitotoGroupLanguages, three are classified as a &%WitotoProperLanguage. These are the two &%MinicaMuruiLanguages and the one &%NipodeLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MinicaMuruiLanguage s__WitotoProperLanguage__t 'A &%MinicaMuruiLanguage is either of two closely related &%WitotoProperLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MinicaHuitotoLanguage 'The &%MinicaHuitotoLanguage is a &%MinicaMuruiLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: HTO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,700 in Colombia (1995 SIL). Population total both countries: 1,700. Region: Upper Igara-Parana. Caqueta River at Isla de los Monos, Caguan River near Sanvicente del Caguan. Alternate names: MI+NI+CA, MENECA, MINICA. Comments: Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 85%. NT 1985. Also spoken in: Peru. (Language name: HUITOTO, MI+NI+CA.) Population: 5 in Peru, 1,700 in Colombia (1995 SIL). Alternate names: MINICA HUITOTO. Comments: Dictionary. NT 1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__MuruiHuitotoLanguage s__MinicaMuruiLanguage__t 'The &%MuruiHuitotoLanguage is a &%MinicaMuruiLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: HUU. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,000 in Peru (1995 SIL), 1,900 in Colombia (1995 SIL). Population total both countries: 2,900. Region: Ampiyacu, Putumayo, and Napo rivers. None left in Brazil. Alternate names: BUE, WITOTO. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 1%, 1 9%, 2 45%, 3 35%, 4 9%, 5 1%. 90% of those under 50 are fairly bilingual in Spanish. Huitoto has more prestige in Colombia than in Peru. Dictionary. Grammar. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. 95% of those under 40 are literate. NT 1978. Also spoken in: Colombia. (Language name: HUITOTO, MURUI.) Population: 1,900 in Colombia (1995 SIL), 1,000 in Peru (1982 SIL). Alternate names: BUE, WITOTO. Comments: NT 1978.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NipodeLanguage s__NipodeLanguage__t 'The &%NipodeLanguage group consists solely of the &%NipodeHuitotoLanguage (a &%WitotoProperLanguage).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NipodeHuitotoLanguage 'The &%NipodeHuitotoLanguage is a &%NipodeLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: HUX. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 100 possibly (1991 SIL). Alternate names: NIPODE WITOTO, MUINANE HUITOTO. Comments: Bilingualism in Minica Huitoto, Murui Huitoto. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions 1961.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YanomamLanguage 'A &%YanomamLanguage is any of four languages found in &%Brazil and &%Venezuela that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NinamLanguage 'The &%NinamLanguage is a &%YanomamLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: SHB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 466 (1976 UFM), 236 in southern dialect, 230 in northern. Population total both countries 566. Region: Mucajai, upper Uraricaa, and Paragua rivers, Roraima. Alternate names: YANAM, XIRIANA, SHIRIANA CASAPARE, KASRAPAI, JAWAPERI, CRICHANA, JAWARI. Dialects: SOUTHERN NINAM (MUKAJAI), NORTHERN NINAM (URARICAA-PARAGUA). Comments: Generally monolingual, a few children are beginning to learn Portuguese. All ages. Distinct from the Arawakan Xiriana. Bible portions 1970. Also spoken in: Venezuela. (Language name: NINAM.) Population: 100 in Venezuela. Alternate names: YANAM, XIRIANA. Dialects: NORTHERN NINAM, SOUTHERN NINAM. Comments: In Venezuela all speakers are bilingual in Spanish or Arecuna or both. Bible portions 1970.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SanumaLanguage 'The &%SanumaLanguage is a &%YanomamLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: SAM. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 462 in Brazil (1976 UFM). Population total both countries: 1,500 to 4,500. Region: Auaris River, Roraima. Alternate names: TSANUMA, SANEMA, GUAIKA, SAMATARI, SAMATALI, XAMATARI. Dialects: CAURA, ERVATO-VENTUARI, AUARIS. Comments: Dialects are closely related. In some areas up to 25% of the speakers are bilingual in Maquiritare. Also spoken in: Venezuela. (Language name: SANUMA.) Population: 1,000 to 4,000 in Venezuela (1976 UFM). Alternate names: TSANUMA, SANEMA, GUAIKA, SAMATARI, SAMATALI, XAMATARI, CHIRICHANO. Comments: Three dialects. Nearly all are monolingual. See main entry under Brazil.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YanomamiLanguage 'The &%YanomamiLanguage is a &%YanomamLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: WCA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 9,000 (1994 SIL). Region: Waica post, Uraricuera River, Roraima, Toototobi post, Amazonas, Catrimani River, Roraima. Alternate names: WAICA, WAIKA, YANOAM, YANOMAM, YANOMAME, SURARA, XURIMA, PARAHURI. Dialects: YANAMAM (PATIMITHERI, WAIKA), YANOMAM (NAOMAM, GUADEMA, WADEMA, WAREMA), YANOMAY (TOOTOTOBI), NANOMAM (KARIME), JAUARI (JOARI, YOARI, AICA). Comments: Distinct from but related to Yanomamo of Brazil and Venezuela. Monolingual. Semi-nomadic. SOV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YanomamoLanguage s__YanomamLanguage__t 'The &%YanomamoLanguage is a &%YanomamLanguage of &%Venezuela. SIL code: GUU. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 12,000 to 14,000 in Venezuela (1991 AP). Population total both countries 13,500 to 16,000. Region: Orinoco-Mavaca area. The Eastern dialect is in the Parima Mountains, east of Batau River, Western dialect in Padamo River basin, Ocamo, Manaviche, and upper Orinoco rivers, and south of the Orinoco River up to headwaters of Marania and Cauaburi rivers, and a number of large villages in the Siapa River area in southern Venezuela. Alternate names: YANOMAME, YANOMAMI, GUAICA, GUAHARIBO, GUAJARIBO. Dialects: EASTERN YANOMAMI (PARIMA), WESTERN YANOMAMI (PADAMO-ORINOCO), COBARI (KOBALI, COBARIWA). Comments: Different from, but related to Yanomami (Waika) of Brazil. The Cobari dialect is easily intelligible with the others. Tropical forest. Hunters, agriculturalists: bananas, tubers, tobacco. NT 1984. Also spoken in: Brazil. (Language name: YANOMAMO. Population: 1,500 to 2,000 in Brazil. Alternate names: GUAICA, GUAHARIBO, YANOMA, YANOMAMI, SHAMATRI, SHAATHARI. Dialects: EASTERN YANOMAMI (PARIMA), WESTERN YANOMAMI (PADAMO-ORINOCO). Comments: Related to, but distinct from Yanomami of Brazil. Monolingual. NT 1984.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YeniseiOstyakLanguage s__YeniseiOstyakLanguage__t 'A &%YeniseiOstyakLanguage is either of two languages found in &%Russia (Asia) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__KetLanguage 'The &%KetLanguage is a &%YeniseiOstyakLanguage of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: KET. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 550 to 990 mother tongue speakers (80% to 85%) out of an ethnic population of 1,100 to 1,200 (1995, M. Krauss, 1991 A.E. Kibrik). Region: Upper Yenisei Valley, Krasnoyarski drai, Turukhansk and Baikitsk regions, Sulomai, Bakhta, Verkhneimbatsk, Kellog, Kangatovo, Surgutikha, Vereshchagino, Baklanikha, Farkovo, Goroshikha, and Maiduka villages. East of the Khanti and Mansi, eastern Siberia. Alternate names: YENISEI OSTYAK, YENISEY OSTIAK, IMBATSKI-KET Comments: Bilingualism in Russian. Youngest speakers are children or people 25 to 35 years old. No other extant related languages: the Arin, Assan, and Kott peoples became extinct in the 19th century. Traditional way of life has changed. Taught in 5 schools. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YughLanguage 'The &%YughLanguage is a &%YeniseiOstyakLanguage of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: YUU. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 2 or 3 semi-speakers out of an ethnic group of 10 to 15 (1991 G.K. Verner in Kibrik). Region: Turukhan region of the Krasnoyarsk krai at the Vorogovo settlement. Previously they lived along the Yenisei River from Yeniseisk to the mouth of the Dupches. Alternate names: YUG. Comments: No published descriptions of the language (1991). Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YukaghirLanguage s__YukaghirLanguage__t 'A &%YukaghirLanguage is either of two languages found in the &%Russia (Asia) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__NorthernYukaghirLanguage 'The &%NorthernYukaghirLanguage is a &%YukaghirLanguage of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: YKG. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 30 to 150 Tundra out of 230 to 1,100 in the ethnic group (1995 M. Krauss, 1989 census). Region: Yakutia and the Kamchatka Peninsula. Alternate names: YUKAGIR, JUKAGIR, ODUL, TUNDRA, TUNDRE, NORTHERN YUKAGIR. Comments: Not inherently intelligible with Southern Yukaghir (Kolyma). It may be distantly related to Altaic or Uralic. Even is the literary language used. Speakers below 50 years use Russian as second language. All can speak Yakut. Reindeer herdsmen and some other families can speak Even. Chukot is also used. Most speakers over 50 years old. Endangered. No sense of ethnic identity between speakers of the two Yukaghir varieties. In the 19th century their territory shrank because of merging clans, military clashes, assimilation with the Even, and later, collectivization. From the 1950s to the 1980s the state sent all children to boarding school. Odul is their name for themselves. SOV, postpositions, genitives, articles, adjectives, numerals, relatives before noun heads, question word not initial or final, 2 prefixes, 6 suffixes, word order focus preverbal, subjects and topics tend to be initial, affixes indicate case of noun phrases, person and number of subject indicated by obligatory verb phrases, split intransitivity: intransitive subjects encoded as transitive when nonfocus, focus marked the same way for intransitive subjects and direct objects, and only those, otherwise rather accusative, resultative, reflexive, reciprocal, causative, comparative, CV, CVCCVV, nontonal. Taught through fourth grade in the Adnriushkino settlement, and as an elective through eighth grade in Nelemnoye. Pine and deciduous forest. Riverine. Swidden agriculturalists, heavy dependence on the support of the government. Christian, traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__SouthernYukaghirLanguage 'The &%SouthernYukaghirLanguage is a &%YukaghirLanguage of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: YUX. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 10 to 50 speakers out of 130 in the ethnic group (1995 M. Krauss, 1989 census). Region: Yakutia and the Kamchatka Peninsula. Alternate names: YUKAGIR, JUKAGIR, ODUL, KOLYMA, KOLYM, SOUTHERN YUKAGIR. Comments: Not inherently intelligible with Northern Yukaghir. All can speak Russian as second language, especially those below 40. Those above 35 can speak Yakut, and those over 60 can speak Even. Russian is used as a literary language. All over 35 to 40 years old (1989). SOV, postpositions, genitives, articles, adjectives, numerals, relatives before noun heads, question word not initial or final, 2 prefixes, 6 suffixes, focus is preverbal, subjects and topics tend to be initial, affixes indicate case of noun phrases, person and number of subject is obligatory, split intransitivity: intransitive subjects encode as transitive when nonfocus, focus marked the same for intransitive subjects and direct objects, and only for those, otherwise rather accusative, resultative, reflexive, reciprocal, causative, comparative, CV, CVCCVV, nontonal. Pine and deciduous forest. Riverine. Swiden agriculturalists, heavy dependence on the support of the government. Christian, traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YukiGroupLanguage 'A &%YukiGroupLanguage is either of two languages found in the &%UnitedStates that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Both are now nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__WappoLanguage s__YukiGroupLanguage__t 'The &%WappoLanguage is a &%YukiGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: WAO. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 1 speaker (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin) out of a possible population of 50 (1977 SIL). Region: California, north of the San Francisco Bay area. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__YukiLanguage 'The &%YukiLanguage is a &%YukiGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: YUK. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 6 speakers (1990 census). Region: Round Valley Reservation, northern California. Comments: Bilingualism in English. All over 50 years old (1962 Chafe). The speakers in 1962 were not fluent in the language. Probably extinct (1977 SIL). Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ZamucoanLanguage 'A &%ZamucoanLanguage is either of two languages found in &%Paraguay that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AyoreoLanguage s__ZamucoanLanguage__t 'The &%AyoreoLanguage is a &%ZamucoanLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: AYO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 3,000 in Paraguay (1991). Population total both countries 4,000 to 4,500. Region: Chaco and northern Alto Paraguay departments. Alternate names: MOROTOCO, MORO, AYORE, PYETA YOVAI. Dialects: TSIRACUA. Comments: Partially nomadic. NT 1982. Also spoken in: Bolivia. (Language name: AYOREO.) Population: 1,000 to 1,500 in Bolivia. Alternate names: AYORE, MOROTOCO, MORO, PYETA, YOVAI. Dialects: TSIRICUA. Comments: Called Morotoco in Paraguay and Ayoreo in Bolivia. NT 1982.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ChamacocoLanguage 'The &%ChamacocoLanguage is a &%ZamucoanLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: CEG. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,800 (1991 Ulrich SIL). Region: Northeastern Chaco, eastern Alto Paraguay Department, Puerto Bahia Negra, Puerto Diana, Puerto Esperanza (On+ch+tah), Dos Estrellas, Potrerito, Fuerte Olimpo, along the Paraguay River. There may be some in Brazil. Alternate names: ISHIRO, JEYWO. Dialects: CHAMACOCO BRAVO (TOMARAHO, TOMARAXA), EBITOSO (ISHIRO). Comments: Bilingual proficiency in Spanish and Guarani is limited. All ages. Vigorous. Traditionally hunter-gatherers. Presently agriculturalists, animal husbandry: sheep, goats, pigs, cows, horses, poultry, ranch hands, day laborers, maids, basketry, wood carvers, selling alligator skins. Bible portions 1992-1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ZaparoanLanguage 'A &%ZaparoanLanguage is any of seven languages primarily found in &%Peru that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Many of these languages are now extinct or nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AndoaLanguage 'The &%AndoaLanguage is a &%ZaparoanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: ANB. ISO 639-2: sai. Region: Pastaza River. None in Ecuador. Alternate names: SHIMIGAE, SEMIGAE, GAE, GAYE. Comments: Some use Spanish as second language. The ethnic group speaks Pastaza Quechua. Integrated with the Quechua. A distinct language from Zaparo (Kayapwe) of Ecuador, which is now extinct in Peru. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ArabelaLanguage 'The &%ArabelaLanguage is a &%ZaparoanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: ARL. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 100 speakers out of 400 ethnic population (1998 SIL). Region: Arabela River, tributary of Napo. Alternate names: CHIRIPUNO, CHIRIPUNU. Comments: Bilingual level estimates are Quechua: 0 0%, 1 0%, 2 20%, 3 60%, 4 20%, 5 0%, Spanish: 0 0%, 1 20%, 2 40%, 3 30%, 4 10%, 5 0%. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Tropical forest. NT 1986.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__AushiriLanguage s__ZaparoanLanguage__t 'The &%AushiriLanguage is a &%ZaparoanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: AUS. ISO 639-2: sai. Region: Tributaries of the right bank of the Napo River, Escuelacocha. Alternate names: AUXIRA. Comments: Similar to Arabela. Distinct from Abishira (M. R. Wise SIL 1987). Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__CahuaranoLanguage 'The &%CahuaranoLanguage is a &%ZaparoanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: CAH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 5 (1976 SIL). Region: Nanay River. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. Speakers are middle-aged or older. It may be extinct. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__IquitoLanguage 'The &%IquitoLanguage is a &%ZaparoanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: IQU. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 150. Region: Northern Nanay River area. Alternate names: IQUITA, IKITO, AMACACORE, HAMACORE, QUITURRAN, PUCA-UMA. Comments: Widespread use of Spanish. Bible portions 1963.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__OmuranoLanguage 'The &%OmuranoLanguage is a &%ZaparoanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: OMU. ISO 639-2: sai. Alternate names: HUMURANA, ROAMAINA, NUMURANA, UMURANO, MAYNA. Comments: Became extinct by 1958. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__ZaparoLanguage 'The &%ZaparoLanguage is a &%ZaparoanLanguage of &%Ecuador. SIL code: ZRO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population 5 or 6 (1996 SIL). Extinct in Peru. Region: Pastaza Province, Peru border, between the Curaray and Bobonaza rivers. Alternate names: ZAPARA, KAYAPWE. Comments: Bilingualism in Quichua. A large ethnic group, which is integrated with the Quichua. Quichua is used exclusively in the home. Distinct from Andoa (Shimagae) of Peru. SOV. Tropical forest. Riverine. Swidden agriculturalists. 300 to 400 meters. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)' s__FaroeseLanguage '&%ISO-639-1: fo. The &%FaroeseLanguage is a West Scandinavian language spoken by inhabitants of the &%FaroeIslands, and by Faroese communities in &%Denmark.' s__FinnishLanguage '&%ISO-639-1: fi. &%FinnishLanguage (<i>Suomi</i> or <i>Suomen Kieli</i>) is the language spoken by the majority of the population of &%Finland, and by communities of ethnic Finns living outside of &%Finland.' s__IcelandicLanguage '&%ISO-639-1: is. &%IcelandicLanguage (<i>islenska</i>) is the official language of Iceland. It is a highly inflected &%NorthGermanicLanguage, most closely related to Old Norse and, among modern spoken language, &%FaroeseLanguage.' s__MaoriLanguage '&%ISO-639-1: mi. &%MaoriLanguage (<i>Te Reo Maori</i>) is an Eastern Polynesian language most closely related to Tahitian, Tuamotuan, and Cook Islands Maori. It is one of the official languages of &%NewZealand.' s__NorthernNdebeleLanguage '&%ISO-639-1: nd. &%NorthernNdebeleLanguage is a Nguni language spoken by the Ndebele or Matabele people of &%Zimbabwe.' s__SouthernNdebeleLanguage '&%ISO-639-1: nr. &%SouthernNdebeleLanguage is a Nguni language spoken by the Ndebele people of &%SouthAfrica.' s__NynorskNorwegianLanguage '&%ISO-639-1: nn. &%NynorskNorwegianLanguage is one of the two official written standards of the Norwegian language, the other being Dano-Norwegian or <i>Bokmal</i> (lit. <quote>book language</quote>).' s__NorwegianLanguage '&%ISO-639-1: no. &%NorwegianLanguage, a &%NorthGermanicLanguage, is the official language of &%Norway. It includes two official written (and, to some extent, spoken) forms: &%NynorskNorwegianLanguage and &%BokmalNorwegianLanguage.' s__subLanguage__m s__PartialOrderingRelation s__Language '(&%subLanguage ?&%Language-1 ?&%Language-2) means that ?&%Language-1 is included in, or subsumed by, ?&%Language-2. Since &%subLanguage is a &%ReflexiveRelation, every &%Language is a &%subLanguage of itself.' s__ChichewaLanguage '&%ISO-639-1: ny. &%ChichewaLanguage (lit. <quote>language of the Chewa</quote>) is a Bantu language widely spoken in south-central Africa. It is one of the official languages of &%Mawali, the other being the &%EnglishLanguage.' s__SouthernSothoLanguage '&%ISO-639-1: st. &%SouthernSothoLanguage is a Bantu language spoken mainly in &%SouthAfrica and &%Lesotho.' s__SwatiLanguage '&%ISO-639-1: ss. &%SwatiLanguage is a Bantu language of the Nguni language group, spoken primarily in &%SouthAfrica and &%Swaziland.' s__TswanaLanguage '&%ISO-639-1: tn. &%TswanaLanguage is a Bantu language. It is the majority and nation language of &%Botswana, but also is spoken in &%SouthAfrica, &%Zimbabwe, and &%Namibia. The largest number of speakers reside in &%SouthAfrica.' s__TsongaLanguage s__NigerCongoLanguage__t '&%ISO-639-1: ts. &%TsongaLanguage is a Bantu language spoken by the Tsonga people (also known as the Shangaan) of &%SouthAfrica, &%Swaziland, and &%Mozambique.' s__VendaLanguage '&%ISO-639-1: ve. &%VendaLanguage is a Bantu language spoken in &%SouthAfrica and &%Zimbabwe.' s__XhosaLanguage '&%ISO-639-1: xh. &%XhosaLanguage is a Bantu language spoken in &%SouthAfrica and &%Lesotho.' s__ZuluLanguage '&%ISO-639-1: zu. &%ZuluLanguage is a Nguni Bantu language spoken by the Zulu people, the majoriy of whom live in &%SouthAfrica. Notable communities of speakers also live in &%Swaziland, &%Zimbabwe, &%Mozambique, and &%Malawi.' s__CushiticLanguage 'Instances of the &%Class &%CushiticLanguage are spoken in the Horn of Africa. See the <a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushitic_languages>Wikipedia article on Cushitic languages</a>.' s__AfarLanguage s__CushiticLanguage__t 'The &%AfarLanguage is a &%CushiticLanguage spoken in &%Ethiopia, &%Eritrea, and &%Djibouti, and is thought to have about 1.5 million speakers as of April 2008. See the <a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_language>Wikipedia article on Afar language</a>.' s__AbkhazLanguage s__NorthCaucasianLanguage__t '&%AbkhazLanguage is a &%NorthCaucasianLanguage spoken mainly in Abkhazia and &%Turkey.' s__AkanLanguage s__AkanLanguage__t '&%AkanLanguage is a &%subclass of &%NigerCongoLanguage. The &%HumanLanguages that are &%instances of &%AkanLanguage are spoken mainly by related peoples in &%Ghana and eastern &%CoteDIvoire.' s__SemiticLanguage 'Instances of &%SemiticLanguage are spoken throughout much of the &%MiddleEastRegion, &%NorthernAfrica, and the Horn of Africa. &%SemiticLanguages were among the earliest to be written. See <a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages>Semitic languages in Wikipedia</a>.' s__SouthSemiticLanguage s__SouthSemiticLanguage__t s__SemiticLanguage__t s__AmharicLanguage s__WestSemiticLanguage s__ArabicLanguage s__HebrewLanguage s__WestSemiticLanguage__t s__AssameseLanguage s__AvarLanguage s__AvestanLanguage s__AzerbaijaniLanguage s__BashkirLanguage s__TurkicLanguage__t s__BambaraLanguage s__BengaliLanguage s__BihariLanguage s__TibetanLanguage s__BosnianLanguage s__BurmeseLanguage s__ChamorroLanguage s__ChechenLanguage s__ChineseLanguage s__ChineseLanguage__t s__ChuvashLanguage s__CreeLanguage s__CreeLanguage__t s__DhivehiLanguage s__DzongkhaLanguage s__EstonianLanguage s__EweLanguage s__FijianLanguage s__FulaLanguage s__GuaraniLanguage s__TupiLanguage__t s__HausaLanguage s__ChadicLanguage__t s__HereroLanguage s__HindiLanguage s__CroatianLanguage s__HungarianLanguage s__IgboLanguage s__IdoLanguage s__SichuanYiLanguage s__SinoTibetanLanguage__t s__InuktitutLanguage s__EskimoAleutLanguage__t s__InterlingueLanguage s__IndonesianLanguage s__InupiaqLanguage s__JavaneseLanguage s__KalaallisutLanguage s__KannadaLanguage s__DravidianLanguage__t s__KashmiriLanguage s__KanuriLanguage s__KazakhLanguage s__KhmerLanguage s__GikuyuLanguage s__KinyarwandaLanguage s__KyrgyzLanguage s__KomiLanguage s__UralicLanguage__t s__KongoLanguage s__KwanyamaLanguage s__KurdishLanguage s__LaoLanguage s__LimburgishLanguage s__LowFranconianLanguage__t s__LingalaLanguage s__LubaKatangaLanguage s__LugandaLanguage s__MarshalleseLanguage s__MalayalamLanguage s__MarathiLanguage s__MalayLanguage s__MalagasyLanguage s__MalteseLanguage s__MoldovanLanguage s__MongolianLanguage s__NauruanLanguage s__NavajoLanguage s__NaDeneLanguage__t s__NdongaLanguage s__NepaliLanguage s__AnishinaabeLanguage 'Ojibwe' 'Ojibwa' s__OriyaLanguage s__OromoLanguage s__OsseticLanguage s__PaliLanguage s__KirundiLanguage s__SanskritLanguage s__SerbianLanguage s__SinhaleseLanguage s__NorthernSamiLanguage s__SamoanLanguage s__ShonaLanguage s__SindhiLanguage s__SomaliLanguage s__SundaneseLanguage s__SwahiliLanguage s__TahitianLanguage s__TamilLanguage s__TatarLanguage s__TeluguLanguage s__TagalogLanguage s__ThaiLanguage s__TaiKadaiLanguage__t s__TigrinyaLanguage s__TonganLanguage s__AustronesianLanguage__t s__TurkishLanguage s__TwiLanguage s__UrduLanguage s__VietnameseLanguage s__VolapukLanguage s__WalloonLanguage s__WolofLanguage s__YorubaLanguage s__ZhuangLanguage s__ISO_639_1 s__LanguageCodeMap s__LanguageCodeMap__t 'This &%LanguageCodeMap states correspondences between the two-letter natural language denoting tokens defined in the ISO 639-1 standard, and constants defined in SUMO.' s__HumanLanguage af cy da de nl en fo fi fr gd ga is lb mi nd nr nn nb no ny st ss sv tn ts ve xh zu aa ab ak sq an hy ay eu be bi br bg ca cs cu kw co el eo fa fy ka gv gl gu ht ho ia it ja ko la lv lt mk oc pa pl pt ps qu rm ro ru sg sk sl es sc tg tk ug uk yi am ar as av ae az ba bm bn bh bo bs my ch ce zh cv cr dv dz et ee fj ff gn ha he hz hi hr hu ig io ii iu ie id ik jv kl kn ks kr kk km ki rw ky kv kg kj ku lo li ln lu lg mh ml mr ms mg mt mo mn na nv ng ne oj or om os pi rn sa sr si se sm sn sd so su sw ty ta tt te tl th ti to tr tw ur uz vi vo wa wo yo za s__involvedInEvent__m s__ReachingAgreement s__Stating s__ReachingAgreement__t 'Instances of this &%Class are &%Statings in which two or more agents affirm the same thing (acknowledge the truth of the same &%Propositions).' s__ClosingContract s__LicenseAgreement s__LicenseAgreement__t s__AgentPatientProcess s__AgentPatientProcess__t 'Instances of &%AgentPatientProcess have at least one &%agent and at least one &%patient. Unlike instances of &%IntentionalProcess, the &%agent need not be a &%CognitiveAgent. Cf. other high-level &%subclasses of &%Process, such as &%DualObjectProcess, &%InternalChange, and &%Motion.' s__ReceivingAnObjectFn__m '(&%ReceivingAnObjectFn ?CLASS) denotes a &%subclass of &%Getting, all instances of which have some instance of ?CLASS as the object received (&%patient).' s__Emailing s__WrittenCommunication s__Emailing__t 'An &%instance of &%Emailing is a &%Communication in which an &%EmailMessage is sent by one &%CognitiveAgent to another.' s__EmailMessage s__InPersonCommunication s__InPersonCommunication__t 'An &%instance of &%InPersonCommunication is a &%Communication that occurs between two or more &%Humans who are physically present to each other during the &%Communication.' s__observesHoliday__m '(&%observesHoliday ?&%CognitiveAgent ?&%Holiday) means that ?&%CognitiveAgent regards ?&%Holiday as an institutionally special (sacred, commemorative, celebratory) &%TimeInterval and participates, at least to some degree, in the rituals, ceremonies, or other activies associated with ?&%Holiday.' s__ChristianHoliday 'An &%instance of &%ChristianHoliday is a &%Holiday instituted and observed by &%members of &%Christianity.' s__JewishHoliday 'An &%instance of &%JewishHoliday is a &%Holiday instituted and observed by &%members of &%Judaism.' s__USHoliday 'An &%instance of &%USHoliday is a &%Holiday instituted and observed by &%citizens or inhabitants of the &%UnitedStates. Instances of &%USHoliday commemorate or celebrate key figures or events in the history of the nation, or focus attention on key national values or ideals.' s__Advent s__Advent__t s__MoveableHoliday 'An &%instance of &%Advent (&%LatinLanguage adventus = coming) is a &%TimeInterval that begins with an &%AdventSunday and includes the four &%Sundays preceding an &%instance of &%ChristmasDay. During this period, observant &%members of &%Christianity ritually anticipate the recurring celebration of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. Note that &%Advent is observed only in Western Christianity, which includes &%RomanCatholicism, &%Protestantism, and &%Anglicanism. The analog of &%Advent in Eastern Christianity, which includes &%EasternOrthodoxChristianity, is the Nativity Fast, which differs from &%Advent in length and significance.' s__AdventSunday s__AdventSunday__t s__Sunday 'An &%instance of &%AdventSunday is a &%Sunday that begins an &%instance of &%Advent.' s__ChristmasDay s__ChristmasDay__t 'An &%instance of &%ChristmasDay is a &%ChristianHoliday on which observant &%members of &%Christianity celebrate the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. In both the Gregorian and Julian calendars, &%ChristmasDay falls on December 25th, but since the two calendars are currently off by 13 days, the &%ChristmasDays assigned by each correspond to different actual (sidereal, UTC) days.' s__Lent s__Lent__t 'In Western Christianity, an &%instance of &%Lent is a 40-day period of (relative) fasting and reflection preceding an &%instance of &%EasterSunday. In the US, &%Lent is observed predominantly by &%RomanCatholics, with lesser participation by members of other &%Christian denominations, some of which even consider &%Lent not to be a legitimate &%ChristianHoliday.' s__EasterSunday "40" s__PalmSunday s__PalmSunday__t 'An &%instance of &%PalmSunday is a &%ChristianHoliday that commemorates the <quote>Triumphal Entry</quote> of Jesus into Jerusalem in the days preceding his crucifixion. The actual date of a &%PalmSunday is determined by the date of the corresponding &%EasterSunday, and so, like Easter, Palm Sunday is a &%MoveableHoliday.' s__EasterSunday__t s__ChristianHoliday__t 'An &%instance of &%EasterSunday is a &%ChristianHoliday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth. Easter is a movable holiday, falling between late March and late April for Western Chrisitanity (Gregorian calendar), and between early April and early May for Eastern Christianity (Julian calendar). Easter is calculated to occur near the Jewish holiday &%Passover, the date of which is determined according to the Jewish lunar calendar.' s__Epiphany s__Epiphany__t 'An &%instance of &%Epiphany is a &%ChristianHoliday that is celebrated on January 6th in both the Gregorian and Julian calendars. In Western Christianity, it commemorates the visit of the Magi to the infant Jesus. In Eastern Christianity, it commemorates Jesuss baptism in the Jordan River and manifestation as the Son of God. In this tradition, the holiday is also called Theophany.' s__AscensionThursday s__AscensionThursday__t s__Thursday 'An &%instance of &%AscensionThursday is a &%ChristianHoliday that celebrates the bodily ascension of Jesus to heaven following his resurrection.' s__Pentecost s__Pentecost__t 'An &%instance of &%Pentecost is a &%ChristianHoliday that commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit onto the Apostles and other followers of Jesus, as described in the Book of Acts.' "50" s__Hanukkah s__Hanukkah__t s__JewishHoliday__t 'An &%instance of &%Hanukkah is a &%JewishHoliday that lasts for eight nights, and commemorates the rededication of the Temple in Jerusalem during the 2nd century BCE, at the time of the Maccabean Revolt. According to the Jewish (Hebrew) religious calendar, Hanukkah begins at sunset on 25 Kislev.' s__Passover s__Passover__t 'An &%instance of &%Passover is a &%JewishHoliday that lasts for seven nights, or eight nights among Conservative and Orthodox Jews in the Diaspora. Technically, Passover is the first night of (or, immediately precedes) the Festival of Unlevened Bread. &%Passover commemorates the liberation of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt, as recounted in the Book of Exodus. In the Jewish (Hebrew) calendar, &%Passover begins at sunset on 14 Nisan.' s__USThanksgivingDay s__USThanksgivingDay__t s__USHoliday__t 'An &%instance of &%USThanksgivingDay is a &%USHoliday celebrated yearly on the fourth &%Thursday of &%November. The holiday commemorates the feasts of Thanksgiving instituted by early English settlers in the New World, most notably the 1621 Thanksgiving at Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. In the &%UniteStates, &%USThanksgivingDay traditionally is the one national holiday for which entire families strive to come together, with members often traveling great distances. Note that &%Canada celebrates its own Thanksgiving, on the second &%Monday of &%October, with tradition, significance, and foods that parallel the &%UnitedStates version.' s__ElectronicDataStorageDevice s__DataStorageDevice s__ElectronicDataStorageDevice__t 'An &%instance of &%ElectronicDataStorageDevice is a &%DataStorageDevice intended to be used for storing data (information) in some encoding scheme designed to be interpreted by electronic devices.' s__DigitalDataStorageDevice 'An &%instance of &%DigitalDataStorageDevice is an &%ElectronicDataStorageDevice intended to be used for storing data (information) in some digital (discrete bit) encoding scheme designed for interpretation by computers.' s__DigitalData s__CodeMap s__BinaryNumber s__AudioDataStorageDevice 'An &%instance of &%AudioDataStorageDevice is a &%DataStorageDevice intended to be used for storing data, encoded information, obtained from sound, in some encoding scheme that, given suitable technology, can be reproduced as sound.' s__VideoDataStorageDevice s__VideoDataStorageDevice__t 'An &%instance of &%VideoDataStorageDevice is a &%DataStorageDevice intended to be used for storing data obtained from visual inputs (e.g., eyes or cameras), in some encoding scheme that, given suitable technology, can be reproduced as visual outputs.' s__AudioVisualDataStorageDevice s__DataDisplayDevice 'An &%instance of &%DataDisplayDevice is a &%Device intended to be used to display data information in some visual form (e.g., &%Images or visible &%LinguisticExpressions).' s__TextualImage 'Instances of &%TextualImage are &%Images that include depictions of &%LinguisticExpressions, such as stylized characters or acronyms.' s__Image s__TextualImage__t s__Logo 'Instances of &%Logo are &%Images that identify a particular &%Agent, typically an &%Organization, and the use of which may be reserved to the identified &%Agents through trademark registry or other legal sanction.' s__Logo__t s__TextDocument 'Instances of &%TextDocument are &%Documents that have at least one &%part that is an &%instance of &%Text.' s__Document s__Correspondence 'Instances of &%Correspondence are &%Documents that typically are sent from a specific sending &%Agent to at least one receiving &%Agent, and typically adhere to formatting conventions motivated, in part, by the practical concern of ensuring reliable message transmission and understanding in a given medium: email messages, FAX messages, personal letters, business letters, etc.' s__Letter s__Correspondence__t s__ContractDocument s__ContractDocument__t s__TextDocument__t 'Instances of &%ContractDocument are &%TextDocuments that describe the terms of a contract.' s__FaxMessage s__FaxMessage__t 'Instances of &%FaxMessage are &%Documents that &%result from the transmission of information via a &%FaxMachine, or technology that emulates a &%FaxMachine, such as a personal computer running FAX software and connected to a video monitor or printer.' s__Fax 'Instances of &%EmailMessage are &%Documents that are intended to be transmitted via electronic mail technology, and that conform to the required textual format of such messages.' s__EmailMessage__t s__HardcopyDocument s__VisualContentBearingObject s__HardcopyDocument__t s__HardocpyDocument s__HardocpyDocument__t 'An &%instance of &%HardcopyDocument is a tangible (solid, touchable) &%Document, which typically has a number of printed sheets as &%components.' s__PrintedSheet 'An &%instance of &%PrintedSheet is a piece of flat material such as paper, vellum, or plastic on which some &%Image or &%LinguisticExpression has been written, printed, embossed, or otherwise deposited.' s__PrintedSheet__t s__Flat s__PrintedBook s__PrintedBook__t s__Book 'An &%instance of &%PrintedBook is a &%Book manifest as a &%HardcopyDocument.' s__Blackboard s__Blackboard__t s__DisplayArtifact s__Poster 'An &%instance of &%Poster is a &%PrintedSheet intended to be posted on a horizontal surface, so as to make the information it displays visible to passers by.' s__Poster__t s__Transparency 'An &%instance of &%Transparency is a transparent sheet through which images may be transmitted onto a screen by light projection.' s__Transparent s__OHPTransparency 'An &%instance of &%OHPTransparency is a &%Transparency intended for use with an overhead projector.' s__OHPTransparency__t s__Transparency__t s__ProjectionSlide 'An instance of &%ProjectionSlide is a &%Transparency intended for use with a slide (not overhead) projector.' s__ProjectionSlide__t s__OpticalDisc 'This &%Class comprises several &%subclasses of disc-shaped data storage devices. Unless otherwise indicated, &%instances of all of these classes are generally consist of plastic discs incorporating one or more reflective layers of gold or aluminum, which is pitted by a laser to encode data.' s__Gold s__CompactDisc 'An &%instance of &%CompactDisc is a flat, disc-shaped &%DigitalDataStorageDevice that has a reflective medium on at least one side, in which a laser is used to write and read bits of data.' s__DigitalDataStorageDevice__t s__OpticalDisc__t "120" s__Millimeter s__AudioCDSystem s__AudioCDSystem__t '&%AudioCDSystem is a type of &%MediaSystem that plays &%AudioRecording' 'cd player' '(? [V__DISC,V__AUDIO,V__RS,V__DIGITAL,V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DIGITAL,s__Object) & s__instance(V__RS,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DISC,s__Object) & s__instrument(V__PROC,V__PLAYER) & s__patient(V__PROC,V__DISC) & s__instance(V__DISC,s__CompactDisc) & s__instance(V__AUDIO,s__AudioRecording) & s__represents(V__DIGITAL,V__AUDIO) & s__part(V__DIGITAL,V__DISC) & s__instance(V__RS,s__RadiatingSound) & s__subProcess(V__RS,V__PROC) & s__instrument(V__RS,V__PLAYER) & s__patient(V__RS,V__DISC)))' s__CDROM 'An &%instance of &%CDROM is a &%CompactDisc in the CompactDisc-ReadOnlyMemory (CD-ROM) format, which allows no modification of data after it has been written.' s__CDROM__t s__CompactDisc__t s__Minidisc 'An &%instance of &%Minidisc is a disc-shaped &%DigitalDataStorageDevice smaller than a standard-size &%CompactDisc, but employing the same technology.' s__Minidisc__t "80" s__DVD 'An &%instance of &%DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) is a disc-shaped &%DigitalDataStorageDevice similar to a &%CompactDisc, but with a larger storage capacity.' s__DVD__t s__DVDSystem s__DVDSystem__t '&%DVDSystem is a type of &%MediaSystem that is able to play the contents of &%VideoRecording and &%AudioRecording stored in a &%DVD' 'dvd player' '(? [V__DVD,V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__DVD,s__DVD) & s__instrument(V__PROC,V__X) & s__patient(V__PROC,V__DVD) & ((? [V__VIDEO,V__DVIDEO,V__RL] : (s__instance(V__RL,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DVIDEO,s__Object) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DVD,s__Object) & s__instance(V__VIDEO,s__VideoRecording) & s__represents(V__DVIDEO,V__VIDEO) & s__part(V__DVIDEO,V__DVD) & s__instance(V__RL,s__RadiatingLight) & s__subProcess(V__RL,V__PROC) & s__instrument(V__RL,V__X) & s__patient(V__RL,V__VIDEO))) | (? [V__AUDIO,V__DAUDIO,V__RS] : (s__instance(V__RS,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DAUDIO,s__Object) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DVD,s__Object) & s__instance(V__AUDIO,s__AudioRecording) & s__represents(V__DAUDIO,V__AUDIO) & s__part(V__DAUDIO,V__DVD) & s__instance(V__RS,s__RadiatingSound) & s__subProcess(V__RS,V__PROC) & s__instrument(V__RS,V__X) & s__patient(V__RS,V__AUDIO))))))' s__TapeCassette s__TapeCassette__t 'An &%instance of &%TapeCassette is an &%ElectronicDataStorageDevice consisting of some length of &%RecordingTape enclosed in a protective plastic case.' s__RecordingTape s__DigitalAudioTapeCassette 'An &%instance of &%DigitalAudioTapeCassette (DAT) is a &%DigitalDataStorageDevice consisting of &%RecordingTape enclosed in a plastic case, intended primarily for storing sound (audio) data in some digital encoding.' s__DigitalAudioTapeCassette__t s__RecordingTape__t 'An &%instance of &%RecordingTape is length of magnetic tape used to store data encoded in some electronic (digital or analog) encoding.' s__TapeRecorder s__AudioRecorder s__TapeRecorder__t '&%TapeRecorder is a type of &%AudioRecorder that stores the recorded &%AudioRecording on a &%RecordingTape' 'tape recorder' '(? [V__AUDIO,V__TAPE,V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__TAPE,s__Object) & s__instance(V__AUDIO,s__Object) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__IntentionalProcess) & s__instrument(V__PROC,V__X) & s__result(V__PROC,V__AUDIO) & s__instance(V__AUDIO,s__AudioRecording) & s__instance(V__TAPE,s__RecordingTape) & s__holdsDuring(V__PROC,s__connected(V__TAPE,V__X)) & s__before(s__BeginFn(s__WhenFn(V__PROC)),s__BeginFn(s__WhenFn(s__part(V__AUDIO,V__TAPE))))))' s__AudioCassette 'An &%instance of &%AudioCassette is a tape cassette intended primarily for storing audio (sound) data encoded in some electronic format.' s__AudioCassette__t s__AudioDataStorageDevice__t s__VideoCassette 'An &%instance of &%VideoCassette is a &%TapeCassette designed for the storage of recorded audio-visual data in some electronic encoding.' s__AudioVisualDataStorageDevice__t s__VHSCassette 'An &%instance of &%VHSCassette is a &%VideoCassette in which data is encoded in the VHS format.' s__VHSCassette__t s__VideoCassette__t s__VCRSystem s__VCRSystem__t '&%VCRSystem is a type of &%MediaSystem that can play &%AudioRecording and &%VideoRecording that is stored in a &%VHS' 'vcr system' '(? [V__VHS,V__PROC,V__VIDEO,V__AVIDEO,V__RL,V__AUDIO,V__AAUDIO,V__RS] : (s__instance(V__RS,s__Process) & s__instance(V__AAUDIO,s__Object) & s__instance(V__AUDIO,s__Object) & s__instance(V__RL,s__Process) & s__instance(V__AVIDEO,s__Object) & s__instance(V__VIDEO,s__Object) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__VHS,s__Object) & s__instance(V__VHS,s__VHSCassette) & s__instrument(V__PROC,V__VCR) & s__patient(V__PROC,V__VHS) & s__instance(V__VIDEO,s__VideoRecording) & s__represents(V__AVIDEO,V__VIDEO) & s__part(V__VIDEO,V__VHS) & s__instance(V__AUDIO,s__AudioRecording) & s__represents(V__AAUDIO,V__AUDIO) & s__part(V__AAUDIO,V__AVIDEO) & s__part(V__AUDIO,V__VHS) & s__instance(V__RL,s__RadiatingLight) & s__patient(V__RL,V__VIDEO) & s__subProcess(V__RL,V__PROC) & s__instance(V__RS,s__RadiatingSound) & s__patient(V__RS,V__AUDIO) & s__subProcess(V__RS,V__PROC)))' s__MultimediaFile 'An &%instance of &%MultimediaFile is a &%ComputerFile that can contain (encode) multimedia content: images, text, and/or sound.' s__ComputerFile s__MultimediaFile__t s__MUSFile 'An &%instance of &%MUSFile is a &%ComputerFile produced by the Finale system.' s__MUSFile__t s__ImageFile s__JPGFile 'An &%instance of &%JPGFile is an &%ImageFile encoded in JPG (JPEG) format.' s__JPGFile__t s__PDFFile 'An &%instance of &%PDFFile is an &%ImageFile encoded in PDF (Portable Document Format) format.' s__PDFFile__t s__DOCFile 'An &%instance of &%DOCFile is an &%ImageFile encoded in .doc format (e.g., a Microsoft Word file).' s__DOCFile__t s__EBookFile 'An &%instance of &%EBookFile is an &%ImageFile encoded in eBook format, for rendering by an eBook reading device.' s__EBookFile__t s__DigitalSignature 'An &%instance of &%DigitalSignature is an &%ImageFile that encodes an &%Image (picture) of a persons signature (hand-written legal name).' s__DigitalSignature__t s__ImageFile__t s__AudioFile s__AudioRecording s__AudioVisualFile 'An &%instance of &%AudioVisualFile is a &%ComputerFile that can contain information intended to be rendered as sounds for visual images.' s__AudioVisualFile__t s__AudioFile__t s__XMLFile 'An &%instance of &%XMLFile is a &%ComputerFile that contains data marked up (formatted) in the eXtensible Markup Language format.' s__XMLFile__t s__WebPage 'An &%instance of &%WebPage is a chunk of &%DigitalData typically displayed (metaphorically) as one <quote>page</quote> by a web browser. Note that a &%WebPage might be dynamically generated, might include data assembled from many different files or storage media (e.g., databases), and so might not exist as a unitary &%ComputerFile.' s__WebPage__t s__DigitalData__t s__WebSite 'An &%instance of &%WebSite is a body of &%ComputerData that can be accessed at a specific virtual location identified by a &%UniformResourceLocator and rendered as &%WebPages by a web browser.' s__WebSite__t s__SoftwareFile 'An &%instance of &%SoftwareFile is a &%ComputerFile that contains information (&%containsInformation) which constitutes (instantiates) a &%ComputerProgram.' s__SoftwareFile__t s__SoftwareSystem s__ComputerProgram s__MacOS s__OperatingSystem s__MacOS__t s__OperatingSystem__t 'A &%Class, the &%subclasses of which are the different types of the &%OperatingSystems developed by Apple Computer to run its Macintosh line of &%Computers.' s__MicrosoftWindows s__MicrosoftWindows__t 'A &%Class, the &%subclasses of which are the different types of the related &%OperatingSystems developed by Microsoft Corporation to run &%Computers.' s__SymbianOS s__SymbianOS__t 'A &%Class, the &%subclasses of which are the different types of &%OperatingSystems developed by Symbian, Ltd., to run a variety of mobile devices such as &%MobileCellPhones.' s__UnicodeString 'An &%instance of &%UnicodeString is a &%SymbolicString that contains Unicode character encodings, typically decimal or hexadecimal XML/HTML character entities.' s__UnicodeString__t s__BookStore s__RetailStore s__BookStore__t s__RecordingCompany s__Publisher s__RecordingCompany__t 'An &%instance of &%RecordingCompany is a &%Business that makes sound recordings for commercial release.' s__BookPublisher s__BookPublisher__t 'An &%instance of &%BookPublisher is a &%Publisher of &%Books.' s__FuneralArranger s__FuneralArranger__t 'An &%instance of &%FuneralArranger is a &%Business that enbalms dead &%Human bodies and conducts &%Funerals.' s__Crematorium s__Crematorium__t 'An &%instance of &%Crematorium is a &%Business that incinerates corpses, reducing them to ashes.' s__CopyrightAuthority s__CopyrightAuthority__t 'An &%instance of &%CopyrightAuthority is an &%Organization with whom a creative work may or must be registered for the purpose of establishing copyright.' s__Artist s__EntertainmentProfession 'This &%RelationalAttribute describes an &%Agent that contributes to a &%Performance, or to some form of &%ContentDevelopment that &%results in an &%ArtWork.' s__Performer 'This &%RelationalAttribute describes an &%agent of a &%Performance.' s__Actor 'This &%RelationalAttribute describes an &%agent of a &%DramaticPerformance.' s__Choir s__MusicalGroup s__Choir__t 'A &%Choir is a &%MusicalGroup that performs &%VocalMusic.' s__MakingMusic s__MakingVocalMusic s__MusicalPerformance s__states__m s__Sentence '(&%holdsDuring ?T1 (&%states ?AGENT ?SENTENCE)) means that at time ?T1, ?AGENT is the &%agent of a &%LinguisticCommunication in which the &%patient is ?SENTENCE. Note that ?SENTENCE could be a &%Formula.' s__composer__m s__MusicalComposition s__authors__m '(&%composer ?AGENT ?COMPCLASS) means that ?AGENT wrote (created the propositional content) expressed in all instances of the subclass of &%MusicalComposition ?COMPCLASS.' s__MusicalConductor 'The &%RelationalAttribute &%MusicalConductor describes the &%agent of a &%MusicalConducting process.' s__JesusOfNazareth s__ReligiousJew s__ReligiousJew__t '&%JesusOfNazareth is the central figure of &%Christianity, revered by most &%Christians as the incarnation of God, and also is an important figure in several other religions. See the article on <a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus>Jesus</a> in <a href=http://www.wikipedia.org/>Wikipedia</a>.' 'Jesus' 'Yehoshua' 'Yeshua' "-6" "36" s__TwelveApostles 'The &%TwelveApostles is the group of 12 core disciples of &%JesusOfNazareth who knew him during his lifetime, as described in the &%ChristianGospels and the Acts of the Apostles. According to the gospel accounts, Judas Iscariot betrays Jesus and then leaves the group, but later is replaced by Matthias, restoring the groups number to 12.' s__Angel s__Deity s__Angel__t s__Deity__t 'In the mythologies of the worlds major monotheistic religions -- &%Judaism, &%Christianity, and &%Islam -- &%Angels are portrayed as a &%Class of beings that fall somewhere between &%Humans and &%God on the scale of divinity. &%Humans typically encounter &%Angels when the latter are acting as messengers (&%GreekLanguage singular: angelos) or intermediaries for &%God. Such encounters often are described as occurring in dreams, or in trance experiences.' s__NativityMagi 'In the &%ChristianGospel of Matthew, the &%NativityMagi are Zoroastrian astrologers (&%GreekLanguage singular: magos) who visit the infant &%JesusOfNazareth, bringing him symbolic gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. Matthew does not mention the number of magi, but later tradition has assumed three, based on the number of gifts described. See the article <a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Magi>Biblical Magi</a> in <a href=http://www.wikipedia.org/>Wikipedia</a>.' s__exactCardinality__m 'This relation expresses the number of values that a particular argument to a relation can have if all other values remain fixed.' s__RadiationMeasure s__absorbedDose__m s__occupation__m s__uniqueIdentifier__m s__legalGuardian__m s__most__m s__MimeEncodingScheme s__mimeType__m s__subordinatePosition__m s__MilitaryUnit s__subEchelon__m s__OneDimensionalFigure s__lineMeasure__m s__WaterVehicle s__MassMeasure s__vesselDeadWeightTonnage__m s__expressedInLanguage__m s__successorAttributeClosure__m s__EducationalOrganization s__teacher__m s__DeviceStateAttribute s__deviceState__m s__PowerSource s__voltageMeasure__m s__equipmentCount__m s__floorCode__m s__barometricPressure__m s__powerComponent__m s__legalRelation__m s__completelyFills__m s__unitNumber__m s__birthdate__m s__dateEstablished__m s__possesses__m s__releaseForSale__m s__Argument s__premise__m s__cousin__m s__copy__m s__format__m s__disputedPossession__m s__Transitway s__routeBetween__m s__PostcodeArea s__postPostcodeArea__m s__organizationName__m s__grandmother__m s__stepmother__m s__ancestorOrganization__m s__depth__m s__friend__m s__ComputerComponent s__unitMeasuringPerformance__m s__exactlyLocated__m s__dependencyDelay__m s__subSystem__m s__before__m s__Recording s__producedBy__m s__ComputerProcess s__dataProcessed__m s__Residence s__tenant__m s__MusicChart s__musicChartPeriod__m s__mutualAcquaintance__m s__ComputerOutputDevice s__standardOutputDevice__m s__transitwayCapacityCount__m s__producedOn__m s__RealtimeSystem s__granularity__m s__potentialOfHydrogen__m s__contains__m s__smaller__m s__describes__m s__discovers__m s__lengthOfStandardGaugeRailway__m less__m s__militaryAge__m s__alias__m s__precondition__m s__ComputerUser s__UserName s__userName__m s__fleetSize__m s__prefers__m s__codeMapping__m s__identicalListItems__m s__TransitSystem s__routeInSystem__m s__lengthOfNarrowGaugeRailway__m s__SystemBehaviorAttribute s__systemBehavior__m s__commandLineArguments__m s__subsumedExternalConcept__m s__postCountry__m s__home__m s__Set s__subset__m s__inverse__m s__releaseForConsumption__m s__BeliefGroup s__beliefGroupPercentInRegion__m s__surface__m s__width__m s__holdsRight__m s__wears__m s__date__m s__transitwayCapacityRate__m s__linearExtent__m s__conjugate__m s__localLongName__m s__originalTitle__m s__fears__m s__confersRight__m s__secretesSubstance__m s__computerRunning__m s__experiencer__m s__spouse__m s__representsInLanguage__m s__entails__m s__deathplace__m s__domesticPartner__m s__ProcessStatus s__status__m s__FieldOfStudy s__hasExpertise__m s__BiochemicalAgent s__lethalDose__m s__side__m s__MilitaryOrganization s__militaryOfArea__m s__Graph s__graphMeasure__m s__lengthOfCrudeOilPipeline__m s__memberTypeCount__m s__older__m s__MilitaryProcess s__fitForMilitaryService__m s__trafficableForTrafficType__m greatereq__m s__son__m s__alternativeTitle__m s__engineeringSubcomponent__m s__nameBeforeKeyName__m s__birthday__m s__moves__m s__AchievingControl s__gainsControl__m s__LegalAction s__defendant__m s__GraphNode s__GraphArc s__links__m s__TelecomNumber s__telecomCountryCode__m s__record__m s__Class s__disjointDecomposition__m s__hasOccupation__m s__TwoDimensionalAngle s__GeometricFigure s__angleOfFigure__m s__stored__m s__arcWeight__m s__Toxin s__secretesToxin__m s__acquaintance__m s__homeAddress__m s__meltingPoint__m s__DiseaseOrSyndrome s__diseaseMortality__m s__trichotomizingOn__m s__nephew__m s__benefits__m s__hasAward__m s__meetsTemporally__m s__postDistrict__m s__settlingTime__m s__exhaustiveAttribute__m s__conditionalProbability__m s__intelligenceQuotient__m s__formerName__m s__runsOn__m s__plaintiff__m s__grasps__m s__irreflexiveOn__m s__TelephonyDevice s__deviceTelecomNumber__m s__imageResolution__m s__inScopeOfInterest__m s__transported__m s__effectiveDose__m s__hasPurposeForAgent__m s__BiologicalAgent s__biologicalAgentCarrier__m s__termFormat__m s__IllicitDrug s__drugShipmentDestination__m s__desires__m s__MusicRecording s__songArtist__m s__finishes__m s__headquartersOfOrganization__m s__ComputerResponse s__responseRate__m s__airTemperature__m s__meetsSpatially__m s__lengthOfMultipleTrackRailway__m s__approves__m s__consistent__m s__componentDataID__m s__connects__m s__Album s__albumRelease__m s__targetInAttack__m s__penetrates__m s__identityElement__m s__telephoneNumber__m s__albumCoverImage__m s__processList__m s__CareOrganization s__medicalPatient__m s__ComputerNetwork s__BitsPerSecond s__bandwidthOf__m s__lengthOfUnpavedHighway__m s__DeonticAttribute s__agreementClause__m s__stringConcatenation__m s__programRunning__m s__Shipping s__cargo__m s__maximumPayloadHeightWidth__m s__LexiconCategory s__lexicon__m s__inhabits__m s__GeometricPoint s__pointOfFigure__m s__disapproves__m s__valence__m s__angularMeasure__m s__temporallyBetween__m s__domainSubclass__m s__engineers__m s__disjoint__m s__MilitaryVehicle s__Weapon s__weaponCarryingCapability__m s__Discography s__discography__m s__playsRoleInEvent__m s__ComputationalSystem s__PriorityAttribute s__priority__m s__financialAsset__m s__vesselDisplacement__m s__direction__m s__ComputerPath s__batchLatency__m s__personalPhoneNumber__m s__religiousAffiliationOfOrganization__m s__policyOwner__m s__vesselGrossRegisteredTonnage__m s__overlapsPartially__m s__ComputerInputDevice s__standardInputDevice__m s__atomicNumber__m s__maximumPayloadCapacity__m s__TruthValue s__truth__m s__faxNumber__m s__stringLength__m s__partialOrderingOn__m s__conclusion__m s__albumLength__m s__citizen__m s__catalyst__m s__albumArtist__m s__partition__m s__UserRequest s__responseTime__m s__Music s__musicInterpretation__m s__pointOfIntersection__m s__load__m s__patientMedical__m s__connectsEngineeringComponents__m s__MonitoringProgram s__benchmarkPerformance__m s__issuedBy__m s__version__m s__routeStart__m s__ObjectiveNorm s__deprivesNorm__m s__nameIndexOrder__m s__wants__m s__Radiating s__wavelength__m s__orientation__m s__property__m s__measurementReading__m s__cooccur__m s__diameter__m s__sendRate__m s__aunt__m s__half__m s__Railway s__trackWidth__m s__weight__m s__NounPhrase s__sententialSubject__m s__cohabitant__m s__overlapsTemporally__m s__ideologicalAffiliationOfOrganization__m s__filename__m s__DesignPatternAttribute s__designPattern__m s__hole__m s__doubts__m s__requestRate__m s__mother__m s__controlled__m s__between__m s__minimumReplications__m s__stepfather__m s__diseaseTreatment__m s__AltitudeMeasure s__absoluteHeight__m s__allegiance__m s__partiallyFills__m s__locatedAtTime__m s__totalLengthOfRailwaySystem__m s__capableAtLocation__m s__localShortName__m s__agreementEffectiveDate__m s__anniversary__m s__fleetGrossRegisteredTonnage__m s__subordinateInOrganization__m s__StartupBlock s__startupOf__m s__standardErrorDevice__m s__affiliatedOrganization__m s__wife__m s__illicitDrugShipmentDestination__m s__TransportationDevice s__cargoType__m s__mutualStranger__m s__ProcessTask s__task__m s__Demonstrating s__attends__m s__siteForContact__m s__believes__m s__referenceTitle__m s__workPhoneNumber__m s__needs__m s__sibling__m s__stranger__m s__maximumReplications__m s__navigableForDraft__m s__length__m s__element__m s__recordingLength__m s__ResourceManagementProgram s__rMProgram_of__m s__crosses__m s__student__m s__abbreviatedDisplayTitle__m s__ComputerStatus s__hostStatus__m s__enemy__m s__subGraph__m s__translatedTitle__m s__dependencyType__m s__militaryExpendituresInUSDollars__m s__lengthOfElectrifiedRailway__m s__UserAccount s__hasAccount__m s__piece__m s__hopes__m s__recordingCompany__m s__geographicSubregion__m s__subField__m s__expects__m s__monetaryWage__m s__closedOn__m s__ChemicalProcess s__reactant__m s__simpleDeadline__m s__independentProbability__m s__GraphElement s__graphPart__m s__biochemicalAgentSyndrome__m s__monitorApplicationData__m s__uncle__m s__bottom__m s__occupiesPosition__m s__electronNumber__m s__TimingRequirementAttribute s__complexity__m s__illicitDrugProducer__m s__biochemicalAgentAntidote__m s__postCity__m s__capability__m s__familyName__m s__memberType__m s__earlier__m s__yearOfFounding__m s__leader__m s__equivalentContentClass__m s__groupingTitle__m s__distributes__m s__Virus s__geneticSubstrateOfVirus__m s__diseaseIncubation__m s__biochemicalAgentDelivery__m s__dateUsed__m s__Roadway s__postStreet__m s__editor__m s__effectiveRange__m s__lengthOfPavedHighway__m s__considers__m s__fills__m s__musicGenre__m s__birthplace__m s__waterDepth__m s__enjoys__m s__parallel__m s__sideOfFigure__m s__EthnicGroup s__ethnicityPercentInRegion__m s__ancestor__m s__sententialObject__m s__givenName__m s__immediateInstance__m s__Abort s__processAborted__m s__average__m s__StrictnessAttribute s__strictness__m s__ColorAttribute s__color__m s__reflexiveOn__m s__agreementPeriod__m s__GraphPath s__pathLength__m s__subrelation__m s__synonymousExternalConcept__m s__boilingPoint__m s__subProposition__m s__playsRoleInEventOfType__m s__MeasuringPerformance s__performanceResult__m s__lengthOfExpresswaySystem__m s__traverses__m s__militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDP__m s__dataID__m s__dislikes__m s__properlyFills__m s__TransportationCompany s__providesDestination__m s__ComputerResource s__resourceUsed__m s__multiplicativeFactor__m s__Plan s__subPlan__m s__grandparent__m s__flagState__m s__relatedEvent__m s__fleetDeadWeightTonnage__m s__greaterThanByQuality__m s__changesLocation__m s__realization__m s__Experimenting s__experimentalControl__m s__relatedExternalConcept__m s__middleName__m s__domain__m s__coworker__m s__hasDependency__m s__constructionPeriod__m s__TwoDimensionalObject s__tangent__m s__comment__m s__precedesInString__m s__mobilePhoneNumber__m s__causesSubclass__m s__telecomCode2__m s__starts__m s__relatedInternalConcept__m s__groupMember__m s__heartBeatRate__m s__subString__m s__subCollection__m s__anthem__m s__Gun s__caliber__m s__uses__m s__musicChartBy__m s__top__m s__niece__m s__frequency__m s__Character s__inString__m s__origin__m s__employs__m s__diseaseSymptom__m s__titleInLanguage__m s__successorAttribute__m s__increasesLikelihood__m s__immediateSubclass__m s__measure__m s__during__m s__resource__m s__subclass__m s__contestParticipantRepresentation__m s__displayTitle__m s__capacity__m s__hostOf__m s__superficialPart__m s__illicitDrugTransshipmentPoint__m s__sliceOfFigure__m s__equivalenceRelationOn__m s__totalPipelineInArea__m s__lengthOfPetroleumProductPipeline__m s__albumType__m s__causesProposition__m s__programCopy__m s__reagent__m s__lacks__m s__criticalityLevel__m s__ChangeOfControl s__losesControl__m s__protonNumber__m s__IPAddress s__ipAddressOf__m s__workAddress__m s__sister__m s__onboard__m s__lengthOfDualGaugeRailway__m s__numberOfCPUs__m s__Neighborhood s__postNeighborhood__m s__eventPartlyLocated__m s__softwarePath__m s__registeredItem__m s__confersObligation__m s__contraryAttribute__m s__beforeOrEqual__m s__hostileForces__m s__computerResponseTo__m s__initialList__m s__MoleculeStructuralAttribute s__hasMolecularStructuralAttribute__m s__dataStreamSlack__m s__humanName__m s__totalLengthOfWaterways__m s__component__m s__exhaustiveDecomposition__m s__processID__m s__telecomAreaCode__m s__disjointRelation__m s__coaches__m s__equivalentContentInstance__m s__memberAtTime__m s__commentator__m s__representsForAgent__m s__subProcess__m s__larger__m s__parent__m s__ProteinStructuralAttribute s__Protein s__associatedFunctionality__m s__internationalDispute__m s__hasSkill__m s__conveyance__m s__instance__m s__faces__m s__rangeSubclass__m s__FormOfAdaptationAttribute s__formOfAdaptation__m s__titles__m s__postContactSite__m s__serviceRecipient__m s__subAttribute__m s__age__m s__insured__m s__subsumesContentClass__m s__UniformClothing s__hasUniform__m s__sortingTitle__m s__height__m s__altitude__m s__pathInSystem__m s__contestParticipant__m s__deceptiveIdentifier__m s__DevelopmentalAttribute s__lifeStageAchieved__m s__navigableForShippingTonnage__m s__third__m s__knows__m s__memorySize__m s__brother__m s__hasPurpose__m s__telecomExtension__m s__father__m s__systemMeasured__m s__subsumingExternalConcept__m s__radius__m s__portNumber__m s__documentation__m s__containsInformation__m s__agentName__m s__inhibits__m s__albumTrack__m s__speaksLanguage__m s__MilitaryRank s__commandRankOfEchelon__m s__ShutdownBlock s__shutdownOf__m s__result__m s__interiorPart__m s__hardwareType__m s__geometricPart__m s__nameAfterKeyName__m s__subList__m s__thresholdOf__m s__StructureAttribute s__structure__m s__causes__m s__totalOrderingOn__m s__conforms__m s__acronym__m s__minCardinality__m s__routeEnd__m s__ViralCellInvasion s__invadingVirus__m s__deathdate__m s__daughter__m s__ladenDraft__m s__postStreetNumber__m s__decreasesLikelihood__m s__batchInterArrival__m s__geometricDistance__m s__overlapsSpatially__m s__abstractCounterpart__m s__husband__m s__equipmentType__m s__time__m s__militaryExpendituresInUSDollarsInPeriod__m s__subtitle__m s__slidingWindowSize__m s__maxCardinality__m s__MerchantMarine s__fOCShipsByOrigin__m s__externalImage__m s__connectedEngineeringComponents__m s__musician__m s__inList__m s__neighbor__m s__totalLengthOfHighwaySystem__m s__duration__m s__collectRate__m s__stays__m s__inventory__m s__VideoRecording s__musicVideo__m s__prevents__m s__path__m s__languagePercentInRegion__m s__monitorComponentData__m s__landlord__m s__sideEffect__m s__keyName__m s__originalExpressedInLanguage__m s__holdsDuring__m s__modalAttribute__m s__powerPlant__m s__fullNameIndexOrder__m s__lengthOfNaturalGasPipeline__m s__fullName__m s__LyricalContent s__lyricist__m s__misspelledTitle__m s__hostJitter__m s__PlacingUnderArrest s__arrested__m s__exploits__m s__AbstractionLevelAttribute s__abstractionLevel__m s__totalFacilityTypeInArea__m s__axis__m s__relative__m s__lengthOfBroadGaugeRailway__m s__operator__m s__temporallyBetweenOrEqual__m s__emailAddress__m s__grandfather__m s__illicitDrugConsumer__m s__homePhoneNumber__m s__humanCapacity__m s__carries__m s__lengthOfUnclassifiedGaugeRailway__m s__contractor__m s__ShipRegister s__marineInventory__m s__PostalAddressText s__postAddressText__m s__coordinates__m s__telecomCoreNumber__m s__topSpeed__m s__range__m s__productModel__m s__holdsObligation__m s__Phrase s__grammaticalRelation__m s__ComputerDirectory s__directoryOf__m s__canonicalPlaceName__m s__developmentalForm__m s__EnvironmentSoftwareAttribute s__environmentAttributes__m s__Number s__passengerCapacityMaxNumber__m s__confersNorm__m s__TaskRelationAttribute s__taskRelation__m s__memberCount__m s__militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDPInPeriod__m s__HardwareSystem s__defaultNetwork__m s__telecomContactDevice__m s__contestEntry__m s__PassengerVehicle s__personTransportCapability__m s__ComputerPassword s__password__m s__publishes__m s__subsumesContentInstance__m s__manner__m s__postPostOfficeBox__m s__contestOrganizer__m s__quarter__m s__parasite__m s__areaOfResponsibility__m lesseq__m 'This relation expresses the minimum number of values that a particular argument to a relation can have if all other values remain fixed.' 'This relation expresses the maximum number of values that a particular argument to a relation can have if all other values remain fixed.' s__ClassificationScheme 'An &%instance of &%CodeMap is a &%ClassificationScheme that specifies correspondences (typically, one to one or one to many) between members of a set of tokens (typically, short alphanumeric &%SymbolicStrings) and other entities. In most cases, the other entities will be terms (logical constants) that denote SUMO concepts.' 'An &%instance of &%LanguageCodeMap is a &%CodeMap that specifies correspondences (typically, one to one or one to many) between members of a set of tokens that identifiy languages, and SUMO terms.' s__CurrencyCodeMap s__CurrencyCodeMap__t s__CodeMap__t 'An &%instance of &%CurrencyCodeMap is a &%CodeMap that specifies correspondences (typically, one to one or one to many) between members of a set of tokens that identifiy currencies, and SUMO terms.' s__GeographicCodeMap 'An &%instance of &%GeographicCodeMap is a &%CodeMap that specifies correspondences (typically, one to one or one to many) between members of a set of tokens that identifiy geographic areas, and SUMO terms.' '(&%codeMapping ?&%CodeMap ?&%SymbolicString ?&%Entity) means that the token ?&%SymbolicString, which is defined or specified in ?&%CodeMap, corresponds to the SUMO concept denoted by ?&%Entity.' s__ISO_4217_A 'This &%CurrencyCodeMap states correspondences between three-letter alphabetic tokens defined in the ISO 4217 standard, and constants defined in SUMO. Note that for most of the alphabetic tokens, ISO 4217 also defines a corresponding three-digit numeric token with the same meaning.' s__AlphabeticString 'AUD' 'BWP' 'CAD' 'DKK' 'EUR' 'GBP' 'ISK' 'LSL' 'MWK' 'NOK' 'NZD' 'SEK' 'SZL' 'USD' 'ZAR' 'ZMK' 'ZWD' 'AED' 'AFA' 'ALL' 'AMD' 'AOA' 'ATS' 'AZM' 'BBD' 'BDT' 'BEF' 'BGN' 'BHD' 'BIF' 'BMD' 'BND' 'BOB' 'BRL' 'BSD' 'BTN' 'BYR' 'BZD' 'CDF' 'CHF' 'CLP' 'CNY' 'COP' 'CRC' 'CUP' 'CVE' 'CYP' 'CZK' 'DEM' 'DJF' 'DOP' 'DZD' 'EEK' 'EGP' 'ESP' 'ETB' 'FIM' 'FJD' 'FRF' 'GEL' 'GHC' 'GMD' 'GNF' 'GRD' 'GTQ' 'GYD' 'HKD' 'HNL' 'HTG' 'HUF' 'IDR' 'IEP' 'ILS' 'INR' 'IQD' 'IRR' 'ITL' 'JMD' 'JOD' 'JPY' 'KES' 'KGS' 'KHR' 'KPW' 'KRW' 'KWD' 'KYD' 'KZT' 'LAK' 'LBP' 'LKR' 'LRD' 'LTL' 'LUF' 'LVL' 'LYD' 'MAD' 'MDL' 'MGF' 'MMK' 'MNT' 'MOP' 'MRO' 'MTL' 'MUR' 'MXN' 'MYR' 'MZM' 'NGN' 'NIO' 'NLG' 'NPR' 'OMR' 'PAB' 'PEI' 'PGK' 'PHP' 'PKR' 'PLN' 'PTE' 'PYG' 'QAR' 'ROL' 'RUB' 'RWF' 'SAR' 'SCR' 'SDG' 'SGD' 'SKK' 'SLL' 'SOS' 'SRG' 'STD' 'SVC' 'SYP' 'THB' 'TJS' 'TMM' 'TND' 'TOP' 'TRL' 'TTD' 'TWD' 'TZS' 'UAH' 'UGX' 'UYU' 'UZS' 'VEB' 'VND' 'XAF' 'XOF' 'YER' 'YUM' s__Serbia 'The Republic of &%Serbia is a &%Nation that historically formed part of &%Yugoslavia, then part of &%SerbiaAndMontenegro, and most recently has become an &%IndependentState after recognizing the secession of &%Montenegro from &%SerbiaAndMontenegro on 5 &%June 2006.' s__Montenegro '&%Montenegro is a &%Nation that historically formed part of &%Yugoslavia, then part of &%SerbiaAndMontenegro, and most recently has become an &%IndependentState after seceding from &%SerbiaAndMontenegro on 3 &%June 2006.' "2006" '(~ s__instance(s__SerbiaAndMontenegro,s__IndependentState))' s__AalandIslands 'The &%AalandIslands form a partly autonomous &%Archipelago in the &%BalticSea that is administratively part of &%Finland, but is populated mostly by ethnic Swedes.' s__PalestinianTerritories 'For the purposes of &%ISO-3166-1-alpha-2, the &%PalestinianTerritories are those &%LandAreas militarily controlled and sporadically occupied by the State of &%Israel, but claimed and partly administered by the &%PalestinianLiberationOrganization (in the case of the &%WestBank) or Hamas (in the case of the &%GazaStrip).' s__SvalbardAndJanMayenIsland 'For the purposes of &%ISO-3166-1-alpha-2, &%SvalbardAndJanMayenIsland comprises an &%Archipelago, &%Svalbard, and an &%Island, &%JanMayenIsland, both of which are considered to be full administrative &%parts of &%Norway.' s__UnitedStatesMinorOutlyingIslands 'This &%Collection is a statistical convenience introduced in 1986, and designated by &%ISO-3166-1-alpha-2 code UM.' s__ISO_3166_1_alpha_2 s__GeographicCodeMap__t 'This &%GeographicCodeMap states correspondences between two-letter alphabetic tokens defined in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 standard, and constants defined in SUMO. Note that for most of the alphabetic tokens, the accompanying ISO 3166-1 numeric standard defines a corresponding three-digit numeric token with the same meaning.' 'AD' 'AF' 'AM' 'AO' 'AR' 'AT' 'AU' 'AX' 'AZ' 'BA' 'BB' 'BD' 'BE' 'BF' 'BG' 'BH' 'BI' 'BJ' 'BN' 'BO' 'BR' 'BS' 'BT' 'BW' 'BY' 'BZ' 'CA' 'CD' 'CF' 'CI' 'CL' 'CM' 'CN' 'CO' 'CR' 'CV' 'CU' 'CY' 'CZ' 'DE' 'DJ' 'DK' 'DM' 'DO' 'DZ' 'EE' 'EG' 'ER' 'ET' 'FI' 'FJ' 'FM' 'FR' 'GA' 'GB' 'GD' 'GE' 'GG' 'GH' 'GM' 'GN' 'GQ' 'GR' 'GT' 'GW' 'GY' 'HN' 'HR' 'HT' 'HU' 'ID' 'IE' 'IL' 'IM' 'IN' 'IQ' 'IR' 'IS' 'IT' 'JE' 'JM' 'JO' 'JP' 'KE' 'KG' 'KH' 'KI' 'KM' 'KP' 'KR' 'KW' 'KZ' 'LA' 'LB' 'LI' 'LR' 'LS' 'LT' 'LU' 'LV' 'LY' 'MA' 'MC' 'MD' 'ME' 'MG' 'MH' 'ML' 'MN' 'MR' 'MT' 'MU' 'MV' 'MW' 'MX' 'MY' 'NA' 'NL' 'NO' 'NZ' 'ZA' 'SE' 'SV' 'SZ' 'TD' 'TL' 'US' 'VA' 'ZM' 'ZW' 'MZ' 'MM' 'NR' 'NP' 'NI' 'NE' 'NG' 'OM' 'PK' 'PW' 'PA' 'PG' 'PY' 'PE' 'PH' 'PL' 'PT' 'QA' 'RO' 'RU' 'RW' 'KN' 'LC' 'VC' 'WS' 'SM' 'ST' 'SA' 'SN' 'RS' 'SC' 'SL' 'SG' 'SK' 'SI' 'SB' 'SO' 'ES' 'LK' 'SD' 'SR' 'CH' 'SY' 'TJ' 'TZ' 'TH' 'MK' 'TG' 'TO' 'TT' 'TN' 'TR' 'TM' 'UG' 'UA' 'AE' 'UY' 'UZ' 'VU' 'VE' 'VN' 'YE' 'AS' 'AI' 'AQ' 'AW' 'BM' 'BV' 'IO' 'KY' 'CX' 'CC' 'CK' 'FK' 'FO' 'GF' 'PF' 'TF' 'GI' 'GL' 'GP' 'GU' 'HM' 'HK' 'MO' 'MQ' 'YT' 'MS' 'AN' 'NU' 'NF' 'MP' 'PS' 'PN' 'PR' 'RE' 'SH' 'PM' 'GS' 'SJ' 'TW' 'TK' 'TC' 'UM' 'VG' 'VI' 'WF' 'EH' s__AlphabeticCharacter s__DecimalDigitString s__DigitCharacter s__TerritoryID s__LocalizablePlaceID s__TerritoryID__t s__TerritoryCode s__TerritoryCode__t s__IsoCode s__CountryID s__CountryID__t s__DistrictID s__DistrictID__t s__UsStateCode s__UsStateCode__t s__SubDistrictID s__SubDistrictID__t s__AccountID s__VirtualPlaceID s__AccountID__t s__BankAccountNumber s__BankAccountNumber__t s__FilePath s__VirtualAddress s__FilePath__t s__EmailAddress s__EmailAddress__t s__WebAddress s__URL s__URL__t s__WebAddress__t s__StandardIdentifier s__Identifier s__IsoCode__t s__FormalIdentifier s__IsoLanguageCode s__IsoLanguageCode__t s__AlphaNumericString s__AlphaNumericString__t s__AlphaNumericIDString s__AlphaNumericIDString__t s__FormalIdentifier__t s__NumericString4 s__NumericString4__t s__DecimalDigitString__t s__NumericIDString s__NumericIDString__t s__AlphaIDString s__AlphaIDString__t s__Alpha3String s__Alpha3String__t s__Alpha3IDString s__Alpha3IDString__t s__Alpha2String s__Alpha2String__t s__AlphabeticString__t s__Alpha2IDString s__Alpha2IDString__t s__ProprietaryIdentifier s__ProprietaryIdentifier__t s__ProductID s__StandardProductID s__StandardProductID__t s__ProductID__t s__StandardIdentifier__t s__UPC s__UPC__t s__ISBN s__ISBN__t s__ISMN s__ISMN__t s__ISRC s__ISRC__t s__PartyID s__AgentID s__AgentID__t s__PartyID__t s__CustomerID s__CustomerID__t s__PersonID s__PersonID__t s__EmployeeID s__EmployeeID__t s__EmployeeNumber s__EmployeeNumber__t s__UserID s__UserID__t '(&%acronym ?STRING ?ENTITY) means that ?STRING consists of the initial (capitalized) letters of a multiword name for ?ENTITY. Example: IBM is an &%acronym identifying (naming) a company for which the full name is International Business Machines.' '(&%titleInLanguage ?STRING ?WORKCLASS ?LANGUAGE) means that in the &%Language ?LANGUAGE, &%instances of the &%ContentBearingPhysical ?WORKCLASS bear the title ?STRING.' '(&%alternativeTitle ?STRING ?WORKTYPE ?LANGUAGE) means that in the &%Language ?LANGUAGE, ?STRING is an alternative title for &%instances of the &%ContentBearingPhysical ?WORKTYPE.' '(&%sortingTitle ?STRING ?WORKTYPE ?LANGUAGE) means that in the &%Language ?LANGUAGE, ?STRING is the version of the title for &%instances of the &%ContentBearingPhysical ?WORKTYPE to be used for alphabetic sorting.' '(&%displayTitle ?STRING ?WORKTYPE ?LANGUAGE) means that in the &%Language ?LANGUAGE, ?STRING is the version of the title of &%instances of &%ContentBearingPhysical ?WORKTYPE to be used for display to a &%Consumer, as specified by the &%RightsController.' '(&%abbreviatedDisplayTitle ?STRING ?WORKTYPE ?LANGUAGE) means that in the &%Language ?LANGUAGE, ?STRING is the abbreviated version of the title of &%instances of &%ContentBearingPhysical ?WORKTYPE to be used for display to a &%Consumer, as specified by the &%RightsController.' '(&%referenceTitle ?STRING ?WORKTYPE ?LANGUAGE) means that in the &%Language ?LANGUAGE, ?STRING is the detailed reference version of the title of &%instances of &%ContentBearingPhysical ?WORKTYPE, as specified in the &%ReferenceDescriptiveMetadataSet.' '(&%originalTitle ?STRING ?WORKTYPE ?LANGUAGE) means that in the &%Language ?LANGUAGE, ?STRING is the original title of &%instances of &%ContentBearingPhysical ?WORKTYPE, as specified in the &%ReferenceDescriptiveMetadataSet.' '(&%groupingTitle ?STRING ?WORKTYPE ?LANGUAGE) means that in the &%Language ?LANGUAGE, ?STRING is the title of &%instances of the &%ContentBearingPhysical ?WORKTYPE. Each &%instance of ?WORKTYPE is a &%Collection, the &%members of which also are &%instances of &%ContentBearingPhysical.' '(&%misspelledTitle ?STRING ?WORKTYPE ?LANGUAGE) means that in the &%Language ?LANGUAGE, ?STRING is a misspelled version of the title of &%instances of &%ContentBearingPhysical ?WORKTYPE.' '(&%subtitle ?STRING ?WORKTYPE ?LANGUAGE) means that in the &%Language ?LANGUAGE, ?STRING is an addendum or supplement to the title for &%instances of the &%ContentBearingPhysical ?WORKTYPE.' '(&%translatedTitle ?STRING ?WORKTYPE ?LANGUAGE) means that the title for &%instances of the &%ContentBearingPhysical ?WORKTYPE in the &%Language ?LANGUAGE is ?STRING, and that ?STRING is a translation of a different (original) title in a different &%Language. See &%originalTitle.' s__AntisymmetricRelation s__ReflexiveRelation '(&%keyName ?S1 ?S2) means that ?S1 is the &%subString of ?S2 (i.e., the component name) typically used for alphabetical name indexing.' '(&%fullName ?STRING ?OBJ) means that ?STRING is a (more or less) complete name for ?OBJ, having all of the &%parts (fields, name components) possible for ?OBJs name. The &%parts of ?STRING, if any, may be in conventional order, or in indexed (for alphabetic sorting) order. Examples: George W. Bush, The White House, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.' '(&%fullNameIndexOrder ?STRING ?OBJ) means that ?STRING is a full name for ?OBJ, having all of the &%subStrings (fields, components) that occur in ?OBJs complete name. The first component of ?STRING will be the indexed &%subString identified by &%keyName. Example: Bush, George W.' '(&%nameIndexOrder ?STRING ?OBJ) means that ?STRING is a full or partial name for ?OBJ, and that the first component of ?STRING is the indexed &%subString identified by &%keyName. Example: Bush, George.' '(&%nameAfterKeyName ?STRING ?KEY ?NAMESTRING) means that ?STRING and ?KEY are &%subStrings of ?NAMESTRING, and ?STRING occurs after ?KEY in ?NAMESTRING.' '(&%nameBeforeKeyName ?STRING ?KEY ?NAMESTRING) means that ?STRING and ?KEY are &%subStrings of ?NAMESTRING, and ?STRING occurs before ?KEY in ?NAMESTRING.' '(&%agentName ?STRING ?OBJ) means that ?STRING is a full or partial name for the &%Agent ?OBJ.' '(&%humanName ?STRING ?OBJ) means that ?STRING is a full or partial name for the &%Human ?OBJ.' '(&%organizationName ?STRING ?OBJ) means that ?STRING is a full or partial name for the &%Organization ?OBJ.' 'An object is an &%instance of a &%SetOrClass if it is included in that &%SetOrClass. An individual may be an instance of many classes, some of which may be subclasses of others. Thus, there is no assumption in the meaning of &%instance about specificity or uniqueness.' s__IntransitiveRelation 'An object is an &%immediateInstance of a &%SetOrClass if it is an instance of the &%SetOrClass and it is not an instance of a proper subclass of &%SetOrClass.' 'The inverse of a &%BinaryRelation is a relation in which all the tuples of the original relation are reversed. In other words, one &%BinaryRelation is the inverse of another if they are equivalent when their arguments are swapped.' '(&%subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2, i.e. every instance of ?CLASS1 is also an instance of ?CLASS2. A class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses.' s__IntransitiveRelation__t 'A &%SetOrClass ?CLASS1 is an &%immediateSubclass of another &%SetOrClass ?CLASS2 just in case ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2 and there is no other subclass of ?CLASS2 such that ?CLASS1 is also a subclass of it.' '(&%subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2) means that every tuple of ?REL1 is also a tuple of ?REL2. In other words, if the &%Relation ?REL1 holds for some arguments arg_1, arg_2, ... arg_n, then the &%Relation ?REL2 holds for the same arguments. A consequence of this is that a &%Relation and its subrelations must have the same &%valence.' s__InheritableRelation 'Provides a computationally and heuristically convenient mechanism for declaring the argument types of a given relation. The formula (&%domain ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INTth element of each tuple in the relation ?REL must be an instance of ?CLASS. Specifying argument types is very helpful in maintaining ontologies. Representation systems can use these specifications to classify terms and check integrity constraints. If the restriction on the argument type of a &%Relation is not captured by a &%SetOrClass already defined in the ontology, one can specify a &%SetOrClass compositionally with the functions &%UnionFn, &%IntersectionFn, etc.' '&%Predicate used to specify argument type restrictions of &%Predicates. The formula (&%domainSubclass ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INTth element of each tuple in the relation ?REL must be a subclass of ?CLASS.' 'Gives the range of a function. In other words, (&%range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are &%instances of ?CLASS.' '(&%rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are &%subclasses of ?CLASS.' 'Specifies the number of arguments that a relation can take. If a relation does not have a fixed number of arguments, it does not have a valence and it is an instance of &%VariableArityRelation.' 'A relation between objects in the domain of discourse and strings of natural language text stated in a particular &%HumanLanguage. The domain of &%documentation is not constants (names), but the objects themselves. This means that one does not quote the names when associating them with their documentation.' 'A relation that specifies how to present an expression in a natural language format.' 'A relation that specifies how to present a term in a natural language format.' '&%Classes are &%disjoint only if they share no instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying &%IntersectionFn to them is empty.' 'This predicate relates two &%Relations. (&%disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2) means that the two relations have no tuples in common.' s__Predicate s__Predicate__t 'A &%contraryAttribute is a set of &%Attributes such that something can not simultaneously have more than one of these &%Attributes. For example, (&%contraryAttribute &%Pliable &%Rigid) means that nothing can be both &%Pliable and &%Rigid.' 'This predicate relates a &%Class to a set of &%Attributes, and it means that the elements of this set exhaust the instances of the &%Class. For example, (&%exhaustiveAttribute &%PhysicalState &%Solid &%Fluid &%Liquid &%Gas &%Plasma) means that there are only five instances of the class &%PhysicalState, viz. &%Solid, &%Fluid, &%Liquid, &%Gas and &%Plasma.' 'An &%exhaustiveDecomposition of a &%Class C is a set of subclasses of C such that every instance of C is an instance of one of the subclasses in the set. Note: this does not necessarily mean that the elements of the set are disjoint (see &%partition - a &%partition is a disjoint exhaustive decomposition).' 'A &%disjointDecomposition of a &%Class C is a set of subclasses of C that are mutually &%disjoint.' 'A &%partition of a class C is a set of mutually &%disjoint classes (a subclass partition) which covers C. Every instance of C is an instance of exactly one of the subclasses in the partition.' s__EquivalenceRelation 'Means that the two arguments are related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity of meaning between them. To indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO concept and a concept from another source, use the Predicate &%relatedExternalConcept.' 'Used to signify a three-place relation between a concept in an external knowledge source, a concept in the SUMO, and the name of the other knowledge source.' '(&%synonymousExternalConcept ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING has the same meaning as ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE.' '(&%subsumingExternalConcept ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING subsumes the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is broader in meaning than ?STRING.' '(&%subsumedExternalConcept ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING is subsumed by the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is narrower in meaning than ?STRING.' 'A link between an Entity and a URL that represents or exemplifies the term in some way.' 'Means that the second argument can be ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it.' '(&%successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that ?ATTR2 is the &%Attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1 on the scale that they share.' 'The transitive closure of &%successorAttribute. (&%successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that there is a chain of &%successorAttribute assertions connecting ?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2.' '(greaterThanByQuality ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2 ?ATT) means that ?ENTITY1 has more of the given quality ?ATT than ?ENTITY2)' 'The operator of logical entailment. (&%entails ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 can be derived from ?FORMULA1 by means of the proof theory of SUO-KIF.' s__AssignmentFn__m 'If F is a &%Function with a value for the objects denoted by N1,..., NK, then (&%AssignmentFn F N1 ... NK) is the value of applying F to the objects denoted by N1,..., NK. Otherwise, the value is undefined.' s__PowerSetFn__m '(&%PowerSetFn ?CLASS) maps the &%SetOrClass ?CLASS to the &%SetOrClass of all &%subclasses of ?CLASS.' 'The universal class of individuals. This is the root node of the ontology.' s__Physical__t 'An entity that has a location in space-time. Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in space-time.' 'Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary objects. Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions, and locations of &%Processes, the complement of &%Objects in the &%Physical class. In a 4D ontology, an &%Object is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the time-axis.' s__SelfConnectedObject__t 'A &%SelfConnectedObject is any &%Object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts.' s__OrganicThing 'A &%SelfConnectedObject that is produced by a non-intentional process from an &%Organism. Note that this refers only to the primary cause. That is, a &%PlantAgriculturalProduct is firstly produced by a &%Plant, and only secondarily by a &%Human that is tending the plant.' s__FrontFn__m s__SpatialRelation__t s__PartialValuedRelation 'A &%Function that maps an &%Object to the side that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the direction in which the &%Object moves. Note that this is a partial function, since some &%Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the &%range of this &%Function is indefinite in much the way that &%ImmediateFutureFn and &%ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases.' s__BackFn__m s__PartialValuedRelation__t 'A &%Function that maps an &%Object to the side that is opposite the &%FrontFn of the &%Object. Note that this is a partial function, since some &%Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the &%range of this &%Function is indefinite in much the way that &%ImmediateFutureFn and &%ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases.' 'The basic mereological relation. All other mereological relations are defined in terms of this one. (&%part ?PART ?WHOLE) simply means that the &%Object ?PART is part of the &%Object ?WHOLE. Note that, since &%part is a &%ReflexiveRelation, every &%Object is a part of itself.' '(&%properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 other than ?OBJ2 itself. This is a &%TransitiveRelation and &%AsymmetricRelation (hence an &%IrreflexiveRelation).' 'A specialized common sense notion of part for arbitrary parts of &%Substances. Quasi-synonyms are: chunk, hunk, bit, etc. Compare &%component, another subrelation of &%part.' 'A specialized common sense notion of part for heterogeneous parts of complexes. (&%component ?COMPONENT ?WHOLE) means that ?COMPONENT is a component of ?WHOLE. Examples of component include the doors and walls of a house, the states or provinces of a country, or the limbs and organs of an animal. Compare &%piece, which is also a subrelation of &%part.' '(&%material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation encompasses the concepts of composed of, made of, and formed of. For example, plastic is a &%material of my computer monitor. Compare &%part and its subrelations, viz &%component and &%piece.' 'The relation of spatial containment for two separable objects. When the two objects are not separable (e.g. an automobile and one of its seats), the relation of &%part should be used. (&%contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the &%SelfConnectedObject ?OBJ1 has a space (i.e. a &%Hole) which is at least partially filled by ?OBJ2.' s__SyntheticSubstance 'An &%Object in which every part is similar to every other in every relevant respect. More precisely, something is a &%Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts - any parts have properties which are similar to those of the whole. Note that a &%Substance may nonetheless have physical properties that vary. For example, the temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part to another. An example would be a body of water.' s__SyntheticSubstance__t 'Any &%Substance that is the result of an &%IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that is created by &%Humans.' s__NaturalSubstance__t 'Any &%Substance that is not the result of an &%IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that occurs naturally.' s__PureSubstance__t 'The &%Class of &%Substances with constant composition. A &%PureSubstance can be either an element (&%ElementalSubstance) or a compound of elements (&%CompoundSubstance). Examples: Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), water (H_2O), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2).' 'The &%Class of &%PureSubstances that cannot be separated into two or more &%Substances by ordinary chemical (or physical) means. This excludes nuclear reactions. &%ElementalSubstances are composed of only one kind of atom. Examples: Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2). &%ElementalSubstances are the simplest &%PureSubstances.' s__Metal__t 'A &%Metal is an &%ElementalSubstance that conducts heat and electricity, is shiny and reflects many colors of light, and can be hammered into sheets or drawn into wire. About 80% of the known chemical elements (&%ElementalSubstances) are metals.' s__Atom__t s__ElementalSubstance__t 'An extremely small unit of matter that retains its identity in Chemical reactions. It consists of an &%AtomicNucleus and &%Electrons surrounding the &%AtomicNucleus.' s__Proton s__Electron s__AtomicNucleus s__SubatomicParticle 'The class of &%ElementalSubstances that are smaller than &%Atoms and compose &%Atoms.' s__AtomicNucleus__t 'The core of the &%Atom. It is composed of &%Protons and &%Neutrons.' s__Neutron s__Electron__t '&%SubatomicParticles that surround the &%AtomicNucleus. They have a negative charge.' s__Proton__t s__SubatomicParticle__t 'Components of the &%AtomicNucleus. They have a positive charge.' s__Neutron__t 'Components of the &%AtomicNucleus. They have no charge.' 'The &%Class of &%Substances that contain two or more elements (&%ElementalSubstances), in definite proportion by weight. The composition of a pure compound will be invariant, regardless of the method of preparation. Compounds are composed of more than one kind of atom (element). The term molecule is often used for the smallest unit of a compound that still retains all of the properties of the compound. Examples: Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), and water (H_2O). ' 'A &%Mixture is two or more &%PureSubstances, combined in varying proportions - each retaining its own specific properties. The components of a &%Mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Examples: Air, table salt thoroughly dissolved in water, milk, wood, and concrete. ' 'A &%SelfConnectedObject whose parts have properties that are not shared by the whole.' 'A topographic location. &%Regions encompass surfaces of &%Objects, imaginary places, and &%GeographicAreas. Note that a &%Region is the only kind of &%Object which can be located at itself. Note too that &%Region is not a subclass of &%SelfConnectedObject, because some &%Regions, e.g. archipelagos, have &%parts which are not &%connected with one another.' s__Collection__t 'Collections have &%members like &%Classes, but, unlike &%Classes, they have a position in space-time and &%members can be added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the &%Collection. Some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks of sheep.' 'A specialized common sense notion of part for uniform parts of &%Collections. For example, each sheep in a flock of sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock.' '(&%subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that the &%Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the &%Collection ?COLL2.' 'Any &%Object or &%Process that expresses content. This covers &%Objects that contain a &%Proposition, such as a book, as well as &%ManualSignLanguage, which may similarly contain a &%Proposition.' s__ContentBearingProcess s__ContentBearingProcess__t 'Any &%Process, for example &%ManualHumanLanguage, which may contain a &%Proposition.' 'Any &%SelfConnectedObject that expresses content. This content may be a &%Proposition, e.g. when the &%ContentBearingObject is a &%Sentence or &%Text, or it may be a representation of an abstract or physical object, as with an &%Icon, a &%Word or a &%Phrase.' 'The &%Class of alphanumeric sequences.' s__Character__t s__SymbolicString__t 'An element of an alphabet, a set of numerals, etc. Note that a &%Character may or may not be part of a &%Language. &%Character is a subclass of &%SymbolicString, because every instance of &%Character is an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element.' 'A subrelation of &%represents. This predicate relates a &%ContentBearingPhysical to the &%Proposition that is expressed by the &%ContentBearingPhysical. Examples include the relationships between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its musical content.' s__Icon__t s__ContentBearingPhysical__t 'This is the subclass of &%ContentBearingPhysical which are not part of a &%Language and which have some sort of similarity with the &%Objects that they represent. This &%Class would include symbolic roadway signs, representational art works, photographs, etc.' s__MotionPicture__t 'A &%ContentBearingObject which depicts motion (and which may have an audio or text component as well). This &%Class covers films, videos, etc.' 'This is the subclass of &%ContentBearingPhysical which are language-related. Note that this &%Class encompasses both &%Language and the the elements of &%Languages, e.g. &%Words.' s__AnimalLanguage s__ComputerLanguage 'A system of signs for expressing thought. The system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created by a person or group of people.' s__AnimalLanguage__t 'The &%subclass of &%Languages used by &%Animals other than &%Humans.' s__ArtificialLanguage__t 'The &%subclass of &%Languages that are designed by &%Humans.' s__ComputerLanguage__t 'The class of &%Languages designed for and interpreted by a computer.' s__HumanLanguage__t s__Language__t s__NaturalLanguage s__ConstructedLanguage 'The &%subclass of &%Languages used by &%Humans.' s__ConstructedLanguage__t 'An &%ConstructedLanguage is a &%HumanLanguage that did not evolve spontaneously within a language community, but rather had its core grammar and vocabulary invented by one or more language experts, often with an aim to produce a more grammatically regular language than any language that has evolved naturally. This &%Class includes languages like Esperanto that were created to facilitate international communication' s__Planning 'The &%subclass of &%HumanLanguages which are not designed and which evolve from generation to generation. This &%Class includes all of the national languages, e.g. English, Spanish, Japanese, etc. Note that this class includes dialects of natural languages.' s__ManualHumanLanguage__t 'A &%ManualHumanLanguage is a &%HumanLanguage which has as its medium gestures and movement, such as the shape, position, and movement of the hands.' 'A &%SpokenHumanLanguage is a &%HumanLanguage which has as its medium the human voice. It can also berepresented visually through writing, although not all &%SpokenHumanLanguages have a codified written form.' s__NaturalLanguage__t s__SpokenHumanLanguage__t 'A Germanic language that incorporates many roots from the Romance languages. It is the official language of the &%UnitedStates, the &%UnitedKingdom, and many other countries.' s__Word 'A term of a &%Language that represents a concept.' s__Formula__t 'A syntactically well-formed formula in the SUO-KIF knowledge representation language.' 'Something or someone that can act on its own and produce changes in the world.' 'A &%SentientAgent is an &%Agent that is capable of &%Perception and experiences some level of consciousness (see &%ConsciousnessAttribute). If the &%Agent is able to reason at a comparatively high level (evinced by the ability to learn, plan, and feel emotions), then it is also an instance of &%CognitiveAgent. A &%DomesticAnimal is a &%SentientAgent, but may or may not be a &%CognitiveAgent, depending on the type of &%Animal.' s__SentientAgent__t 'A &%CognitiveAgent is an &%Agent that has the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans, and experience emotions. Although &%Human is a subclass of &%CognitiveAgent, there may be instances of &%CognitiveAgent which are not also instances of &%Human. For example, &%Primates, dolphins, whales, and some extraterrestrials (if they exist) might be considered &%CognitiveAgents.' s__LegalAgent 'A &%LegalAgent is an &%Agent that is allowed by law to to act and be treated as a legal person for certain purposes, such as being a party to a lawsuit, owning property, and entering into a contract. Typically, a &%LegalAgent is either an adult &%Human or some type of &%Organization. Depending on the prevailing legal system in a given time and location, &%Humans in general, as well as other &%CognitiveAgents, typically will have additional legal rights and obligations beyond those accorded to &%LegalAgents. See the Wikipedia description of <a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juristic_person>Juristic person</a>.' '(&%leader ?INSTITUTION ?PERSON) means that the leader of ?INSTITUTION is ?PERSON.' 'The class of things that happen and have temporal parts or stages. Examples include extended events like a football match or a race, actions like &%Pursuing and &%Reading, and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that occurs in time but is not an &%Object. Note that a &%Process may have participants inside it which are &%Objects, such as the players in a football match. In a 4D ontology, a &%Process is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages roughly perpendicular to the time-axis.' s__DualObjectProcess 'Any &%Process that requires two, nonidentical &%patients.' s__SingleAgentProcess s__SingleAgentProcess__t '&%SingleAgentProcess is the &%Class of all &%Processes that require exactly one &%agent in order to occur.' s__Abstract__t s__Entity__t 'Properties or qualities as distinguished from any particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium. Instances of Abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular place and time without some physical encoding or embodiment.' 'Any specification of how many or how much of something there is. Accordingly, there are two subclasses of &%Quantity: &%Number (how many) and &%PhysicalQuantity (how much).' 'Qualities which we cannot or choose not to reify into subclasses of &%Object.' 'This &%Predicate holds between an instance of &%Entity and an instance of &%Attribute. (&%property ?ENTITY ?ATTR) means that ?ENTITY has the &%Attribute ?ATTR.' '(&%attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that ?PROPERTY is a &%Attribute of ?OBJECT. For example, (&%attribute &%MyLittleRedWagon &%Red).' '(&%manner ?PROCESS ?MANNER) means that the &%Process ?PROCESS is qualified by the &%Attribute ?MANNER. The &%Attributes of &%Processes are usually denoted by adverbs and include things like the speed of the wind, the style of a dance, or the intensity of a sports competition.' s__ExtensionFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Attribute into the &%Class whose condition for membership is the &%Attribute.' s__InternalAttribute__t s__Attribute__t 'Any &%Attribute of an &%Entity that is an internal property of the &%Entity, e.g. its shape, its color, its fragility, etc.' s__PhysicalAttribute 'An &%InternalAttribute given by physical properties of the object.' s__PhysicalAttribute__t 'Any &%Attribute that an &%Entity has by virtue of a relationship that it bears to another &%Entity or set of &%Entities, e.g. &%SocialRoles and &%PositionalAttributes.' s__ImaginaryNumber s__ComplexNumber 'A measure of how many things there are, or how much there is, of a certain kind. &%Numbers are subclassed into &%RealNumber, &%ComplexNumber, and &%ImaginaryNumber.' '(&%lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.' '(&%greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.' '(&%lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than or equal to the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.' '(&%greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.' s__NegativeRealNumber s__IrrationalNumber 'Any &%Number that can be expressed as a (possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. any &%Number that has a position on the number line.' s__ImaginaryNumber__t 'Any &%Number that is the result of multiplying a &%RealNumber by the square root of -1.' "-1" s__RationalNumber__t 'Any &%RealNumber that is the product of dividing two &%Integers.' s__IrrationalNumber__t 'Any &%RealNumber that is not also a &%RationalNumber.' s__NonnegativeRealNumber__t 'A &%RealNumber that is greater than or equal to zero.' 'A &%RealNumber that is greater than zero.' s__NegativeRealNumber__t 'A &%RealNumber that is less than zero.' s__OddInteger s__EvenInteger s__NegativeInteger 'A negative or nonnegative whole number.' s__EvenInteger__t 'An &%Integer that is evenly divisible by 2.' s__OddInteger__t s__Integer__t 'An &%Integer that is not evenly divisible by 2.' s__PrimeNumber s__PrimeNumber__t 'An &%Integer that is evenly divisible only by itself and 1.' s__NonnegativeInteger__t 'An &%Integer that is greater than or equal to zero.' s__NegativeInteger__t 'An &%Integer that is less than zero.' s__PositiveInteger__t 'An &%Integer that is greater than zero.' s__BinaryNumber__t s__RealNumber__t 'Elements from the number system with base 2. Every &%BinaryNumber is expressed as a sequence of the digits 1 and 0.' s__ComplexNumber__t s__Number__t 'A &%Number that has the form: x + yi, where x and y are &%RealNumbers and i is the square root of -1.' s__PhysicalQuantity__t s__Quantity__t 'A &%PhysicalQuantity is a measure of some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as the earths diameter (a constant length) and the stress in a loaded deformable solid (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial coordinates). Every &%PhysicalQuantity is either a &%ConstantQuantity or &%FunctionQuantity. Instances of &%ConstantQuantity are dependent on a &%UnitOfMeasure, while instances of &%FunctionQuantity are &%Functions that map instances of &%ConstantQuantity to other instances of &%ConstantQuantity (e.g., a &%TimeDependentQuantity is a &%FunctionQuantity). Although the name and definition of &%PhysicalQuantity is borrowed from physics, a &%PhysicalQuantity need not be material. Aside from the dimensions of length, time, velocity, etc., nonphysical dimensions such as currency are also possible. Accordingly, amounts of money would be instances of &%PhysicalQuantity. A &%PhysicalQuantity is distinguished from a pure &%Number by the fact that the former is associated with a dimension of measurement.' 'A &%ConstantQuantity is a &%PhysicalQuantity that has a constant value, e.g. 3 &%Meters and 5 &%HourDurations. The magnitude (see &%MagnitudeFn) of every &%ConstantQuantity is a &%RealNumber. &%ConstantQuantity is distinguished from &%FunctionQuantity, in that each instance of the latter is formed through the mapping of one &%PhysicalQuantity to another &%PhysicalQuantity. Each instance of &%ConstantQuantity is expressed with the &%BinaryFunction &%MeasureFn, which takes a &%Number and a &%UnitOfMeasure as arguments. For example, 3 &%Meters is expressed as (&%MeasureFn 3 &%Meter). Instances of &%ConstantQuantity form a partial order (see &%PartialOrderingRelation) with the &%lessThan relation, since &%lessThan is a &%RelationExtendedToQuantities and &%lessThan is defined over the &%RealNumbers. The &%lessThan relation is not a total order (see &%TotalOrderingRelation) over the class &%ConstantQuantity since elements of some subclasses of &%ConstantQuantity (such as length quantities) are incomparable to elements of other subclasses of &%ConstantQuantity (such as mass quantities).' s__TimeMeasure s__TimeMeasure__t 'The class of temporal durations (instances of &%TimeDuration) and positions of &%TimePoints and &%TimeIntervals along the universal timeline (instances of &%TimePosition).' s__TimeDuration__t 'Any measure of length of time, with or without respect to the universal timeline.' 'Any &%TimePoint or &%TimeInterval along the universal timeline from &%NegativeInfinity to &%PositiveInfinity.' s__TimeInterval__t s__TimePosition__t 'An interval of time. Note that a &%TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on the universal timeline. Note too that a &%TimeInterval has no gaps, i.e. this class contains only convex time intervals.' 'An extensionless point on the universal timeline. The &%TimePoints at which &%Processes occur can be known with various degrees of precision and approximation, but conceptually &%TimePoints are point-like and not interval-like. That is, it doesnt make sense to talk about how long a &%TimePoint lasts.' 'A &%FunctionQuantity is a &%PhysicalQuantity that is returned by a &%Function that maps from one or more instances of &%ConstantQuantity to another instance of &%ConstantQuantity. For example, the velocity of a particle would be represented by a &%FunctionQuantity relating values of time (which are instances of &%ConstantQuantity) to values of distance (also instances of &%ConstantQuantity). Note that all elements of the range of the &%Function corresponding to a &%FunctionQuantity have the same physical dimension as the &%FunctionQuantity itself.' s__UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity 'A &%subclass of &%FunctionQuantity, instances of which are returned by &%UnaryFunctions that map from one instance of the &%Class &%ConstantQuantity to another instance of the &%Class &%ConstantQuantity.' s__TimeDependentQuantity s__TimeDependentQuantity__t s__UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity__t 'A &%UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity of continuous time. All instances of this &%Class are returned by &%Functions that map a time quantity into another &%ConstantQuantity such as temperature. For example, the temperature at the top of the Empire State Building is a &%TimeDependentQuantity, since its value depends on the time.' 'The &%SetOrClass of &%Sets and &%Classes, i.e. any instance of &%Abstract that has &%elements or &%instances.' s__Class__t '&%Classes differ from &%Sets in three important respects. First, &%Classes are not assumed to be extensional. That is, distinct &%Classes might well have exactly the same instances. Second, &%Classes typically have an associated `condition that determines the instances of the &%Class. So, for example, the condition `human determines the &%Class of &%Humans. Note that some &%Classes might satisfy their own condition (e.g., the &%Class of &%Abstract things is &%Abstract) and hence be instances of themselves. Third, the instances of a class may occur only once within the class, i.e. a class cannot contain duplicate instances.' s__Set__t 'A &%SetOrClass that satisfies extensionality as well as other constraints specified by some choice of set theory. &%Sets differ from &%Classes in two important respects. First, &%Sets are extensional - two &%Sets with the same &%elements are identical. Second, a &%Set can be an arbitrary stock of objects. That is, there is no requirement that &%Sets have an associated condition that determines their membership. Note that &%Sets are not assumed to be unique sets, i.e. &%elements of a &%Set may occur more than once in the &%Set.' s__QuaternaryRelation s__QuintaryRelation 'The &%Class of relations. There are three kinds of &%Relation: &%Predicate, &%Function, and &%List. &%Predicates and &%Functions both denote sets of ordered n-tuples. The difference between these two &%Classes is that &%Predicates cover formula-forming operators, while &%Functions cover term-forming operators. A &%List, on the other hand, is a particular ordered n-tuple.' 'A &%Relation is a &%SingleValuedRelation just in case an assignment of values to every argument position except the last one determines at most one assignment for the last argument position. Note that not all &%SingleValuedRelations are &%TotalValuedRelations.' 'A &%Relation is a &%TotalValuedRelation just in case there exists an assignment for the last argument position of the &%Relation given any assignment of values to every argument position except the last one. Note that declaring a &%Relation to be both a &%TotalValuedRelation and a &%SingleValuedRelation means that it is a total function.' 'A &%Relation is a &%PartialValuedRelation just in case it is not a &%TotalValuedRelation, i.e. just in case assigning values to every argument position except the last one does not necessarily mean that there is a value assignment for the last argument position. Note that, if a &%Relation is both a &%PartialValuedRelation and a &%SingleValuedRelation, then it is a partial function.' '&%BinaryRelations are relations that are true only of pairs of things. &%BinaryRelations are represented as slots in frame systems.' '&%Relation ?REL is reflexive iff (?REL ?INST ?INST) for all ?INST.' '&%Relation ?REL is irreflexive iff (?REL ?INST ?INST) holds for no value of ?INST.' 'A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is symmetric just iff (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) imples (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2.' 'A &%BinaryRelation is asymmetric if and only if it is both an &%AntisymmetricRelation and an &%IrreflexiveRelation.' s__AntisymmetricRelation__t '&%BinaryRelation ?REL is an &%AntisymmetricRelation if for distinct ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) implies not (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1). In other words, for all ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) imply that ?INST1 and ?INST2 are identical. Note that it is possible for an &%AntisymmetricRelation to be a &%ReflexiveRelation.' s__TrichotomizingRelation s__TrichotomizingRelation__t 'A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is a &%TrichotomizingRelation just in case all ordered pairs consisting of distinct individuals are elements of ?REL.' s__TransitiveRelation__t 'A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is transitive if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.' 'A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is intransitive only if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply not (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.' 'A &%BinaryRelation is a partial ordering if it is a &%ReflexiveRelation, an &%AntisymmetricRelation, and a &%TransitiveRelation.' s__TotalOrderingRelation s__TotalOrderingRelation__t 'A &%BinaryRelation is a &%TotalOrderingRelation if it is a &%PartialOrderingRelation and a &%TrichotomizingRelation.' 'A &%BinaryRelation is an equivalence relation if it is a &%ReflexiveRelation, a &%SymmetricRelation, and a &%TransitiveRelation.' s__CaseRole__t 'The &%Class of &%Predicates relating the spatially distinguished parts of a &%Process. &%CaseRoles include, for example, the &%agent, &%patient or &%destination of an action, the flammable substance in a burning process, or the water that falls in rain.' '(involvedInEvent ?EVENT ?THING) means that in the &%Process ?EVENT, the &%Entity ?THING plays some &%CaseRole.' '(&%agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the &%Process ?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention. For example, Eve is an &%agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple.' '(destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) means that ?GOAL is the target or goal of the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Danbury would be the destination in the following proposition: Bob went to Danbury. Note that this is a very general &%CaseRole and, in particular, that it covers the concepts of recipient and beneficiary. Thus, John would be the &%destination in the following proposition: Tom gave a book to John.' '(&%experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT experiences the &%Process ?PROCESS. For example, Yojo is the &%experiencer of seeing in the following proposition: Yojo sees the fish. Note that &%experiencer, unlike &%agent, does not entail a causal relation between its arguments.' '(instrument ?EVENT ?TOOL) means that ?TOOL is used by an agent in bringing about ?EVENT and that ?TOOL is not changed by ?EVENT. For example, the key is an &%instrument in the following proposition: The key opened the door. Note that &%instrument and &%resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair.' '(&%origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE indicates where the ?Process began. Note that this relation implies that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not participate throughout the process. For example, the submarine is the &%origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a submarine.' '(&%patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc. For example, the direct objects in the sentences The cat swallowed the canary and Billy likes the beer would be examples of &%patients. Note that the &%patient of a &%Process may or may not undergo structural change as a result of the &%Process. The &%CaseRole of &%patient is used when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a &%Process.' '(&%resource ?PROCESS ?RESOURCE) means that ?RESOURCE is present at the beginning of ?PROCESS, is used by ?PROCESS, and as a consequence is changed by ?PROCESS. For example, soap is a &%resource in the following proposition: the gun was carved out of soap. Note that &%resource differs from &%instrument, another subrelation of &%patient, in that its internal or physical properties are altered in some way by the &%Process.' '(result ?ACTION ?OUTPUT) means that ?OUTPUT is a product of ?ACTION. For example, house is a &%result in the following proposition: Eric built a house.' 'The class of &%Relations whose properties can be inherited downward in the class hierarchy via the &%subrelation &%Predicate.' s__ProbabilityRelation 'The &%Class of &%Relations that permit assessment of the probability of an event or situation.' s__ProbabilityFn__m 'One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations, &%ProbabilityFn is used to state the a priori probability of a state of affairs. (&%ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA) denotes the a priori probability of ?FORMULA.' 'One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations. &%conditionalProbability is used to state the numeric value of a conditional probability. (&%conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER) means that the probability of ?FORMULA2 being true given that ?FORMULA1 is true is ?NUMBER.' 'One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations. (&%increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is more likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true.' s__ProbabilityRelation__t 'One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations. (&%decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is less likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true.' 'One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations. (&%independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the probabilities of ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 being true are independent.' 'The &%Class of &%Relations that are spatial in a wide sense. This &%Class includes mereological relations and topological relations.' s__Relation__t 'The &%Class of temporal &%Relations. This &%Class includes notions of (temporal) topology of intervals, (temporal) schemata, and (temporal) extension.' s__IntentionalRelation 'The &%Class of &%Relations between an &%Agent and one or more &%Entities, where the &%Relation requires that the &%Agent have awareness of the &%Entity.' s__IntentionalRelation__t '(&%prefers ?AGENT ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that &%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT prefers the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA1 over the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA2 all things being equal.' s__PropositionalAttitude s__PropositionalAttitude__t 'The &%Class of &%IntentionalRelations where the &%Agent has awareness of a &%Proposition.' s__ObjectAttitude 'The &%Class of &%IntentionalRelations where the &%Agent has awareness of an instance of &%Physical.' 'A very general &%Predicate. (&%inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the scope of interest of ?AGENT. Note that the interest indicated can be either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY.' '(&%needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is physically required for the continued existence of ?AGENT.' s__ObjectAttitude__t '(&%wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT, i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals. Note that there is no implication that what is wanted by an agent is not already possessed by the agent.' '(&%desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT wants to bring about the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is no implication that what is desired by the agent is not already true. Note too that &%desires is distinguished from &%wants only in that the former is a &%PropositionalAttitude, while &%wants is an &%ObjectAttitude.' '(&%considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT considers or wonders about the truth of the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA.' 'The epistemic predicate of belief. (&%believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT believes the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA.' 'The epistemic predicate of knowing. (&%knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT knows the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that &%knows entails conscious awareness, so this &%Predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or unconscious knowledge.' '$true__m' '&%TernaryRelations relate three items. The two &%subclasses of &%TernaryRelation are &%TernaryPredicate and &%BinaryFunction.' '&%QuaternaryRelations relate four items. The two &%subclasses of &%QuaternaryRelation are &%QuaternaryPredicate and &%TernaryFunction.' s__QuintaryRelation__t '&%QuintaryRelations relate five items. The two &%subclasses of &%QuintaryRelation are &%QuintaryPredicate and &%QuaternaryFunction.' 'Every &%List is a particular ordered n-tuple of items. Generally speaking, &%Lists are created by means of the &%ListFn &%Function, which takes any number of items as arguments and returns a &%List with the items in the same order. Anything, including other &%Lists, may be an item in a &%List. Note too that &%Lists are extensional - two lists that have the same items in the same order are identical. Note too that a &%List may contain no items. In that case, the &%List is the &%NullList.' s__NullList__m s__UniqueList s__UniqueList__t 'A &%List in which no item appears more than once, i.e. a &%List for which there are no distinct numbers ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 such that (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) and (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) return the same value.' s__List__t 'The &%List that has no items. The uniqueness of &%NullList follows from the extensionality of &%Lists, i.e. the fact that two &%Lists with the same items in the same order are identical.' s__ListFn__m 'A &%Function that takes any number of arguments and returns the &%List containing those arguments in exactly the same order.' s__ListOrderFn__m '(&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER) denotes the item that is in the ?NUMBER position in the &%List ?LIST. For example, (&%ListOrderFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday) 2) would return the value &%Tuesday.' s__ListLengthFn__m 'A &%Function that takes a &%List as its sole argument and returns the number of items in the &%List. For example, (&%ListLengthFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday)) would return the value 3.' s__ListConcatenateFn__m 'A &%Function that returns the concatenation of the two &%Lists that are given as arguments. For example, the value of (&%ListConcatenateFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday) (&%ListFn &%Wednesday &%Thursday)) would be (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday &%Thursday).' 'The analog of &%element and &%instance for &%Lists. (&%inList ?OBJ ?LIST) means that ?OBJ is in the &%List ?LIST. For example, (&%inList &%Tuesday (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday)) would be true.' '(&%subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and the elements that are common to both &%Lists have the same order in both &%Lists. Elements that are common to both Lists and are consecutive in one list must also be consecutive in the other list. (Therefore - the list of prime numbers smaller than 10 [1 2 3 5 7] is not a subList of the natural numbers smaller than 10 [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]).' '(&%initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a &%subList of ?LIST2 and (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) returns the same value as (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER) for all of the values of ?NUMBER over which (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) is defined.' '(&%identicalListItems ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 have exactly the same items in their respective lists. Although ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 are required to share exactly the same items, they may order these items differently.' s__InheritableRelation__t 'A &%Predicate is a sentence-forming &%Relation. Each tuple in the &%Relation is a finite, ordered sequence of objects. The fact that a particular tuple is an element of a &%Predicate is denoted by (*predicate* arg_1 arg_2 .. arg_n), where the arg_i are the objects so related. In the case of &%BinaryPredicates, the fact can be read as `arg_1 is *predicate* arg_2 or `a *predicate* of arg_1 is arg_2.' 'A &%Function is a term-forming &%Relation that maps from a n-tuple of arguments to a range and that associates this n-tuple with at most one range element. Note that the range is a &%SetOrClass, and each element of the range is an instance of the &%SetOrClass.' 'The &%Class of &%Functions that require a single argument.' s__OneToOneFunction s__OneToOneFunction__t 'The &%Class of &%UnaryFunctions which are one to one. A function F is one to one just in case for all X, Y in the domain of F, if X is not identical to Y, then F(X) is not identical to F(Y).' s__SequenceFunction s__SequenceFunction__t 'The &%Class of &%OneToOneFunctions whose range is a subclass of the &%PositiveIntegers.' 'The &%Class of &%Functions that require two arguments.' s__AssociativeFunction s__AssociativeFunction__t 'A &%BinaryFunction is associative if bracketing has no effect on the value returned by the &%Function. More precisely, a &%Function ?FUNCTION is associative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.' s__CommutativeFunction 'A &%BinaryFunction is commutative if the ordering of the arguments of the function has no effect on the value returned by the function. More precisely, a function ?FUNCTION is commutative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) is equal to (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2.' s__TernaryFunction s__TernaryFunction__t s__QuaternaryRelation__t 'The &%Class of &%Functions that require exactly three arguments.' 'The &%Class of &%Functions that require exactly four arguments.' s__ContinuousFunction s__ContinuousFunction__t '&%Functions which are continuous. This concept is taken as primitive until representations for limits are devised.' s__BinaryRelation__t 'A &%Predicate relating two items - its valence is two.' s__TernaryRelation__t 'The &%Class of &%Predicates that require exactly three arguments.' s__QuaternaryPredicate__t 'The &%Class of &%Predicates that require four arguments.' s__QuintaryPredicate s__QuintaryPredicate__t 'The &%Class of &%Predicates that require five arguments.' 'The &%Class of &%Relations that do not have a fixed number of arguments.' 'A &%RelationExtendedToQuantities is a &%Relation that, when it is true on a sequence of arguments that are &%RealNumbers, it is also true on a sequence of instances of &%ConstantQuantity with those magnitudes in some unit of measure. For example, the &%lessThan relation is extended to quantities. This means that for all pairs of quantities ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2, (&%lessThan ?QUANTITY1 ?QUANTITY2) if and only if, for some ?NUMBER1, ?NUMBER2, and ?UNIT, ?QUANTITY1 = (&%MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT), ?QUANTITY2 = (&%MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT), and (&%lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2), for all units ?UNIT on which ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2 can be measured. Note that, when a &%RelationExtendedToQuantities is extended from &%RealNumbers to instances of &%ConstantQuantity, the &%ConstantQuantity must be measured along the same physical dimension.' s__LogicalOperator s__LogicalOperator__t 'This &%Class comprises all of the logical operators (viz. and, or, not, =>, and <=>).' '&%Propositions are &%Abstract entities that express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts. As an example, the formula (instance Yojo Cat) expresses the &%Proposition that the entity named Yojo is an element of the &%Class of Cats. Note that propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual sentences of a &%Language. They may encompass the content expressed by theories, books, and even whole libraries. It is important to distinguish &%Propositions from the &%ContentBearingObjects that express them. A &%Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat, but a &%ContentBearingObject is an &%Object that represents this information. A &%Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations: strings, sounds, icons, etc. For example, the &%Proposition that the cat is on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence of sounds or by some non-latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form' 'A &%BinaryFunction is closed on a &%SetOrClass if it is defined for all instances of the &%SetOrClass and its value is always an instance of the &%SetOrClass.' 'A &%BinaryRelation is reflexive on a &%SetOrClass only if every instance of the &%SetOrClass bears the relation to itself.' s__monitorConnectivityData__m s__loss__m s__meronym__m s__areaOfOperation__m s__MilitaryOperation s__meatOfAnimal__m s__runningOn__m s__initialPart__m s__profit__m s__hasAcrossVariable__m s__MultipolePole s__MultipoleVariable s__stateOfProcess__m s__ProcessState s__distanceOnPath__m s__creator__m s__abstractPart__m s__hasThroughVariable__m s__initiallyContainsPart__m s__models__m s__Model s__startupTimeDelay__m s__coding__m s__CodingScheme 'A &%BinaryRelation is irreflexive on a &%SetOrClass only if no instance of the &%SetOrClass bears the relation to itself.' 'A &%BinaryRelation is a partial ordering on a &%SetOrClass only if the relation is &%reflexiveOn the &%SetOrClass, and it is both an &%AntisymmetricRelation, and a &%TransitiveRelation.' 'A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is a total ordering on a &%SetOrClass only if it is a partial ordering for which either (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) or (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) for every ?INST1 and ?INST2 in the &%SetOrClass.' 'A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is trichotomizing on a &%SetOrClass only if, for all instances ?INST1 and ?INST2 of the &%SetOrClass, at least one of the following holds: (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2), (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) or (equal ?INST1 ?INST2).' 'A &%BinaryRelation is an &%equivalenceRelationOn a &%SetOrClass only if the relation is &%reflexiveOn the &%SetOrClass and it is both a &%TransitiveRelation and a &%SymmetricRelation.' 'A &%BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION1 is distributive over another &%BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION2 just in case (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 (?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION2 (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2) (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3)), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.' '(relatedEvent ?EVENT1 ?EVENT2) means that the &%Process ?EVENT1 is related to the Process ?EVENT2. The relationship is between separate individual events, not events and their subprocesses. On the other hand, two &%subProcesses of the same overarching event may be &%relatedEvents. The argument order does not imply temporal ordering.' 'The causation relation between instances of &%Process. (&%causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the instance of &%Process ?PROCESS1 brings about the instance of &%Process ?PROCESS2.' 'The causation relation between subclasses of &%Process. (&%causesSubclass ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the subclass of &%Process ?PROCESS1 brings about the subclass of &%Process ?PROCESS2, e.g. (&%causesSubclass &%Killing &%Death).' '(&%causesProposition ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the state of affairs described by ?FORMULA1 causes, or mechanistically brings about, the state of affairs described by ?FORMULA2. Note that unlike &%entails, the time during which ?FORMULA2 holds cannot precede the time during which ?FORMULA1 holds, although ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 can hold simultaneously. Note, also, that &%causesProposition is a predicate, not a truth function. The following rule (contraposition) does not hold: (=> (causesProp ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) (causesProp (not ?FORMULA2) (not ?FORMULA1))).' 'relates an &%Object to an exact copy of the &%Object, where an exact copy is indistinguishable from the original with regard to every property except (possibly) spatial and/or temporal location.' 'This relation holds between an instance of &%Physical and an instance of &%TimePosition just in case the temporal lifespan of the former includes the latter. In other words, (&%time ?THING ?TIME) means that ?THING existed or occurred at ?TIME. Note that &%time does for instances of &%Physical what &%holdsDuring does for instances of &%Formula. The constants &%located and &%time are the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively.' '(&%holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA) means that the proposition denoted by ?FORMULA is true in the time frame ?TIME. Note that this implies that ?FORMULA is true at every &%TimePoint which is a &%temporalPart of ?TIME.' '(~ V__SITUATION)' '(&%capability ?PROCESS ?ROLE ?OBJ) means that ?OBJ has the ability to play the role of ?ROLE in &%Processes of type ?PROCESS.' '(&%exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT) means that ?OBJ is used by ?AGENT as a &%resource in an unspecified instance of &%Process. This &%Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the relations &%agent and &%resource.' 'This &%Predicate expresses the concept of a conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agents intention. Accordingly, (&%hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) means that the instance of &%Physical ?THING has, as its purpose, the &%Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is an important difference in meaning between the &%Predicates &%hasPurpose and &%result. Although the second argument of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former, a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result may be neither expected nor desired. For example, a machine process may have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no goal, a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on.' 'Expresses a cognitive attitude of an agent with respect to a particular instance of Physical. More precisely, (&%hasPurposeForAgent ?THING ?FORMULA ?AGENT) means that the purpose of ?THING for ?AGENT is the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Very complex issues are involved here. In particular, the rules of inference of the first order predicate calculus are not truth-preserving for the second argument position of this &%Predicate.' 'Similar to the &%capability &%Predicate with the additional restriction that the ability be practised/ demonstrated to some measurable degree.' s__TernaryPredicate__t 'Expresses the relationship between a &%Formula, an &%Entity, and an &%ObjectiveNorm when the &%Entity brings it about that the &%Formula has the &%ObjectiveNorm.' 'Expresses the relationship between an &%Entity, a &%Formula, and an &%ObjectiveNorm when the &%Entity brings it about that the &%Formula does not have the &%ObjectiveNorm.' '(&%partlyLocated ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the instance of &%Physical ?OBJ1 is at least partially located at ?OBJ2. For example, Istanbul is partly located in &%Asia and partly located in &%Europe. Note that &%partlyLocated is the most basic localization relation: &%located is an immediate &%subrelation of &%partlyLocated and &%exactlyLocated is an immediate &%subrelation of &%located.' '(&%located ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is &%partlyLocated at ?OBJ2, and there is no &%part of ?OBJ1 that is not &%located at ?OBJ2.' '(&%eventPartlyLocated ?PROC ?OBJ) means that some &%subProcess of &%Process ?PROC is located in &%Object ?OBJ.' 'event partly located' '(&%eventLocated ?PROC ?OBJ) means that the entire &%Process ?PROC is located on &%Object ?OBJ, meaning that all &%subProcess of ?PROC is located on ?OBJ' 'event located' 'The actual, minimal location of an Object. This is a subrelation of the more general &%Predicate &%located.' '(between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that ?OBJ2 is spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3. Note that this implies that ?OBJ2 is directly between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3, i.e. the projections of ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3 overlap with ?OBJ2.' '(betweenOnPath ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3 ?PATH) means that ?OBJ2 is spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3 on the path ?PATH. Note that this is a more specialized relation of between since any object that is between others with respect to a particular path is also simply between them.' '(&%traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 crosses or extends across ?OBJ2. Note that &%crosses and &%penetrates are subrelations of &%traverses.' '(crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that &%Object ?OBJ1 &%traverses Object ?OBJ2, without being &%connected to it.' '(penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is &%connected to ?OBJ2 along at least one whole dimension (length, width or depth).' s__WhereFn__m s__WhenFn__m 'Maps an &%Object and a &%TimePoint at which the &%Object exists to the &%Region where the &%Object existed at that &%TimePoint.' '&%Relation that holds between an &%Agent and an &%Object when the &%Agent has ownership of the &%Object.' s__PropertyFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Agent to the &%Set of &%Objects owned by the &%Agent.' 'A very general &%Predicate. (&%precondition ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC2 can exist only if an instance of ?PROC1 also exists.' 'A very general &%Predicate. (&%inhibits ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that the &%Process ?PROC1 inhibits or hinders the occurrence of the &%Process ?PROC2. For example, obstructing an object inhibits moving it. Note that this is a relation between types of &%Processes, not between instances.' 'A very general &%Predicate. (&%prevents ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that ?PROC1 prevents the occurrence of ?PROC2. In other words, if ?PROC1 is occurring in a particular time and place, ?PROC2 cannot occur at the same time and place. For example, innoculating prevents contracting disease. Note that this is a relation between types of &%Processes, not between instances.' '(? [V__INST1] : (s__instance(V__INST1,s__Process) & s__instance(V__INST1,V__PROC1) & s__eventLocated(V__INST1,V__PLACE)))' '(? [V__INST2] : (s__instance(V__INST2,s__Process) & s__instance(V__INST2,V__PROC2) & s__eventLocated(V__INST2,V__PLACE)))' '(&%refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that &%refers is more general in meaning than &%represents, because presumably something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy, the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies, etc.' '(&%names ?STRING ?ENTITY) means that the thing ?ENTITY has the &%SymbolicString ?STRING as its name. Note that &%names and &%represents are the two immediate &%subrelations of &%refers. The predicate &%names is used when the referring item is merely a tag without connotative content, while the predicate &%represents is used for referring items that have such content.' 'The class of &%names that uniquely identify an instance of &%Entity. Some examples of &%uniqueIdentifiers are the keys of tables in database applications and the ISBN (International Standard Book Number).' 'A very general semiotics &%Predicate. (&%represents ?THING ?ENTITY) means that ?THING in some way indicates, expresses, connotes, pictures, describes, etc. ?ENTITY. The &%Predicates &%containsInformation and &%realization are subrelations of &%represents. Note that &%represents is a subrelation of &%refers, since something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. See the documentation string for &%names.' 'A very general predicate. (&%representsForAgent ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2 ?AGENT) means that the ?AGENT chooses to use ?ENTITY1 to stand for ?ENTITY2.' 'A very general predicate. (&%representsInLanguage ?THING ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE) means that the &%LinguisticExpression ?THING stands for ?ENTITY in the &%Language ?LANGUAGE.' s__EquivalenceRelation__t 'A &%BinaryPredicate that relates two subclasses of &%ContentBearingPhysical. (&%equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1 is also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2, and vice versa. An example would be the relationship between English and Russian editions of Agatha Christies Murder on the Orient Express. Note that (&%equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) implies (&%subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) and (&%subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1).' 'A &%BinaryPredicate that relates two subclasses of &%ContentBearingPhysical. (&%subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2 is also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1. Examples include the relationship between a poem and one of its stanzas or between a book and one of its chapters. Note that this is a relation between subclasses of &%ContentBearingObject, rather than instances. If one wants to relate instances, the &%Predicate &%subsumesContentInstance can be used. Note that &%subsumesContentClass is needed in many cases. Consider, for example, the relation between the King James edition of the Bible and its Book of Genesis. This relation holds for every copy of this edition and not just for a single instance.' 'A &%BinaryPredicate relating two instances of &%ContentBearingPhysical. (&%equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ1 is identical to the content expressed by ?OBJ2. An example would be the relationship between a handwritten draft of a letter to ones lawyer and a typed copy of the same letter. Note that (&%equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) implies (&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ2).' 'A &%BinaryPredicate relating two instances of &%ContentBearingPhysical. (&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ2 is part of the content expressed by ?OBJ1. An example is the relationship between a handwritten poem and one of its stanzas. Note that this is a relation between instances, rather than &%Classes. If one wants to assert a content relationship between &%Classes, e.g. between the version of an intellectual work and a part of that work, the relation &%subsumesContentClass should be used.' 'A subrelation of &%represents. (&%realization ?PROCESS ?PROP) means that ?PROCESS is a Process which expresses the content of ?PROP. Examples include a particular musical performance, which realizes the content of a musical score, or the reading of a poem.' '(&%expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANG) means that the &%LinguisticExpression ?EXPRESS is part of the &%Language ?LANG.' '(&%subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that ?PROP1 is a &%Proposition which is a proper part of the &%Proposition ?PROP2. In other words, &%subProposition is the analogue of &%properPart for chunks of abstract content.' '(&%subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1 is a &%Plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2. This relation is generally used to relate a supporting &%Plan to the overall &%Plan in a particular context.' s__BinaryPredicate__t '(&%uses ?OBJECT AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by ?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified &%Process. This &%Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the &%CaseRoles &%agent and &%instrument.' times__m s__CommutativeFunction__t 'If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then (&%MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical product of these numbers.' plus__m 'If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then (&%AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical sum of these numbers.' minus__m 'If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then (&%SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical difference between ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 minus ?NUMBER2. An exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 is equal to 0, in which case (&%SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the negation of ?NUMBER2.' divide__m 'If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then (&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the result of dividing ?NUMBER1 by ?NUMBER2. Note that when ?NUMBER1 = 1 (&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the reciprocal of ?NUMBER2. Note too that (&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is undefined when ?NUMBER2 = 0.' s__AbsoluteValueFn__m 'The value of (&%AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER) is the absolute value of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.' s__CeilingFn__m s__UnaryFunction__t '(&%CeilingFn ?NUMBER) returns the smallest &%Integer greater than or equal to the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.' s__CosineFn__m '(&%CosineFn ?DEGREE) returns the cosine of the &%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The cosine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side next to ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.' s__DenominatorFn__m '(&%DenominatorFn ?NUMBER) returns the denominator of the canonical reduced form of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.' s__ExponentiationFn__m s__RelationExtendedToQuantities__t '(&%ExponentiationFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER raised to the power of the &%Integer ?INT.' s__FloorFn__m '(&%FloorFn ?NUMBER) returns the largest &%Integer less than or equal to the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.' s__GreatestCommonDivisorFn__m '(&%GreatestCommonDivisorFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the greatest common divisor of ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER.' '(multiplicativeFactor ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) means that ?NUMBER1 is a factor of ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 can be multiplied by some &%Integer to give ?NUMBER2 as a result.' s__ImaginaryPartFn__m '(&%ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of ?NUMBER that has the square root of -1 as its factor.' s__IntegerSquareRootFn__m '(&%IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER) returns the integer square root of ?NUMBER.' s__LeastCommonMultipleFn__m '(&%LeastCommonMultipleFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the least common multiple of ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER.' s__LogFn__m '(LogFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns the logarithm of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER in the base denoted by the &%Integer ?INT.' s__MaxFn__m '(&%MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the largest of ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, &%MaxFn returns one of its arguments.' s__MinFn__m '(&%MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the smallest of ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, &%MinFn returns one of its arguments.' s__NumeratorFn__m '(&%NumeratorFn ?NUMBER) returns the numerator of the canonical reduced form ?NUMBER.' s__Pi s__PositiveRealNumber__t '&%Pi is the &%RealNumber that is the ratio of the perimeter of a circle to its diameter. It is approximately equal to 3.141592653589793.' s__NumberE '&%NumberE is the &%RealNumber that is the base for natural logarithms. It is approximately equal to 2.718282.' s__RationalNumberFn__m '(&%RationalNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the rational representation of ?NUMBER.' s__RealNumberFn__m '(RealNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of ?NUMBER that is a &%RealNumber.' s__ReciprocalFn__m '(ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) is the reciprocal element of ?NUMBER with respect to the multiplication operator (&%MultiplicationFn), i.e. 1/?NUMBER. Not all numbers have a reciprocal element. For example the number 0 does not. If a number ?NUMBER has a reciprocal ?RECIP, then the product of ?NUMBER and ?RECIP will be 1, e.g. 3*1/3 = 1. The reciprocal of an element is &%equal to applying the &%ExponentiationFn function to the element to the power -1.' s__RemainderFn__m '(RemainderFn ?NUMBER ?DIVISOR) is the remainder of the number ?NUMBER divided by the number ?DIVISOR. The result has the same sign as ?DIVISOR.' s__RoundFn__m '(&%RoundFn ?NUMBER) is the &%Integer closest to ?NUMBER on the number line. If ?NUMBER is halfway between two &%Integers (for example 3.5), it denotes the larger &%Integer.' "0.5" s__SignumFn__m '(SignumFn ?NUMBER) denotes the sign of ?NUMBER. This is one of the following values: -1, 1, or 0.' s__SineFn__m '(&%SineFn ?DEGREE) is the sine of the &%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The sine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side opposite ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.' s__SquareRootFn__m '(SquareRootFn ?NUMBER) is the principal square root of ?NUMBER.' s__TangentFn__m '(&%TangentFn ?DEGREE) is the tangent of the &%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The tangent of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side opposite ?DEGREE to the side next to ?DEGREE in a right-angled triangle.' 'An object ?ID is the identity element for BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION just in case, for every instance ?INST, applying ?FUNCTION to ?INST and ?ID results in ?INST.' s__SuccessorFn__m s__TotalValuedRelation__t 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Integer to its successor, e.g. the successor of 5 is 6.' s__PredecessorFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Integer to its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4.' average 'A partial function that relates a &%List to a &%RealNumber, provided that the &%List only has list elements that are &%RealNumbers. The &%RealNumber associated with the &%List is equal to the mathematical average of the &%RealNumbers in the &%List divided by the total number of list elements.' '(subset ?SET1 ?SET2) is true just in case the &%elements of the &%Set ?SET1 are also &%elements of the &%Set ?SET2.' '(element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case ?ENTITY is contained in the &%Set ?SET. An &%Entity can be an &%element of another &%Entity only if the latter is a &%Set.' s__UnionFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%SetOrClasses to the union of these &%SetOrClasses. An object is an &%element of the union of two &%SetOrClasses just in case it is an &%instance of either &%SetOrClass.' s__IntersectionFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%SetOrClasses to the intersection of these &%SetOrClasses. An object is an instance of the intersection of two &%SetOrClasses just in case it is an instance of both of those &%SetOrClasses.' s__RelativeComplementFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%SetOrClasses to the difference between these &%SetOrClasses. More precisely, (&%RelativeComplementFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) denotes the instances of ?CLASS1 that are not also instances of ?CLASS2.' s__ComplementFn__m 'The complement of a given &%SetOrClass C is the &%SetOrClass of all things that are not instances of C. In other words, an object is an instance of the complement of a &%SetOrClass C just in case it is not an instance of C.' s__GeneralizedUnionFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that takes a &%SetOrClass of &%Classes as its single argument and returns a &%SetOrClass which is the merge of all of the &%Classes in the original &%SetOrClass, i.e. the &%SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of an instance of the original &%SetOrClass.' s__GeneralizedIntersectionFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that takes a &%SetOrClass of &%Classes as its single argument and returns a &%SetOrClass which is the intersection of all of the &%Classes in the original &%SetOrClass, i.e. the &%SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of all instances of the original &%SetOrClass.' s__CardinalityFn__m '(CardinalityFn ?CLASS) returns the number of instances in the &%SetOrClass ?CLASS or the number of members in the ?CLASS &%Collection.' s__NullSet__t s__NullSet 'Any &%SetOrClass that contains no instances.' s__NonNullSet s__NonNullSet__t 'Any &%SetOrClass that contains at least one instance.' s__FiniteSet s__FiniteSet__t 'A &%Set containing a finite number of elements.' s__PairwiseDisjointClass s__PairwiseDisjointClass__t 'A &%SetOrClass is a &%PairwiseDisjointClass just in case every instance of the &%SetOrClass is either &%equal to or &%disjoint from every other instance of the &%SetOrClass.' s__MutuallyDisjointClass s__MutuallyDisjointClass__t 'A &%SetOrClass is a &%MutuallyDisjointClass just in case there exists nothing which is an instance of all of the instances of the original &%SetOrClass.' s__KappaFn__m 'A class-forming operator that takes two arguments: a variable and a formula containing at least one unbound occurrence of the variable. The result of applying &%KappaFn to a variable and a formula is the &%SetOrClass of things that satisfy the formula. For example, we can denote the &%SetOrClass of prime numbers that are less than 100 with the following expression: (KappaFn ?NUMBER (and (instance ?NUMBER PrimeNumber) (lessThan ?NUMBER 100))). Note that the use of this function is discouraged, since there is currently no axiomatic support for it.' 'The &%Class of graphs, where a graph is understood to be a set of &%GraphNodes connected by &%GraphArcs. Note that this &%Class includes only connected graphs, i.e. graphs in which there is a &%GraphPath between any two &%GraphNodes. Note too that every &%Graph is required to contain at least two &%GraphArcs and three &%GraphNodes.' s__DirectedGraph 'The &%Class of directed graphs. A directed graph is a &%Graph in which all &%GraphArcs have direction, i.e. every &%GraphArc has an initial node (see &%InitialNodeFn) and a terminal node (see &%TerminalNodeFn).' s__Tree s__Tree__t s__DirectedGraph__t 'A Tree is a &%DirectedGraph that has no &%GraphLoops.' s__GraphLoop s__GraphCircuit 'Informally, a single, directed route between two &%GraphNodes in a &%Graph. Formally, a &%DirectedGraph that is a &%subGraph of the original &%Graph and such that no two &%GraphArcs in the &%DirectedGraph have the same intial node (see &%InitialNodeFn) or the same terminal node (see &%TerminalNodeFn).' s__GraphCircuit__t s__GraphPath__t 'A &%GraphPath that begins (see &%BeginNodeFn) and ends (see &%EndNodeFn) at the same &%GraphNode.' s__MultiGraph s__MultiGraph__t 'The &%Class of multigraphs. A multigraph is a &%Graph containing at least one pair of &%GraphNodes that are connected by more than one &%GraphArc.' s__PseudoGraph s__PseudoGraph__t s__Graph__t 'The &%Class of pseudographs. A pseudograph is a &%Graph containing at least one &%GraphLoop.' s__GraphElement__t 'Noncompositional parts of &%Graphs. These parts are restricted to &%GraphNodes and &%GraphArcs.' s__GraphNode__t '&%Graphs are comprised of &%GraphNodes and &%GraphArcs. Every &%GraphNode is linked by a &%GraphArc.' s__GraphArc__t '&%Graphs are comprised of &%GraphNodes and &%GraphArcs. Every &%GraphArc links two &%GraphNodes.' s__GraphLoop__t 'A &%GraphArc in which a &%GraphNode is linked to itself.' 'a &%TernaryPredicate that specifies the &%GraphArc connecting two &%GraphNodes.' 'A basic relation for &%Graphs and their parts. (&%graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH) means that ?PART is a &%GraphArc or &%GraphNode of the &%Graph ?GRAPH.' 'The relation between two &%Graphs when one &%Graph is a part of the other. (&%subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2) means that ?GRAPH1 is a part of ?GRAPH2.' 'A &%BinaryPredicate that specifies the length (in number of &%GraphNodes) of a &%GraphPath. (&%pathLength ?PATH ?NUMBER) means that there are ?NUMBER nodes in the &%GraphPath ?PATH.' s__InitialNodeFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphArc to the initial node of the &%GraphArc. Note that this is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined for &%GraphArcs that are not part of a &%DirectedGraph.' s__TerminalNodeFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphArc to the terminal node of the &%GraphArc. Note that this is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined for &%GraphArcs that are not part of a &%DirectedGraph.' s__BeginNodeFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphPath to the &%GraphNode that is the beginning of the &%GraphPath. Note that, unlike &%InitialNodeFn (which relates a &%GraphArc to a &%GraphNode), &%BeginNodeFn is a total function - every &%GraphPath has a beginning.' s__EndNodeFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphPath to the &%GraphNode that is the end of the &%GraphPath. Note that, unlike &%TerminalNodeFn (which relates a &%GraphArc to a &%GraphNode), &%EndNodeFn is a total function - every &%GraphPath has a end.' 'This predicate indicates the value of a &%GraphArc in a &%Graph. This could map to the length of a road in a road network or the flow rate of a pipe in a plumbing system.' s__PathWeightFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphPath to the sum of the &%arcWeights on the &%GraphArcs in the &%GraphPath.' s__MinimalWeightedPathFn__m 'This &%BinaryFunction assigns two &%GraphNodes to the &%GraphPath with the smallest sum of weighted arcs between the two &%GraphNodes.' s__MaximalWeightedPathFn__m 'This &%BinaryFunction assigns two &%GraphNodes to the &%GraphPath with the largest sum of weighted arcs between the two &%GraphNodes.' s__GraphPathFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%GraphNodes to the &%Class of &%GraphPaths between those two nodes. Note that the two &%GraphNodes must belong to the same &%Graph.' s__CutSetFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that assigns a &%Graph the &%Class of &%GraphPaths that partition the graph into two separate graphs if cut. There may be more than one cutset for a given graph.' s__MinimalCutSetFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that assigns a &%Graph the &%Class of &%GraphPaths which comprise cutsets for the &%Graph and which have the least number of &%GraphArcs.' '(abstractCounterpart ?AB ?PHYS relates a &%Physical entity to an &%Abstract one which is an idealized model in some dimension of the &%Physical entity. For example, an &%Abstract &%GraphNode could be stated to be the counterpart of an actual &%Computer in a &%ComputerNetwork.' s__PhysicalSystem__t '&%PhysicalSystem is the class of complex &%Physical things. A &%PhysicalSystem may have one or more corresponding abstract &%Graph representations.' '(&%subSystem ?SUB ?SYSTEM) means that the &%PhysicalSystem ?SUB is a part of the &%PhysicalSystem ?SYSTEM.' '(&%systemPart ?PART ?SYSTEM) means that the &%Physical thing ?PART is a &%SystemElement in the &%PhysicalSystem ?SYSTEM.' '(graphMeasure ?GRAPH ?MEAS) fixes a &%UnitOfMeasure that is used for the &%arcWeight of a given &%Graph. Stating such a relationship entails that the components of given graph are the &%abstractCounterparts of sets of &%Physical &%Entity(ies).' 'A standard of measurement for some dimension. For example, the &%Meter is a &%UnitOfMeasure for the dimension of length, as is the &%Inch. There is no intrinsic property of a &%UnitOfMeasure that makes it primitive or fundamental, rather, a system of units (e.g. &%SystemeInternationalUnit) defines a set of orthogonal dimensions and assigns units for each.' 'Instances of this &%Class are &%UnitsOfMeasure defined by the functional composition of other units, each of which might be a &%CompositeUnitOfMeasure or a &%NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure.' s__UnitOfMeasure__t 'Instances of this &%Class are &%UnitsOfMeasure that are applied to a single dimension, and so are not intrinsically defined by the functional composition of other units.' s__SystemeInternationalUnit 'The &%Class of Systeme International (SI) units.' s__LengthMeasure__t s__ConstantQuantity__t 'A &%subclass of &%ConstantQuantity, instances of which are measures of length.' s__UnitOfLength__t 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%LengthMeasure.' s__MassMeasure__t 'A &%subclass of &%ConstantQuantity, instances of which are measures of the amount of matter in an &%Object.' s__UnitOfMass 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%MassMeasure, which denote the amount of matter in &%PhysicalObjects.' s__AreaMeasure__t 'Measures of the amount of space in two dimensions.' s__UnitOfArea__t 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%AreaMeasure.' s__VolumeMeasure__t s__FunctionQuantity__t 'Measures of the amount of space in three dimensions.' 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%VolumeMeasure.' s__TemperatureMeasure__t 'Measures of temperature. In scientific circles, the temperature of something is understood as the average velocity of the atoms or molecules that make up the thing.' s__UnitOfTemperature 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%TemperatureMeasure.' s__CurrencyMeasure__t 'Instances of this &%subclass of &%ConstantQuantity are measures of &%monetaryValue stated in terms of some &%UnitOfCurrency such as &%UnitedStatesDollar, &%UnitedStatesCent, Lire, Yen, etc.' 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%CurrencyMeasure.' 'The value of an angle in a plane or in a solid.' s__UnitOfAngularMeasure__t 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%AngleMeasure.' s__PlaneAngleMeasure__t s__AngleMeasure__t 'The value of an angle in a plane.' s__SolidAngleMeasure s__SolidAngleMeasure__t 'The value of an angle in a solid.' s__UnitOfInformation s__UnitOfInformation__t s__NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure__t 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%InformationMeasure.' s__UnitOfDuration s__UnitOfDuration__t 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%TimeDuration. Note that &%TimeDuration is a &%subclass of &%TimeMeasure.' s__MeasureFn__m 'This &%BinaryFunction maps a &%RealNumber and a &%UnitOfMeasure to that &%Number of units. It is used to express `measured instances of &%PhysicalQuantity. Example: the concept of three meters is represented as (&%MeasureFn 3 &%Meter).' s__InformationMeasure s__UnitOfMeasureMultiplier 'Each &%instance of this &%Class is a &%UnaryFunction that, when evaluated on its single argument, a &%UnitOfMeasure, produces another &%UnitOfMeasure that is a numeric multiple of the argument.' s__KiloFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%KiloFn &%Gram) is 1,000 &%Grams.' "1000" s__MegaFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%MegaFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000 &%Hertz.' s__GigaFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%GigaFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000,000 &%Hertz.' "1000000000" s__TeraFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000,000 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%TeraFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000,000,000 &%Hertz.' "1000000000000" s__MilliFn__m s__UnitOfMeasureMultiplier__t 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%MilliFn &%Gram) is .001 &%Grams.' "0.001" s__MicroFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%MicroFn &%Meter) is .000001 &%Meters.' "0.000001" s__NanoFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%MicroFn &%SecondDuration) is .000000001 &%SecondDurations.' "0.000000001" s__PicoFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000000001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%PicoFn &%SecondDuration) is .000000000001 &%SecondDurations.' "0.000000000001" s__IntervalFn__m s__RecurrentTimeIntervalFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that maps two instances of &%ConstantQuantity to the &%subclass of &%ConstantQuantity that comprises the interval from the first &%ConstantQuantity to the second &%ConstantQuantity. For example, (&%IntervalFn (&%MeasureFn 8 &%Meter) (&%MeasureFn 14 &%Meter)) would return the &%subclass of &%ConstantQuantity comprising quantities between 8 and 14 meters in length.' s__MagnitudeFn__m 'The magnitude of a &%PhysicalQuantity is the numeric value for the quantity. In other words, &%MagnitudeFn converts a &%PhysicalQuantity with an associated &%UnitOfMeasure into an ordinary &%RealNumber. For example, the magnitude of the &%ConstantQuantity 2 &%Kilometers is the &%RealNumber 2. Note that the magnitude of a quantity in a given unit times that unit is equal to the original quantity.' s__UnitFn__m '&%UnitFn returns just the &%UnitOfMeasure of a &%PhysicalQuantity with an associated &%UnitOfMeasure and &%RealNumber magnitude. For example, the unit of the &%ConstantQuantity (&%MeasureFn 2 &%Kilometer) is the &%UnitOfMeasure &%Kilometer.' s__PerFn__m '&%PerFn maps two instances of &%PhysicalQuantity to the &%FunctionQuantity composed of these two instances. For example, (&%PerFn (&%MeasureFn 2 (&%MicroFn &%Gram)) (&%MeasureFn 1 (&%KiloFn &%Gram))) denotes the &%FunctionQuantity of 2 micrograms per kiogram. This function is useful, because it allows the knowledge engineer to dynamically generate instances of &%FunctionQuantity.' s__DensityFn__m '&%DensityFn maps an instance of &%MassMeasure and an instance of &%VolumeMeasure to the density represented by this proportion of mass and volume. For example, (&%DensityFn (&%MeasureFn 3 &%Gram) (&%MeasureFn 1 &%Liter)) represents the density of 3 grams per liter.' s__SpeedFn__m 'Maps an instance of &%LengthMeasure and an instance of &%TimeDuration to the speed represented by this proportion of distance and time. For example, (&%SpeedFn (&%MeasureFn 55 &%Mile)(&%MeasureFn 1 &%HourDuration)) represents the velocity of 55 miles per hour.' s__VelocityFn__m s__QuaternaryFunction__t 'Specifies the velocity of an object, i.e. the speed and the direction of the speed. For example (&%VelocityFn (&%MeasureFn 55 &%Mile) (&%MeasureFn 2 &%HourDuration) ?REFERENCE &%North) denotes the velocity of 55 miles per hour North of the given reference point ?REFERENCE.' 'SI &%UnitOfLength. Symbol: m. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the &%Meter is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299792458 of a &%SecondDuration.' s__Gram 'Submultiple of kilogram. Symbol: g. 1 kilogram = 1000 &%Grams.' s__SecondDuration 'SI &%UnitOfDuration. Symbol: s. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the &%SecondDuration is the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom.' s__Ampere 'SI electric current measure. Symbol: A. It is one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the &%Ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 &%Meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2*10^(-7) &%Newton per &%Meter of length.' s__KelvinDegree s__SystemeInternationalUnit__t 'SI &%UnitOfMeasure used with &%MeasureFn to produce terms denoting instances of &%TemperatureMeasure. Symbol: K. It is one of the base units in SI (it is also a unit in the ITS system). Kelvin differs from the Celsius scale in that the triple point of water is defined to be 273.16 &%KelvinDegrees while it is 0 &%CelsiusDegrees. The magnitudes of intervals in the two scales are the same. By definition the conversion constant is 273.15.' s__Mole 'SI amount of substance unit. symbol: mol. It is one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the &%Mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 &%Kilograms of carbon 12. Note that, when this &%UnitOfMeasure is used, the elementary entities must be specified - they may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, etc. or groups of such particles.' s__Candela 'SI luminosity intensity measure. Symbol: cd. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the &%Candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540*10^12 &%Hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 &%Watt per &%Steradian.' s__Liter 'Unit of volume in the metric system. It is currently defined to be equal to one cubic decimeter (0.001 cubic meter). Symbol: l.' 'Submultiple of &%Meter. Symbol: cm. It is the 100th part of a &%Meter' "0.01" 'Submultiple of Meter. Symbol: mm. A millimeter is the 1000th part of a meter' s__Kilometer 'Supermultiple of &%Meter. Symbol: km. A &%Meter is the 1000th part of a &%Kilometer' s__Radian 'SI plane angle measure. Symbol: rad. It is the angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the circles radius. Another definition is: the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius. &%Radian = m/m = 1.' s__Steradian 'SI solid angle measure. Symbol: sr. It is the solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface whose area is equal to the square of the spheres radius. Another definition is: the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of the sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere. &%Steradian = m^2/m^2 = 1.' s__FrequencyMeasure s__FrequencyMeasure__t 'A &%subclass of &%TimeDependentQuantity, instances of which are measures of the frequency with which some &%Process occurs.' s__UnitOfFrequency s__UnitOfFrequency__t 'Every instance of this &%Class is a &%UnitOfMeasure that can be used with &%MeasureFn to form instances of &%FrequencyMeasure.' s__Hertz 'SI frequency measure. Symbol: Hz. It is the number of cycles per second. &%Hertz = s^(-1). Note that &%Hertz does not have a conversion function.' s__Newton 'SI force measure. Symbol: N. It is that force which gives to a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 &%Meter per &%SecondDuration. &%Newton = m*kg*s^(-2).' s__Pascal 'SI pressure measure. Symbol:Pa. It is the pressure of one &%Newton per square &%Meter. &%Pascal = N/m^2 = m^(-1)*kg*s^(-2).' 'SI energy measure. Symbol: J. It is the work done when the point of application of 1 &%Newton is displaced a distance of 1 &%Meter in the direction of the force. &%Joule = N*m = m^2*kg*s^(-2).' 'SI power measure. Symbol: W. A &%UnitOfMeasure that measures power, i.e. energy produced or expended divided by &%TimeDuration. It is the power which gives rise to the production of energy (or work) at the rate of one &%Joule per &%SecondDuration. &%Watt = J/s = m^2*kg*s^(-3).' s__Horsepower 'A power measure that is equal to 746 &%Watts.' "746" s__Coulomb 'SI electric charge measure. Symbol: C. It is the quantity of electric charge transported through a cross section of a conductor in an electric circuit during each &%SecondDuration by a current of 1 &%Ampere. Coulomb = s*A.' 'SI electric potential measure. Symbol: V. It is the difference of electric potential between two points of a conducting wire carrying a constant current of 1 &%Ampere, when the power dissipated between these points is equal to 1 &%Watt. &%Volt = W/A = m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-1).' s__Farad 'SI capacitance measure. Symbol: F. It is the capacitance of a capacitator between the plates of which there appears a difference of potential of 1 &%Volt when it is charged by a quantity of electricity equal to 1 Coulomb. &%Farad = C/V = m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^4*A^2.' s__Ohm 'SI electric resistance measure. It is the electric resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference of potential of 1 &%Volt, applied between these two points, produces in this conductor a current of 1 &%Ampere, this conductor not being the force of any electromotive force. &%Ohm = V/A = m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-2).' s__Siemens 'SI electric conductance measure. Symbol: S. In the case of direct current, the conductance in &%Siemens is the reciprocal of the resistance in &%Ohms, in the case of alternating current, it is the reciprocal of the impedance in ohms. siemens = A/V = m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^(3)*A^2.' s__Weber 'SI magnetic flux measure. Symbol: Wb. It is the magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an electromotive force of 1 &%Volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 &%SecondDuration. &%Weber = V*s = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1).' s__Tesla 'SI magnetic flux density measure. Symbol: T. One &%Tesla equals one &%Weber per square &%Meter. &%Tesla = Wb/m^2 = kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1).' s__Henry 'SI inductance measure. Symbol: H. One &%Henry is equivalent to one &%Volt divided by one &%Ampere per &%SecondDuration. If a current changing at the rate of one &%Ampere per &%SecondDuration induces an electromotive force of one &%Volt, the circuit has an inductance of one &%Henry. &%Henry = Wb/A = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-2).' s__CelsiusDegree__t s__UnitOfTemperature__t 'A &%TemperatureMeasure. The freezing point and the boiling point of water are, respectively, 0 &%CelsiusDegrees and 100 &%CelsiusDegrees.' "273.15" "32" "1.8" s__FahrenheitDegree s__Lumen 'SI luminous flux measure. Symbol: lm. It is the amount streaming outward through one solid angle of 1 &%Steradian from a uniform point source having an intensity of one &%Candela. &%Lumen = cd*sr = cd * 1.' s__Lux 'SI illuminance measure. Symbol: lx. It is the amount of illumination provided when one &%Lumen is evenly distributed over an area of 1 square &%Meter. This is also equivalent to the illumination that would exist on a surface all points of which are one &%Meter from a point source of one &%Candela. &%Lux = lm/m^2 = m^(-2)*cd.' s__Becquerel 'SI activity measure. Symbol: Bq. It measures the amount of radioactivity contained in a given sample of matter. It is that quantity of a radioactive element in which there is one atomic disintegration per &%SecondDuration. &%Becquerel = s^(-1).' s__Gray 'SI absorbed dose measure. Symbol: Gy. It measures the dose of radiation absorbed in living tissue. It is equal approximately to the absorbed dose delivered when the energy per unit mass imparted to matter by ionizing radiation is 1 &%Joule per kilogram. &%Gray = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2).' s__Sievert 'SI dose equivalent measure. Symbol: Sv. It is a unit of biologic dose of ionizing radiation. The &%Sievert makes it possible to normalize doses of different types of radiation. It takes into account the relative biologic effectiveness of ionizing radiation, since each form of such radiation--e.g., X rays, gamma rays, neutrons-- has a slightly different effect on living tissue for a given absorbed dose. The dose equivalent of a given type of radiation (in &%Sievert) is the dose of the radiation in &%Gray multiplied by a quality factor that is based on the relative biologic effectiveness of the radiation. Accordingly, one &%Sievert is generally defined as the amount of radiation roughly equivalent in biologic effectiveness to one &%Gray of gamma radiation. &%Sievert = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2)' 'Time unit. 1 day = 24 hours.' 'Time unit. 1 hour = 60 minutes.' s__MinuteDuration 'Time unit. 1 minute = 60 seconds. ' s__WeekDuration 'Time unit. A weeks duration is seven days.' 'Time unit. A months duration is at least 28 days, and no more than 31 days. Note that this unit is a range, rather than an exact amount, unlike most other units.' 'Time unit. one calendar year. 1 year = 365 days = 31536000 seconds.' "365" s__Amu 'Atomic mass unit. Symbol: u. It is the mass of the twelfth part of an atom of the Carbon 12 isotope.' "1.6605402E-24" s__ElectronVolt 'The &%ElectronVolt is an energy measure. Symbol: eV. It is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 &%Volt in a vacuum.' "1.60217733E-19" s__Angstrom 'The &%Angstrom is a &%LengthMeasure. 1 &%Angstrom = 10^(-10) m' "1.0E-10" 'English length unit of feet.' "0.3048" s__Inch 'English length unit of inches.' "0.0254" 'English length unit of miles.' "1609.344" s__UnitedStatesGallon s__UnitedKingdomGallon 'Unit of volume commonly used in the United States.' "3.785411784" s__Quart 'English unit of volume equal to 1/4 of a &%UnitedStatesGallon.' s__Pint 'English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a &%Quart.' s__Cup 'English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a &%Pint.' s__Ounce 'English unit of volume equal to 1/8 of a &%Cup.' s__UnitOfVolume__t 'Unit of volume commonly used in the United Kingdom.' "4.54609" s__AtomGram s__UnitOfMass__t '&%MassMeasure that is also known as the gram-atom. Defined as the mass in grams of 1 &%Mole of pure substance. For example, 1 &%AtomGram of Carbon 12 will be 12 &%Grams of pure Carbon 12. 2 &%AtomGrams of the same substance will be 24 &%Grams of it. This is an unusual unit in that it is essentially 1 &%Mole of stuff measured in grams, so that the actual value (i.e. mass) depends on the type of substance.' s__Kilogram 'Supermultiple of &%Gramm. Symbol: kg. 1 &%Kilogram = 1000 Grams.' '(&%weight ?O ?MM) means that on planet earth the &%SelfConnectedObject ?O has the weight ?MM.' s__PoundMass 'English mass unit of pounds.' "453.59237" s__Slug 'English mass unit of slugs.' "14593.90" s__RankineDegree 'A &%TemperatureMeasure. Note that 0 &%RankineDegrees is the same as the absolute zero (i.e. 0 &%KelvinDegrees).' 'A &%UnitOfTemperature that is commonly used in the United States. On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32 &%FahrenheitDegrees, and the boiling point of water is 212 &%FahrenheitDegrees.' s__PoundForce 'English pound of force. The conversion factor depends on the local value of the acceleration of free fall. A mean value is used in the conversion axiom associated with this constant.' "4.448222" s__Calorie s__CompositeUnitOfMeasure__t 'A &%Calorie is an energy measure.' "4.1868" s__BritishThermalUnit 'An energy measure.' "1055.05585262" 'A plane angle measure.' 'A currency measure.' 'A currency measure. 1 &%UnitedStatesCent is equal to .01 &%UnitedStatesDollars.' s__UnitOfCurrency__t 'A currency measure of most European Union countries.' 'A currency measure. 1 &%EuroCent is equal to .01 &%EuroDollars.' s__InformationMeasure__t 'Measures of the amount of information. Includes &%Bit, &%Byte, and multiples of these, e.g. &%KiloByte and &%MegaByte.' s__Bit 'One &%Bit of information. A one or a zero.' s__Byte 'One &%Byte of information. A &%Byte is eight &%Bits.' s__KiloByte 'One &%KiloByte (KB) of information. One &%KiloByte is 1024 &%Bytes. Note that this sense of kilo is different from the one accepted in the SI system.' "1024" s__MegaByte 'One &%MegaByte (MB) of information. One &%MegaByte is 1024 &%KiloBytes. Note that this sense of mega is different from the one accepted in the SI system.' 'A very general &%Predicate for asserting that a particular &%Object is measured by a particular &%PhysicalQuantity. In general, the second argument of this &%Predicate will be a term produced with the &%Function &%MeasureFn.' 'Simply relates an &%Object to a &%ConstantQuantity specifying the age of the &%Object.' '&%BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an &%Object from one point to another point along its surface. Note that the difference between the predicates &%length and &%distance is that the &%length is used to state the &%LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of a single object, while &%distance is used to state the &%LengthMeasure that separates two distinct objects.' '&%BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an &%Object from side to side at its widest span.' 'The height of an &%Object is the distance between its &%top and its &%bottom.' '&%BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an &%Object along its longest span.' s__Oval s__Oval__t 'The class of &%ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures that are produced by the intersection of a &%Cone with a &%ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure.' s__Circle__t 'The class of &%Ovals such that all &%GeometricPoints that make up the &%Circle are equidistant from a single &%GeometricPoint, known as the center of the &%Circle.' s__CenterOfCircleFn__m '(CenterOfCircleFn ?CIRCLE) denotes the &%GeometricPoint that is the center of the &%Circle ?CIRCLE.' '(&%radius ?CIRCLE ?LENGTH) means that the radius of the &%Circle ?CIRCLE has a length of ?LENGTH.' '(&%diameter ?CIRCLE ?LENGTH) means that the diameter of the &%Circle ?CIRCLE has a length of ?LENGTH.' '(&%distance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?QUANT) means that the shortest distance between the two objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 is ?QUANT. Note that the difference between the predicates &%length and &%distance is that the &%length is used to state the &%LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of a single object, while &%distance is used to state the &%LengthMeasure that separates two distinct objects.' 'A &%TernaryPredicate that is used to state the &%distance between the &%top of an &%Object and another point that is below the &%top of the &%Object (often this other point will be sea level). Note that this &%Predicate can be used to specify, for example, the height of geographic features, e.g. mountains, the altitude of aircraft, and the orbit of satellites around the Earth.' s__SingleValuedRelation__t 'A &%TernaryPredicate that is used to state the &%distance between the &%top of an &%Object and another point that is above the &%top of the &%Object (often this other point will be sea level). Note that this &%Predicate can be used to specify, for example, the depth of marine life or submarines, for example.' '(&%larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is larger, with respect to all &%LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2.' '(&%smaller ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is smaller, with respect to all &%LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2.' 'A &%BinaryPredicate that associates an &%Object or &%Process with its value expressed as an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure.' s__WealthFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Agent to a &%CurrencyMeasure specifying the value of the property owned by the &%Agent. Note that this &%Function is generally used in conjunction with the &%Function &%PropertyFn, e.g. (&%WealthFn (&%PropertyFn BillGates)) would return the monetary value of the sum of Bill Gates holdings.' '(&%barometricPressure ?AREA ?PRESSURE) means that the atmospheric pressure measured at ?AREA is ?PRESSURE. Barometric pressure is typically expressed in units of &%InchMercury or &%MmMercury. For example, standard sea level pressure is 29.92 inches (760 mm) of mercury: (&%barometricPressure &%SeaLevel (&%MeasureFn 29.92 &%InchMercury)).' s__UnitOfAtmosphericPressure__t '&%UnitOfAtmosphericPressure includes those instances of &%UnitOfMeasure used to measure atmospheric pressure (&%barometricPressure), e.g., &%InchMercury.' '&%InchMercury is a &%UnitOfMeasure for &%barometricPressure. It is used to express the number of inches of mercury supported in a mercurial barometer by the surrounding air pressure.' s__MmMercury '&%MmMercury is a &%UnitOfMeasure for &%barometricPressure. It is used to express the number of millimeters of mercury supported in a mercurial barometer by the surrounding air pressure.' s__PositiveInfinity s__TimePoint__t 'The &%TimePoint that is after all other &%TimePoints.' s__NegativeInfinity 'The &%TimePoint that is before all other &%TimePoints.' '(&%duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the duration of the &%TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME. Note that this &%Predicate can be used in conjunction with the &%Function &%WhenFn to specify the duration of any instance of &%Physical.' '(&%frequency ?PROC ?TIME) means that the &%Process type of ?PROC recurs after every interval of ?TIME.' '(? [V__INST] : (s__instance(V__POSITION,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__INST,V__PROC)))' s__PartialOrderingRelation__t 'The temporal analogue of the spatial &%part predicate. (&%temporalPart ?POS1 ?POS2) means that &%TimePosition ?POS1 is part of &%TimePosition ?POS2. Note that since &%temporalPart is a &%ReflexiveRelation every &%TimePostion is a &%temporalPart of itself.' s__BeginFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimeInterval to the &%TimePoint at which the interval begins.' s__EndFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimeInterval to the &%TimePoint at which the interval ends.' '(&%starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both &%TimeIntervals that have the same initial &%TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2.' '(&%finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both &%TimeIntervals that have the same ending &%TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL2 begins before ?INTERVAL1.' '(&%before ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 precedes ?POINT2 on the universal timeline.' '(&%beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 is identical with ?POINT2 or occurs before it on the universal timeline.' '(&%temporallyBetween ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3) means that the &%TimePoint ?POINT2 is between the &%TimePoints ?POINT1 and ?POINT3, i.e. ?POINT1 is before ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before ?POINT3.' '(&%temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3) means that the &%TimePoint ?POINT1 is before or equal to the &%TimePoint ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before or equal to the &%TimePoint ?POINT3.' '(&%overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the &%TimeIntervals ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 have a &%TimeInterval as a common part.' '(&%during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 starts after and ends before ?INTERVAL2.' '(&%meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the terminal point of the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 is the initial point of the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2.' s__TemporalRelation__t '(&%earlier ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 ends before the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2 begins.' '(&%cooccur ?THING1 ?THING2) means that the &%Object or &%Process ?THING1 occurs at the same time as, together with, or jointly with the &%Object or &%Process ?THING2. This covers the following temporal relations: is co-incident with, is concurrent with, is contemporaneous with, and is concomitant with.' s__TimeIntervalFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that takes two &%TimePoints as arguments and returns the &%TimeInterval defined by these two &%TimePoints. Note that the first &%TimePoint must occur earlier than the second &%TimePoint.' 'A function that is useful for generating recurring time intervals. For example, (&%RecurrentTimeIntervalFn (&%HourFn 6 &%Day) (&%HourFn 12 &%Day)) returns the &%Class of &%TimeIntervals beginning at 6 in the morning and ending at 12 noon. For another example, (&%RecurrentTimeInterval &%Saturday &%Sunday) returns the &%Class of all weekends. For still another example, (&%RecurrentTimeInterval &%June &%August) returns the &%Class containing the academic summer period.' 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Object or &%Process to the exact &%TimeInterval during which it exists. Note that, for every &%TimePoint ?TIME outside of the &%TimeInterval (WhenFn ?THING), (time ?THING ?TIME) does not hold.' s__PastFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition to the &%TimeInterval that meets it and that begins at &%NegativeInfinity.' s__ImmediatePastFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition to a short, indeterminate &%TimeInterval that immediately precedes the &%TimePosition.' s__FutureFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition to the &%TimeInterval which it meets and which ends at &%PositiveInfinity.' s__ImmediateFutureFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition to a short, indeterminate &%TimeInterval that immediately follows the &%TimePosition.' 'A &%BinaryPredicate that specifies a &%TimePosition in absolute calendar time, at the resolution of one day, for a particular &%Object or &%Process.' s__YearFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a number to the corresponding calendar &%Year. For example, (&%YearFn 1912) returns the &%Class containing just one instance, the year of 1912. As might be expected, positive integers return years in the Common Era, while negative integers return years in B.C.E. Note that this function returns a &%Class as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. &%MonthFn, &%DayFn, &%HourFn, &%MinuteFn, and &%SecondFn, are used to generate both specific &%TimeIntervals and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of these functions classes rather than individuals.' s__MonthFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of &%Month and a subclass of &%Year to the class containing the &%Months corresponding to thos &%Years. For example (&%MonthFn &%January (&%YearFn 1912)) is the class containing the eighth &%Month, i.e. August, of the &%Year 1912. For another example, (&%MonthFn &%August &%Year) is equal to &%August, the class of all months of August. Note that this function returns a &%Class as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. DayFn, HourFn, MinuteFn, and SecondFn, are used to generate both specific &%TimeIntervals and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of these functions classes rather than individuals.' s__DayFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Months to the &%Days within each &%Month corresponding to that &%PositiveRealNumber. For example, (&%DayFn 16 &%August) is the &%Class of all sixteenth days of August. For another example, (&%DayFn 9 &%Month) would return the class of all ninth days of any month. For still another example, (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912))) denotes the 18th day of August 1912.' s__HourFn__m s__Hour 'A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Days to the &%Hours within each &%Day corresponding to that &%NonnegativeInteger. For example, (&%HourFn 12 &%Thursday) is the &%Class of all instances of noon Thursday. For another example, (&%HourFn 0 &%Day) would return the class of all instances of midnight. For still another example, (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912)))) denotes 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912.' s__MinuteFn__m s__Minute 'A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Hours to the &%Minutes within each &%Hour corresponding to that &%NonnegativeInteger. For example, (&%MinuteFn 30 (&%HourFn 17 &%Day)) is the &%Class of all 5:30s in the afternoon. For another example, (&%MinuteFn 15 &%Hour) would return the class of all instances of quarter past the hour. For still another example, (&%MinuteFn 15 (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912))))) denotes 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912.' s__SecondFn__m s__Second 'A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Minutes to the &%Seconds within each &%Minute corresponding to that &%PositiveRealNumber. For example, (&%SecondFn 4 (&%MinuteFn 5 &%Hour)) is the &%Class of all fourth &%Seconds of every fifth &%Minute of every hour. For another example, (&%SecondFn 8 &%Minute) would return the eighth second of every minute. For still another example, (&%SecondFn 9 (&%MinuteFn 15 (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912)))))) denotes 9 seconds and 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912.' s__Year__t 'The &%Class of all calendar &%Years.' s__LeapYear s__LeapYear__t 'The &%Class of all leap years. These are years which are either (i.) evenly divisible by 4 and not by 100 or (ii.) evenly divisible by 400 (this latter case is known as a leap century).' "400" 'The &%Class of all calendar &%Months.' s__January__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are January.' s__February__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are February.' s__March__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are March.' s__April__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are April.' s__May__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are May.' s__June__t s__Month__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are June.' s__July__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are July.' s__August__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are August.' s__September__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are September.' s__October__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are October.' s__November__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are November.' s__December__t 'The &%Class of all &%Months which are December.' 'The &%Class of all calendar &%Days.' s__Monday s__Monday__t 'The &%Class of all calendar Mondays.' s__Tuesday s__Tuesday__t 'The &%Class of all calendar Tuesdays.' s__Week s__Wednesday s__Wednesday__t 'The &%Class of all calendar Wednesdays.' s__Thursday__t 'The &%Class of all calendar Thursdays.' s__Friday s__Friday__t 'The &%Class of all calendar Fridays.' s__Saturday s__Saturday__t 'The &%Class of all calendar Saturdays.' s__Sunday__t s__Day__t 'The &%Class of all calendar Sundays.' s__Week__t 'The &%Class of all calendar weeks.' s__Hour__t 'The &%Class of all clock &%Hours.' s__Minute__t 'The &%Class of all clock &%Minutes.' s__Second__t 'The &%Class of all clock &%Seconds.' s__TemporalCompositionFn__m 'The basic &%Function for expressing the composition of larger &%TimeIntervals out of smaller &%TimeIntervals. For example, if &%ThisSeptember is an &%instance of &%September, (&%TemporalCompositionFn &%ThisSeptember &%Day) denotes the &%Class of consecutive days that make up &%ThisSeptember. Note that one can obtain the number of instances of this &%Class by using the function &%CardinalityFn.' '(connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 &%meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 or that ?OBJ1 &%overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2.' 'The relationship between three things, when one of the three things connects the other two. More formally, (&%connects ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that (&%connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (&%connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3) and not (&%connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3).' '(&%meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are &%connected but that neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 &%overlapsSpatially the other.' s__ReflexiveRelation__t '(&%overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the &%Objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have some parts in common. This is a reflexive and symmetric (but not transitive) relation.' '(&%overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have part(s) in common, but neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 is a &%part of the other.' '(&%superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 that has no interior parts of its own (or, intuitively, that only overlaps those parts of ?OBJ2 that are externally connected with the mereological complement of ?OBJ2). This too is a transitive relation closed under &%MereologicalSumFn and &%MereologicalProductFn.' '(&%surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a maximally connected &%superficialPart of ?OBJ2. Note that some &%SelfConnectedObjects have more than one surface, e.g. a hollow object like a tennis ball has both an inner and an outer surface.' '(&%interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is part ?OBJ2 and there is no overlap between ?OBJ1 and any &%superficialPart ?OBJ2.' '(&%bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJECT) holds if ?BOTTOM is the lowest or deepest maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT.' '(&%top ?TOP ?OBJECT) means that ?TOP is the highest maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT.' '(&%side ?SIDE ?OBJECT) means that ?SIDE is a side of the object, as opposed to the &%top or &%bottom.' s__MereologicalSumFn__m s__MereologicalProductFn__m s__MereologicalDifferenceFn__m '(&%MereologicalSumFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to either ?OBJ1 or ?OBJ2.' s__BinaryFunction__t '(&%MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to both ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2.' '(&%MereologicalDifferenceFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to ?OBJ1 and not to ?OBJ2.' '(&%hole ?HOLE ?OBJ) means that ?HOLE is a &%Hole in ?OBJ. A &%Hole is a fillable body located at the &%surface an &%Object.' s__Hole__t 'A hole is an immaterial body located at the surface of an &%Object. Since every &%Hole is ontologically dependent on its host (i.e., the object in which it is a hole), being a &%Hole is defined as being a &%hole in something. Note that two &%Holes may occupy the same region, or part of the same region, without sharing any parts. Any two hosts of a hole have a common proper part that entirely hosts the hole. A common host of two holes hosts all parts of the sum of those holes. Any object that includes the host of a hole is a host of that hole, unless its parts also include parts of that very hole. Overlapping holes have overlapping hosts. No hole is atomic. Holes are connected with their hosts. No hole can have a proper part that is externally connected with exactly the same things as the hole itself.' s__HoleHostFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Hole to the &%Object which is its principal host. The principle host of a &%Hole is its maximally connected host (a notion taken here to be defined only when the argument is a hole).' 'Something is &%Fillable if it can be filled by something else. Note that filled here means perfectly filled. Something is fillable just in case it is part of a hole, i.e., fillability is an exclusive property of holes and their parts.' s__AsymmetricRelation__t '(&%partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?OBJ &%completelyFills some part of ?HOLE. Note that if (&%partiallyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (&%part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (&%partiallyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). Note too that a partial filler need not be wholly inside a hole (it may stick out), which means that every complete filler also qualifies as (is a limit case of) a partial one.' '(&%properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?HOLE is properly (though perhaps incompletely) filled by ?OBJ, i.e. some part of ?HOLE is perfectly filled by ?OBJ. Note that &%properlyFills is the dual of &%completelyFills, and is so related to &%partiallyFills that ?OBJ &%properlyFills ?HOLE just in case ?OBJ &%partiallyFills every part of ?HOLE. (Thus, every perfect filler is both complete and proper in this sense). Every hole is connected with everything with which a proper filler of the hole is connected. Every proper part of a perfect filler of (a part of) a hole properly fills (that part of) that hole.' '(&%completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that some &%part of the &%Object ?OBJ fills the &%Hole ?HOLE. Note that if (&%completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (&%part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (&%completelyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). A complete filler of (a part of) a hole is connected with everything with which (that part of) the hole itself is connected. A perfect filler of (a part of) a hole completely fills every proper part of (that part of) that hole.' 'Holes can be filled. (&%fills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that the &%Object ?OBJ fills the &%Hole ?HOLE. Note that &%fills here means perfectly filled. Perfect fillers and fillable entities have no parts in common (rather, they may occupy the same spatial region).' s__HoleSkinFn__m 'A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Hole to the skin of the &%Hole. The skin of a &%Hole is the fusion of those superficial parts (see &%superficialPart) of the &%Holes principal host (see &%HoleHostFn) with which the &%Hole is externally connected.' '(&%subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC) means that ?SUBPROC is a subprocess of ?PROC. A subprocess is here understood as a temporally distinguished part (proper or not) of a &%Process.' 'A &%Process embodied in an &%Organism.' s__PhysiologicProcess s__PhysiologicProcess__t 'A normal process of an &%Organism or part of an &%Organism.' s__AutonomicProcess 'The class of &%PhysiologicProcesses of which there is not conscious awareness and control.' s__OrganOrTissueProcess s__OrganOrTissueProcess__t s__OrganismProcess 'A &%PhysiologicProcess of a particular &%Organ or &%Tissue.' s__Organ s__Tissue 'A physiologic function of the &%Organism as a whole, of multiple organ systems or of multiple &%Organs or &%Tissues.' s__Birth s__Birth__t s__OrganismProcess__t 'The &%Process of being born.' s__Death s__Death__t 'The &%Process of dying.' s__Breathing s__Breathing__t 'The &%Process of respiration, by which oxygen is made available to an &%Animal. This covers processes of inhalation, exhalation, and alternations between the two.' s__Ingesting 'The &%Process by which food is taken into an &%Animal.' s__Eating__t 'The &%Process by which solid food is incorporated into an &%Animal.' s__Drinking s__Drinking__t s__Ingesting__t 'The &%Process by which liquid food, i.e. &%Beverages, are incorporated into an &%Animal.' s__Digesting s__Digesting__t 'The &%Process by which &%Food that has been ingested is broken down into simpler chemical compounds and absorbed by the &%Organism.' s__ChemicalDecomposition s__Growth s__Growth__t s__AutonomicProcess__t 'The &%Process of biological development in which an &%Organism or part of an &%Organism changes its form or its size.' s__Replication 'The &%Process of biological reproduction. This can be either a sexual or an asexual process.' s__SexualReproduction s__SexualReproduction__t s__Replication__t s__AsexualReproduction 'Sexual &%Processes of biological reproduction.' s__AsexualReproduction__t 'Asexual &%Processes of biological reproduction.' s__PsychologicalProcess 'A &%BiologicalProcess which takes place in the mind or brain of an &%Organism and which may be manifested in the behavior of the &%Organism.' s__PathologicProcess s__PathologicProcess__t s__BiologicalProcess__t 'A disordered process, activity, or state of the &%Organism as a whole, of a body system or systems, or of multiple &%Organs or &%Tissues. Included here are normal responses to a negative stimulus as well as patholologic conditions or states that are less specific than a disease. Pathologic functions frequently have systemic effects.' s__Injuring s__Injuring__t s__Damaging__t 'The process of creating a traumatic wound or injury. Since &%Injuring is not possible without some biologic function of the organism being injured, it is a subclass of &%BiologicalProcess.' s__AnatomicalStructure s__Poisoning s__Poisoning__t 'A &%Poisoning is caused by an external substance. Since &%Poisoning is not possible without some biologic function which affects the &%Organism being injured, it is a subclass of &%BiologicalProcess.' s__NaturalProcess 'A &%Process that take place in nature spontanously.' s__NaturalProcess__t 'A &%Process that has a specific purpose for the &%CognitiveAgent who performs it.' s__IntentionalPsychologicalProcess s__PsychologicalProcess__t 'An &%IntentionalProcess that can be realized entirely within the mind or brain of an &%Organism. Thus, for example, &%Reasoning is a subclass of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, because one can reason simply by exercising ones mind/brain. On the other hand, &%RecreationOrExercise is not a subclass of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, because many instances of &%RecreationOrExercise necessarily have &%subProcesses of &%BodyMotion.' s__RecreationOrExercise s__RecreationOrExercise__t 'A &%Process that is carried out for the purpose of recreation or exercise. Since &%RecreationOrExercise is a subclass of &%IntentionalProcess, the intent of a process determines whether or not it is an instance of the class. Hence, if John and Bill watch the same program on television, and John watches it to relax while Bill watches it solely to satisfy an educational requirement, then Johns watching the movie is an instance of &%RecreationOrExercise, while Bills is not (both cases of watching the television program would however be in the class of &%Seeing, since being an instance of this latter class is not determined by intention).' 'An &%IntentionalProcess that involves an &%Organization.' s__Election__t '&%Election is the class of events conducted by an organization, in which qualified participants vote for officers, adopt resolutions, or settle other issues in that &%Organization.' s__ReligiousProcess__t 'An &%OrganizationalProcess that is carried out within or by a &%ReligiousOrganization.' s__JoiningAnOrganization__t 'The &%OrganizationalProcess of becoming a &%member of an &%Organization.' s__LeavingAnOrganization 'The &%OrganizationalProcess of leaving an &%Organization, whether voluntarily or involuntarily.' s__Graduation s__Graduation__t s__LeavingAnOrganization__t 'The &%OrganizationalProcess of graduating from an &%EducationalOrganization.' s__Matriculation s__Matriculation__t 'The &%OrganizationalProcess of joining an &%EducationalOrganization as a student.' s__Hiring s__Hiring__t '&%OrganizationalProcesses where someone is made an employee of an &%Organization.' s__TerminatingEmployment s__TerminatingEmployment__t '&%OrganizationalProcesses where someone ceases to be an employee of an &%Organization. Note that this covers being laid off, being fired, and voluntarily leaving a job.' s__PoliticalProcess s__PoliticalProcess__t s__OrganizationalProcess__t 'An &%OrganizationalProcess carried out by, for or against officially constituted governments. Some examples would be voting on proposed legislation, electing a government representative, or even overthrowing a government in a revolution.' s__JudicialProcess 'Any legal proceeding which is conducted by a &%JudicialOrganization. Note that there is an important difference between the concepts &%LegalAction and &%JudicialProcess. The former refers to legal claims that are brought by a plaintiff, e.g. law suits, while the second refers to trials and other sorts of judicial hearings where the merits of a &%LegalAction are decided.' s__LegalDecision s__LegalDecision__t s__JudicialProcess__t 'A decision issued by a court with respect to a &%LegalAction. Note that a &%LegalDecision is the act of &%Declaring a decision of a court, it is not the act of judge or jury &%Deciding the merits of a particular &%LegalAction.' s__MilitaryProcess__t 'Any &%Process that is carried out by a military organization. Note that this class covers &%Processes, e.g. military operations, that are the result of careful planning, as well as those which are unscripted.' s__RegulatoryProcess__t 'an &%Guiding whose aim is the enforcement of rules or regulations. Note the key differences between &%RegulatoryProcess and the related concept &%Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between a single manager and limited number of agents who are managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are referred.' s__Managing__t '&%OrganizationalProcesses that involve overseeing the activities of others. Note the key differences between &%RegulatoryProcess and its sibling &%Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between the manager and the managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are referred.' s__Planning__t 'Specifying a set of actions in order to meet a set of goals or objectives.' s__Designing__t 'The spatial analogue of &%Planning. &%Designing a &%Collection of &%Objects involves determining a placement of the &%Objects with respect to one another and perhaps other &%Objects as well, in order to satisfy a particular purpose.' s__Interpreting__t 'Any &%Process of assigning a &%Proposition to a &%Text, i.e. understanding the &%Text.' s__QuantityChange 'Any &%InternalChange where a &%PhysicalQuantity associated with the &%patient is altered.' 'Any &%QuantityChange where the &%PhysicalQuantity is increased.' '(s__MeasureFn(V__OBJ,V__UNIT) = V__QUANT1)' '(s__MeasureFn(V__OBJ,V__UNIT) = V__QUANT2)' s__Heating__t s__Increasing__t 'Any &%Increasing &%Process where the &%PhysicalQuantity increased is a &%TemperatureMeasure.' s__QuantityChange__t 'Any &%QuantityChange where the &%PhysicalQuantity is decreased.' s__Cooling__t s__Decreasing__t 'Any &%Decreasing &%Process where the &%PhysicalQuantity decreased is a &%TemperatureMeasure.' '(&%moves ?MOTION ?OBJECT) means that during the &%Motion event ?MOTION, ?OBJECT moves. This does not necessarily imply that the location of ?OBJECT changes during ?MOTION. See also &%changesLocation and &%Translocation.' '(&%changesLocation ?EVENT ?OBJECT) means that during the &%Translocation event ?EVENT, ?OBJECTs location changes. ?OBJECT might also be the &%agent, &%patient, or &%experiencer of ?EVENT.' s__Motion__t s__Process__t 'Any &%Process of movement.' s__MotionUpward s__MotionUpward__t s__MotionDownward '&%Motion where an &%Object is moving away from the ground.' s__MotionDownward__t '&%Motion where an &%Object is moving toward the ground.' '(&%path ?MOTION ?PATH) means that ?PATH is a route along which ?MOTION occurs. For example, Highway 101 is the path in the following proposition: the car drove up Highway 101.' s__BodyMotion 'Any &%Motion where the &%agent is an &%Organism and the &%patient is a &%BodyPart.' s__VocalCords s__VocalCords__t 'The vocal cords, are composed of two folds of mucous membrane stretched horizontally across the larynx. They vibrate, modulating the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during &%Vocalizing. ' s__Vocalizing s__RadiatingSound s__Vocalizing__t 'Any instance of &%RadiatingSound where the instrument is the vocal cord. This covers grunts, screams, raors, as well as &%Speaking.' s__Speaking s__LinguisticCommunication s__Speaking__t 'Any &%LinguisticCommunication by a &%Human which involves his/her vocal cords.' s__Ambulating s__BodyMotion__t s__Walking s__Running 'Any &%BodyMotion which is accomplished by means of the legs of an &%Animal for the purpose of moving from one point to another.' s__Walking__t '&%Ambulating relatively slowly, i.e. moving in such a way that at least one foot is always in contact with the ground.' s__Running__t s__Ambulating__t '&%Ambulating relatively quickly, i.e. moving in such a way that, with each step, neither foot is in contact with the ground for a period of time.' s__Swimming s__Swimming__t 'Any deliberate and controlled &%BodyMotion through water that is accomplished by an &%Organism.' s__Dancing s__Dancing__t 'Any &%BodyMotion of &%Humans which is deliberately coordinated with music.' s__GeologicalProcess__t 'The class of activities that are caused by geological forces and affect geological features, and which may affect the biosphere as well.' '&%WeatherProcess is the broadest class of processes that involve weather, including weather seasons (not to be confused with instances of &%SeasonOfYear), weather systems, and short-term weather events.' s__Precipitation__t s__WeatherProcess__t s__Falling '&%Precipitation is the process of water molecules falling from the air to the ground, in either a liquid or frozen state.' 'Any &%Motion where the &%patient is a &%Liquid. This class would cover, in particular, the flow of &%Water.' s__WaterMotion__t s__LiquidMotion__t 'Any &%LiquidMotion where the &%Liquid is &%Water.' s__GasMotion__t 'Any &%Motion where the &%patient is a &%Gas. This class would cover, in particular, the motion of &%Air, e.g. a breeze or wind.' s__Wind__t 'Any &%Motion of &%Air.' s__DirectionChange s__DirectionChange__t 'The act of changing the direction in which the &%patient of the act is oriented.' s__Translocation__t 'Any &%instance of &%Translocation where the &%agent and the &%patient are not the same thing.' s__Carrying__t s__Transfer__t '&%Transfer from one point to another by means of an &%Animal or &%Human.' 'The &%Class of &%Processes where something is taken away from a location. Note that the thing removed and the location are specified with the &%CaseRoles &%patient and &%origin, respectively.' s__Uncovering s__Uncovering__t s__Covering 'The &%Class of &%Removing processes where the &%agent uncovers the &%patient, either completely or only partially.' s__Putting__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where something is put in a location. Note that the location is specified with the &%CaseRole &%destination.' s__Covering__t 'The &%Class of &%Putting processes where the &%agent covers the &%patient, either completely or only partially, with something else.' s__Inserting s__Inserting__t '&%Putting one thing inside of another thing.' s__Injecting s__Injecting__t '&%Inserting a &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance into an &%Animal or a &%Human with a syringe.' s__Substituting s__Substituting__t s__DualObjectProcess__t 'The &%Class of &%Transfers where one thing is replaced with something else.' s__Impelling__t 'The &%subclass of &%Transfer where the &%patient travels through space by means of a sudden, forceful event. Some examples would be shooting, throwing, tossing, etc.' s__Shooting s__Shooting__t 'The &%subclass of &%Impelling where the &%patient is a projectile that is fired through the air by means of some sort of &%Device.' s__Touching s__Touching__t 'Any &%Transfer where two &%Objects are brought into immediate physical contact with one another.' 'The state of grasping an &%Object. (&%grasps ?ANIMAL ?OBJ) means that the &%Animal ?ANIMAL is intentionally holding on to the &%Object ?OBJ.' s__Grabbing s__Attaching s__Grabbing__t 'Any instance of &%Touching which results in a situation where the &%agent &%grasps the &%patient of the &%Touching.' s__Releasing s__Releasing__t 'Any instance of &%Transfer which results in a situation where it is not the case that the &%agent &%grasps something which he/she &%grasps previously.' s__Impacting s__Impacting__t 'Any &%Touching where something comes into sudden, forceful, physical contact with something else. Some examples would be striking, knocking, whipping etc.' '&%Translocation is that class of &%Motions in which an object moves from one place to another. In the case of round trips, the &%origin and &%destination are the same, but the intervening motion passes through other locations. &%Translocation represents linear motion, in contrast to rotation or other movement in place. A vehicle is not necessary, &%Ambulating is a kind of &%Translocation.' s__Falling__t '&%Falling is the class of events in which something moves from a higher location to a lower location under the force of gravity.' s__Transportation__t '&%Motion from one point to another by means of a &%TransportationDevice.' s__Guiding__t s__IntentionalProcess__t 'Any &%IntentionalProcess where the &%agent tries to direct the behavior of another &%Object, whether an &%Agent or not.' s__Driving s__Driving__t 'Controlling the direction and/or speed of a &%Vehicle. This includes navigating a ship, driving a car or truck, operating a train, etc.' s__EducationalProcess s__EducationalProcess__t 'Any &%Process which is intended to result in &%Learning.' '(? [V__LEARN] : (s__instance(V__LEARN,s__Process) & s__instance(V__LEARN,s__Learning) & s__patient(V__LEARN,V__PERSON)))' 'The &%Class of &%Processes where ownership of something is transferred from one &%Agent to another.' 'The &%subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where the &%agent gives the &%destination something.' s__Funding s__Funding__t 'Any instance of &%Giving where the &%patient is an instance of &%Currency. Note that this class covers both financing, e.g. where a firm funds a software company with venture capital with the agreement that a certain percentage of the profits on the investment will be returned to the firm, and instances of &%UnilateralGiving, e.g. providing a tuition waiver and/or a stipend to a student as part of scholarship or fellowship.' s__UnilateralGiving s__UnilateralGiving__t 'Any instance of &%Giving that is not part of a &%Transaction. In other words, any instance of &%Giving where nothing is received in return. Some examples of &%UnilateralGiving are: honorary awards, gifts, and financial grants.' s__Transaction s__Lending__t s__Giving__t 'The &%subclass of &%Giving &%Processes where the &%agent gives the &%destination something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest).' s__GivingBack s__GivingBack__t 'Any instance of &%Giving where the &%agent gives something to the &%destination which was previously given to the &%agent by the &%destination, e.g. returing a book that was borrowed from someone.' s__Getting__t s__ChangeOfPossession__t 'The &%subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where the &%agent gets something. Note that the source from which something is obtained is specified with the &%origin &%CaseRole.' s__UnilateralGetting s__UnilateralGetting__t 'Any instance of &%Getting that is not part of a &%Transaction. In other words, any instance of &%Getting where nothing is given in return. Some examples of &%UnilateralGetting are: appropriating, commandeering, stealing, etc.' s__Borrowing__t 'The &%subclass of &%Getting &%Processes where the &%agent gets something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest).' s__Transaction__t 'The &%subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where something is exchanged for something else.' 'A &%Transaction where an instance of &%FinancialInstrument is the subject of the action, and often is exchanged for something else.' '(&%transactionAmount ?TRANSACTION ?AMOUNT) means that ?AMOUNT is an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure being exhanged in the &%FinancialTransaction ?TRANSACTION.' '&%ServiceProcess denotes the class of events in which one agent performs a service for another. The service need not be commercial, and it need not be the case that the &%serviceRecipient pays or recompenses the &%serviceProvider for the service.' s__CommercialService__t s__FinancialTransaction__t 'Any &%FinancialTransaction by a &%CommercialAgent where the aim is to produce a profit.' s__ServiceProcess__t s__CommercialAgent s__Betting s__Betting__t 'A &%FinancialTransaction where an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for the possibility of winning a larger instance of &%CurrencyMeasure within the context of some sort of &%Game.' s__Buying__t 'A &%FinancialTransaction in which an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for an instance of &%Physical.' s__Selling__t 'A &%FinancialTransaction in which an instance of &%Physical is exchanged for an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure.' s__Learning s__Learning__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes which relate to the acquisition of information.' s__Discovering s__Discovering__t 'Finding something that was sought. Note that this class is restricted to cases of discovering something &%Physical. For cases involving the acquisition of knowledge, the class &%Learning should be used.' s__Pursuing s__Classifying__t 'The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve attaching a name or category to a thing or set of things. Note that &%Classifying is distinguished from &%Learning by the fact that the latter covers the acquisition by a &%CognitiveAgent of any &%Proposition, while the former involves the assignment of a label or category.' s__Reasoning s__Reasoning__t 'The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve concluding, on the basis of either deductive or inductive evidence, that a particular &%Proposition or &%Sentence is true.' s__Selecting 'The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve opting for one or more &%Entity out of a larger set of &%Entities. Note that this covers all cases of judging or evaluating.' s__Selecting__t 'The subclass of &%Selecting where the &%agent opts for one course of action out of a set of multiple possibilities that are open to him/her.' s__Voting__t s__Deciding__t '&%Voting is the activity of voting in an &%Election. Voting is typically done by individuals, while &%Elections are conducted by &%Organizations. The voting process by an individual voter is part of an &%Election process.' s__Judging__t 'The subclass of &%Selecting where the &%agent opts for one belief out of a set of multiple possibilities that are available to him/her.' s__Comparing s__Comparing__t 'The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve comparing, relating, contrasting, etc. the properties of two or more &%Entities.' s__Calculating s__Calculating__t '&%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the consideration and/or manipulation of instances of &%Quantity.' s__Measuring s__Measuring__t 'The &%Class of &%Calculating &%Processes where the aim is to determine the &%PhysicalQuantity of some aspect of the &%patient.' s__Counting s__Counting__t 'Enumerating something. The &%Class of &%Calculating &%Processes where the aim is to determine the &%Number corresponding to the &%patient.' '(s__CardinalityFn(V__ENTITY) = V__NUMBER)' s__Predicting s__Predicting__t 'The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the formulation of a &%Proposition about a state of affairs which might be realized in the future.' s__Remembering s__Remembering__t 'The &%Class of &%PsychologicalProcesses which involve the recollection of prior experiences and/or of knowledge which was previously acquired.' s__Keeping__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent keeps something in a particular location for an extended period of time.' s__Confining__t 'The &%Class of &%Keeping &%Processes where the &%patient is a &%Human or an &%Animal and is kept involuntarily. This covers caging, imprisonment, jailing, etc.' s__Maintaining__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent cares for or maintains the &%Object.' s__Repairing__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent makes a modification or series of modifications to an &%Object that is not functioning as intended so that it works properly.' 'A &%Process that is carried out for the purpose of curing, improving or reducing the pain associated with a &%DiseaseOrSyndrome.' s__Surgery s__Surgery__t s__TherapeuticProcess__t 'Any &%TherapeuticProcess that involves making an incision in the &%Animal that is the &%patient of the &%TherapeuticProcess.' s__Cutting 'The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent brings about a situation where the &%patient no longer functions normally or as intended.' s__Destruction 'The &%subclass of &%Damagings in which the &%patient (or an essential element of the &%patient) is destroyed. Note that the difference between this concept and its superclass is solely one of extent.' s__Killing__t s__Destruction__t 'The &%subclass of &%Destruction in which the death of an &%Organism is caused by an &%Organism. Note that in cases of suicide the &%Organism would be the same in both cases.' s__Poking s__Poking__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent pierces the surface of the &%Object with an &%instrument.' s__Cutting__t 'The &%subclass of &%Poking &%Processes which involve a sharp &%instrument.' s__Attaching__t s__Detaching 'A &%Process where one &%Object becomes attached to another &%Object. Note that this differs from &%Putting in that two things which are attached may already be in the same location. Note that &%Combining is different from &%Attaching in that the former applies to &%Substances, while the latter applies to &%CorpuscularObjects. Note too that &%Attaching is different from &%Putting in that one or both of the two things which are attached may or may not be moved from the location where they were combined.' s__Detaching__t 'A &%Process where the &%agent detaches one thing from something else. Note that &%Detaching is different from &%Separating in that the latter applies to &%Substances, while the former applies to &%CorpuscularObjects. Note too that &%Detaching is different from &%Removing in that one or both of the two things which are detached may or may not be moved from the location where they were attached.' s__Ungrasping s__Ungrasping__t 'Any instance of &%Detaching which results in a situation where it is not the case that the &%agent &%grasps something which he/she &%grasps previously.' s__Combining__t 'A &%Process where two or more &%SelfConnectedObjects are incorporated into a single &%SelfConnectedObject. Note that &%Combining is different from &%Attaching in that the former results in one of the objects being &%part of the other, while &%Attaching only results in the two objects being &%connected with one another. Note too that &%Combining is different from &%Putting in that one or both of the two things which are combined may or may not be moved from the location where they were combined.' 'A &%Process where a &%SelfConnectedObject is separated into (some of) its &%parts. Note that &%Separating is different from &%Detaching in that the latter only results in the two objects not being &%connected. Note too that &%Separating is different from &%Removing in that one or both of the two things which are separated may or may not be moved from the location where they were separated.' s__ChemicalSynthesis 'A &%ChemicalProcess occurs whenever chemical compounds (&%CompoundSubstances) are formed or decomposed. For example, reactants disappear as chemical change occurs, and products appear as chemical change occurs. In a chemical change a chemical reaction takes place. Catalysts in a &%ChemicalProcess may speed up the reaction, but arent themselves produced or consumed. Examples: rusting of iron and the decomposition of water, induced by an electric current, to gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen.' s__ChemicalSynthesis__t 'The &%Class of &%ChemicalProcesses in which a &%CompoundSubstance is formed from simpler reactants.' s__ChemicalProcess__t s__ChemicalDecomposition__t s__Separating__t 'The &%Class of &%ChemicalProcesses in which a &%CompoundSubstance breaks down into simpler products.' s__Combustion__t 'The &%Class of &%ChemicalProcesses in which an &%Object reacts with oxygen and gives off heat. This includes all &%Processes in which something is burning.' s__Flammable 'The &%Attribute of being flammable at normal temperatures (i.e. not while a &%Plasma).' '&%Processes which involve altering an internal property of an &%Object, e.g. the shape of the &%Object, its coloring, its structure, etc. &%Processes that are not instances of this class include changes that only affect the relationship to other objects, e.g. changes in spatial or temporal location.' s__SurfaceChange s__SurfaceChange__t s__InternalChange__t '&%Processes which involve altering the properties that apply to the surface of an &%Object.' s__Coloring s__Coloring__t 'The &%subclass of &%SurfaceChange where a &%ColorAttribute of the &%patient is altered. Note that the change in color may apply to just part of the object.' s__ShapeChange s__ShapeChange__t 'The &%Process of changing the shape of an &%Object.' 'A &%subclass of &%IntentionalProcess in which content is modified, its form is altered or it is created anew.' s__Reading s__Reading__t 'A &%subclass of &%ContentDevelopment in which content is converted from a written form into a spoken representation. Note that the class &%Interpreting should be used in cases where a &%Text is read silently.' s__Writing s__Writing__t s__ContentDevelopment__t 'A &%subclass of &%ContentDevelopment in which content is converted from one form (e.g. uttered, written or represented mentally) into a written form. Note that this class covers both transcription and original creation of written &%Texts.' s__Encoding__t 'Converting a document or message into a formal language or into a code that can be understood only by a relatively small body of &%Agents. Generally speaking, this hinders wide dissemination of the content in the original document or message.' s__Decoding__t 'Converting a document or message that has previously been encoded (see &%Encoding) into a &%Language that can be understood by a relatively large number of speakers.' '(s__instance(V__ENCODE,s__Encoding) & s__patient(V__ENCODE,V__DOC2))' s__Translating s__Translating__t 'Converting content from one &%Language into another. This covers oral translation (i.e. interpreting) as well as written translation.' s__Wetting s__Wetting__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where a &%Liquid is added to an &%Object.' s__Drying__t s__Removing__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where a &%Liquid is removed from an &%Object.' 'The &%subclass of &%Process in which something is created. Note that the thing created is specified with the &%result &%CaseRole.' s__Creation__t 'The &%subclass of &%Creation in which an individual &%Artifact or a type of &%Artifact is made.' s__Constructing s__Constructing__t 'The &%subclass of &%Making in which a &%StationaryArtifact is built.' s__Manufacture s__Manufacture__t 'The &%Making of &%Artifacts on a mass scale.' s__Publication s__Publication__t 'The &%Manufacture of &%Texts. Note that there is no implication that the &%Texts are distributed. Such distribution, when it occurs, is an instance of &%Dissemination.' s__Cooking__t s__Making__t 'The &%Making of an &%instance of &%Food. Note that this can cover any preparation of &%Food, e.g. making a salad, cutting up fruit, etc. It does not necessarily involve the application of heat.' s__Pursuing__t 'The class of &%IntentionalProcesses where something is sought. Some examples would be hunting, shopping, trawling, and stalking.' '(~ s__possesses(V__AGENT,V__OBJ))' s__Hunting__t 'Hunting is the class of &%Processes in which an animal or animals are pursued and sometimes captured and/or killed.' '(? [V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__patient(V__PROC,V__P) & (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Confining) | s__instance(V__PROC,s__Killing))))' s__Investigating s__Investigating__t s__IntentionalPsychologicalProcess__t 'The class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses where the &%agent attempts to obtaina information (i.e. a &%Proposition denoted by a &%Formula).' '(~ s__knows(V__AGENT,V__PROP))' s__Experimenting__t '&%Investigating the truth of a &%Proposition by constructing and observing a trial. Note that the trial may be either controlled or uncontrolled, blind or not blind.' s__DiagnosticProcess__t 'A &%Process that is carried out for the purpose of determining the nature of a &%DiseaseOrSyndrome.' 'The &%subclass of &%IntentionalProcess that involves interactions between &%CognitiveAgents.' s__Pretending s__Pretending__t 'Any &%SocialInteraction where a &%CognitiveAgent or &%Group of &%CognitiveAgents attempts to make another &%CognitiveAgent or &%Group of &%CognitiveAgents believe something that is false. This covers deceit, affectation, impersonation, and entertainment productions, to give just a few examples.' s__Supposing s__Directing s__Expressing 'A &%SocialInteraction that involves the transfer of information between two or more &%CognitiveAgents. Note that &%Communication is closely related to, but essentially different from, &%ContentDevelopment. The latter involves the creation or modification of a &%ContentBearingObject, while &%Communication is the transfer of information for the purpose of conveying a message.' s__Disseminating s__Disseminating__t 'Any &%Communication that involves a single &%agent and many &%destinations. This covers the release of a published book, broadcasting, a theatrical performance, giving orders to assembled troops, delivering a public lecture, etc.' s__Demonstrating__t 'Exhibiting something or a range of things before the public in a particular location. This would cover software demos, theatrical plays, lectures, dance and music recitals, museum exhibitions, etc.' '(&%attends ?DEMO ?PERSON) means that ?PERSON attends, i.e. is a member of the audience, of the performance event ?DEMO.' s__Gesture s__Gesture__t 'Any &%BodyMotion, e.g. a hand wave, a nod of the head, a smile, which is also an instance of &%Communication.' s__Advertising s__Advertising__t 'A &%Disseminating whose purpose is to promote the sale of an &%Object represented in a &%Text or &%Icon (the advertisement).' '(? [V__SALE] : (s__instance(V__SALE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__SALE,s__Selling) & s__patient(V__SALE,V__OBJ)))' s__Expressing__t 'Instances of this &%Class express a state of the &%agent. For example, Jane thanked Barbara for the present she had given her. The thanking in this case expresses the gratitude of Jane towards Barbara. Note that &%Expressing, unlike the other speech act types, is not a subclass of &%LinguisticCommunication. This is because emotions, for example, can be expressed without language, e.g. by smiling.' s__StateOfMind s__LinguisticCommunication__t s__Communication__t 'A &%Communication that involves the transfer of information via a &%LinguisticExpression.' s__Stating__t 'Instances of this &%Class commit the &%agent to some truth. For example, John claimed that the moon is made of green cheese.' s__Disagreeing s__Disagreeing__t 'A &%Stating in which two &%Agents have contradictory statements. This is distinguished from &%Arguing in that the statement in dispute may be a simple assertion, rather than a chain of deduction, and that two entities must be disagreeing with each other, whereas a single entity may craft an argument for a given point of view, without the need for another agent to disagree with.' s__Supposing__t 'Instances of this &%Class suppose, for the sake of argument, that a proposition is true. For example, John considered what he would do if he won the lottery.' s__Directing__t 'Instances of this &%Class urge some further action among the receivers. A &%Directing can be an &%Ordering, a &%Requesting or a &%Questioning.' s__Ordering s__Ordering__t 'A &%Directing in which the receiver is commanded to realize the content of a &%ContentBearingObject. Orders are injunctions, the disobedience of which involves sanctions, or which express an obligation upon the part of the orderee.' s__Requesting__t 'A request expresses a desire that some future action be performed. For example, the 5th Battalion requested air support from the 3rd Bomber Group. Note that this class covers proposals, recommendations, suggestions, etc.' s__Questioning s__Questioning__t 'A request for information. For example, John asked Bill if the President had said anything about taxes in his State of the Union address.' '(~ s__knows(V__AGENT,V__FORMULA))' 'Instances of this &%Class commit the &%agent to some future course. For example, Bob promised Susan that he would be home by 11pm.' s__Offering__t s__Committing__t 'The subclass of &%Committing in which a &%CognitiveAgent offers something &%Physical to another agent. Offerings may be unconditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a &%UnilateralGiving) or conditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a &%Transaction of some sort).' s__Declaring__t 'The &%Class of &%LinguisticCommunications that effect an institutional alteration when performed by competent authority. Some examples are nominating, marrying, and excommunicating.' s__Naming s__Naming__t 'The &%Process of assigning a name to someone or something.' s__Cooperation s__Cooperation__t 'The &%subclass of &%SocialInteraction where the participants involved work together for the achievement of a common goal.' s__Meeting s__Meeting__t s__SocialInteraction__t 'The coming together of two or more &%CognitiveAgents for the purpose of &%Communication. This covers informal meetings, e.g. visits with family members, and formal meetings, e.g. a board of directors meeting.' '(? [V__COMM] : (s__instance(V__COMM,s__Process) & s__instance(V__AGENT2,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__AGENT1,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__COMM,s__Communication) & s__agent(V__COMM,V__AGENT1) & s__agent(V__COMM,V__AGENT2)))' 'A &%SocialInteraction where the &%agent and &%patient are &%CognitiveAgents who are trying to defeat one another. Note that this concept is often applied in a metaphorical sense in natural language, when we speak, e.g., of the struggle of plants for space or sunlight, or of bacteria for food resources in some environment.' s__ViolentContest s__Contest__t 'A &%Contest where one participant attempts to physically injure another participant.' s__War s__War__t s__ViolentContest__t 'A military confrontation between two or more &%GeopoliticalAreas or &%Organizations whose members are &%GeopoliticalAreas. As the corresponding axiom specifies, a &%War is made up of &%Battles.' s__Battle s__Battle__t 'A &%ViolentContest between two or more military units within the context of a war. Note that this does not cover the metaphorical sense of battle, which simply means a struggle of some sort. This sense should be represented with the more general concept of &%Contest.' s__Game s__Game__t 'A &%Contest whose purpose is the enjoyment/stimulation of the participants or spectators of the &%Game.' s__Sport s__Sport__t 'A &%Game which requires some degree of physical exercion from the participants of the game.' s__LegalAction__t 'Any &%Process where a &%CognitiveAgent seeks to obtain something through a court of law.' s__Maneuver 'An intentional move or play within a &%Contest. In many cases, a &%Maneuver is a realization of part of a strategy for winning the &%Contest, but it also may be just an arbitrary or semi-arbitrary division of the overarching &%Contest, e.g. innings in a baseball game.' s__Attack s__Attack__t 'A &%Maneuver in a &%ViolentContest where the &%agent attempts to inflict damage on the &%patient.' '(? [V__DAMAGE] : (s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Damaging) & s__patient(V__DAMAGE,V__OBJ)))' s__DefensiveManeuver s__DefensiveManeuver__t s__Maneuver__t 'A &%Maneuver in a &%ViolentContest where the &%agent attempts to avoid being damaged.' '(~ (? [V__DAMAGE] : (s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Damaging) & s__patient(V__DAMAGE,V__AGENT))))' s__Perception 'Sensing some aspect of the material world. Note that the &%agent of this sensing is assumed to be an &%Animal.' 'The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the sensing is done by an ocular &%Organ.' s__Looking s__Looking__t s__Seeing__t 'Any instance of &%Seeing which is intentional.' s__Smelling s__Smelling__t s__Perception__t 'The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the sensing is done by an olefactory &%Organ.' s__OlfactoryAttribute s__Tasting s__Tasting__t 'The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the sensing is done by of an &%Organ which can discriminate various tastes.' s__Hearing 'The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the sensing is done by an auditory &%Organ.' s__SoundAttribute s__SoundAttribute__t s__PerceptualAttribute__t 'The volume of sound relative to a listener.' s__Audible 'A sound level capable of being heard by a &%Human.' '(s__instance(V__HEAR,s__Hearing) & s__agent(V__HEAR,V__HUMAN) & s__destination(V__HEAR,V__HUMAN) & s__origin(V__HEAR,V__OBJ))' s__Listening s__Hearing__t s__Listening__t 'Any instance of &%Hearing which is intentional.' s__TactilePerception s__TactilePerception__t 'The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the sensing is done by &%Touching. Note that &%Touching need not involve &%TactilePerception. For example, a person who has lost all sensation in both of his legs would have no &%TactilePerception of anything his legs were &%Touching.' 'Processes in which some form of electromagnetic radiation, e.g. radio waves, light waves, electrical energy, etc., is given off or absorbed by something else.' s__RadiatingLight__t 'The &%subclass of &%Radiating in which light is given off or absorbed. Some examples include blinking, flashing, and glittering.' s__Illuminated s__RadiatingInfrared s__RadiatingInfrared__t s__RadiatingElectromagnetic__t s__RadiatingXRay s__RadiatingXRay__t 'The &%subclass of &%Radiating in which sound waves are given off or absorbed. Some examples include creaking, roaring, and whistling.' s__RadiatingSound__t '&%MakingMusic is a type of &%RadiatingSound where the &%result is intended to be melodic and is produced delibrately' 'making music' 'Changing the old Music to &%MakingMusic to be more consistent with the verb-form that &%Process seem to take. (09-14-2011)' 'KJN' s__MakingInstrumentalMusic s__MakingInstrumentalMusic__t s__MakingMusic__t '&%MakingInstrumentalMusic is a type of &%MakingMusic which is produced using some kind of &%MusicalInstrument' 'instrumental music' s__MusicalInstrument s__MakingVocalMusic__t '&%MakingVocalMusic is a type of &%MakingMusic which is produced by using the vocal cords' singing 'Currently, &%VocalMusic also inherits from &%Speaking. Changing this to more general &%Vocalizing. Acapella groups today use their &%VocalCord to create music in ways that are more than just speaking. (09-14-2011)' s__Singing s__Singing__t '&%Singing is a type of &%MakingVocalMusic wherein words are produced by the singer. This is different from other forms of &%MakingVocalMusic such as humming or scatting or beatboxing , where the vocal cords are used to create the music but no words are formed.' '&%RadiatingElectromagnetic is the subclass of &%Radiating processes in which electromagnetic radiation is transmitted or absorbed.' s__RadiatingNuclear s__RadiatingNuclear__t s__Radiating__t 'Releasing atomic energy, i.e. energy from a nuclear reaction.' s__StateChange 'Any &%Process where the &%PhysicalState of &%part of the &%patient of the &%Process changes.' '(&%atomicNumber ?ELEMENT ?NUMBER) means that the &%ElementalSubstance ?ELEMENT has the atomic number ?NUMBER. The atomic number is the number of &%Protons in the nucleus of an &%Atom.' '(s__part(V__PROTON,V__ATOM) & s__instance(V__PROTON,s__Proton))' 'The temperature at which a &%PureSubstance changes state from a &%Liquid to a &%Gas.' "29.92" 'The temperature at which a &%PureSubstance changes state from a &%Solid to a &%Liquid. Note that &%Arsenic can sublimate directly from &%Solid to &%Gas which means that its melting and boiling points are equal.' s__Melting s__Melting__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is heated and converted from a &%Solid to a &%Liquid.' s__Boiling s__Boiling__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where a &%Substance is heated and converted from a &%Liquid to a &%Gas.' s__Evaporating__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where a &%Substance is converted from a &%Liquid to a &%Gas at a temperature below its &%Boiling point.' s__Condensing__t s__StateChange__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is cooled and converted from a &%Gas to a &%Liquid.' s__Freezing__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is cooled and converted from a &%Liquid to a &%Solid.' s__AstronomicalBody__t 'The &%Class of all astronomical objects of significant size. It includes &%SelfConnectedObjects like planets, stars, and asteroids, as well as &%Collections like nebulae, galaxies, and constellations. Note that the planet Earth is an &%AstronomicalBody, but every &%Region of Earth is a &%GeographicArea.' s__GeographicArea__t s__Region__t 'A geographic location, generally having definite boundaries. Note that this differs from its immediate superclass &%Region in that a &%GeographicArea is a three-dimensional &%Region of the earth. Accordingly, all astronomical objects other than earth and all one-dimensional and two-dimensional &%Regions are not classed under &%GeographicArea.' s__LocalizablePlace s__LocalizablePlace__t '(&%geographicSubregion ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the &%GeographicArea ?PART is part of the &%GeographicArea ?WHOLE.' 'Any &%GeographicArea which is associated with some sort of political structure. This class includes &%Lands, &%Cities, districts of cities, counties, etc. Note that the identity of a &%GeopoliticalArea may remain constant after a change in borders.' '(&%geopoliticalSubdivision ?AREA1 ?AREA2) means that ?AREA1 is any geopolitical part of ?AREA2, that is, ?AREA1 is an integral &%geographicSubregion of ?AREA2 (not a &%DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea), having its own associated &%GovernmentOrganization which is subordinated to or constrained by the government of ?AREA2. Cf. &%dependentGeopoliticalArea.' 'A body which is made up predominantly of water, e.g. rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.' s__SaltWaterArea__t s__WaterArea__t 'A &%WaterArea whose &%Water is saline, e.g. oceans and seas.' s__FreshWaterArea__t 'A &%WaterArea whose &%Water is not saline, e.g. most rivers and lakes.' 'An area which is predominantly solid ground, e.g. a &%Nation, a mountain, a desert, etc. Note that a &%LandArea may contain some relatively small &%WaterAreas. For example, Australia is a &%LandArea even though it contains various rivers and lakes.' s__ShoreArea__t 'A &%ShoreArea is a &%LandArea approximately 1-3 km wide bordering a body of water, such as an ocean, bay, river, or lake. A &%ShoreArea may comprise a variety of &%LandForms, such as dunes, sloughs, and marshes.' s__Continent__t 'As defined in the CIA World Fact Book, &%Continent covers seven land masses: &%Africa, &%NorthAmerica, &%SouthAmerica, &%Antarctica, &%Europe, &%Asia, and &%Oceania. Note that &%Australia, counted as a continent in some other systems, is included in &%Oceania in the Fact Book. As a consequence, there is no &%Nation which is also a &%Continent.' s__Island__t 'A &%LandArea that is completely surrounded by a &%WaterArea.' s__Nation__t 'The broadest &%GeopoliticalArea, i.e. &%Nations are &%GeopoliticalAreas that are not part of any other overarching and comprehensive governance structure (excepting commonwealths and other sorts of loose international organizations).' s__StateOrProvince__t 'Administrative subdivisions of a &%Nation that are broader than any other political subdivisions that may exist. This &%Class includes the states of the United States, as well as the provinces of Canada and European countries.' s__City__t 'A &%LandArea of relatively small size, inhabited by a community of people, and having some sort of political structure. Note that this class includes both large cities and small settlements like towns, villages, hamlets, etc.' s__County s__County__t s__GeopoliticalArea__t s__LandArea__t 'A &%GeopoliticalArea that is larger than a city, usually encompassing several cities, and smaller than a &%StateOrProvince. Aside from City, this is the smallest geopolitical subdivision, and it is known by various names in various counties, e.g. parrish, commune, etc.' '&%Transitway is the broadest class of regions which may be passed through as a &%path in instances of &%Translocation. &%Transitway includes land, air, and sea regions, and it includes both natural and artificial transitways.' s__LandTransitway s__LandTransitway__t s__Transitway__t '&%LandTransitway is the subclass of &%Transitway that represents areas intended for motion over the ground.' '(? [V__TRANSPORT] : (s__instance(V__TRANSPORT,s__Motion) & s__instance(V__TRANSPORT,s__Transportation) & s__path(V__TRANSPORT,V__WAY)))' s__Roadway__t '&%Roadway is the subclass of &%LandTransitways that are areas intended for surface travel by self-powered, wheeled vehicles, excluding those that travel on tracks. &%Roadways have been at least minimally improved to enable the passage of vehicles. &%Roadways include dirt and gravelled roads, paved streets, and expressways.' s__Water__t 'The &%Class of samples of the compound H20. Note that this &%Class covers both pure and impure &%Water.' s__Mineral__t s__Substance__t 'Any of various naturally occurring homogeneous substances (such as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum), or synthetic substances having the chemical composition and crystalline form and properties of a naturally occurring mineral.' '(&%developmentalForm ?OBJECT ?FORM) means that ?FORM describes a stage in the individual maturation of ?OBJECT. For example, tadpole and caterpillar are &%developmentalForms of frogs and butterflies, respectively.' s__OrganicObject__t s__CorpuscularObject__t s__OrganicThing__t 'This class encompasses &%Organisms, &%CorpuscularObjects that are parts of &%Organisms, i.e. &%BodyParts, and &%CorpuscularObjects that are nonintentionally produced by &%Organisms, e.g. &%ReproductiveBodies.' 'Generally, a living individual, including all &%Plants and &%Animals.' 'A very basic notion of living within something else. (&%inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is the residence (either permanent or temporary), nest, etc. of ?ORGANISM.' 'The relation between a &%Human and a &%PermanentResidence of the &%Human.' 'The relation between a &%Human and a &%TemporaryResidence of the &%Human.' 'An &%Organism having cellulose cell walls, growing by synthesis of &%Substances, generally distinguished by the presence of chlorophyll, and lacking the power of locomotion.' s__FloweringPlant__t 'A &%Plant that produces seeds and flowers. This class includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and flowers.' s__NonFloweringPlant__t s__Plant__t s__Fern 'A &%Plant that reproduces with spores and does not produce flowers.' s__Alga__t 'A chiefly aquatic plant that contains chlorophyll, but does not form embryos during development and lacks vascular tissue.' s__Fungus__t 'A eukaryotic &%Organism characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and the presence of rigid cell walls. Included here are both slime molds and true fungi such as yeasts, molds, mildews, and mushrooms.' s__Moss__t 'A &%NonFloweringPlant without true roots and little if any vascular tissue.' s__Fern__t 'A &%NonFloweringPlant that contains vascular tissue. This class includes true ferns, as well as horsetails, club mosses, and whisk ferns.' s__Vertebrate 'An &%Organism with eukaryotic &%Cells, and lacking stiff cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments.' s__Microorganism__t s__Organism__t 'An &%Organism that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope.' s__Bacterium s__Bacterium__t 'A small, typically one-celled, prokaryotic &%Microorganism.' s__Cell s__Virus__t 'An &%Organism consisting of a core of a single nucleic acid enclosed in a protective coat of protein. A virus may replicate only inside a host living cell. A virus exhibits some but not all of the usual characteristics of living things.' 'An &%Animal which has a spinal column.' s__Invertebrate__t s__Animal__t s__Worm s__Arthropod 'An &%Animal which has no spinal column.' s__Worm__t 'Long, narrow, soft-bodied &%Invertebrates.' s__Mollusk__t 'Soft-bodied &%Invertebrate that is usually contained in a shell. Includes oysters, clams, mussels, snails, slugs, octopi, and squid.' s__Arachnid s__Myriapod 'A &%Class of &%Invertebrate that includes &%Arachnids and &%Insects.' s__Arachnid__t s__Arthropod__t 'A &%Class of &%Arthropods that includes ticks and spiders.' s__Myriapod__t 'A &%Class of &%Arthropods that includes centipedes and millipedes.' s__Insect__t 'A &%Class of small &%Arthropods that are air-breathing and that are distinguished by appearance.' s__Crustacean__t 'A &%Class of &%Arthropods that mainly dwells in water and has a segmented body and a chitinous exoskeleton. Includes lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles.' s__ColdBloodedVertebrate s__Vertebrate__t s__Amphibian '&%Vertebrates whose body temperature is not internally regulated.' s__WarmBloodedVertebrate '&%Vertebrates whose body temperature is internally regulated.' s__Amphibian__t s__ColdBloodedVertebrate__t 'A cold-blooded, smooth-skinned &%Vertebrate which characteristically hatches as an aquatic larva, breathing by gills. When mature, the &%Amphibian breathes with &%Lungs.' s__Bird__t s__WarmBloodedVertebrate__t 'A &%Vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of feathers.' s__Fish__t 'A cold-blooded aquatic &%Vertebrate characterized by fins and breathing by gills. Included here are &%Fish having either a bony skeleton, such as a perch, or a cartilaginous skeleton, such as a shark. Also included are those &%Fish lacking a jaw, such as a lamprey or hagfish.' s__AquaticMammal s__Marsupial s__Rodent s__Primate 'A &%Vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of hair, mammary glands, and sweat glands.' s__AquaticMammal__t 'The &%Class of &%Mammals that dwell chiefly in the water. Includes whales, dolphins, manatees, seals, and walruses.' s__HoofedMammal__t 'The &%Class of quadruped &%Mammals with hooves. Includes horses, cows, sheep, pigs, antelope, etc.' s__Marsupial__t s__Mammal__t 'The &%Class of &%Mammals which have a pouch for their young.' s__Carnivore 'The &%Class of flesh-eating &%Mammals. Members of this &%Class typically have four or five claws on each paw. Includes cats, dogs, bears, racoons, and skunks.' s__Canine s__Canine__t s__Carnivore__t s__Feline 'The &%Class of &%Carnivores with completely separable toes, nonretractable claws, and long muzzles.' s__Feline__t 'The &%Class of &%Carnivores with completely separable toes, slim bodies, and rounded heads. All felines other than the cheetah have retractable claws.' s__Rodent__t 'The &%Class of &%Mammals with one or two pairs of incisors for gnawing. Includes rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits.' s__Ape s__Monkey s__Hominid 'The &%Class of &%Mammals which are &%Primates.' s__Ape__t 'Various &%Primates with no tails or only short tails.' s__Monkey__t s__Primate__t 'Various &%Primates with relatively long tails.' s__Hominid__t 'Includes &%Humans and relatively recent ancestors of &%Humans.' s__CognitiveAgent__t 'Modern man, the only remaining species of the Homo genus.' s__Man__t 'The class of &%Male &%Humans.' s__Woman__t s__Human__t 'The class of &%Female &%Humans.' s__Reptile__t 'A &%ColdBloodedVertebrate having an external covering of scales or horny plates. &%Reptiles breathe by means of &%Lungs and generally lay eggs.' s__BiologicallyActiveSubstance__t 'A &%Substance that is capable of inducing a change in the structure or functioning of an &%Organism. This &%Class includes &%Substances used in the treatment, diagnosis, prevention or analysis of normal and abnormal body function. This &%Class also includes &%Substances that occur naturally in the body and are administered therapeutically. Finally, &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance includes &%Nutrients, most drugs of abuse, and agents that require special handling because of their toxicity.' s__Nutrient s__Vitamin 'A &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance required by an &%Organism. It is generally ingested as &%Food, and it is of primary interest because of its role in the biologic functioning of the &%Organism.' s__Protein__t s__Nutrient__t 'A &%Nutrient made up of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.' s__Enzyme s__Enzyme__t 'A complex &%Protein that is produced by living cells and which catalyzes specific biochemical reactions. There are six main types of enzymes: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases.' s__Carbohydrate__t 'An element of living cells and a source of energy for &%Animals. This class includes both simple &%Carbohydrates, i.e. sugars, and complex &%Carbohydrates, i.e. starches.' s__Vitamin__t 'A &%Nutrient present in natural products or made synthetically, which is essential in the diet of &%Humans and other higher &%Animals. Included here are &%Vitamin precursors and provitamins.' s__LiquidMixture s__Suspension 'Any &%Mixture that satisfies two conditions, viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a &%Liquid and any component other than &%Liquid in the &%Mixture is in the form of fine particles which are suspended in the &%Liquid.' s__Solution__t s__LiquidMixture__t 'A liquid mixture. The most abundant component in a solution is called the solvent. Other components are called solutes. A solution, though homogeneous, may nonetheless have variable composition. Any amount of salt, up to a maximum limit, can be dissolved in a given amount of water.' s__Suspension__t 'A &%LiquidMixture where at least one of the components of the &%Mixture is equally distributed throughout the &%Mixture but is not dissolved in it.' s__Mixture__t 'Any &%Mixture that satisfies two conditions, viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a &%Gas and any component other than &%Gas in the &%Mixture is in the form of fine particles which are suspended in the &%Gas.' s__Cloud s__Cloud__t s__GasMixture__t 'Any &%GasMixture that is visible, e.g. &%Smoke produced by a fire or clouds of water vapor in the sky.' s__Smoke__t 'A mixture of fine particles suspended in a gas that is produced by &%Combustion.' s__WaterCloud s__WaterCloud__t 'Any &%Cloud that is composed primarily of water vapor.' s__Air__t '&%Air is the gaseous stuff that makes up the atmosphere surrounding Earth.' s__BodySubstance__t 'Extracellular material and mixtures of cells and extracellular material that are produced, excreted or accreted by an &%Organism. Included here are &%Substances such as saliva, dental enamel, sweat, hormones, and gastric acid.' s__AnimalSubstance '&%BodySubstances that are produced exclusively by &%Animals.' s__PlantSubstance s__PlantSubstance__t '&%BodySubstances that are produced exclusively by &%Plants.' s__Hormone s__Hormone__t 'In &%Animals, a chemical secreted by an endocrine gland whose products are released into the circulating fluid. &%Plant hormones or synthetic hormones which are used only to alter or control various physiologic processes, e.g., reproductive control agents, are assigned to the &%Class &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance. &%Hormones act as chemical messengers and regulate various physiologic processes such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc. They usually fall into two broad categories, viz. steroid hormones and peptide hormones.' s__Gland s__Blood s__Blood__t 'A fluid present in &%Animals that transports &%Nutrients to and waste products away from various &%BodyParts.' s__FoodForFn__m 'A &%Function that denotes &%SelfConnectedObject containing &%Nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a the given class of living &%Animal and metabolized into energy and body tissue.' s__Meat__t 'Any food which was originally part of an &%Animal and is not ingested by drinking, including eggs and animal blood that is eaten as food. Note that this class covers both raw meat and meat that has been prepared in some way, e.g. by cooking. Note too that preparations involving &%Meat and &%FruitOrVegetable are classed directly under &%Food.' '(s__instance(V__ANIMAL,s__Animal) & s__part(V__SUBPART,V__ANIMAL))' s__AbnormalAnatomicalStructure s__AnimalAnatomicalStructure s__PlantAnatomicalStructure 'A normal or pathological part of the anatomy or structural organization of an &%Organism. This class covers &%BodyParts, as well as structures that are given off by &%Organisms, e.g. &%ReproductiveBodies.' s__AbnormalAnatomicalStructure__t s__AnatomicalStructure__t 'Any &%AnatomicalStructure which is not normally found in the &%Organism of which it is a part, i.e. it is the result of a &%PathologicProcess. This class covers tumors, birth marks, goiters, etc.' 'A collection of &%Cells and &%Tissues which are localized to a specific area of an &%Organism and which are not pathological. The instances of this &%Class range from gross structures to small components of complex &%Organs.' s__AnimalAnatomicalStructure__t '&%AnatomicalStructures that are possessed exclusively by &%Animals.' '&%AnatomicalStructures that are possessed exclusively by &%Plants.' 'Reproductive structure of &%Organisms. Consists of an &%Embryonic &%Object and a nutritive/protective envelope. Note that this class includes seeds, spores, and &%FruitOrVegetables, as well as the eggs produced by &%Animals.' s__Egg__t 'The fertilized or unfertilized female &%ReproductiveBody of an &%Animal. This includes &%Bird and &%Reptile eggs, as well as mammalian ova.' s__Seed__t s__ReproductiveBody__t s__PlantAnatomicalStructure__t 'The fertilized or unfertilized female &%ReproductiveBody of a &%FloweringPlant.' s__Pollen s__Pollen__t 'A powder produced by &%FloweringPlants that contains male gametes and is capable of fertilizing the seeds of &%FloweringPlants of the same species.' s__FruitOrVegetable__t 'Any fruit or vegetable, i.e. a ripened &%ReproductiveBody of a &%Plant. Note that &%FruitOrVegetable is not a subclass of &%Food, because some fruits, e.g. poisonous berries, are not edible.' s__Spore s__Spore__t 'Any &%ReproductiveBody of a &%NonFloweringPlant.' s__BodyCovering__t 'Any &%BodyPart which is a covering of another &%BodyPart or of an entire &%Organism. This would include the rinds of &%FruitOrVegetables and the skins of &%Animals.' s__BodyJunction s__BodyJunction__t 'The place where two &%BodyParts meet or connect.' s__BodyCavity s__BodyCavity__t s__BodyPart__t 'Any &%BodyPart which contains an unfilled space, e.g. &%BodyVessels, the atria and ventricles of the heart, the lungs, etc.' s__BodyVessel s__BodyVessel__t 'Any tube-like structure which occurs naturally in an &%Organism and through which a &%BodySubstance can circulate.' s__Cell__t 'The fundamental structural and functional unit of living &%Organisms.' s__Organ__t 'A somewhat independent &%BodyPart that performs a specialized function. Note that this functional definition covers bodily systems, e.g. the digestive system or the central nervous system.' s__Gland__t 'An &%Organ that removes &%Substances from the &%Blood, alters them in some way, and then releases them.' s__Bone s__Muscle s__FatTissue 'An aggregation of similarly specialized &%Cells and the associated intercellular substance. &%Tissues are relatively non-localized in comparison to &%BodyParts, &%Organs or &%Organ components. The main features of &%Tissues are self-connectivity (see &%SelfConnectedObject) and being a homogeneous mass (all parts in the same granularity are instances of &%Tissue as well).' s__Tissue__t s__Bone__t s__AnimalSubstance__t 'Rigid &%Tissue composed largely of calcium that makes up the skeleton of &%Vertebrates. Note that this &%Class also includes teeth.' s__Muscle__t 'Nonrigid &%Tissue appearing only in &%Animals and composed largely of contractile cells.' s__FatTissue__t 'Nonrigid &%Tissue that is composed largely of fat cells.' s__Noun s__Noun__t s__Verb s__Adjective s__Adverb s__ParticleWord 'One of the parts of speech. The &%Class of &%Words that conventionally denote &%Objects.' s__Verb__t s__Word__t 'One of the parts of speech. The &%Class of &%Words that conventionally denote &%Processes.' s__Adjective__t 'One of the parts of speech. The &%Class of &%Words that conventionally denote &%Attributes of &%Objects.' s__Adverb__t 'One of the parts of speech. The &%Class of &%Words that conventionally denote &%Attributes of &%Processes.' s__ParticleWord__t 'An umbrella &%Class for any &%Word that does not fit into the other subclasses of &%Word. A &%ParticleWord is generally a small term that serves a grammatical or logical function, e.g. and, of, since, etc. At some point, this class might be broken up into the subclasses Connective, Preposition, etc. Note that the class &%ParticleWord includes both personal and possessive pronouns, e.g. she, hers, it, its, etc.' s__Morpheme s__Morpheme__t 'Part of a &%Word which cannot be subdivided and which expresses a meaning.' s__VerbPhrase s__PrepositionalPhrase 'A set of &%Words in a &%Language which form a unit, i.e. express a meaning in the &%Language.' s__VerbPhrase__t 'A &%Phrase that has the same function as a &%Verb.' s__NounPhrase__t s__Phrase__t 'A &%Phrase that has the same function as a &%Noun.' s__PrepositionalPhrase__t 'A &%Phrase that begins with a preposition and that functions as an &%Adjective or an &%Adverb.' s__LinguisticExpression__t s__ContentBearingObject__t s__Artifact__t 'A &%LinguisticExpression or set of &%LinguisticExpressions that perform a specific function related to &%Communication, e.g. express a discourse about a particular topic, and that are inscribed in a &%CorpuscularObject by &%Humans.' s__FactualText__t s__Text__t s__FictionalText 'The class of &%Texts that purport to reveal facts about the world. Such texts are often known as information or as non-fiction. Note that something can be an instance of &%FactualText, even if it is wholly inaccurate. Whether something is a &%FactualText is determined by the beliefs of the agent creating the text.' s__FictionalText__t 'The class of &%Texts that purport to be largely a product of the authors imagination, i.e. the author does not believe that most of the content conveyed by the text is an accurate depiction of the real world. Note that something can be an instance of &%FictionalText, even if it is completely true. Whether something is a &%FictionalText is determined by the beliefs of the agent creating the text.' s__Sentence__t 'A syntactically well-formed formula of a &%Language. It includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a &%Proposition.' '(&%authors ?AGENT ?TEXTCLASS) means that ?AGENT is creatively responsible for the content of all instances of ?TEXTCLASS. For example, Agatha Christie is author of Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.' '(&%editor ?AGENT ?TEXTCLASS) means that ?AGENT is an editor of the content contained (or realized) in all instances of ?TEXTCLASS.' '(&%publishes ?ORG ?TEXTCLASS) means that ?ORG publishes all instances of ?TEXTCLASS. For example, Bantam Books publishes Agatha Christies Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.' s__EditionFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that maps a type of text (e.g. Agatha Christies Murder_on_the_Orient_Express) and a number to the edition of the text type corresponding to the number.' s__Summary s__Summary__t 'A short &%Text that is a summary of another, longer &%Text.' s__Certificate__t 'A &%Text that confers a right or obligation on the holder of the &%Certificate. Note that the right or obligation need not be a legal one, as in the case of an academic diploma that grants certain privileges in the professional world.' s__FinancialInstrument__t 'A document having monetary value or recording a monetary transaction' s__Currency__t 'Any element of the official currrency of some &%Nation. This covers both &%CurrencyBills and &%CurrencyCoins.' s__Patent s__Patent__t 'A &%Certificate that expresses the content of an invention that has been accorded legal protection by a governemental entity.' s__Molecule__t s__CompoundSubstance__t 'A molecule is the smallest unit of matter of a &%CompoundSubstance that retains all the physical and chemical properties of that substance, e.g., Ne, H2, H2O. A molecule is two or more &%Atoms linked by a chemical bond.' s__Object__t 'An &%Object that is the product of a &%Making.' s__Product__t 'An &%Artifact that is produced by &%Manufacture.' 'Some &%Artifacts have a life cycle with discrete stages or versions. (&%version ARTIFACT1 ARTIFACT2) means that ARTIFACT1 is a version of ARTIFACT2. Note that this &%Predicate relates subclasses of &%Artifact and not instances.' 'A &%StationaryArtifact is an &%Artifact that has a fixed spatial location. Most instances of this &%Class are architectural works, e.g. the Eiffel Tower, the Great Pyramids, office towers, single-family houses, etc.' s__Building__t 'The Class of &%StationaryArtifacts which are intended to house &%Humans and their activities.' s__Room__t s__StationaryArtifact__t 'A &%properPart of a &%Building which is separated from the exterior of the &%Building and/or other &%Rooms of the &%Building by walls. Some &%Rooms may have a specific purpose, e.g. sleeping, bathing, cooking, entertainment, etc.' s__House s__ResidentialBuilding__t s__SingleFamilyResidence s__House__t s__SingleFamilyResidence__t 'A &%ResidentialBuilding which is intended to be inhabited by members of the same &%SocialUnit. &%Houses are distinguished from temporary housing like hotels and multi-family dwellings like condominium and apartment buildings.' 'A &%Building or part of a &%Building which provides some accomodation for sleeping.' s__PermanentResidence__t s__Residence__t 'A &%Residence where people live, i.e. where people have a &%home.' s__TemporaryResidence__t 'A &%Residence which is strictly temporary, i.e. where no one makes his/her &%home.' 'A &%Building which provides some accomodation for sleeping. Note that this class does not cover just permanent residences, e.g. &%Houses and condominium and apartment buildings, but also temporary residences, e.g. hotels and dormitories. &%ResidentialBuildings are also distinguished from &%CommercialBuildings, which are intended to serve an organizational rather than a residential function.' 'A &%PermanentResidence which is intended to be the &%home of a single &%SocialUnit. This class covers &%Houses, &%ApartmentUnits, and &%CondominiumUnits.' '(! [V__AGENT1,V__AGENT2] : ((s__instance(V__AGENT2,s__Human) & s__instance(V__AGENT1,s__Human) & s__instance(V__RESIDENCE,s__PermanentResidence)) => ((s__home(V__AGENT1,V__RESIDENCE) & s__home(V__AGENT2,V__RESIDENCE)) => (? [V__UNIT] : (s__instance(V__UNIT,s__Collection) & s__instance(V__UNIT,s__SocialUnit) & s__member(V__AGENT1,V__UNIT) & s__member(V__AGENT2,V__UNIT))))))' s__ArtWork s__ArtWork__t '&%Artifacts that are created primarily for aesthetic appreciation. Note that this &%Class does not include most examples of architecture, which belong under &%StationaryArtifact.' s__RepresentationalArtWork s__RepresentationalArtWork__t 'Any &%ArtWork that represents something &%Physical.' s__Fabric__t '&%Artifacts that are created by weaving together natural or synthetic fibers or by treating the skins of certain sorts of &%Animals. Note that this &%Class includes articles that are created by stitching together various types of fabrics, e.g. bedspreads. On the other hand, &%Clothing is not a &%subclass of &%Fabric, because many clothing items contain elements that are not fabrics.' '&%WearableItem is the subclass of &%Artifacts that are made to be worn on the body.' s__Clothing__t s__WearableItem__t '&%Artifact made out of fabrics and possibly other materials that are used to cover the bodies of &%Humans.' '(&%wears ?AGENT ?WI) means that ?AGENT is wearing the &%WearableItem item ?WI.' 'A &%Device is an &%Artifact whose purpose is to serve as an &%instrument in a specific subclass of &%Process.' '(? [V__INST] : (s__instance(V__INST,s__Process) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__SetOrClass) & s__instance(V__INST,V__PROC) & s__instrument(V__INST,V__DEVICE)))' s__MusicalInstrument__t 'A &%Device which is manipulated by a &%Human and whose purpose is &%MakingMusic.' s__TransportationDevice__t 'A &%TransportationDevice is a &%Device which serves as the &%instrument in a &%Transportation &%Process which carries the &%patient of the &%Process from one point to another.' s__Vehicle__t '&%Vehicle is the subclass of &%TransportationDevices that transport passengers or goods from one place to another by moving from one place to the other with them, e.g., cars, trucks, ferries, and airplanes. Contrast with devices such as pipelines, escalators, or supermarket checkout belts, which carry items from one place to another by means of a moving part, without the device removing from the origin to the destination.' s__MeasuringDevice__t 'Any &%Device whose purpose is to measure a &%PhysicalQuantity.' '(? [V__MEASURE] : (s__instance(V__MEASURE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__MEASURE,s__Measuring) & s__instrument(V__MEASURE,V__DEVICE)))' s__AttachingDevice__t 'A &%Device whose purpose is to attach one thing to something else, e.g. nails, screws, buttons, etc.' s__Weapon__t 'The &%Class of &%Devices that are designed primarily to damage or destroy &%Humans/&%Animals, &%StationaryArtifacts or the places inhabited by &%Humans/&%Animals.' '(? [V__D,V__PATIENT] : (s__instance(V__D,s__Process) & s__instance(V__D,s__Damaging) & s__instrument(V__D,V__WEAPON) & s__patient(V__D,V__PATIENT)))' s__Machine__t s__Device__t '&%Machines are &%Devices that that have a well-defined &%resource and &%result and that automatically convert the &%resource into the &%result.' 'A fundamental concept that applies in many engineering domains. An &%EngineeringComponent is an element of a &%Device that is a physically whole object, such as one might see listed as standard parts in a catalog. The main difference betweeen &%EngineeringComponents and arbitrary globs of matter is that &%EngineeringComponents are object-like in a modeling sense. Thus, an &%EngineeringComponent is not an arbtrary subregion, but a part of a system with a stable identity.' '(&%engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB ?SUPER) means that the &%EngineeringComponent ?SUB is structurally a &%properPart of ?SUPER. This relation is an &%AsymmetricRelation, since two &%EngineeringComponents cannot be subcomponents of each other.' 'This is the most general connection relation between &%EngineeringComponents. If (&%connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor ?COMP2 can be an &%engineeringSubcomponent of the other. The relation &%connectedEngineeringComponents is a &%SymmetricRelation, there is no information in the direction of connection between two components. It is also an &%IrreflexiveRelation, no &%EngineeringComponent bears this relation to itself. Note that this relation does not associate a name or type with the connection.' s__EngineeringConnection__t s__EngineeringComponent__t 'An &%EngineeringConnection is an &%EngineeringComponent that represents a connection relationship between two other &%EngineeringComponents. It is a reification of the &%Predicate &%connectedEngineeringComponents. That means that whenever this &%Predicate holds between two &%EngineeringComponents, there exists an &%EngineeringConnection. The practical reason for reifying a relationship is to be able to attach other information about it. For example, one might want to say that a particular connection is associated with some shared parameters, or that it is of a particular type. &%EngineeringConnections are &%EngineeringComponents and can therefore be an &%engineeringSubcomponent of other &%EngineeringComponents. However, to provide for modular regularity in component systems, &%EngineeringConnections cannot be connected. For each pair of &%EngineeringComponents related by &%connectedEngineeringComponents, there exists at least one &%EngineeringConnection. However, that object may not be unique, and the same &%EngineeringConnection may be associated with several pairs of &%EngineeringComponents.' '&%connectsEngineeringComponents is a &%TernaryPredicate that maps from an &%EngineeringConnection to the &%EngineeringComponents it connects. Since &%EngineeringComponents cannot be connected to themselves and there cannot be an &%EngineeringConnection without a &%connectedEngineeringComponents &%Predicate, the second and third arguments of any &%connectsEngineeringComponents relationship will always be distinct for any given first argument.' 'An &%Agent that provides products and/or services for a fee with the aim of making a profit.' s__Business__t s__CommercialAgent__t 'An &%instance of &%Business is an &%Organization that is a &%CommercialAgent.' 'An &%Organization that has a special legal status that allows a group of persons to act as a &%CommercialAgent and that insulates the owners (shareholders) from many liabilities that might result from the corporations operation.' s__Manufacturer s__Manufacturer__t s__Corporation__t 'Any &%Corporation which manufactures &%Products.' '(? [V__MANUFACTURE] : (s__instance(V__MANUFACTURE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__MANUFACTURE,s__Manufacture) & s__instance(V__MANUFACTURE,s__CommercialService) & s__agent(V__MANUFACTURE,V__ORG)))' s__MercantileOrganization s__MercantileOrganization__t 'Any &%Corporation which sells goods or services to customers for a profit.' '(? [V__SELL] : (s__instance(V__SELL,s__Process) & s__instance(V__SELL,s__Selling) & s__instance(V__SELL,s__CommercialService) & s__agent(V__SELL,V__ORG)))' s__Group__t s__Agent__t 'A &%Collection of &%Agents, e.g. a flock of sheep, a herd of goats, or the local Boy Scout troop.' 'Any &%Group whose &%members are exclusively &%Humans.' s__AgeGroup s__AgeGroup__t s__GroupOfPeople__t 'A &%GroupOfPeople whose &%members all have the same &%age.' s__FamilyGroup s__FamilyGroup__t 'A &%GroupOfPeople whose &%members bear &%familyRelations to one another.' s__SocialUnit s__SocialUnit__t 'A &%GroupOfPeople who all have the same &%home.' s__ImmediateFamilyFn__m '(&%ImmediateFamilyFn ?PERSON) denotes the immediate family of ?PERSON, i.e. the &%Group consisting of the &%parents of ?PERSON and anyone of whom ?PERSON is a &%parent.' '(&%relative ?O1 ?O2) means that ?O1 and ?O2 are relatives, whether through common ancestry (consanguinity), someones marriage (affinity), or someones adoption. This definition is intentionally broad, so as to capture a wide array of `familial relations. The notion of who counts as `family also varies between cultures, but that aspect of meaning is not addressed here.' 'A very general &%Predicate for biological relationships. (&%familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) means that ?ORGANISM1 and ?ORGANISM2 are biologically derived from a common ancestor.' 'The transitive closure of the &%parent predicate. (&%ancestor ?DESCENDANT ?ANCESTOR) means that ?ANCESTOR is either the &%parent of ?DESCENDANT or the &%parent of the &%parent of &%DESCENDANT or etc.' 'The general relationship of parenthood. (&%parent ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?PARENT is a biological parent of ?CHILD.' 'The general relationship of motherhood. (&%mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER) means that ?MOTHER is the biological mother of ?CHILD.' 'The general relationship of fatherhood. (&%father ?CHILD ?FATHER) means that ?FATHER is the biological father of ?CHILD.' 'The general relationship of daughterhood. (&%daughter ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological daughter of ?PARENT.' 'The general relationship of being a son. (&%son ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological son of ?PARENT.' 'The relationship between two &%Organisms that have the same &%mother and &%father. Note that this relationship does not hold between half-brothers, half-sisters, etc.' 'The general relationship of being a brother. (&%brother ?MAN ?PERSON) means that ?MAN is the brother of ?PERSON.' 'The general relationship of being a sister. (&%sister ?WOMAN ?PERSON) means that ?WOMAN is the sister of ?PERSON.' '(&%legalRelation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2) means that ?AGENT1 and ?AGENT2 are relatives by virtue of a legal relationship. Some examples include marriage, adoption, etc.' '(&%acquaintance ?H1 ?H2) means that ?H1 has met and knows something about ?H2, such as ?H2s name and appearance. Statements made with this predicate should be temporally specified with &%holdsDuring. Note that &%acquaintance is not symmetric. For the symmetric version, see &%mutualAcquaintance.' '(&%mutualAcquaintance ?H1 ?H2) means that ?H1 and ?H2 have met each other and know something about each other, such as name and appearance. Statements made with this predicate should be temporally specified with &%holdsDuring. See also the weaker, non-symmetric version of this predicate, &%acquaintance.' s__SymmetricRelation__t 'The relationship of marriage between two &%Humans.' s__IrreflexiveRelation__t '(&%husband ?MAN ?WOMAN) means that ?MAN is the husband of ?WOMAN.' '(&%wife ?WOMAN ?MAN) means that ?WOMAN is the wife of ?MAN.' s__EthnicGroup__t 'A &%GroupOfPeople whose &%members originate from the same &%GeographicArea or share the same &%Language and/or cultural practices.' 'A &%GroupOfPeople whose &%members share a belief or set of beliefs.' 'An &%Organization is a corporate or similar institution. The &%members of an &%Organization typically have a common purpose or function. Note that this class also covers divisions, departments, etc. of organizations. For example, both the Shell Corporation and the accounting department at Shell would both be instances of &%Organization. Note too that the existence of an &%Organization is dependent on the existence of at least one &%member (since &%Organization is a subclass of &%Collection). Accordingly, in cases of purely legal organizations, a fictitious &%member should be assumed.' '(&%employs ?ORG ?PERSON) means that ?ORG has hired ?PERSON and currently retains ?PERSON, on a salaried, hourly or contractual basis, to provide services in exchange for monetary compensation.' 'An &%Organization that is attempting to bring about some sort of political change.' s__MilitaryForce s__MilitaryForce__t s__PoliticalOrganization__t '&%MilitaryForce is the subclass of &%Organizations that are organized along military lines and for the purpose of either defensive or offensive combat, whether or not the force is an official &%GovernmentOrganization.' s__MilitaryOrganization__t 'Any heavily armed &%Organization that is part of a &%Government and that is charged with representing the &%Government in international conflicts.' s__ParamilitaryOrganization s__ParamilitaryOrganization__t 'An &%Organization which is much like a &%MilitaryOrganization, e.g. it is made up of armed fighters, except that it is not associated with a &%Government.' s__GovernmentOrganization__t '&%GovernmentOrganization is the class of official &%Organizations that are concerned with the government of a &%GeopoliticalArea at some level. They may be a &%subOrganization of a government.' s__Government__t s__LegalAgent__t 'The ruling body of a &%GeopoliticalArea.' s__GovernmentFn__m '(&%GovernmentFn ?AREA) denotes the &%Government of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA. For example, (&%GovernmentFn &%UnitedStates) denotes the Federal-level government of the United States, (&%GovernmentFn &%PuertoRico) denotes the government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.' s__PoliceOrganization__t 'Any &%GovernmentOrganization that is charged with domestic enforcement of the laws of the &%Government.' s__JudicialOrganization__t '&%JudicialOrganization is the class of &%Organizations whose primary purpose is to render judgments according to the statutes or regulations of a government or other organization. Judicial bodies are not necessarily government organizations, for example, those associated with sporting associations.' s__EducationalOrganization__t s__Organization__t 'A &%EducationalOrganization is an institution of learning. Some examples are public and private K-12 schools, and colleges and universities.' s__ReligiousOrganization__t s__BeliefGroup__t 'An &%Organization whose members share a set of religious beliefs.' '(&%subOrganization ?ORG1 ?ORG2) means that ?ORG1 is an &%Organization which is a part of the &%Organization ?ORG2. Note that &%subOrganization is a &%ReflexiveRelation, so every &%Organization is a &%subOrganization of itself.' '(&%citizen ?PERSON ?NATION) means that the &%Human ?PERSON is a citizen of &%Nation ?NATION.' s__FieldOfStudy__t s__Proposition__t 'An academic or applied discipline with recognized experts and with a core of accepted theory or practice. Note that &%FieldOfStudy is a &%subclass of &%Proposition, because a &%FieldOfStudy is understood to be a body of abstract, informational content, with varying degrees of certainty attached to each element of this content.' s__Procedure 'A sequence-dependent specification. Some examples are &%ComputerPrograms, finite-state machines, cooking recipes, musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts of plays and movies.' s__ComputerProgram__t 'A set of instructions in a computer programming language that can be executed by a computer.' s__ComputerProgramming s__ComputerProgramming__t 'The process of developing a &%ComputerProgram' s__Plan__t s__Procedure__t 'A specification of a sequence of &%Processes which is intended to satisfy a specified purpose at some future time.' s__DeductiveArgument s__InductiveArgument 'Any proposition which has the form of a deductive or inductive argument, i.e. a set of premises which, it is claimed, imply a conclusion.' s__ValidDeductiveArgument s__InvalidDeductiveArgument 'An &%Argument which has the form of a deduction, i.e. it is claimed that the set of &%premises &%entails the &%conclusion.' s__ValidDeductiveArgument__t s__DeductiveArgument__t 'A &%DeductiveArgument which is valid, i.e. the set of &%premises in fact &%entails the &%conclusion.' s__InvalidDeductiveArgument__t '&%DeductiveArguments that are not &%ValidDeductiveArguments, i.e. it is not the case that the set of &%premises in fact &%entails the &%conclusion.' s__Explanation s__Explanation__t 'An &%Argument where the conclusion is an observed fact and the premises are other facts which collectively imply the conclusion. Note that this is the they hypothetico-deductive model of explanation.' s__InductiveArgument__t s__Argument__t 'An &%Argument which is inductive, i.e. it is claimed that a set of specific cases makes the &%conclusion, which generalizes these cases, more likely to be true.' '(&%premise ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the &%Proposition ?PROPOSITION is an explicit assumption of the &%Argument ?ARGUMENT.' s__PremisesFn__m '(&%PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT) returns the complete set of &%premises of the &%Argument ?ARGUMENT.' '(&%conclusion ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the &%Proposition ?PROPOSITION is the conclusion explicitly drawn from the &%Argument ?ARGUMENT. Note that it may or may not be the case that ?ARGUMENT &%entails ?PROPOSITION.' '(&%consistent ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that the two &%Propositions ?PROP1 and ?PROP2 are consistent with one another, i.e. it is possible for both of them to be true at the same time.' 'A general &%Predicate for indicating how two &%Objects are oriented with respect to one another. For example, (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 North) means that ?OBJ1 is north of ?OBJ2, and (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Vertical) means that ?OBJ1 is positioned vertically with respect to ?OBJ2.' '(&%direction ?PROC ?ATTR) means that the &%Process ?PROC is moving in the direction ?ATTR. For example, one would use this &%Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving &%North.' '(&%faces ?OBJ ?DIRECTION) means that the front of ?OBJ (see &%FrontFn) is positioned towards the compass direction ?DIRECTION. More precisely, it means that if a line were extended from the center of ?DIRECTION, the line would intersect with the front of ?OBJ before it intersected with its back (see &%BackFn).' 'The &%Class of truth values, e.g. &%True and &%False. These are &%Attributes of &%Sentences and &%Propositions.' s__TruthValue__t 'The &%TruthValue of being true.' '$false__m' 'The &%TruthValue of being false.' 'The &%BinaryPredicate that relates a &%Sentence to its &%TruthValue.' '&%Attributes characterizing the orientation of an &%Object, e.g. &%Vertical versus &%Horizontal, &%Left versus &%Right etc.' s__DirectionalAttribute__t s__PositionalAttribute__t 'The subclass of &%PositionalAttributes that concern compass directions.' 'The compass direction of &%North.' 'The compass direction of &%South.' 'The compass direction of &%East.' 'The compass direction of &%West.' 'Attribute used to indicate that an &%Object is positioned height-wise with respect to another &%Object.' s__Horizontal 'Attribute used to indicate that an &%Object is positioned width-wise with respect to another &%Object.' s__SymmetricPositionalAttribute '&%SymmetricAttribute is the class of &%PositionalAttribute that hold between two items regardless of their order or orientation.' s__AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute '&%AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute is the class of &%PositionalAttribute that hold in only one direction. I.e. two objects cannot simulataneously be &%On each other.' 'This is a &%PositionalAttribute derived from the up/down schema and not involving contact. Note that this means directly above, i.e., if one object is &%Above another object, then the projections of the two objects overlap.' 'This &%PositionalAttribute is derived from the up/down schema and may or may not involve contact. Note that this means directly below, i.e., if one object is &%Below another object, then the projections of the two objects overlap.' s__SymmetricPositionalAttribute__t 'Used to assert that an object ?OBJ1 is close to, near or abutting ?OBJ2. This &%PositionalAttribute covers the following common sense notions: adjoins, abuts, is contiguous to, is juxtaposed, and is close to.' s__Left 'This &%PositionalAttribute is derived from the left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the left, so that, if one object is to the left of another, then the projections of the two objects overlap.' s__Right s__AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute__t 'This &%PositionalAttribute is derived from the left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the right, so that, if one object is to the right of another, then the projections of the two objects overlap.' 'The relation of common sense adjacency. Note that, if an object is &%Near another object, then the objects are not &%connected.' 'This is used to assert that an object is on top of another object, and it is derived from the up/down schema and involves contact.' s__TimeZone 'An &%Attribute which is used to specify coordinates in which time measures are uniform, i.e. all time devices are synchronized to the same &%TimePositions.' s__CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone s__TimeZone__t 'A &%TimeZone which functions as the standard time zone. It is also known as Zulu time (in the military), Greenwich Mean Time, and the Western European time zone. Note that whenever a &%TimeZone is not specified, the &%TimePosition is understood to be with respect to the &%CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone.' s__PacificTimeZone 'A &%TimeZone that covers much of the western part of the United States.' s__MountainTimeZone 'A &%TimeZone that covers much of the Rocky Mountain region of the United States.' s__CentralTimeZone 'A &%TimeZone that covers much of the midwestern United States.' s__EasternTimeZone 'A &%TimeZone that covers much of the eastern United States.' s__RelativeTimeFn__m 'A means of converting &%TimePositions between different &%TimeZones. (&%RelativeTimeFn ?TIME ?ZONE) denotes the &%TimePosition in &%CoordinatedUniversalTime that is contemporaneous with the &%TimePosition ?TIME in &%TimeZone ?ZONE. For example, (&%RelativeTimeFn (&%MeasureFn 14 &%HourDuration) &%EasternTimeZone) would return the value (&%MeasureFn 19 &%HourDuration).' s__SocialRole__t 'The &%Class of all &%Attributes that specify the position or status of a &%CognitiveAgent within an &%Organization or other &%Group.' s__Unemployed 'The &%Attribute of a &%CognitiveAgent when he/she is unemployed.' s__Position__t 'A formal position of reponsibility within an &%Organization. Examples of &%Positions include president, laboratory director, senior researcher, sales representative, etc.' '(&%occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORG) means that ?PERSON holds the &%Position ?POSITION at &%Organization ?ORG. For example, (&%occupiesPosition &%TomSmith &%ResearchDirector &%AcmeLaboratory) means that &%TomSmith is a research director at Acme Labs.' s__NormativeAttribute__t s__RelationalAttribute__t 'A &%Class containing all of the &%Attributes that are specific to morality, legality, aesthetics, etiquette, etc. Many of these attributes express a judgement that something ought or ought not to be the case.' 'A &%BinaryRelation that is used to state the normative force of a &%Proposition. (&%modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?PROP) means that the &%Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA has the &%NormativeAttribute ?PROP. For example, (&%modalAttribute (&%exists (?ACT ?OBJ) (&%and (&%instance ?ACT &%Giving) (&%agent ?ACT John) (&%patient ?ACT ?OBJ) (&%destination ?ACT Tom))) &%Obligation) means that John is obligated to give Tom something.' s__SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute__t 'The &%Class of &%NormativeAttributes which lack an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. the attribution of these &%Attributes varies from subject to subject and even with respect to the same subject over time. This &%Class is, generally speaking, only used when mapping external knowledge sources to the SUMO. If a term from such a knowledge source seems to lack objective criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to this &%Class.' 'The &%Class of &%NormativeAttributes that are associated with an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. there is broad consensus about the cases where these attributes are applicable.' s__ContestAttribute s__ContestAttribute__t 'A &%Class containing &%Attributes that are specific to participants in a &%Contest. In particular, these &%Attributes indicate the position of one of the &%agents in the &%Contest with respect to other &%agent(s) in the &%Contest. Some examples of these &%Attributes are winning, losing, won, lost, etc.' s__AlethicAttribute 'A &%Class containing all of the &%Attributes relating to the notions of possibility and necessity.' s__AlethicAttribute__t 'Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that are possible, i.e. true in at least one possible world.' s__Necessity 'Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that are necessary, i.e. true in every possible world.' '(~ V__FORMULA)' 'Expresses a relationship between a &%Formula and a &%CognitiveAgent whereby the &%CognitiveAgent has the right to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.' 'Expresses the relationship between a &%Formula, an &%Entity, and a &%CognitiveAgent when the &%Entity authorizes the &%CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.' 'Expresses a relationship between a &%Formula and a &%CognitiveAgent whereby the &%CognitiveAgent has the obligation to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.' 'Expresses the relationship between a a &%Formula, an &%Entity, and a &%CognitiveAgent when the &%Entity obligates the &%CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.' 'A &%Class containing all of the &%Attributes relating to the notions of permission, obligation, and prohibition.' s__DeonticAttribute__t '&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that an &%Agent is permitted, by some authority, to make true.' '&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that an &%Agent is required, by some authority, to make true.' '&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that are required by a government or a branch of the government and that are enforced with penalties for noncompliance. These &%Propositions may be codified as legislation or they may be more informal, as in the case of government policy.' '&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that an &%Agent promises to make true. &%Promises may be implicit or explicit. They may be expressed in a written or verbal or gestural manner.' s__Prohibition '&%Prohibition is the &%DeonticAttribute that applies to &%Formulas that an &%Agent is forbidden, by some authority, to make true.' s__ProbabilityAttribute s__ObjectiveNorm__t 'A class containing all of the &%Attributes relating to objective, qualitative assessments of probability, e.g. &%Likely and &%Unlikely.' s__ProbabilityAttribute__t 'The &%ProbabilityAttribute of being probable, i.e. more likely than not to be &%True.' 'The &%ProbabilityAttribute of being improbable, i.e. more likely than not to be &%False.' s__Plasma 'The physical state of an &%Object. There are three reified instances of this &%Class: &%Solid, &%Liquid, and &%Gas. Physical changes are not characterized by the transformation of one substance into another, but rather by the change of the form (physical states) of a given substance. For example, melting an iron nail yields a substance still called iron.' 'An &%Object has the &%Attribute of &%Solid if it has a fixed shape and a fixed volume.' '&%Fluid is the &%PhysicalState attribute of an &%Object that does not have a fixed shape and thus tends to flow or to conform to the shape of a container.' s__PhysicalState__t 'An &%Object has the &%Attribute of &%Liquid if it has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape.' 'An &%Object has the &%Attribute of &%Gas if it has neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape.' 'An extremely energetic &%PhysicalState that consists of atomic nuclei stripped of electrons. That is, a plasma is composed of positive ions and free electrons. &%Plasma behaves differently enough from &%Gas that it is referred to as the fourth state of matter.' 'Any &%Attribute whose presence is detected by an act of &%Perception.' s__TasteAttribute__t 'The &%Class of &%Attributes relating to the taste of &%Objects.' s__OlfactoryAttribute__t 'The &%Class of properties that are detectable by smell.' s__VisualAttribute 'The &%Class of visually discernible properties.' s__VisualAttribute__t 'The &%Attribute of &%Regions that are illuminated to some degree, i.e. in which some shapes are visually discernable.' s__Unilluminated 'The &%Attribute of &%Regions that are unilluminated, i.e in which no shapes are visually discernable.' 'The &%Class of &%Attributes relating to the color of &%Objects.' s__PrimaryColor 'Colors which can be blended to form any color and which cannot be derived from any other colors.' 'The &%Attribute of redness.' s__Blue 'The &%Attribute of being blue in color.' 'The &%Attribute of being yellow in color.' 'The &%Attribute of being white in color.' s__PrimaryColor__t 'The &%Attribute of being black in color.' s__Monochromatic 'An &%Object with this &%Attribute has the same color on every part of its surface.' s__Polychromatic s__ColorAttribute__t 'An &%Object with this &%Attribute has different colors on different parts of its surface.' 'Each &%subclass of &%StructureAttribute denotes some facet of the structure of physical entities. Each &%instance of &%StructureAttribute denotes some structural characteristic that may pertain to some &%Physical entity.' s__ShapeAttribute__t s__StructureAttribute__t 'Any &%Attribute that relates to the shape of an &%Object.' 'The shape of an &%Object with this &%Attribute can easily be altered.' 'The shape of an &%Object with this &%Attribute cannot be altered without breaking.' s__TextureAttribute s__TextureAttribute__t 'Any &%Attribute that characterizes the texture of an &%Object.' s__Smooth 'An &%Object with this &%Attribute has a smooth surface.' s__Rough 'An &%Object with this &%Attribute has a rough surface.' s__TwoDimensionalFigure s__ThreeDimensionalFigure 'The class of all geometric figures, i.e. the class of all abstract, spatial representations. The instances of this class are &%GeometricPoints, &%TwoDimensionalFigures or &%ThreeDimensionalFigures.' s__GeometricPoint__t 'The class of zero-dimensional &%GeometricFigures, i.e. the class of &%GeometricFigures that have position but lack extension in any dimension.' s__OneDimensionalFigure__t 'The class of &%GeometricFigures that have position and an extension along a single dimension, viz. straight lines.' s__GeometricFigure__t s__OpenTwoDimensionalFigure 'The class of &%GeometricFigures that have position and an extension along two dimensions, viz. plane figures like circles and polygons.' s__OpenTwoDimensionalFigure__t s__TwoDimensionalFigure__t 'The class of &%TwoDimensionalFigures that are not &%ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures.' s__TwoDimensionalAngle__t 'Any two &%OneDimensionalFigures (i.e. straight lines) meeting at a single &%GeometricPoint.' s__ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure__t 'Any &%TwoDimensionalFigure which has a well defined interior and exterior.' s__ThreeDimensionalFigure__t 'The class of &%GeometricFigures that have position and an extension along three dimensions, viz. geometric solids like polyhedrons and cylinders.' '(&%geometricPart ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the &%GeometricFigure ?PART is part of the &%GeometricFigure ?WHOLE.' '(&%pointOfFigure ?POINT ?FIGURE) means that the &%GeometricPoint ?POINT is part of the &%GeometricFigure ?FIGURE.' '(&%angleOfFigure ?ANGLE ?FIGURE) means that the &%TwoDimensionalAngle ?ANGLE is part of the &%GeometricFigure ?FIGURE.' '(&%pointOfIntersection ?FIGURE1 ?FIGURE2 ?POINT) means that the two straight lines ?FIGURE1 and ?FIGURE2 meet at the point ?POINT.' '(&%parallel ?LINE1 ?LINE2) means that the &%OneDimensionalFigures ?LINE1 and ?LINE2 are parallel to one another, i.e. they are equidistant from one another at every point.' '(&%angularMeasure ?ANGLE ?MEASURE) means that the two-dimensional geometric angle ?ANGLE has the &%PlaneAngleMeasure of ?MEASURE.' '(&%lineMeasure ?LINE ?MEASURE) means that the straight line ?LINE has the &%LengthMeasure of ?MEASURE.' '(&%geometricDistance ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?LENGTH) means that ?LENGTH is the distance between the two &%GeometricPoints ?POINT1 and ?POINT2.' s__SaturationAttribute s__SaturationAttribute__t 'A &%Class of &%Attributes that specify, in a qualitative manner, the extent of the presence of one kind of &%Object in another kind of &%Object.' 'An &%Attribute which indicates that the associated &%Object contains no &%Liquid.' 'An &%Attribute which indicates that the associated &%Object contains some &%Liquid.' s__Wet 'An &%Attribute which indicates that the associated &%Object is fully saturated with a &%Liquid, i.e. every part of the &%Object has a subpart which is a &%Liquid.' s__BiologicalAttribute '&%Attributes that apply specifically to instances of &%Organism.' s__BodyPosition 'The class of &%Attributes expressing configurations of bodies or parts of bodies of animals or humans, e.g. standing, sitting, kneeling, lying down, etc.' s__Standing 'The &%BodyPosition of being upright, i.e. being fully extended and supported by nothing other than ones own feet.' s__Sitting s__BodyPosition__t 'The &%BodyPosition of being recumbent, i.e. knees bent and back side supported.' s__Prostrate 'The &%BodyPosition of lying down, being in a horizontal position.' s__AnimacyAttribute s__Living s__Dead '&%Attributes that indicate whether an &%Organism is alive or not.' s__AnimacyAttribute__t 'This &%Attribute applies to &%Organisms that are alive.' s__Unconscious 'This &%Attribute applies to &%Organisms that are not alive.' s__SexAttribute '&%Attributes that indicate the sex of an &%Organism.' 'An &%Attribute indicating that an &%Organism is female in nature.' s__SexAttribute__t 'An &%Attribute indicating that an &%Organism is male in nature.' s__DevelopmentalAttribute__t s__BiologicalAttribute__t s__FullyFormed '&%Attributes that indicate the stage of development of an &%Organism.' 'The stage of an &%Organism when it has reached the end of its growth phase.' 'The stage of an &%Organism before it is &%FullyFormed.' s__Larval 'Form of most &%Invertebrates, &%Amphibians, and &%Fish immediately after they hatch. This form is fundamentally unlike the adult form, and metamorphosis is required to reach the latter form.' 'The stage of an &%Organism or an &%AnatomicalStructure that exists only before the &%Organism is born. &%Mammals, for example, have this &%Attribute only prior to their birth.' 'A &%BiologicalAttribute which qualifies something that alters or interferes with a normal process, state or activity of an &%Organism. It is usually characterized by the abnormal functioning of one or more of the hosts systems, parts, or &%Organs.' s__PsychologicalAttribute s__TraitAttribute '&%Attributes that characterize the mental or behavioral life of an &%Organism.' 'The class &%StateOfMind is distinguished from its complement &%TraitAttribute by the fact that instances of the former are transient while instances of the latter are persistent features of a creatures behavioral/psychological make-up.' s__EmotionalState s__EmotionalState__t s__StateOfMind__t 'The &%Class of &%Attributes that denote emotional states of &%Organisms.' s__ConsciousnessAttribute '&%Attributes that indicate whether an &%Organism is conscious or the qualitative degree of consciousness of an &%Organism.' s__Asleep '&%Attribute that applies to &%Organisms that are sleeping.' s__Awake '&%Attribute that applies to &%Organisms that are unconscious. An &%Organism may be &%Unconscious because it is &%Dead or because of a blow to the head, a drug, etc.' s__ConsciousnessAttribute__t '&%Attribute that applies to &%Organisms that are neither &%Unconscious nor &%Asleep.' s__TraitAttribute__t '&%Attributes that indicate the the behavior/personality traits of an &%Organism.' s__PsychologicalDysfunction s__PsychologicalDysfunction__t s__PsychologicalAttribute__t s__DiseaseOrSyndrome__t 'A clinically significant dysfunction whose major manifestation is behavioral or psychological. These dysfunctions may have identified or presumed biological etiologies or manifestations.' '(&%comment ?ENT ?STR ?PER) is a convenience relationship that allows ontologists represented by &%SymbolicString ?PER to write down commentaries ?STR on a defined &%Entity ?ENT' comment s__OrganismRemains 'An &%instance of &%OrganismRemains is &%Dead matter of a formerly &%Living &%Organism: &%Plant, &%Animal, or &%Microorganism. An &%instance of &%OrganismRemains might or might not be recognizable as the remains of a particular kind or species of organism, depending on the cause of the &%Organisms &%Death (heart failure, stroke, roadkill, dismemberment, etc.), the elapsed time since death, the speed of decomposition, and any post-mortem processing of the dead organism (embalming, cremation, mummification, boiling, consumption as food, etc.).' s__HumanCorpse s__HumanCorpse__t s__OrganismRemains__t '&%HumanCorpse is the &%OrganismRemains of a &%Human' s__DeadFn__m '(&%DeadFn ?ORGCLASS) denotes the &%Class of all remains that were once part of &%Living &%Organisms of the type ?ORGCLASS.' s__HumanSlave 'A &%Human who is owned by someone else.' s__HumanAdult__t 'The class of &%Humans that are 18 years of age or older.' '(s__instance(V__ADULT,s__HumanAdult) & s__age(V__ADULT,s__MeasureFn(V__NUMBER,s__YearDuration)))' s__HumanYouth 'The class of &%Humans that are younger than 18 years of age.' '(s__instance(V__YOUTH,s__HumanYouth) & s__age(V__YOUTH,s__MeasureFn(V__NUMBER,s__YearDuration)))' s__HumanChild__t s__HumanYouth__t 'A &%HumanYouth between birth and puberty, i.e a &%Human who is &%NonFullyFormed.' '(s__instance(V__CHILD,s__HumanChild) & s__age(V__CHILD,s__MeasureFn(V__NUMBER,s__YearDuration)))' s__Teenager s__Teenager__t 'A &%Human between puberty and the age of 20.' '(s__instance(V__TEEN,s__Teenager) & s__age(V__TEEN,s__MeasureFn(V__NUMBER,s__YearDuration)))' s__Boy s__Boy__t 'A &%HumanChild who is &%Male.' s__Girl s__Girl__t 'A &%HumanChild who is &%Female.' s__HumanBaby__t 'A &%Human between birth and the first year of age.' '(s__instance(V__BABY,s__HumanBaby) & s__age(V__BABY,s__MeasureFn(V__NUMBER,s__YearDuration)))' '(older ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is older than ?OBJ2, i.e. the age of ?OBJ1 is &%greaterThan the age of ?OBJ2.' s__StartFn__m '(StartFn ?PROCESS) denotes &%IntentionalProcesses of bringing it about that &%Processes of type ?PROCESS begin, e.g. start working, begin running, etc.' s__StopFn__m '(StopFn ?PROCESS) denotes &%IntentionalProcesses of bringing it about that &%Processes of type ?PROCESS end, e.g. stop walking, quit working, etc.' s__Dodging s__Dodging__t 'Purposely moving ones body in such a way as to avoid being hit by something.' '(~ (? [V__I] : (s__instance(V__I,s__Process) & (s__meetsTemporally(V__DT,s__WhenFn(V__I)) | s__overlapsTemporally(V__DT,s__WhenFn(V__I))) & s__instance(V__I,s__Impacting) & s__patient(V__I,V__A))))' s__Mounting s__Mounting__t 'Any &%BodyMotion which results in being &%On something else.' s__Stepping s__Stepping__t 'The &%BodyMotion of extending one foot forward and then bringing the other foot to the same lateral position as the first leg.' s__Wading s__Wading__t 'Any instance of &%Walking which occurs through a &%BodyOfWater.' s__Jumping s__Jumping__t 'Any &%MotionUpward which is done by ones body and which results in a situation where ones feet are unsupported.' '(~ s__attribute(V__A,s__Standing))' s__Somersaulting s__Somersaulting__t 'Any &%BodyMotion which begins and ends in a &%Sitting position and where the feet roll over the head and return to their original position.' s__Reflecting 'Any instance of &%Radiating where the radiated waves rebound from a surface, e.g. an echo of sound or a reflection of light.' s__ReflectingLight s__ReflectingLight__t s__Reflecting__t 'Those instances of &%RadiatingLight where the &%instrument is not a light source, but is simply a surface which bends light waves that come in contact with it.' '(wavelength ?RADIATION ?MEASURE) means that the instance of radiation, ?RADIATION, has an average wavelength of ?MEASURE.' s__RadioEmission 'Any instance of &%Radiating where the &%wavelengths are longer than those of visible light and shorter than those of radio emissions.' s__RadiatingUltraviolet s__RadiatingUltraviolet__t s__XRayRadiation 'Any case of &%RadiatingElectromagnetic where the &%wavelengths are shorter than those of visible light and longer than those of X-Rays.' 'UV' s__XRayRadiation__t 'Electro-magnetic radiation of short wavelength, often made use of by devices that scan the inside of objects.' s__RadiatingVisibleLight s__RadiatingVisibleLight__t 'Any instance of &%RadiatingLight that can be detected by normal human visual perception.' s__Sunlight__t 'Any instance of &%RadiatingLight where the Sun (&%Sol) is the origin.' s__RadioReceiver__t 'A &%RadioReceiver is a &%Device for receiving radio broadcast signals from a &%RadioStation.' s__Script s__Script__t 'The collection of &%Characters in a particular written language. Every &%WrittenCommunication consists of &%Characters written in a particular script. Scripts include different typefaces, as well as entirely different characters. Times Roman is a very specific script. While the latin character set is a general one, that has specific subclasses like Times Roman. Other scripts include Devanagri (which may be expressed in many different more specific typefaces), or Simplified Chinese.' s__Orthography s__Orthography__t 'A method for representing the sounds of a &%Language with written &%Characters.' s__Lyrics s__Lyrics__t 'Any &%Text which is intended to be sung.' '(? [V__SING] : (s__instance(V__SING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__SING,s__Singing) & s__patient(V__SING,V__LYRIC)))' s__Paragraph s__Paragraph__t 'A &%Text which consists of one or more sentences, begins with an indented line, and expresses a single topic.' '(sententialObject ?OBJECT ?SENTENCE) means that the &%NounPhrase ?OBJECT is the object of the &%Sentence ?SENTENCE.' '(sententialSubject ?SUBJECT ?SENTENCE) means that the &%NounPhrase ?SUBJECT is the subject of the &%Sentence ?SENTENCE.' '(speaksLanguage ?AGENT ?LANGUAGE) means that the &%SentientAgent ?AGENT is capable of understanding and/or generating the &%Language ?LANGUAGE.' s__MonophonicMusic '&%MakingMusic which has a single part, i.e. &%MakingMusic which cannot be divided into two or more contemporaneous &%subProcesses which are also instances of &%MakingMusic.' s__PolyphonicMusic '&%MakingMusic which has two or more parts, i.e. &%MakingMusic which can be divided into two or more contemporaneous &%subProcesses which are also instances of &%MakingMusic.' s__MusicalTone s__MusicalTone__t 'A &%Process of &%RadiatingSound where the sound has a fundamental frequency and 0 or more partial frequencies or unrelated transients or noise components that have a lesser amplitude than the fundamental.' s__RadiatingSoundUltrasonic s__RadiatingSoundUltrasonic__t 'All sound waves that have frequencies above those that normal &%Human ears can detect.' s__soundFrequency__m s__soundFrequency__t__m 'A relation between a &%Process of &%MusicalTone and the fundamental frequency of that tone.' s__WrittenCommunication__t 'Any &%LinguisticCommunication where the &%instrument is a &%Text, e.g. a letter, an email, a memo, etc.' s__Corresponding s__Corresponding__t 'Instances of &%LinguisticCommunication which are achieved by means of &%Texts that are mailed between the persons communicating with one another.' s__Mailing s__Reminding s__Reminding__t 'Any &%Requesting that is intended to cause a &%Remembering of something.' s__Threatening s__Threatening__t 'Any &%Committing where the thing promised is something that is deemed undesirable by the &%destination of the &%Committing.' s__Punishing s__Punishing__t 'A &%RegulatoryProcess where the agent does something to the &%destination that the &%agent knows is undesirable for the &%destination.' '(~ s__desires(V__D,V__F))' s__Registering s__Registering__t 'Submitting official paperwork in a government agency, e.g. filing for divorce, making a legal claim against someone.' s__Answering s__Answering__t 'Responding to a &%Questioning, i.e. trying to answer someones question.' s__Arguing s__Arguing__t 'Any &%Stating which has the form of an &%Argument.' s__Statement s__TellingALie s__TellingALie__t 'Any &%LinguisticCommunication which is both &%False and believed to be &%False by the &%agent of the &%LinguisticCommunication.' s__Founding s__Founding__t 'Setting up an &%Organization.' s__Club s__Club__t 'A Club is an &%Organization of people that share some &%desire' '(yearOfFounding ?ORG ?NUMBER) means that the &%Organization ?ORG was founded in the year expressed in ?NUMBER.' '(&%dateEstablished ?THING ?TIME) means that the &%Physical ?THING was founded on the date indicated by ?TIME. For example, (&%dateEstablished &%UnitedNations (&%DayFn 26 (&%MonthFn &%June (&%YearFn 1945)))).' 'The date an &%Object is used by an &%Agent.' 'date used' s__Accrediting s__Accrediting__t 'Any process of certifying an &%EducationalOrganization.' s__Indicating s__Indicating__t 'Pointing out a person, place or thing with ones hand or with an &%Artifact.' s__Divorcing s__Divorcing__t 'A &%LegalAction whereby a marriage (&%Wedding) is dissolved. This includes annulments.' s__Appointing s__Appointing__t 'Any instance of &%Declaring by which the patient is assigned to a &%Position within an &%Organization where the patient previously had no position. For example, the appointments of people to non-elective offices in a government.' s__Public s__TurningOffDevice s__TurningOffDevice__t 'Any &%Process whose result is that the patient of the process is in the state of &%DeviceOff. In other words, this class covers any process of turning off a device, e.g. turning off the lights, switching off a television set, etc.' s__TurningOnDevice s__TurningOnDevice__t 'Any &%Process whose result is that the patient of the process is in the state of &%DeviceOn. In other words, this class covers any process of turning on a device, e.g. turning on the lights, switching on a television set, etc.' s__Projectile 'A missile, bullet, etc. that is fired from a &%Weapon.' s__ProjectileShell s__ProjectileShell__t 'The outer casing of a &%Projectile.' s__ProjectileLauncher s__ProjectileLauncher__t 'A &%Weapon that shoots a &%Projectile.' s__Spear s__Spear__t 'A &%Weapon with a long handle and a short blade.' s__Sword s__Sword__t 'A &%Weapon with a long blade and covered handle.' s__Whip s__Whip__t 'A &%Weapon that consists of a thin strand of &%Fabric, usually &%Leather, and a handle by which the strand is impelled at a high rate of speed.' s__Gun__t s__ArtilleryGun s__Firearm s__MortarGun s__MortarGun__t 'A short-range &%Gun that is positioned on the ground at a high angle and fires explosive shells.' s__Bullet s__Bullet__t 'A &%Projectile that is designed to be fired by a &%Gun.' '(? [V__S,V__GUN] : (s__instance(V__GUN,s__Object) & s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__S,s__Shooting) & s__instrument(V__S,V__GUN) & s__instance(V__GUN,s__Gun) & s__patient(V__S,V__B)))' s__BulletCartridge s__BulletCartridge__t 'The entire projectile consisting of a bullet, casing, gunpowder, and primer.' 'bullet cartridge' '(? [V__BULLET,V__CASE] : (s__instance(V__CASE,s__Object) & s__instance(V__BULLET,s__Object) & s__instance(V__BULLET,s__Bullet) & s__instance(V__CASE,s__CartridgeCase) & s__properPart(V__BULLET,V__CARTRIDGE) & s__properPart(V__CASE,V__CARTRIDGE)))' s__CartridgeCase s__CartridgeCase__t 'the part of a cartridge that holds the bullet' case s__GunBarrel s__GunBarrel__t 'The part of a &%Gun through which a &%Projectile travels when it is fired.' s__GunPowder s__GunPowder__t 'A &%Mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and charcoal that is used in &%ExplosiveDevices and to propell &%Projectiles in &%ProjectileWeapons.' s__GunTrigger s__GunTrigger__t s__Lever__t 'The part of the &%Gun which is pulled in &%Shooting the &%Gun.' s__LoadingWeapon s__LoadingWeapon__t 'Inserting ammunition into a &%ProjectileWeapon in such a way that the ammunition can be fired by the weapon.' 'Models the effective range of some device that is able to move by itself (like vehicles, rockets and so on) or move other things (like weapons).' '(s__instance(V__DAMAGING,s__Damaging) & s__patient(V__DAMAGING,V__O))' '(s__instance(V__KILLING,s__Killing) & s__patient(V__KILLING,V__O))' s__GunStock s__GunStock__t 'The part of a &%Gun that is placed against the shoulder to absorb some of the recoil action when it is fired.' s__WeaponOfMassDestruction s__WeaponOfMassDestruction__t 'Nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. What these weapons have in common is that they are designed to kill large numbers of people indiscriminately.' s__Handle s__Handle__t 'The part or parts of an &%Artifact that are designed to be held with the &%Hands when the &%Artifact is used or carried.' '(? [V__G,V__D] : (s__instance(V__D,s__Object) & s__instance(V__G,s__Process) & s__instance(V__G,s__Grabbing) & s__patient(V__G,V__H) & s__instrument(V__G,V__D) & s__instance(V__D,s__Hand)))' s__Shield s__Shield__t 'An &%Artifact that is held by the hand or whole arm and is used to prevent injuries from &%Weapons.' s__Mast s__Mast__t 'A large pole in the center of a &%WaterVehicle which is used to support a sail.' s__WingDevice s__WingDevice__t 'The wings of &%Aircraft, i.e. the parts of &%Aircraft that allow them to become and remain airborne.' s__Tube__t 'A long, narrow, and hollow &%Artifact that is designed for moving &%Fluids from place to another.' '(? [V__P,V__OBJ] : (s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Object) & s__instance(V__P,s__Motion) & s__instance(V__P,s__Transfer) & s__path(V__P,V__T) & s__patient(V__P,V__OBJ) & s__attribute(V__OBJ,s__Fluid)))' s__PhotographicFilm s__PhotographicFilm__t 'Celluloid covered with an emulsion which can be converted into photographic negatives by a &%Camera.' s__PictureFrame s__PictureFrame__t 'A frame which surrounds a &%PaintedPicture or &%Photograph and has the function of protecting and accenting the picture.' '(? [V__P] : (s__instance(V__P,s__Object) & s__meetsSpatially(V__F,V__P) & (s__instance(V__P,s__PaintedPicture) | s__instance(V__P,s__Photograph))))' s__Shelf s__Shelf__t 'An piece of &%Furniture or part of a piece of &%Furniture that is used for keeping or displaying things.' s__AutomaticGun s__AutomaticGun__t 'A &%Gun that fires a burst of &%Projectiles with each pull of the trigger. Also known as a machine gun.' s__ArtilleryGun__t 'A &%Gun that is too large to be carried and fired by a single &%Human. Typically, &%ArtilleryGuns are on wheels.' s__Rifle s__Pistol 'A &%Gun that is small enough to be carried and fired by a single &%Human.' s__Rifle__t s__Firearm__t 'A &%Firearm with a long barrel that is intended to be fired from the shoulder.' 'A &%Firearm that is intended to be aimed and fired with a single hand.' s__RevolverGun s__RevolverGun__t s__Pistol__t 'A &%Pistol whose magazine is a revolving cylinder with six chambers for &%Bullets.' s__ContainerEmpty '&%ContainerEmpty is the &%Attribute of a &%Container that is empty.' s__ContainerFull '&%ContainerFull is the &%Attribute of a &%Container that is full to capacity.' s__Holster s__Holster__t 'A &%Container for a &%Pistol. It is generally made of Leather and worn on either the shoulder or the waist.' '(? [V__P] : (s__instance(V__P,s__Object) & s__instance(V__P,s__Pistol) & s__contains(V__H,V__P)))' s__Wastebasket s__Wastebasket__t 'A &%Container which is used for trash.' s__ArrowProjectile s__ArrowProjectile__t 'A long, thin &%Projectile with a pointed tip is fired from a bow.' s__DriveComponent__t 'An &%EngineeringComponent whose purpose is to transfer force from one part of a &%Device to another part.' '&%PetroleumProduct is a broad class that includes both crude oil (Petroleum) and &%RefinedPetroleumProducts.' s__OrganicCompound s__FossilFuel__t s__Fuel__t s__PetroleumProduct__t '&%FossilFuel is the subclass of &%Fuel whose instances are derived from fossilized organic deposits, such as &%Coal and &%LiquefiedPetroleumGas.' 'Fuel is the class of &%Substances that can be used as resources in Combustion processes in order to produce heat. Mechanical energy can be produced by burning fuel in an &%Engine.' s__Wax s__Wax__t 'Any &%Substance of high molecular weight that resembles beeswax.' s__LiquefiedPetroleumGas__t '&%LiquefiedPetroleumGas is a compressed hydrocarbon gas.' s__Gasoline s__Gasoline__t '&%Gasoline is the subclass of RefinedPetroleumProducts that are fuels for internal combustion engines.' s__DieselFuel s__DieselFuel__t '&%DieselFuel is the subclass of RefinedPetroleumProducts that are fuels for diesel engines.' s__Transducer 'A &%Device which is capable of converting one form of energy into another. Formally, a &%Twoport that neither stores nor dissipates, but only transfers energy between its two ports.' s__Transducer__t 'Engine is a subclass of &%Transducer. &%Engines are devices for converting some form of energy resource into mechanical power.' '(powerPlant ?GENERATOR ?THING) means that the &%Device ?GENERATOR is the power-producing component of the &%Artifact ?THING which provides the energy for its operation.' s__SelfPoweredDevice s__SteamEngine s__SteamEngine__t '&%SteamEngine is the subclass of &%Engines that produce mechanical power from heat and steam pressure.' s__Turbine__t s__Engine__t 'An &%Engine which converts the kinetic energy of a moving &%Liquid (typically &%Water) into mechanical energy.' s__Windmill s__Windmill__t 'Windmill is the subclass of &%Engines that produce mechanical power from &%Wind energy.' '&%InternalCombustionEngine is the subclass of &%Engines in which a heat reaction that occurs inside the engine is transformed into mechanical energy.' s__Manifold__t 'A pipe which has several outlets for other pipes that flow into or out of it.' s__ElectricMotor s__ElectricMotor__t '&%ElectricMotor is the subclass of &%Engines that produce mechanical power from electricity.' s__SwitchDevice s__SwitchDevice__t 'An &%EngineeringComponent which is capable of turning an &%ElectricDevice on and off.' s__Microphone s__Microphone__t 'A &%CommunicationDevice that converts sound into electrical energy.' s__ReceiverDevice__t 'An &%ElectricDevice that is capable of receiving and decoding &%RadioEmissions, e.g. &%Radios and &%Televisions.' s__Telegraph s__Telegraph__t 'A &%Device that permits &%LinguisticCommunication between remote points by means of a code of aural dots and dashes that can be converted into letters of an alphabet.' s__ProjectionScreen s__ProjectionScreen__t 'A &%CommunicationDevice upon which images are projected so that they can be viewed.' s__Pencil s__WritingDevice s__Pencil__t 'A &%WritingDevice that consists of an encased piece of graphite.' s__DeviceAttribute 'This class contains &%Attributes that indicate how a &%Device is behaving with respect to some norm or expectation. Examples: &%Functioning, &%Malfunctioning.' s__Functioning s__Malfunctioning 'Indicates that a &%Device is performing its intended function.' s__DeviceAttribute__t 'Indicates that a &%Device is not performing its intended function.' '&%DeviceStateAttribute is the class of attributes that represent different states that a Device may be in. Examples: &%DeviceOff, &%DeviceOn, &%DeviceOpen, and &%DeviceClosed.' s__DeviceClosed s__DeviceOpen s__DeviceStateAttribute__t '(deviceState ?DEVICE ?STATE) means that the &%Object ?DEVICE is in the &%DeviceStateAttribute ?STATE.' s__Aerator s__Aerator__t 'A &%Device whose purpose is to mix &%Substances with &%Air.' '(? [V__COMBINE,V__AIR] : (s__instance(V__AIR,s__Object) & s__instance(V__COMBINE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__COMBINE,s__Combining) & s__resource(V__COMBINE,V__AIR) & s__instance(V__AIR,s__Air) & s__instrument(V__COMBINE,V__AERATOR)))' s__Aerating s__Aerating__t 'Combining a substance with &%Air.' s__Broom s__BrushOrComb s__Broom__t s__BrushOrComb__t 'A &%BrushOrComb whose purpose is to remove dirt and other small particles from floors.' '(? [V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__S,s__Sweeping) & s__instrument(V__S,V__B)))' 'A &%Device which consists of a handle and bristles and whose purpose is to remove particles from something or to smooth something out.' '(? [V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & (s__instance(V__S,s__Removing) | s__instance(V__S,s__SurfaceChange)) & s__instrument(V__S,V__B)))' s__MatchDevice s__MatchDevice__t 'A small stick of carboard or wood that is treated with chemicals that can be easily ignited with friction. MatchDevices are used for starting fires.' s__VendingDevice s__VendingDevice__t 'A &%Device which is capable of &%Selling a &%Product to a customer automatically when the customer inserts the appropriate amount of Currency.' '(? [V__T,V__C,V__P] : (s__instance(V__T,s__Process) & s__instance(V__T,s__FinancialTransaction) & s__instrument(V__T,V__VD) & s__patient(V__T,V__C) & s__instance(V__C,s__Currency) & s__patient(V__T,V__P) & s__instance(V__P,s__Product)))' s__WritingDevice__t 'A &%Device whose purpose is to be an instrument of &%Writing, e.g. pens, pencils, crayons, etc.' '(? [V__W] : (s__instance(V__W,s__Process) & s__instance(V__W,s__Writing) & s__instrument(V__W,V__D)))' s__SmokingDevice 'Any Device whose purpose is &%Smoking.' '(? [V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__S,s__Smoking) & s__instrument(V__S,V__D)))' s__SmokingPipe s__SmokingPipe__t s__SmokingDevice__t 'A &%SmokingDevice consisting of a tube and a small bowl.' s__Shower s__BathingDevice s__Shower__t '&%Shower refers to a plumbing fixture that sprays water over you.' shower '(? [V__SPRAY] : (s__instance(V__SPRAY,s__Process) & s__instance(V__SPRAY,s__WaterMotion) & s__origin(V__SPRAY,V__SHOWER)))' s__Wall s__Ceiling s__Floor s__BathTub s__BathingDevice__t '&%BathTub refers to a &%BathingDevice that you can fill with water to use to watch the body' tub '(? [V__WATER] : (s__instance(V__WATER,s__Object) & s__instance(V__WATER,s__Water) & s__contains(V__TUB,V__WATER)))' s__Excrement '&%Excrement refers to the waste matter that is discharged from the body' excrement s__Feces s__Feces__t s__Excrement__t '&%Feces is a type of &%Solid &%Excrement evacuated from the bowels' feces s__Intestine s__Urine s__Urine__t '&%Urine is a type of &%Liquid &%Excrement that is secreted by the &%Kidney' urine s__Kidney s__Excretion '&%Excretion is a type of &%OrganismProcess that discharges waste from tissues, organs or the body' excretion s__Urination s__Urination__t s__Excretion__t '&%Urination is a type of &%Excretion that discharges &%Urine' urination s__Defecation s__Defecation__t '&%Defecation is a type of &%Excretion that discharges &%Feces' defecation s__Sewage s__Sewage__t 'The byproduct of &%Animal digestion. Sewage is a waste product that is removed from the body of an animal by a normally functioning &%BiologicalProcess. Sewage consists largely of substances which the animal cannot digest, or may be harmful, so the breakdown of the biological waste removal process can be evidence or cause of a &%DiseaseOrSyndrome.' s__Bidet s__WashingDevice s__Bidet__t '&%Bidet is a &%WashingDevice intended for washing genitals and the anal area while on the toilet' bidet '(? [V__PROC,V__WASH,V__PART] : (s__instance(V__PART,s__Object) & s__instance(V__WASH,s__Process) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Defecation) | s__instance(V__PROC,s__Urination)) & s__instrument(V__PROC,V__PART) & s__instance(V__WASH,s__Washing) & s__patient(V__WASH,V__PART) & s__instrument(V__WASH,V__X) & s__before(s__BeginFn(s__WhenFn(V__PROC)),s__BeginFn(s__WhenFn(V__WASH)))))' s__Toilet s__Toilet__t 'A &%Device for the disposal of wastes resulting from urination and defecation.' s__Bathroom '(? [V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Defecation) | s__instance(V__PROC,s__Urination)) & s__destination(V__PROC,V__X)))' s__Toothbrush__t 'A small &%BrushOrComb with relatively soft bristles and a long handle, used for brushing teeth (see &%Tooth). It is used help control bacteria living in the mouth. While most typically used by humans on themselves, it can be used by &%Dentists on their patients and by adults assisting children. They are occasionally used by humans caring for pets, zoo animals and valuable livestock.' '(? [V__K] : (s__instance(V__K,s__Process) & s__instance(V__TOOTH,s__Tooth) & s__instrument(V__K,V__T) & s__instance(V__K,s__Killing) & s__instance(V__B,s__Bacterium) & s__patient(V__K,V__B) & s__patient(V__K,V__TOOTH)))' s__CigarOrCigarette s__CigarOrCigarette__t 'A tube of thin paper containing finely ground tobacco that is smoked.' s__Tobacco s__Tableware s__Tableware__t '&%Devices that are used in &%Ingesting (&%Eating and/or &%Drinking) a meal. This coves dishware, flatware, and glassware.' '(? [V__I] : (s__instance(V__I,s__Process) & s__instance(V__I,s__Ingesting) & s__instrument(V__I,V__T)))' s__Compass s__Compass__t 'A &%Device that indicates the direction of the various &%DirectionalAttributes with respect to the device.' s__MajorAppliance s__Refrigerator s__Refrigerator__t s__Freezer s__Freezer__t s__CookingRange s__CookingRange__t s__CookingOven s__CookingOven__t s__MajorAppliance__t s__HotWaterHeater s__HotWaterHeater__t s__ClothesWashingMachine s__ClothesWashingMachine__t s__ClothesDryer s__Dishwasher s__Dishwasher__t s__CoolingDevice 'A &%Device whose purpose is &%Cooling something, e.g. air conditioners, refrigerators, freezers, etc.' '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Cooling) & s__instrument(V__C,V__D)))' s__FanDevice__t s__CoolingDevice__t 'A &%CoolingDevice which consists simply of one or more blades that circulate the air. Note that this class covers both electrical fans and fans that are manually operated.' '(? [V__W] : (s__instance(V__W,s__Process) & s__instance(V__W,s__Wind) & s__instrument(V__W,V__F)))' s__HeatingDevice 'A &%Device whose purpose is &%Heating something, e.g. electric heaters, heat lamps, ovens, stoves, etc.' '(? [V__H] : (s__instance(V__H,s__Process) & s__instance(V__H,s__Heating) & s__instrument(V__H,V__D)))' s__Oven s__Oven__t 'A &%HeatingDevice with a door for inserting and removing &%Food that is to undergo &%Baking.' '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Cooking) & s__instrument(V__C,V__O)))' s__Stove s__Stove__t s__HeatingDevice__t 'A &%HeatingDevice which consists one or more burners for heating pots and pans of &%Food.' '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Cooking) & s__instrument(V__C,V__S)))' 'The intersection of &%Containers and &%ElectricDevices in which the temperature is reduced from that of the outside air by a &%Cooling process.' s__PotOrPan s__PotOrPan__t 'A &%Container which has a handle and is used for &%Cooking.' '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Cooking) & s__instrument(V__C,V__P)))' s__Ramp s__Ramp__t 'Ramp is the class of &%SelfConnectedObjects that are inclined planes used for moving objects from one level to another, especially used for wheeled vehicles and people who cannot climb stairs.' s__RecreationOrExerciseDevice 'A &%Device whose purpose is &%RecreationOrExercise.' '(? [V__E] : (s__instance(V__E,s__Process) & s__instance(V__E,s__RecreationOrExercise) & s__instrument(V__E,V__D)))' s__WalkingCane s__WalkingCane__t 'A &%Device which has the form of a staff with a handle and which enables some people to walk with greater assurance.' '(? [V__W] : (s__instance(V__W,s__Process) & s__instance(V__W,s__Walking) & s__instrument(V__W,V__C)))' 'Any &%Device whose purpose is &%Washing something, e.g. washing machines, dishwashers, bathtubs, etc.' '(? [V__W] : (s__instance(V__W,s__Process) & s__instance(V__W,s__Washing) & s__instrument(V__W,V__D)))' s__MaterialHandlingEquipment '&%MaterialHandlingEquipment is a class of &%Devices that are equipment used for handling goods and supplies more efficiently or safely. Examples are cranes, hoists, forklifts, conveyors, racks, etc.' s__Crane s__Crane__t s__MaterialHandlingEquipment__t 'Crane is a subclass of mechanical &%Devices that consist of a &%HoistingDevice on a moveable boom, designed to assist in moving heavy loads.' s__HoistingDevice s__HoistingDevice__t '&%HoistingDevice is a subclass of mechanical &%Devices that provide a mechanical advantage in lifting and lowering, e.g., by use of a block and tackle.' s__OpticalDevice 'A &%Device which enables someone to see something more clearly or with greater magnification.' '(? [V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__S,s__Seeing) & s__instrument(V__S,V__D)))' s__EyeGlass s__EyeGlass__t 'A lens or pair of lenses with or without frames whose purpose is to to correct a defect in vision. This class covers ordinary eye glasses, reading glasses, contact lenses, monocles, etc.' s__Lens s__Lens__t 'An &%OpticalDevice which consists of a polished, transparent piece of glass or plastic. Lenses are often part of other &%OpticalDevices.' s__Microscope s__Microscope__t s__OpticalDevice__t 'An &%OpticalDevice with a stand and a focus, which is used for magnifying the images of things that are placed in the stand.' s__Filter__t 'A &%Device whose purpose is to remove part of a &%Mixture that is passed through the &%Filter.' '(? [V__REMOVE,V__M] : (s__instance(V__M,s__Object) & s__instance(V__REMOVE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__REMOVE,s__Removing) & s__origin(V__REMOVE,V__M) & s__instance(V__M,s__Mixture) & s__instrument(V__REMOVE,V__FILTER)))' s__FileDevice s__FileDevice__t 'A &%Device whose purpose is to make something smoother. For example, a nail file is used to even out the tips of ones finger nails.' 'A &%Device that uses &%Electricity as its primary power source.' s__Electricity__t 'While electricity is typically thought of as just a difference in electrical potential, one way of modeling electricity is as a substance that can be moved from one point to another or consumed. One could make the claim that subatomic physics also supports the classification as a substance since electrons are objects.' 'A source of electrical power.' 'power source' s__DCPowerSource 'A direct-current &%PowerSource.' 'DC power source' s__DCPowerSource__t s__Battery__t 'Battery is a subclass of &%Device. Batteries are devices that use chemical means to store or produce electrical power.' s__Radar s__Radar__t 'An &%ElectricDevice that emits and receives microwave radiation for the purpose of locating and tracking distant objects.' '(? [V__DISCOVER] : (s__instance(V__DISCOVER,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DISCOVER,s__Discovering) & s__instrument(V__DISCOVER,V__RADAR)))' '(discovers ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that the &%Agent ?AGENT discovered the &%Object ?OBJECT.' discovers s__Sonar s__Sonar__t 'Something that emits and receives sound for the purpose of locating and tracking distant objects. Note that this covers both manmade devices and &%BodyParts such as the sonar of bats and dolphins.' '(? [V__DISCOVER] : (s__instance(V__DISCOVER,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DISCOVER,s__Discovering) & s__instrument(V__DISCOVER,V__SONAR)))' s__Echoing s__Echoing__t 'Instances of &%RadiatingSound where the instrument is a surface which bounces sound waves back to their origin, where they can be heard again.' s__ElectricalSignalling s__Signalling s__ElectricalSignalling__t s__Signalling__t '&%ElectricalSignalling is the subclass of &%Signalling processes that involve control of an electrical current. Cf. &%ElectronicSignalling.' s__ElectronicSignalling s__ElectronicSignalling__t '&%ElectronicSignalling is the subclass of &%ElectricalSignalling that involve a signal generated through electronic means.' s__SecurityDevice s__SecurityDevice__t 'A &%Device whose purpose is to protect people or property from kidnappers and/or thieves.' s__Lock 'A &%Device, which, through a &%Key or a combination prevents access to a &%Container or &%StationaryArtifact.' s__Key s__Key__t 'A &%Device which opens and closes a &%Lock.' s__Opening s__Closing s__SafeContainer__t 'A &%Container with a &%Lock which is intended to secure items from theft. Note that this covers safes, lockers, and locked storage compartments.' s__AnimalController s__AnimalController__t 'Any &%Device which is used to control the movements of an &%Animal or &%Human, e.g. leashes, reins, harnesses, muzzles, bridles, shackles, handcuffs, etc.' '(? [V__G,V__A] : (s__instance(V__G,s__Process) & s__instance(V__G,s__Guiding) & s__instrument(V__G,V__AC) & s__instance(V__A,s__Animal) & s__patient(V__G,V__A)))' '&%SelfPoweredDevice is the subclass of &%Devices whose action is powered by some kind of on-board component or power source (not the user, which would be a &%UserPoweredVehicle).' s__AnimalPoweredDevice s__AnimalPoweredDevice__t '&%AnimalPoweredDevice is the subclass of &%Devices that function with power supplied by animals. Examples: oxcarts, horse-drawn plows, mule-driven mills.' 'This &%ShapeAttribute describes a three dimensional &%Object for which two dimensions are markedly larger than the third, and the two larger dimensions also are not of markedly different lengths.' 'This &%ShapeAttribute describes a three dimensional &%Object that is markedly longer in one dimension than in the other two.' s__LevelShape 'The &%ShapeAttribute of &%Objects where no part of the top of the &%Object is higher than any other part of the top.' s__SymmetricShape 'A &%ShapeAttribute that applies to a &%SelfConnectedObject that can be divided into two copies of each other.' s__Baton s__Baton__t 'A thin stick which is used for &%MusicalConducting.' '(? [V__M,V__G] : (s__instance(V__G,s__Process) & s__instance(V__M,s__Process) & s__instance(V__M,s__MusicalPerformance) & s__instance(V__G,s__Guiding) & s__subProcess(V__G,V__M) & s__instrument(V__G,V__B)))' s__SecurityAlarm s__SecurityAlarm__t 'A &%SecurityDevice that detects intrusions to a &%StationaryArtifact and issues a warning of some sort.' s__FiniteQuantity s__InfiniteQuantity s__FiniteQuantity__t 'Any &%Quantity that is limited or bounded in magnitude.' s__InfiniteQuantity__t 'Any &%Quantity that is not limited or bounded in magnitude.' s__Clock 'Any &%Device that measures and represents &%TimeDuration or &%TimePosition.' s__WatchClock s__WatchClock__t s__Clock__t 'A &%Clock that can be worn on the &%Wrist.' s__Wrist s__Thermometer__t 'Any &%Device that measures and represents &%TemperatureMeasure.' s__PressureMeasuringDevice__t 'Any &%Device that measures and represents &%PressureMeasure.' '(measurementReading ?DEVICE ?QUANTITY) means that ?QUANTITY is a reading of the &%MeasuringDevice ?DEVICE, e.g. if ?THERMOMETER is a &%Thermometer, (measurementReading ?THERMOMETER (&%MeasureFn 42 &%CelsiusDegree)) would mean that ?THERMOMETER registers 42 degrees &%Celsius.' 'A &%CommunicationDevice is a &%Device which serves at the &%instrument in a &%Communication &%Process by allowing the communicated message to be conveyed between the participants.' 'A &%Telephone is a &%CommunicationDevice that enables &%LinguisticCommunication between nodes in a &%TelephoneSystem by converting sound into electrical signals that are then transmitted. When the signals are received, they are converted back into sound.' s__Telephoning s__Telephoning__t 'A &%Telephoning is a &%Communication in which the &%instrument is a &%Telephone, and which typically includes an &%instance of &%Speaking as a &%subProcess.' s__ArtifactMediatedCommunication s__Fax__t 'The communication of a printed page between remote locations.' s__FaxMachine s__FaxMachine__t 'A &%FaxMachine is a &%TelephonyDevice that scans a paper page and transmits a coded image of the page over a &%TelephoneSystem to a receiving &%FaxMachine, which decodes the coded and image and prints a replica of the original. A typical &%FaxMachine is made up of a scanner, a printer, a modem, and a control panel with some sort of status display.' '(&%emailAddress ?Address ?Agent) means that ?Address denotes a &%VirtualPlace at which ?Agent can be contacted.' 'Any &%Device whose purpose is to be a source of visible light.' s__Candle s__Candle__t 'An &%LightFixture that consists of &%Wax and a wick, which is lit with a flame.' '(? [V__F] : (s__instance(V__F,s__Process) & s__instance(V__F,s__Fire) & s__resource(V__F,V__C)))' s__Lightning__t 'A &%WeatherProcess which involves a significant release of electricity from a &%Cloud.' s__Thunder s__Thunder__t 'Any instance of &%RadiatingSound which is caused by an instance of Lightning.' s__VehicleLight s__LightFixture__t 'Any &%LightFixture which is attached to the surface of a &%Vehicle and whose purpose is to illuminate that area around the &%Vehicle so that potential obstacles can be detected or alerted.' s__Headlight s__Headlight__t s__VehicleLight__t 'Any &%VehicleLight which is attached to the front of a &%Vehicle.' s__Taillight s__Taillight__t 'Any &%VehicleLight which is attached to the back of a &%Vehicle.' s__PaintedPicture 'Any &%ArtWork which is produced by &%Painting.' s__Paint s__Painting s__WatercolorPicture s__WatercolorPicture__t 'Any &%PaintedPicture which is created with water-based paints.' s__WatercolorPaint s__Wallpaper s__Wallpaper__t 'Any decorative paper that is used to cover the &%Walls of &%Rooms.' s__Paper '(? [V__W,V__R,V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R,s__Object) & s__instance(V__W,s__Object) & s__instance(V__W,s__Wall) & s__part(V__W,V__R) & s__instance(V__R,s__Room) & s__instance(V__C,s__Covering) & s__patient(V__C,V__W) & s__instrument(V__C,V__P)))' s__Sculpture s__Sculpture__t 'Any &%ArtWork which is not constructed on the two-dimensional surface of a canvas, piece of paper, etc.' s__Portrait s__Portrait__t s__PaintedPicture__t 'A &%PaintedPicture that represents someones &%Face.' s__Face s__Sketch s__Sketch__t 'Any &%ArtWork which is produced by a pencil or piece of charcoal.' s__Collage s__Collage__t 'Any abstract &%ArtWork that is produced by arranging bits of paper or photographs.' s__Folding__t 'Bending something in such a way that one part of it covers another part.' s__Painting__t 'The application of &%Paint to a &%surface. Note that this class covers both &%ArtPainting (the creation of &%PaintedPictures), as well as painting ones kitchen, for example.' s__Paint__t 'Any &%Solution which is capable of &%Coloring something.' s__WatercolorPaint__t 'Any &%Paint which is a water-based &%Solution.' s__OilPaint s__OilPaint__t 'Any &%Paint which is an oil-based &%Solution.' s__OilPicture s__OilPicture__t 'Any &%OilPicture which is created with oil-based paints.' s__ArtPainting s__ArtPainting__t 'Any &%ContentDevelopment that results in a &%PaintedPicture.' '(potentialOfHydrogen ?SOLUTION ?NUMBER) means that the Solution ?SOLUTION has a pH value of ?NUMBER. The ph varies between 0 and 14, and it is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of ?SOLUTION. More precisely, and it is the logarithm of the reciprocal of the quantity of &%AtomGrams of &%Hydrogen ions.' s__Tracing s__Tracing__t 'Any &%ContentDevelopment that results in a &%Blueprint.' s__Blueprint s__ComposingMusic s__ComposingMusic__t '&%ComposingMusic is a type of &%ContentDevelopment that results in a &%MusicalComposition' 'composing music' s__Drawing s__Drawing__t 'Any &%ContentDevelopment that results in a &%Sketch.' s__Focusing s__Focusing__t 'Altering the relative distance of a &%Lens so that a visual image is sharper.' 'Something for posting content so that it can be disseminated to the public.' '(? [V__P,V__D,V__I] : (s__instance(V__D,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__Putting) & s__instance(V__D,s__Disseminating) & s__instance(V__I,s__ContentBearingObject) & s__patient(V__P,V__I) & s__patient(V__D,V__I) & s__destination(V__P,V__DA)))' s__VehicleWheel s__VehicleWheel__t s__Wheel__t '&%VehicleWheel is a class of cylindrical &%Devices used to move a &%RoadVehicle along a road, running either directly on the wheel rims or on tires attached to the wheel rims.' 'A circular &%Artifact which is a component of &%LandVehicles and of some &%Devices.' s__VehicleController 'Any &%Device which is used to start, stop or control the movements of a &%Vehicle. This class covers steering wheels, brakes, acceleration pedals, airplane sticks, etc.' '(? [V__D] : (s__instance(V__D,s__Process) & s__instance(V__D,s__Driving) & s__instrument(V__D,V__C)))' s__SteeringWheel__t s__VehicleController__t 'A &%VehicleController which enables one to steer a &%Vehicle.' s__VehicleBrake__t 'A &%VehicleController which is capable of stopping the motion of a &%Vehicle.' '(? [V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__S,s__StopFn(s__Motion)) & s__patient(V__S,V__V) & s__instrument(V__S,V__B)))' s__VehicleThrottle s__VehicleThrottle__t 'A &%VehicleController which controls the amount of &%Fuel which is supplied to the &%Engine.' s__VehicleTire s__VehicleTire__t 'A covering, usually made of rubber, for a &%Wheel.' s__VehicleWindow s__Window s__VehicleWindow__t s__Window__t 'Any &%Window which is part of a &%Vehicle, e.g. the &%Windshield and &%RearWindow of an &%Automobile.' s__Windshield__t s__RearWindow 'Any &%VehicleWindow which located at the front of a &%RoadVehicle.' '&%LandVehicle is the class of &%TransportationDevices that travel on land. The two main types of &%LandVehicle are &%RoadVehicle and &%RailVehicle. Note that this includes vehicles which travel on any solid surface, including a frozen body of water or snow.' '(? [V__EV,V__SURF] : (s__instance(V__SURF,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Physical) & s__surface(V__SURF,s__GeographicArea) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Transportation) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__EV),s__meetsSpatially(V__X,V__SURF))))' s__WaterVehicle__t '&%WaterVehicle is the class of all &%TransportationDevices used to travel on or in water.' '(? [V__EV,V__SURF] : (s__instance(V__SURF,s__Object) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__SURF,s__Water) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Transportation) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__EV),s__meetsSpatially(V__X,V__SURF))))' s__RoadVehicle__t s__LandVehicle__t 'The class of &%LandVehicles that are not &%RollingStock.' s__Fleet s__Fleet__t 'A &%Collection of &%Vehicle' 'Fleet' '(fleetSize ?AGENT ?NUM) means the &%Agent ?AGENT has a fleet size of an &%Integer ?NUM. The &%Fleet can consists of any type of &%Vehicle' 'Fleet Size' s__Axle s__Axle__t 'Axle is a class of &%Devices each of which can be paired with two &%VehicleWheels to rotate and move a &%RoadVehicle.' 'Paper is a flat sheet of fibers, usually produced by spreading a wet solution of wood particles on a flat surface and drying through heat and pressure. The fibers can also be cotton or a synthetic, although typically the bulk of the substance is wood fibers. This includes all manner of paper products that may have varying thicknesses, colors or texture. This is distinguished from flat wood products such as plywood and particle board which have a structural function in building construction. Sheathing materials such as the paper affixed to sheetrock however, is paper.' s__Paper__t '(? [V__TEXT] : (s__instance(V__TEXT,s__Object) & s__instance(V__TEXT,s__Text) & s__part(V__TEXT,V__PAPER)))' s__CurrencyBill__t 'Any instance of &%Currency that is made of paper.' s__CurrencyCoin__t 'Any instance of &%Currency that is made of &%Metal.' s__Wire__t 'A long, thin strand of &%Metal that is used in a wide range of applications, including the wiring of electrical systems, creating bundles and the construction of cages.' s__WireSpring__t 'An &%EngineeringComponent consisting of a coil of &%Wire that returns to its original shape when pulled apart or pressed together.' s__WireLine__t 'A &%Wire that is designed for conducting electricity.' '(? [V__R] : (s__instance(V__R,s__Motion) & s__instance(V__R,s__Radiating) & s__path(V__R,V__WL)))' s__TelephoneLine s__TelephoneLine__t 'A &%WireLine that carries telephone signals and allows users of &%Telephones or &%Telegraphs to communicate with one another.' s__String s__String__t 'A long, thin strand of Fabric that is used for &%Tying things together, etc. Note that this class covers a cord of any width, including rope, twine, and thread, for example.' s__Plug 'An &%Artifact which is designed to fit snugly within a &%Hole.' s__Pottery s__Pottery__t 'Household &%Artifacts that are made out of baked &%Clay.' s__Pillow s__Pillow__t 'A soft, stuffed &%Artifact to support the &%Head or the body as a whole while one is sleeping or relaxing.' s__Mirror s__Mirror__t 'An &%Artifact with a surface that is capable of displaying an image by reflecting light.' 'Any free-standing and movable &%Artifacts which which are used in day-to-day living and designed to rest on the &%Floor of a &%Room. This excludes items such as a rock which may serve as a chair but was not created with the intention of supporting that use.' '(? [V__FL] : (s__instance(V__FL,s__Object) & s__instance(V__FL,s__Floor) & s__meetsSpatially(V__F,V__FL)))' 'Any instance of &%Furniture which is designed to accommodate &%Humans who are &%Sitting.' '(? [V__PERSON] : (s__instance(V__PERSON,s__Object) & s__instance(V__PERSON,s__Human) & s__located(V__PERSON,V__SEAT) & s__attribute(V__PERSON,s__Sitting)))' s__Chair__t s__Seat__t 'A &%Seat that is designed to accommodate a single &%Human.' s__Sofa s__Sofa__t 'A padded &%Seat that is designed to accommodate more than one &%Human.' '(? [V__P1,V__P2,V__T] : (s__instance(V__T,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__P2,s__Object) & s__instance(V__P2,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P1,s__Object) & s__instance(V__P1,s__Process) & (~ (V__P1 = V__P2)) & s__instance(V__P1,s__Human) & s__instance(V__P2,s__Human) & s__holdsDuring(V__T,(s__attribute(V__P1,s__Sitting) & s__attribute(V__P2,s__Sitting) & s__eventLocated(V__P1,V__S) & s__eventLocated(V__P2,V__S)))))' s__Furniture__t 'A piece of &%Furniture which is primarily for sleeping.' '(? [V__PERSON] : (s__instance(V__PERSON,s__Object) & s__attribute(V__PERSON,s__Asleep) & s__located(V__PERSON,V__BED)))' s__KingBed s__KingBed__t 'A &%KingBed is a type of &%Bed that is 1.9m by 2.0m in size' 'king-sized bed' "1.9" "2.0" '(? [V__P1,V__P2,V__P3,V__TIME] : (s__instance(V__TIME,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__P3,s__Object) & s__instance(V__P2,s__Object) & s__instance(V__P1,s__Object) & (~ (V__P1 = V__P2)) & (~ (V__P2 = V__P3)) & (~ (V__P1 = V__P3)) & s__attribute(V__P1,s__Asleep) & s__attribute(V__P2,s__Asleep) & s__attribute(V__P3,s__Asleep) & s__instance(V__P1,s__Human) & s__instance(V__P2,s__Human) & s__instance(V__P3,s__Human) & s__holdsDuring(V__TIME,(s__located(V__P1,V__X) & s__located(V__P2,V__X) & s__located(V__P3,V__X)))))' s__QueenBed s__QueenBed__t 'A &%QueenBed is a type of &%Bed that is 1.5m by 2.0m in size' 'queen-sized bed' "1.5" '(? [V__P1,V__P2] : (s__instance(V__P2,s__Object) & s__instance(V__P1,s__Object) & (~ (V__P1 = V__P2)) & (~ (V__P2 = V__P3)) & s__attribute(V__P1,s__Asleep) & s__attribute(V__P2,s__Asleep) & s__instance(V__P1,s__Human) & s__instance(V__P2,s__Human) & s__holdsDuring(V__TIME,(s__located(V__P1,V__X) & s__located(V__P2,V__X)))))' s__DoubleBed s__DoubleBed__t 'A &%DoubleBed is a type of &%Bed that is 1.35m by 2.0m in size' 'full-sized bed' "1.35" s__SingleBed s__SingleBed__t 'A &%SingleBed is a type of &%Bed that is 1m by 2.0m in size' 'twin-sized bed' s__BunkBed s__BunkBed__t 'A &%BunkBed is a type of &%Bed has one bed directly above another' 'bunk bed' s__MurphyBed s__MurphyBed__t 'A &%MurphyBed is a type of &%Bed that can be stored vertically inside a wall, closet or cabinet' 'pull-down bed' s__Compartment '(? [V__K] : (s__instance(V__K,s__Process) & s__instance(V__STORAGE,s__Object) & s__instance(V__K,s__Keeping) & s__patient(V__K,V__X) & s__destination(V__K,V__STORAGE) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__K),s__attribute(V__X,s__Vertical))))' s__RollawayBed s__RollawayBed__t 'A &%RollawayBed is a type of &%Bed that is mounted on rollers so that it can be easily moved' 'rollaway bed' s__SofaBed s__SofaBed__t 'A &%SofaBed is a &%Bed that can be kept inside a compartment in a &%Sofa' 'sofa bed' '(? [V__K] : (s__instance(V__K,s__Process) & s__instance(V__STORAGE,s__Object) & s__instance(V__SOFA,s__Object) & s__instance(V__K,s__Keeping) & s__patient(V__K,V__X) & s__destination(V__K,V__STORAGE)))' s__Crib__t s__Bed__t 'A &%Crib is a &%Bed for babies' crib '(? [V__BABY] : (s__instance(V__BABY,s__Object) & s__instance(V__BABY,s__HumanBaby) & s__attribute(V__BABY,s__Asleep) & s__located(V__BABY,V__X)))' s__Hammock s__Hammock__t '&%Hammock is a type of &%Bed made of rope or canvas and is suspended between two stationary objects' hammock '(? [V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__LyingDown) & s__eventLocated(V__PROC,V__X)))' s__Mattress s__Mattress__t 'A &%Mattress is a &%component of a &%Bed that is a cushion to make it more comfortable' mattress '(? [V__PERSON] : (s__instance(V__PERSON,s__Object) & s__attribute(V__PERSON,s__Asleep) & s__orientation(V__PERSON,V__X,s__On)))' s__BedFrame 'A &%BedFrame is a %&component of a &%Bed that supports the mattress' 'bed frame' s__FourPosterBed s__FourPosterBed__t s__BedFrame__t '&%FourPosterBed is a type of &%BedFrame with a post at each corner to support curtains or a canopy' 'four-poster bed' s__Quadrilateral s__BedAttribute '&%BedAttribute is the class of attributes attached to the type of cushion a &%Bed has' 'bed attribute' s__WaterBed s__BedAttribute__t '&%WaterBed describes how the cushion of a &%Bed is filled with water' 'water bed' s__BedLinen__t '&%BedLinen is an &%Artifact made of &%Fabric that is used to &%Covering a &%Bed' 'bed linen' '(? [V__COVER,V__BED] : (s__instance(V__COVER,s__Process) & s__instance(V__COVER,s__Covering) & s__patient(V__COVER,V__BED) & s__instance(V__BED,s__Bed) & s__instrument(V__COVER,V__X)))' s__Table__t 'A piece of &%Furniture with four legs and a flat top. It is used either for eating, paperwork or meetings.' s__Desk s__Desk__t 'A &%Table for a single person which is intended to be used for paperwork.' s__ChestOrCabinet s__ChestOrCabinet__t 'Any piece of &%Furniture which is also a Container, e.g. a chest of drawers, a memory chest, an armoire, etc.' s__Coffin s__Coffin__t 'A &%Container for a &%HumanCorpse.' '(? [V__HC] : (s__instance(V__HC,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__HC,s__HumanCorpse) & s__located(V__HC,V__C)))' s__Compartment__t 'A &%Container which is part of another &%Container, e.g. a drawer, a zippered pouch in a piece of luggage, a compartment in a TV dinner, etc.' s__Mailbox s__Mailbox__t 'A &%Container whose purpose is to receive items that are mailed to the address associated with the &%Mailbox.' '(? [V__M,V__I] : (s__instance(V__M,s__Process) & s__instance(V__M,s__Mailing) & s__patient(V__M,V__I) & s__destination(V__M,V__B)))' s__Screw s__Screw__t 'An &%AttachingDevice which contains a spiral of grooves to hold it in place and which is fastened with a &%Screwdriver.' s__Screwdriver s__Screwdriver__t 'A &%Device that is used to rotate a &%Screw, which by the action of its helical threads is driven into a medium that is softer than the material of the screw itself.' '(? [V__R,V__S] : (s__instance(V__R,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R,s__Rotating) & s__instrument(V__R,V__D) & s__patient(V__R,V__S) & s__instance(V__S,s__Screw)))' s__Hammer s__Hammer__t 'A &%Device that is used to pound &%Nails into a surface, where they become firmly attached.' '(? [V__I,V__N] : (s__instance(V__I,s__Process) & s__instance(V__I,s__Impelling) & s__instrument(V__I,V__H) & s__patient(V__I,V__N) & s__instance(V__N,s__Nail)))' s__Nail s__Nail__t 'An &%AttachingDevice which is a thin piece of metal, with or without a head, that is fastened with a &%Hammer.' s__Tape s__Tape__t 'A thin strip of &%Fabric or &%Paper that is used to attach two things.' s__Anchor s__Anchor__t 'An &%AttachingDevice which is large hook or set of hooks that are used to secure a &%WaterVehicle on the open water.' s__BoatDeck s__BoatDeck__t 'One of the levels of a &%WaterVehicle, e.g. the upper deck and lower deck of small boats with a cabin.' s__Button s__Button__t 'An &%AttachingDevice that is used on &%Clothing.' '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Object) & s__instance(V__C,s__Clothing) & s__part(V__B,V__C)))' s__Clamp__t 'An &%AttachingDevice which is designed to attach two things together by means of a movable part which can be tightened or loosened.' s__Holder 'A large class of &%Devices whose purpose is to hold something else, i.e. be the &%instrument of a &%Keeping.' s__Saddle s__Saddle__t 'A &%Device which allows a &%Human to ride on a &%Horse.' '(? [V__HUMAN,V__HORSE] : (s__instance(V__HORSE,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__RIDE,s__Carrying) & s__patient(V__RIDE,V__HUMAN) & s__instance(V__HUMAN,s__Human) & s__agent(V__RIDE,V__HORSE) & s__instance(V__HORSE,s__Horse)))' s__HorseRiding s__HorseRiding__t 'Any instance of &%Carrying where the &%Animal is a &%Horse.' s__Horse '(carries ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that an &%Agent ?AGENT transers an &%OBJECT ?OBJECT from one point to another' carries s__Tray s__Tray__t 'A &%Holder that is designed for &%Food, dishes, and flatware.' s__Dish s__Dish__t 'A &%Holder for &%Food while the &%Food is being eaten.' '(? [V__F,V__E] : (s__instance(V__E,s__Process) & s__instance(V__F,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__E,s__Eating) & s__patient(V__E,V__F) & s__patient(V__E,V__D) & s__instance(V__F,s__FoodForFn(s__Animal)) & s__located(V__F,V__D)))' 'Any &%Holder whose purpose is to contain something else. Note that &%Container is more specific in meaning than &%Holder, because a &%Container must have a &%Hole that is at least partially filled by the thing contained.' '(? [V__OBJ] : (s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Object) & s__contains(V__CONTAINER,V__OBJ)))' s__Bag s__Bag__t 'Any &%Container which is made of &%Fabric.' s__Box__t 'Any six-sided &%Container whose sides are rectangular in shape.' '(s__top(V__SIDE,V__BOX) | s__bottom(V__SIDE,V__BOX) | s__side(V__SIDE,V__BOX))' s__TrapOrCage s__TrapOrCage__t s__Holder__t 'A &%Device whose purpose is to trap or cage &%Animals, i.e. to be in instrument in an act of &%Confining.' '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Confining) & s__instrument(V__C,V__T)))' s__Envelope s__Envelope__t 'A sealable &%Container for one or more pieces of paper which is designed to protect the papers while they are transferred to someone.' s__TravelContainer__t 'Any &%Container which is intended to be used for carrying clothing, toiletries, and other personal effects that would be needed on a overnight trip.' s__FluidContainer__t s__Container__t 'A &%Container which is used to store &%Fluids, i.e. &%Liquids and &%Gases.' s__Bottle s__Bottle__t 'A &%Container whose top is narrower than its bottom, which has no handle, and which is intended to store &%Liquids.' s__DrinkingCup s__DrinkingCup__t 'An open &%FluidContainer that is intended to serve a &%Beverage to a single person. Note that this class includes both cups with handles and drinking glasses.' s__SwimmingPool s__SwimmingPool__t 'A &%FluidContainer that is filled with &%Water and that is used for &%Swimming.' '(? [V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__S,s__Swimming) & s__eventLocated(V__S,V__P)))' s__BoardOrBlock s__BoardOrBlock__t 'A piece of material with flat, rectangular sides. Note that boards and blocks are lumped into a single concept, because the difference between these notions cannot be precisely defined.' s__Brick s__Brick__t 'A block of fired &%Clay that is used in &%Constructing.' '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Constructing) & s__resource(V__C,V__B)))' '(&%tangent ?LINE ?CIRCLE) means that the straight line ?LINE is tangent to the figure ?CIRCLE, i.e. ?LINE touches ?CIRCLE without intersecting it.' s__TwoDimensionalObject__t 'A real-world physical object with a very flat aspect. This includes drawings on paper, cave paintings and other surface alterations.' '(sliceOfFigure ?SLICE ?FIGURE) indicates that ?SLICE is a 2-d section of the 3-d figure ?FIGURE. Or, more formally, ?SLICE is 2-d figure formed by the intersection of a plane with the 3-d figure ?FIGURE.' 'Any &%ThreeDimensionalFigure that has a single tangent at every point on its surface.' s__Cone s__Cone__t 'The class of &%ThreeDimensionalFigures which are produced by rotating a &%RightTriangle around its &%RightAngle.' s__Cylinder__t 'The class of &%ThreeDimensionalFigures such that all &%GeometricPoints that make up the &%Cylinder are equidistant from a &%OneDimensionalFigure, known as the axis of the &%Cylinder.' s__ObliqueAngle s__ObliqueAngle__t 'Any &%TwoDimensionalAngle that has an &%angularMeasure that is greater than 90 &%AngularDegrees.' s__RightAngle__t 'Any &%TwoDimensionalAngle that has the &%angularMeasure of 90 &%AngularDegrees.' s__AcuteAngle s__AcuteAngle__t 'Any &%TwoDimensionalAngle that has an &%angularMeasure that is less than 90 &%AngularDegrees.' s__Polygon s__Polygon__t 'A &%ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure that is composed exclusively of straight lines, i.e. &%OneDimensionalFigures.' s__Triangle 'Any three-sided &%Polygon.' s__RightTriangle s__RightTriangle__t s__Triangle__t 'Any &%Triangle that contains a &%RightAngle.' 'Any four-sided &%Polygon.' s__Rectangle s__Rectangle__t s__Quadrilateral__t 'Any &%Quadrilateral whose angles are all &%RightAngles.' s__Square s__Square__t 'Any &%Rectangle whose sides are all equal.' s__DiameterFn__m '(DiameterFn ?CIRCLE) denotes the length of the diameter of the &%Circle ?CIRCLE.' s__RadiusFn__m '(RadiusFn ?CIRCLE) denotes the length of the radius of the &%Circle ?CIRCLE.' s__CircleSector s__CircleSector__t 'A slice of a &%Circle, i.e. any &%ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure which consists of two Radii and the arc of the &%Circle that they bound.' '(&%sideOfFigure ?SIDE ?FIGURE) means that the &%OneDimensionalFigure ?POINT is a side of the &%GeometricFigure ?FIGURE.' s__Sphere__t 'The class of &%ThreeDimensionalFigures such that all &%GeometricPoints that make up the &%Sphere are equidistant from a single &%GeometricPoint, known as the center of the &%Sphere.' s__Bubble s__Bubble__t 'A globe which has a &%Liquid surface and which contains a &%Gas.' s__Nest s__Nest__t 'Any structure which is created by nonhuman &%Animals for the purpose of giving birth to their offspring.' '(? [V__BIRTH] : (s__instance(V__BIRTH,s__Process) & s__instance(V__BIRTH,s__Birth) & s__eventLocated(V__BIRTH,V__NEST)))' s__OutdoorClothing s__OutdoorClothing__t '&%Clothing that is intended to be worn outdoors.' s__Apron s__Apron__t 'An item of &%Clothing that protects the front and middle part of the body while one is &%Cooking or doing other work.' '(? [V__P,V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__Animal) & s__instance(V__C,s__Cooking) & s__agent(V__C,V__P) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__C),s__wears(V__P,V__A))))' s__Belt__t 'A piece of &%Clothing that is worn around the waist to restrain another piece of clothing.' s__TieClothing s__TieClothing__t '&%Clothing that is intended to be worn around the &%Neck and knotted at the front.' s__Neck s__Cloak__t 'A piece of &%Clothing that covers the whole body except the face (and possibly entire head), hands, and feet.' s__Collar s__Collar__t 'A piece of &%Clothing that fits around the &%Neck. A &%Collar is always part of a &%Coat or a &%Shirt.' s__Coat s__Shirt s__Glove__t 'Clothing that is intended to be worn on the &%Hand. Note that this class covers both gloves which have individual compartments for each of the &%Fingers and mittens.' s__Hat__t 'A type of &%Clothing that is worn on the &%Head. Note that this class covers caps, bonnets, berets, etc.' s__Coat__t '&%Clothing that has sleeves and covers from the neck down. &%Coats are intended to be worn outdoors.' s__Trousers s__Trousers__t 'A piece of &%Clothing that covers each &%Leg of a person separately.' s__Leg s__Shoe s__Shoe__t '&%Clothing that is intended to be worn on the &%Foot. It consists of an upper, a sole, and a heel.' s__Foot s__ShoeSole 'The bottom part of a &%Shoe that is intended to be the point of contact with the ground while the shoe is being worn.' s__ShoeSole__t 'Any kind of open shoe lacking a markedly thicker heel. The toe may be enclosed, but there must be some opening in the upper other than the &%Hole through which the foot is inserted.' s__Sandal__t '(? [V__D,V__F,V__A,V__I] : (s__instance(V__I,s__Process) & s__instance(V__A,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__F,s__Object) & s__instance(V__D,s__Process) & s__instance(V__H1,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__D,s__Dressing) & s__instance(V__F,s__Foot) & s__agent(V__D,V__A) & s__part(V__F,V__A) & s__subProcess(V__I,V__D) & s__instance(V__I,s__Inserting) & s__patient(V__I,V__F) & s__destination(V__I,V__H1)))' s__Sock s__Sock__t 'A piece of &%Clothing that is made of a soft &%Fabric like &%Cotton and that is intended to be worn on the &%Foot.' s__Shirt__t 'An item of &%Clothing which covers the upper body of a &%Human.' s__Sleeve s__Sleeve__t 'A piece of &%Clothing that covers the Arm. A &%Sleeve is always part of a &%Coat or a &%Shirt.' s__Arm s__Dress s__Dress__t 'An item of &%Clothing which covers the lower body of a &%Woman.' s__ClothingSuit__t 'A &%Collection of instances of &%Clothing that are designed to be worn together.' s__Rug 'A piece of &%Fabric whose purpose is to cover a &%Floor.' '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Covering) & s__instrument(V__C,V__R) & s__patient(V__C,V__F) & s__instance(V__F,s__Floor)))' s__Towel 'A piece of &%Fabric which is used for &%Drying.' s__Towel__t '(? [V__D] : (s__instance(V__D,s__Process) & s__instance(V__D,s__Drying) & s__instrument(V__D,V__T)))' s__Leather s__Leather__t 'A &%Fabric that is the result of tanning an &%Animal &%Skin.' s__Skin s__Silk s__Silk__t 'Fabric that is woven from the strands produced by certain &%Larval &%Insects.' s__Wool s__Wool__t '&%Fabric that is made from the &%Hair of &%Sheep.' s__Hair s__Pocket s__Pocket__t 'A pouch of &%Fabric in an instance of &%Clothing where something can be kept.' s__Blanket s__Blanket__t 'A piece of &%Fabric whose purpose is to keep a person who is in bed warm.' '(? [V__HEAT,V__PERSON,V__BED] : (s__instance(V__BED,s__Object) & s__instance(V__PERSON,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__HEAT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__HEAT,s__Heating) & s__patient(V__HEAT,V__PERSON) & s__instance(V__PERSON,s__Human) & s__located(V__PERSON,V__BED) & s__instance(V__BED,s__Bed)))' s__Cotton__t 'Fibers from the cotton plant that are used in &%Making &%CottonFabric.' s__CottonFabric s__CottonFabric__t 'Any &%Fabric that is made entirely out of &%Cotton.' 'A piece of &%Clothing intended to cover or obscure the face or hair of a &%Woman. This is commonly worn for religious reasons when in public in &%Muslim countries, but is also customary at &%Weddings and &%Funerals among some non-Muslim women.' s__Veil__t '(? [V__F,V__H] : (s__instance(V__H,s__Object) & s__instance(V__F,s__Object) & ((s__instance(V__F,s__Face) & s__meetsSpatially(V__V,V__F)) | (s__instance(V__H,s__Hair) & s__meetsSpatially(V__V,V__H)))))' s__Concealing s__Concealing__t 'Locating something in such a way that it cannot be seen.' '(~ (? [V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__S,s__Seeing) & s__patient(V__S,V__OBJ))))' s__Dressing__t 'The &%Process of putting on &%Clothing.' s__ChangingClothing s__ChangingClothing__t 'Any instance of a process of &%RemovingClothing and &%Dressing.' s__RemovingClothing s__RemovingClothing__t 'Removing &%Clothing from a &%Human or &%Animal in such a way that the &%Human or &%Animal no longer wears the &%Clothing.' s__Sweeping s__Sweeping__t 'Removing small particles from the floor by means of a &%Broom.' s__Washing s__Washing__t '&%Removing small particles from something by means of a &%Detergent and &%Water.' s__Tying s__Tying__t 'The &%Process of tying two things, or two strands of the same thing, together.' s__Untying s__Untying__t 'The &%Process of untying two things, or two strands of the same thing.' s__Sewing s__Sewing__t 'Attaching two pieces of &%Fabric or one part of a piece of &%Fabric to another part by means of needle and thread.' s__Soldering s__Soldering__t 'Attaching two things by means of a &%MetallicAlloy.' s__MetallicAlloy 'The relation of receiving medical care from a recognized medical practitioner. (&%patientMedical ?PATIENT ?DOCTOR) means that ?PATIENT is the patient of ?DOCTOR. Note that argument type restriction on the second argument is &%CognitiveAgent to allow for cases where someone is the patient of an &%Organization, viz. a &%CareOrganization.' s__Bandage s__Bandage__t 'A piece of &%Fabric that is used in &%Covering an open wound.' '(? [V__TP,V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__TP,s__Process) & s__instance(V__TP,s__TherapeuticProcess) & s__instance(V__C,s__Covering) & s__subProcess(V__C,V__TP) & s__instrument(V__C,V__B)))' s__Massaging s__Massaging__t 'A subclass of &%TherapeuticProcess which involves kneading &%Muscles in such a way that tension is relieved, blood circulation is increased, etc.' s__RelievingPain s__RelievingPain__t 'Any &%TherapeuticProcess that removes &%Pain from the patient of the process.' s__NonspecificDisease s__NonspecificDisease__t 'The class of &%DiseaseOrSyndromes that are not caused by a single type of &%Microorganism.' s__BacterialDisease s__InfectiousDisease 'A disease that is caused by instances of &%Bacterium.' 'Any &%DiseaseOrSyndrome that is caused by a &%Microorganism.' s__TakingIll s__TakingIll__t 'Any &%Process where the experiencer contracts a &%DiseaseOrSyndrome.' s__ViralDisease s__ViralDisease__t s__InfectiousDisease__t 'A disease that is caused by instances of &%Virus.' s__Diarrhea 'A &%DiseaseOrSyndrome of frequent, watery bowel movements. Severe cases can be fatal for the young or weak. It is a common cause of death for the very young in poor developing countries.' s__Emphysema 'A &%DiseaseOrSyndrome that affects the &%Lungs and which results in a decrease of breathing ability.' s__Lung s__Fever 'Having a body temperature which is (significantly) greater than 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. This syndrome is often associated with dehydration and chills.' "98.6" s__Goiter 'A &%DiseaseOrSyndrome which is due to an &%Iodine deficiency and which results in an enlarged &%ThyroidGland.' s__ThyroidGland s__Tuberculosis s__BacterialDisease__t 'A &%BacterialDisease caused by the &%Tubercle &%Bacillus that results in lesions on various body parts, especially the &%Lungs.' s__RecoveringFromIllness s__RecoveringFromIllness__t 'Any &%Process where the experiencer recovers from a &%DiseaseOrSyndrome.' s__Protozoa s__Protozoa__t 'Unicellular &%Organisms that are capable of movement and that are found in almost every part of the world. This class includes amoebas, sporozoans, and paramecia.' '(parasite ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) means that there is a parasitic relationship between ?ORGANISM1 and ?ORGANISM2, i.e. ?ORGANISM1 inhabits and obtains nourishment from ?ORGANISM2 in such a way that ?ORGANISM2 is injured.' s__Cancer 'A &%DiseaseOrSyndrome characterized by pathologic and uncontrolled cell division that results in a &%Tumor.' s__Tumor s__Neurosis s__Neurosis__t 'Any &%PsychologicalDysfunction which is not due to an organic impairment of the &%NervousSystem.' s__Psychosis s__Psychosis__t 'Any &%PsychologicalDysfunction which is the result of an organic impairment of the &%NervousSystem.' s__Atrophy s__Atrophy__t 'Any decrease in the size of a &%BodyPart which is due to disease or lack of use.' s__Bloating s__Bloating__t 'Any &%Process where the stomach or instestines of a &%Human or &%Animal become distended from excessive gas.' s__Stomach s__ConjugatedSubstance s__ConjugatedSubstance__t 'A &%CompoundSubstance that results from the &%ChemicalSynthesis of two or more &%CompoundSubstances.' '(&%conjugate ?COMPOUND1 ?COMPOUND2) means that ?COMPOUND1 and ?COMPOUND2 are identical &%CompoundSubstances except that one has one more &%Proton than the other.' s__Biting s__Biting__t 'Any instance of &%Grabbing where the &%instrument is the &%Mouth of the &%agent.' s__Mouth s__Strangling s__Strangling__t 'Any instance of &%Grabbing where the patient is someone elses throat and the intention is to make it impossible for the other person to breathe.' s__Throat '(~ (? [V__B] : (s__instance(V__B,s__Process) & s__instance(V__B,s__Breathing) & s__agent(V__B,V__V))))' s__Spitting s__Spitting__t 'Any instance of &%Impelling where the &%origin is the &%Mouth of the &%agent.' s__Punching s__Punching__t 'Any instance of &%Impelling where the instrument is a &%Fist of the agent.' s__Fist s__Kicking s__Kicking__t 'Any instance of &%Impelling where the &%instrument is a &%Foot of the &%agent.' s__Mailing__t 'Any instance of &%Transfer where a postal system is used to move the &%patient, either a letter or a package.' s__Messaging__t 'Any instance of &%Transfer where a &%Message is the patient.' s__Message '(&%neighbor ?PERSON1 ?PERSON2) means that ?PERSON1 is a neighbor of ?PERSON2, i.e. ?PERSON1 and ?PERSON2 have their &%homes &%Near one another.' '(&%capacity ?OBJ ?QUANTITY) means that ?OBJ can contain something that has the &%measure of ?QUANTITY. This predicate denotes maximal capacity, i.e. ?OBJ can hold no more than ?QUANTITY. Note, however, that this does not mean that &%capacity is a &%SingleValuedRelation, since an object may have various maximal capacities across different dimensions, e.g. a particular box may have a &%capacity of 3 pounds and a &%capacity of 1 liter.' '(&%humanCapacity ?CONSTRUCT ?NUMBER) means that the &%StationaryArtifact ?CONSTRUCT, e.g. a &%Building or a &%Room, can hold a maximum of ?NUMBER &%Humans without crowding.' s__LastFn__m '(&%LastFn ?LIST) returns the last item in the &%List ?LIST. For example, (&%LastFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday)) would return the value of &%Wednesday.' s__FirstFn__m '(&%FirstFn ?LIST) returns the first item in the &%List ?LIST. For example, (&%FirstFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday)) would return the value of &%Monday.' s__StreetAddressFn__m '(&%StreetAddressFn ?BUILDING ?ROAD ?CITY ?COUNTRY) returns the &%Agent, e.g. a family, an organization, a person, etc. that resides or conducts business at the corresponding &%postContactSite.' s__ArtStudio s__Workshop s__ArtStudio__t 'A &%Workshop, which is devoted to the creation of &%ArtWorks.' '(? [V__MAKE,V__WORK] : (s__instance(V__MAKE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__MAKE,s__Making) & s__result(V__MAKE,V__WORK) & s__instance(V__WORK,s__ArtWork)))' s__Mine s__Mine__t 'An construction in the earth from which &%Minerals are removed, either in pure form or as part of ores.' '(? [V__REMOVE,V__MINERAL] : (s__instance(V__REMOVE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__REMOVE,s__Removing) & s__patient(V__REMOVE,V__MINERAL) & s__instance(V__MINERAL,s__Mineral) & s__origin(V__REMOVE,V__MINE)))' s__MobileResidence 'Anything which serves to house people but which changes its location from time to time, e.g. a motorhome, a mobile home, a camp, etc. Note that &%MobileResidence is disjoint from &%Residence, because the latter is a subclass of &%StationaryArtifact.' s__Prison s__Prison__t 'An installation which is owned and maintained by a &%Government for the purpose of &%Confining people. This class covers jails, federal prisons, concentration camps, gulags, etc.' '(? [V__C,V__H,V__G] : (s__instance(V__G,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Confining) & s__eventLocated(V__C,V__P) & s__patient(V__C,V__H) & s__instance(V__H,s__Human) & s__agent(V__C,V__G) & s__instance(V__G,s__Government)))' '(detainee ?EVENT ?OBJECT) means that in the Confining ?EVENT, the Object ?OBJECT is restrained by force, threat, or other form of intimidation.' 'This relation identifies the &%patient in the event that is the object of the attack.' s__VotingPoll s__VotingPoll__t 'A structure where Voting for an &%Election takes place.' s__Camp s__Camp__t 'A &%MobileResidence consisting of tents and other temporary living quarters that is constructed on an undeveloped &%LandArea.' s__Tent s__Tent__t s__MobileResidence__t 'A &%MobileResidence that is made of &%Fabric and poles and can be easily assembled and disassembled.' s__Monument s__Monument__t 'A &%StationaryArtifact whose purpose is to commemorate a person, animal or event.' '(? [V__R] : (s__instance(V__R,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R,s__Remembering) & s__instrument(V__R,V__M)))' s__Tomb s__Tomb__t 'A &%StationaryArtifact which is meant to contain someone who is &%Dead.' '(? [V__P] : (s__instance(V__P,s__Object) & s__attribute(V__P,s__Dead) & s__contains(V__T,V__P)))' s__Workshop__t 'A &%Room, suite of &%Rooms or &%Building which is devoted to hand-crafting &%Artifacts.' '(? [V__M] : (s__instance(V__M,s__Process) & s__instance(V__M,s__Making) & s__result(V__M,V__W) & s__instance(V__W,s__Artifact)))' s__ApartmentUnit s__ApartmentUnit__t 'A &%SingleFamilyResidence that is not owned by any member of the &%SocialUnit that lives there.' s__ApartmentBuilding '(landlord ?PERSON ?UNIT) means that ?PERSON is a landlord of the &%Residence ?UNIT, i.e. he or she owns ?UNIT and is renting the unit to someone else.' '(tenant ?PERSON ?UNIT) means that ?PERSON is a tenant of the &%Residence ?UNIT, i.e. he or she is renting the unit.' s__CondominiumUnit s__CondominiumUnit__t 'A &%SingleFamilyResidence that may be owned by a member of the &%SocialUnit that lives there.' s__CondominiumBuilding s__ApartmentBuilding__t 'A &%ResidentialBuilding containing &%ApartmentUnits.' s__CondominiumBuilding__t 'A &%ResidentialBuilding containing &%CondominiumUnits.' s__Dormitory s__Dormitory__t 'A &%TemporaryResidence which is owned by a &%School and which is used to house students while they take classes at the &%School.' s__School s__AnimalResidence s__AnimalResidence__t 'An &%Artifact which is intended to house &%Animals and not &%Humans. Note that an &%AnimalResidence may or may not be a &%StationaryArtifact, e.g. a horse stall is stationary while a doghouse generally is not.' '(? [V__ANIMAL] : (s__instance(V__ANIMAL,s__Organism) & s__instance(V__ANIMAL,s__Animal) & (~ s__instance(V__ANIMAL,s__Human)) & s__inhabits(V__ANIMAL,V__RESIDENCE)))' s__SportsFacility s__SportsFacility__t 'A specially designated and maintained facility where &%Sports are played. Note that this covers sports fields, stadiums, and gymnasiums.' '(? [V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__S,s__Sport) & s__eventLocated(V__S,V__G)))' s__SportsLeague s__SportsLeague__t 'An &%Organization whose members are &%SportsTeams and whose purpose is to set up games between its members.' s__SportsTeam s__PlaceOfCommerce s__CommercialBuilding s__CommercialUnit 'A &%Building or part of a &%Building which is intended for organizational activities, e.g. retail or wholesale selling, manufacturing, office work, etc.' 'A &%Building which is intended for organizational activities, e.g. retail or wholesale selling, manufacturing, office work, etc.' s__Warehouse s__Warehouse__t s__CommercialBuilding__t 'A very large &%CommercialBuilding whose purpose is to store commodities.' '(? [V__K,V__P] : (s__instance(V__K,s__Process) & s__instance(V__K,s__Keeping) & s__patient(V__K,V__P) & s__instance(V__P,s__Product) & s__eventLocated(V__K,V__B)))' s__CommercialUnit__t s__PlaceOfCommerce__t 'A &%Room or suite of &%Rooms intended for clerical and/or professional work of a single &%Organization.' s__Store__t 'A &%Building that has the purpose of housing &%FinancialTransactions.' '(? [V__EV] : (s__instance(V__EV,s__Process) & s__instance(V__EV,s__FinancialTransaction) & s__eventLocated(V__EV,V__X)))' s__FarmBuilding s__FarmBuilding__t 'A &%Building on a &%Farm that is used for keeping &%DomesticAnimals, &%Fodder or harvested crops.' s__Farm s__Agency s__Agency__t 'A &%CommercialAgent whose customers are all other &%CommercialAgents, e.g. staffing agencies, food-service providers, etc.' s__EntertainmentCompany s__EntertainmentCompany__t 'Any business whose services include &%Performances. This class covers nightclubs, commercial live theaters, and comedy clubs.' s__Performance 'The class &%FinancialCompany includes, as subclasses, &%FinancialBank, &%CreditUnion and &%SavingsAndLoan.' s__SavingsAndLoan s__SavingsAndLoan__t s__FinancialCompany__t 'A federally or state chartered &%FinancialCompany that takes &%Deposits from individuals, funds &%Mortgages, and pays &%Dividends.' '(insured ?Contract ?Org) means that ?Contract is insured by the ?Organization.' s__InsuranceCompany s__InsuranceCompany__t 'A &%CommercialAgent that insures &%Agents for the payment of a premium or premiums.' s__TransportationCompany__t 'A &%CommercialAgent whose services include &%Transportation, e.g. a &%RailroadCompany, an airline, a cruise ship line, etc.' s__FinancialService__t '&%Services performed by a &%FinancialCompany.' 'The amount by which the cost of an investment or business operation exceeds its return, i.e. the negative quantity left after subtracting for all expenses.' s__Financing s__Financing__t 'Any &%Funding which is provided by a &%FinancialCompany with the aim of making a profit on the money invested.' s__Partnership 'A &%CommercialAgent that is owned by more than one person.' s__Scholarship s__Scholarship__t 'Any &%Funding which is made on the basis of merit and whose purpose is to allow the destination to realize an &%EducationalProgram.' '(? [V__EP,V__P] : (s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & s__instance(V__EP,s__Proposition) & s__instance(V__EP,s__EducationalProgram) & s__realization(V__P,V__EP) & s__experiencer(V__P,V__H)))' s__Welfare s__Welfare__t 'Any &%Funding which is provided by a &%ServiceOrganization to people in need.' s__ServiceOrganization s__Publisher__t 'Any business whose services include the &%Publication of &%Texts.' s__FamilyBusiness s__FamilyBusiness__t s__Partnership__t 'A &%Partnership that is owned by a single family.' 'Any &%CommercialAgent whose services include selling Food to customers which is intended to be eaten on the premises.' s__RestaurantBuilding s__Proprietorship s__Proprietorship__t 'A &%CommercialAgent that is owned by a single person.' s__Auditorium s__Auditorium__t 'Any &%Building whose purpose is to hold concerts, sports events, plays, etc. before an audience. This class includes theaters, sports stadiums, university auditoriums, etc.' '(? [V__DEMO] : (s__instance(V__DEMO,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DEMO,s__Demonstrating) & s__eventLocated(V__DEMO,V__AUDITORIUM)))' s__PerformanceStage s__AuditoriumSeat s__AuditoriumSeat__t 'A &%Seat within an &%Auditorium from which one can observe the &%PerformanceStage.' '(&%enjoys ?AGENT ?PROCESS) means that the &%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT tends to enjoy actions of type ?PROCESS, i.e. tends to enjoy being the &%agent or &%experiencer of such actions.' '(? [V__INSTANCE] : (s__instance(V__INSTANCE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__INSTANCE,V__PROCESS) & (s__agent(V__INSTANCE,V__AGENT) | s__experiencer(V__INSTANCE,V__AGENT))))' '(&%holdsDuring ?T1 (&%expects ?AGENT ?BELIEF)) means (and (&%holdDuring ?T1 (&%believes ?AGENT (&%holdsDuring ?T2 ?BELIEF))) (&%earlier ?T1 ?T2)).' '(&%fears ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT fears that the proposition ?FORMULA will be true, i.e. he/she believes that it will come to pass in the future and that it will be undesirable for ?AGENT.' '(&%hopes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT hopes that the proposition ?FORMULA will be true, i.e. he/she believes that it will come to pass in the future and that it will be desirable for ?AGENT.' '(&%doubts ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT is unsure about the truth of ?FORMULA, in particular ?AGENT does not believe that ?FORMULA is true.' '(&%dislikes ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?AGENT has a feeling of antipathy to ?OBJECT, i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will thwart one of his/her goals. Note that there is no implication that what is hated by an agent is not already possessed by the agent.' '(~ s__possesses(V__AGENT,V__OBJECT))' '(&%disapproves ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT has a feeling of antipathy to the state of affairs represented by ?FORMULA, i.e. ?AGENT believes that the realization of ?FORMULA will thwart one of his/her goals. Note that there is no implication that what is disapproved of by an agent is not already true.' '(&%lacks ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?AGENT &%needs ?OBJECT and it is not currently the case that ?AGENT &%possesses ?OBJECT.' s__DescendantsFn__m '(&%DescendantsFn ?PERSON) denotes all and only the descendants of ?PERSON, i.e. the &%Group consisting of ?OFFSPRING who satisfy the following formula: (&%ancestor ?OFFSPRING ?PERSON).' s__GroupOfAnimals s__GroupOfAnimals__t 'Any &%Group which contains exclusively non-human &%members.' s__Brood s__Brood__t 'A &%GroupOfAnimals that are all born at the same time and to the same parents.' s__AnimalTeam s__AnimalTeam__t 'A &%GroupOfAnimals which are &%Pulling something.' s__SportsTeam__t 'A &%GroupOfPeople who habitually play a &%Sport together, either as an occupation or as a leisure activity.' s__TeamSport s__TeamSport__t 'Any &%Sport which is played by &%SportsTeams, e.g. &%Baseball and &%Football.' s__Racing s__Racing__t 'A sport which involves a contest of speed between the participants. Note that this covers a variety of things, including auto racing, running competitions, etc.' 'A &%subrelation of &%member, &%groupMember is used to relate a &%Human to a &%GroupOfPeople of which he/she is a &%member.' '(headquartersOfOrganization ?ORG ?AREA) means that the &%Organization ?ORG is headquartered in ?AREA.' s__CommunicationOrganization s__CommunicationOrganization__t '&%CommunicationOrganization is the subclass of &%Organizations that manage &%Communications over physical infrastructure owned or leased by the organization. Such organizations may also produce and disseminate information, entertainment, or other content. Also see &%MediaOrganization.' s__MediaOrganization s__MediaOrganization__t '&%MediaOrganization is the subclass of &%Organization for groups whose primary purpose is the production or dissemination of media content. For organizations that physically enable &%Communication, see &%CommunicationOrganization.' 'The positive gain from an investment or business operation after subtracting for all expenses.' s__NonprofitOrganization s__NonprofitOrganization__t 'Any &%Organization whose purpose is something other than making a profit.' '(? [V__P] : (s__instance(V__P,s__CurrencyMeasure) & s__profit(V__N,V__P)))' s__CommunicationSystem__t '&%CommunicationSystem is a complex system with various components, enabling communication (in some medium) between points in a specific area, whether local or worldwide.' s__CareOrganization__t s__HospitalOrganization s__MedicalClinic 'Any &%Organization whose purpose is to provide medical care for for &%Humans who reside there, either permanently or temporarily.' 'A relation between a &%Human and a &%CareOrganization that treats the patient.' '(? [V__PATIENT] : (s__instance(V__PATIENT,s__Human) & s__medicalPatient(V__PATIENT,V__ORG)))' s__HospitalOrganization__t 'A &%CareOrganization where patients reside for a short period of time while they undergo treatment for a disease or disorder.' s__HospitalBuilding s__HospitalBuilding__t 'A &%Building that serves at the place of business for a &%HospitalOrganization.' s__MedicalClinic__t 'A &%CareOrganization which provides medical care on an out-patient basis only, i.e. there are no rooms where patients may take up residence for a period of time while they receive care.' s__MedicalClinicBuilding s__MedicalClinicBuilding__t s__Cafeteria__t 'Any &%Restaurant which does not offer table service. Food is selected and purchased at a central counter.' s__Tavern__t s__Restaurant__t 'A &%Restaurant whose primary service is selling &%AlcoholicBeverages to customers.' s__Shipping__t 'Shipping is the subclass of &%Transportation events in which goods are transported from one place to another by an agent who is entrusted with the goods temporarily just in order to move them. Shipping may be done within an organization or it may be done by an outside commercial agent. See &%CommercialShipping.' s__CommercialShipping s__CommercialShipping__t '&%CommercialShipping is the subclass of &%Transportation events in which a commercial agent provides transportation of goods for remuneration.' s__Smuggling s__Smuggling__t s__CriminalAction 'Any instance &%Transportation which is also a &%CriminalAction.' 'A very general relation that exists whenever there is a &%FinancialTransaction between the two &%Agents such that the first is the &%destination of the &%FinancialTransaction and the second is the &%agent.' '(&%price ?Obj ?Money ?Agent) means that ?Agent pays the amount of money ?Money for ?Obj.' s__WholesaleStore s__WholesaleStore__t 'A &%MercantileOrganization that sells its goods exclusively to &%CommercialAgents, typically for resale, rather than to end-point consumers.' s__RetailStore__t 'A &%RetailStore is a &%MercantileOrganization that sells goods to customers who are end-point consumers, rather than to &%CommercialAgents who are buying the goods in order to resell them at a higher price. This distinguishes retail stores from wholesale establishments, where the purchasers are businesses or their representatives, as well as mail order or office buildings where transactions are facillitated but the consumer does not take possession of the item on the premises. More succinctly, &%RetailStore is the complement of &%WholesaleStore, which is the class of &%MercantileOrganizations that sell goods to the general public.' s__ShoppingMall s__ShoppingMall__t 'A &%MercantileOrganization which is a collection of various shops gathered together in a single, modern development.' s__DrugStore s__DrugStore__t 'A &%RetailStore that sells &%Medicine, and perhaps other items as well.' s__Medicine s__GroceryStore s__GroceryStore__t 'A &%RetailStore that sells Food, and perhaps other items as well.' s__OfferingForSale s__OfferingForSale__t '&%Offering to sell something to someone.' '(? [V__SELL,V__OBJ] : (s__instance(V__SELL,s__Process) & s__instance(V__SELL,s__Selling) & s__patient(V__SELL,V__OBJ) & s__agent(V__SELL,V__AGENT)))' s__OfferingToPurchase s__OfferingToPurchase__t '&%Offering to buy something from someone.' s__BargainSale s__BargainSale__t '&%Offering to sell something to someone at a reduced price.' s__ChristianBible s__ChristianBible__t s__NewTestament s__OldTestament 'Any instance of the collection of writings which is regarded as scripture by those who embrace &%Christianity.' s__ChristianGospel s__ChristianGospel__t 'Four books in the New Testament of the &%ChristianBible that describe the life and teachings of Jesus Christ and that are referred to, respectively, as Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.' s__OldTestament__t 'The first part of the &%ChristianBible, describing the history of the Hebrew people.' s__NewTestament__t s__Book__t 'The second and final part of the &%ChristianBible, describing the life and teachings of Jesus Christ and the activities of his apostles.' s__BeforeCommonEra 'The &%TimeInterval that runs from &%NegativeInfinity to the time of the birth of Christ.' s__CommonEra 'The &%TimeInterval that runs from the supposed time of the death of Christ to &%PositiveInfinity.' s__MissionOrganization s__MissionOrganization__t 'The class of &%ReligiousOrganizations that send members to foreign countries with the aim of coverting citizens of those countries to the beliefs of the &%ReligiousOrganization.' s__ReligiousBuilding s__ReligiousBuilding__t s__PlaceOfWorship 'A &%Building which is intended to be used for religious worship. This class covers churches, temples, religious shrines, etc.' s__Steeple s__Steeple__t 'A component of a &%ReligiousBuilding that is tall and narrow and symbolizes the connection between humanity and a deity.' s__Ceremony 'An &%instance of &%Ceremony is a relatively stylized, highly conventional &%SocialInteraction, typically guided or controlled by officials or professionals, to commemorate or mark some transformative event, such as a &%Wedding or a &%Baptizing.' s__Wedding s__Wedding__t 'Any &%Declaring that leads to one person being the &%spouse of another.' s__ReligiousService s__ReligiousService__t 'A formal process of public worship which is typically carried out in a church, temple or other sanctified building and which typically accords with a prescribed set of rules.' s__Baptizing s__Baptizing__t 'A &%ReligiousProcess which marks the acceptance of the person being baptized into the &%ReligiousOrganization.' s__Praying s__Praying__t 'A formal or informal process of private worship which may or may not be carried out in a &%ReligiousBuilding.' s__ReferenceText s__ReferenceText__t 'A &%Text which is not intended to be read from beginning to end, but which is meant to be consulted to answer specific factual questions, e.g. about the meaning of a word, the location of a country, etc.' s__IndependentState__t '&%IndependentState is a subclass of &%GeopoliticalArea, representing the classification Independent State used by the CIA World Fact Book. Cf. &%DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea.' s__OverseasArea__t s__DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea__t '&%DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea is a subclass of &%GeopoliticalArea, representing the classification Dependency or Special Sovereignty Area used by the CIA World Fact Book. Cf. &%IndependentState.' s__ResidentFn__m '(&%ResidentFn ?AREA) denotes the &%GroupOfPeople who have their &%home in ?AREA.' s__CitizenryFn__m '(&%CitizenryFn ?AREA) denotes the &%GroupOfPeople who are legal and permanent residents of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.' s__PerCapitaFn__m '(&%PerCapitaFn ?AREA ?QUANTITY) denotes the average amount of ?QUANTITY possessed by a resident of &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.' s__CityDistrict 'Any &%geopoliticalSubdivision of a &%City.' s__Downtown s__Downtown__t s__CityDistrict__t 'The commercial center of a &%City. The part of the &%City that contains more shops and offices than any other part.' s__Cemetery s__Cemetery__t 'A &%LandArea which is used for burying the dead.' s__Park s__Park__t 'A publicly owned &%LandArea which is intended to be used for recreation and/or exercise.' '(? [V__REC] : (s__instance(V__REC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__REC,s__RecreationOrExercise) & s__eventLocated(V__REC,V__PARK)))' s__PublicPark s__PublicPark__t 'A &%Park that is publicly owned, i.e. owned by a &%Government.' s__CultivatedLandArea s__CultivatedLandArea__t 'A &%LandArea which is dedicated to &%Agriculture, e.g. &%Lawns, gardens, and fields for growing crops.' s__Campground s__Campground__t 'A &%LandArea whose purpose is to have &%MobileResidences (e.g. recreational vehicles, mobile homes, &%Tents, etc.) located there.' '(? [V__R] : (s__instance(V__R,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__R,s__MobileResidence) & s__located(V__R,V__C)))' s__CityBlock s__CityBlock__t 'A square-shaped area surrounded by &%Roadways which is part of a &%City and typically contains &%Buildings.' s__AerobicExerciseDevice s__AerobicExerciseDevice__t s__RecreationOrExerciseDevice__t 'An &%RecreationOrExerciseDevice whose purpose is to develop the cardiovascular system.' s__AnaerobicExerciseDevice s__AnaerobicExerciseDevice__t 'An &%RecreationOrExerciseDevice whose purpose is to develop &%Muscles without also developing the cardiovascular system.' s__OccupationalRole 'Any &%Position which requires learning a set of skills.' s__ManualLabor 'Any &%Position which involves manual work.' s__UnskilledOccupation s__UnskilledOccupation__t 'Any &%Position which does not require learning a set of skills.' s__OccupationalTrade s__ManualLabor__t 'Any &%Position that involves skilled manual work.' s__SkilledOccupation__t 'Any occupation that requires at least a bachelors degree.' s__GovernmentSecretary 'This &%Position &%Attribute describes a person who is head of an adminstrative department of &%Government.' s__GovernmentPosition s__SecretaryOfTheInterior 'This &%Position &%Attribute describes the head of the &%UnitedStatesDepartmentOfInterior.' s__SecretaryOfTheTreasury 'This &%Position &%Attribute describes the head of the United States Treasury Department.' s__StateGovernment s__StateGovernment__t 'The class of &%Governments whose jurisdictions are &%StateOrProvinces.' s__CityGovernment s__CityGovernment__t '&%CityGovernment is the class of governments of &%Cities.' s__MilitaryService 'A branch of the armed forces of a &%Nation. For example, there are five military services in the United States, the army, the navy, the air force, the marines, and the coast guard.' s__CoastGuard s__CoastGuard__t '&%CoastGuard is the subclass of &%GovernmentOrganizations that enforce the maritime laws of a &%Nation and guard its &%Seacoast. This may be a military or quasi-military organization.' s__Army s__Army__t s__MilitaryService__t '&%MilitaryServices that are land forces.' s__AirForce s__AirForce__t '&%AirForce is the subclass of &%MilitaryService that comprises military air forces.' s__MilitaryUnit__t 'Any &%MilitaryOrganization that can be dispatched to an area of operations.' s__MilitaryReserveForce s__MilitaryReserveForce__t '&%MilitaryReserveForce is the subclass of &%MilitaryOrganizations that consist of forces trained in military procedures and activities, which are subject to being called to active duty if needed.' s__MilitarySquad s__MilitarySquad__t 'Any &%MilitaryUnit with the rank of squad.' s__MilitaryCorps s__MilitaryCorps__t 'Any &%MilitaryUnit with the rank of corps.' s__CavalryUnit s__CavalryUnit__t '&%MilitaryUnits composed primarily of &%Soldiers who are mounted, i.e. who perform their combat missions from a &%Horse or &%Vehicle.' s__Soldier s__MilitarySurplus s__MilitaryArtifact s__MilitarySurplus__t 'Any &%MilitaryArtifact which is sold to a non-military customer.' '(hostileForces ?UNIT1 ?UNIT2) means that the &%MilitaryUnits ?UNIT1 and ?UNIT2 are, respectively, allied with &%GeopoliticalAreas that are at war with one another.' s__Commission s__Commission__t 'A small, temporary &%Organization whose purpose is to investigate some issue.' '(? [V__INVESTIGATE,V__ISSUE] : (s__instance(V__INVESTIGATE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__INVESTIGATE,s__Investigating) & s__patient(V__INVESTIGATE,V__ISSUE) & s__agent(V__INVESTIGATE,V__COMMISSION)))' s__ServiceOrganization__t 'An &%Organization that performs a public service and is regulated by the &%Government.' s__Library s__Library__t 'An &%EducationalOrganization which is a repository of &%Texts which have been classified for efficient retrieval.' s__PublicLibrary s__PublicLibrary__t 'A &%Library which is financed by taxes and which is open to everyone.' s__Museum s__Museum__t 'An &%EducationalOrganization where &%Artifacts of historic, scientific or aesthetic value are collected and exhibited.' s__OrganizationalBoard s__OrganizationalBoard__t 'Part of an &%Organization that is responsible for managing the &%Organization.' s__SecurityUnit s__SecurityUnit__t 'The &%Organization that is charged with ensuring the security of members of the overall &%Organization and the property of the &%Organization.' '(? [V__MAINTAIN] : (s__instance(V__MAINTAIN,s__Process) & s__instance(V__MAINTAIN,s__Maintaining) & s__agent(V__MAINTAIN,V__UNIT) & s__patient(V__MAINTAIN,V__ORG)))' s__UnionOrganization s__UnionOrganization__t 'An &%Organization comprised of workers from the same &%Corporation or &%Industry. The purpose of the &%UnionOrganization is to strengthen its representation in bargaining with the &%Corporation or &%Industry.' s__Industry 'Any &%CompoundSubstance that has a &%Carbon base.' s__Urea s__Urea__t 'Urea is a dry, soluble, nitrogenous substance that is the major solid component of the urine of mammals, and which may be synthesized from ammonia and carbon dioxide, it is useful in the production of &%Plastic and in &%Fertilizers.' s__Steroid 'A class of &%OrganicCompounds having the same basic chemical structure and having significant physiological effects.' s__Hydrocarbon s__Hydrocarbon__t 'Any &%OrganicCompound that contains only &%Carbon and &%Hydrogen.' s__Alcohol s__Alcohol__t s__OrganicCompound__t '&%OrganicCompounds that are produced from hydrocarbons by distillation.' s__Alkaloid s__ChemicalBase s__Alkaloid__t s__ChemicalBase__t 'A &%ChemicalBase found in &%Plants that has physiological and psychological effects.' s__Drugged s__Sober 'The &%ConsciousnessAttribute of someone whose motor and/or cognitive faculties are significantly impaired by a &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance.' s__Drunk 'The &%ConsciousnessAttribute of someone whose motor and cognitive faculties are significantly impaired by &%Alcohol.' s__AminoAcid s__AminoAcid__t s__ChemicalAcid__t 'Organic acids that are the building blocks of &%Proteins.' s__Cholesterol s__Cholesterol__t s__Steroid__t 'A &%Steroid that is produced by the &%Liver and that is believed to be closely associated with various cardiological disorders.' s__Liver 'A bitter &%CompoundSubstance that is capable of reacting with a &%ChemicalBase and forming a &%ChemicalSalt.' s__ChemicalSalt 'A &%CompoundSubstance that is capable of reacting with a &%ChemicalAcid and forming a &%ChemicalSalt.' 'A bitter &%CompoundSubstance that is formed in a chemical reaction of a &%ChemicalBase with a &%ChemicalAcid.' s__SodiumChloride__t s__ChemicalSalt__t salt 'NaCl' '&%SodiumChloride is the compound of &%Sodium and &%Chloride, which may appear in crystalline form or in solution with water or other substances. It is a compound found in solution in significant quantities in sea water.' s__Sodium s__Diamond s__Diamond__t 'Crystalline &%Carbon that is valued as a gem and used in industrial applications.' s__SalineSolution s__SalineSolution__t 'A &%Solution consisting of &%SodiumChloride and &%Water.' '(reactant ?PROCESS ?SUBSTANCE) means that ?SUBSTANCE is a chemical reactant in the chemical reaction ?PROCESS, i.e. ?SUBSTANCE is present at the beginning of the chemical reaction ?PROCESS.' '(reagent ?PROCESS ?SUBSTANCE) means that ?SUBSTANCE is a chemical agent in the chemical reaction ?PROCESS.' s__Oil__t 'A greasy, viscous &%Solution that cannot be mixed with &%Water. Note that this general class covers petroleum oil, vegetable oil, animal fat, etc.' s__Surfactant__t 'Surfactants, also known as &%Wetting agents, lower the surface tension of a &%Liquid, allowing easier spreading. The term surfactant is a compression of Surface active agent. Surfactants are usually organic compounds that contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups, and are thus semi-soluble in both organic and aqueous solvents.' s__Detergent__t 'A detergent is a compound, or a mixture of compounds, whose molecules have two distinct regions: one that is hydrophilic, and dissolves easily in water, and another region that is hydrophobic, with little (if any) affinity for water. As a consequence, these compounds can aid in the solubilization of hydrophobic compounds in water, and usually are optimized for this property. Though &%Soap also has these properties, soaps in general are not considered detergents. &%Soap is a particular type of surfactant that is derived from oils and fats. They are created through the saponification process whereby the ester linkage in a vegetable oil or fat is hydrolytically cleaved, creating a sodium or potassium salt of a fatty acid (i.e. soap). Both detergents and soaps are considered to be surfactants. &%Surfactants that are not soaps are considered to be detergents. Detergents are also commonly known as any cleaning mixture containing surfactants. (from Wikipedia)' '(? [V__REMOVE,V__SUBSTANCE,V__SURFACE,V__OBJECT] : (s__instance(V__OBJECT,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__SURFACE,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__REMOVE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__REMOVE,s__Removing) & s__instance(V__SUBSTANCE,s__Substance) & s__patient(V__REMOVE,V__SUBSTANCE) & s__origin(V__REMOVE,V__SURFACE) & s__surface(V__SURFACE,V__OBJECT)))' s__Bathing s__Bathing__t '&%Washing the entire body of a &%Human or &%Animal.' 'A &%WashingDevice which is intended to be used by Humans for washing their bodies. Note that this class covers bathtubs, showers, etc.' '(? [V__B,V__P] : (s__instance(V__B,s__Process) & s__instance(V__B,s__Bathing) & s__instrument(V__B,V__BD) & s__patient(V__B,V__PERSON) & s__instance(V__P,s__Human)))' s__WashBasin s__WashBasin__t 'A &%WashingDevice which is intended to be used by &%Humans for washing their &%Hands.' '(? [V__W,V__H] : (s__instance(V__W,s__Process) & s__instance(V__W,s__Washing) & s__instrument(V__W,V__B) & s__patient(V__W,V__H) & s__instance(V__H,s__Hand)))' s__Glue s__Glue__t 'Any &%Mixture whose purpose is to be used as the &%instrument of &%Attaching one thing to another.' '(? [V__ATTACH] : (s__instance(V__ATTACH,s__Process) & s__instance(V__ATTACH,s__Attaching) & s__instrument(V__ATTACH,V__GLUE)))' s__Glass__t 'A transparent or translucent &%Mixture of silicates.' 'A &%Mixture of two or more &%Metals, and possibly nonmetallic elements as well. For example, steel is an alloy containing iron and manganese.' s__Steel s__Steel__t 'A &%MetallicAlloy made from &%Iron and other elements.' s__Brass s__Brass__t s__MetallicAlloy__t 'A &%MetallicAlloy made from &%Copper and &%Zinc.' s__Powder 'Any &%Solid &%Substance which consists of loose, identical, and very small particles.' s__Fallout s__Fallout__t 'Radioactive powder that is typically dispersed by the explosion of a nuclear weapon.' s__Fog s__Fog__t 'Any &%WaterCloud that is in contact with the ground.' s__Ice__t '&%Water that has the &%PhysicalState of &%Solid.' 'A &%LandArea that has been cleared of &%BotanicalTrees. Note that a &%Field is not necessarily used for the cultivation of crops and that a &%Field may be very small, e.g. &%Lawn is a subclass of &%Field.' s__Lawn s__Lawn__t s__Field__t 'A &%Field of cultivated and mowed &%Grass.' s__MilitaryFront s__MilitaryFront__t 'A &%GeographicArea along which opposing military forces confront one another in a &%Battle.' s__SpaceRegion '&%AtmosphericRegion is the class of all subregions of &%EarthsAtmosphere.' s__StreamWaterArea__t s__FlowRegion__t 'A relatively narrow &%WaterArea where the water flows constantly and in the same direction, e.g. a river, a stream, etc.' s__StaticWaterArea__t 'A &%WaterArea in which water does not flow constantly or in the same direction, e.g. most lakes and ponds.' '&%FlowRegion is a class of things whose boundaries are relatively stable but whose constitutive &%material is continuously moving through the region itself and being replaced by other, similar material. Each &%FlowRegion is constituted by a stream of matter moving as a whole. A &%FlowRegion may be liquid or gaseous. A wind may be considered as a &%Process or as a &%FlowRegion, similarly an OceanCurrent or a &%WaterWave. The motion process associated with a &%FlowRegion F is denoted by (&%FlowFn F). Note that certain properties belong to the &%FlowRegion itself (e.g., mass, length, volume, temperature, and speed or velocity of the region moving as a whole), while other properties of interest belong to the &%Motion of its constitutive stuff (e.g., velocity, direction). The motion of a &%FlowRegion as a whole (e.g., &%JetStream moves within the atmosphere) is distinguished from the motion of the &%pieces of stuff constituting the &%FlowRegion. See &%FlowFn and &%FlowRegionFn.' s__SpaceRegion__t 'The class of all &%Regions which are not &%GeographicAreas.' s__OuterSpaceRegion__t 'The class of all &%Regions which are neither &%GeographicAreas nor &%AtmosphericRegions.' s__StormFront s__StormFront__t s__AtmosphericRegion__t 'The &%Region where two or more unstable air masses meet.' s__Inside '&%Inside is a &%PositionalAttribute used to describe the relative location of one object or region to another region.' '&%Outside is a &%PositionalAttribute used to describe the relative location of one object or region to another region. ' s__Outdoors__t 'Any &%Region which is not enclosed by a &%Building or part of a &%Building.' s__Indoors__t 'Any &%Region which is enclosed by a &%Building.' s__BiologicalSpecies s__BiologicalSpecies__t 'The &%Class of all biological species, i.e. the class of all classes of &%Organism whose instances can interbreed.' s__Wood__t '&%Tissue that comprises the inner trunk of &%Trees. It is often used in constructing &%Buildings and other &%Artifacts. Wood is the principal substance making up a tree, and is distinguished from the bark, roots, flowers, seeds, fruit and leaves.' s__WoodArtifact '&%Wood that has been cut (and perhaps treated) for some purpose, e.g. &%Constructing or &%Combustion. Note that this class covers both lumber and firewood.' s__OakWood s__OakWood__t s__WoodArtifact__t 'Any &%WoodArtifact that is made from the &%Wood of an oak tree.' s__Rubber s__Rubber__t 'Natural rubber, as opposed to synthetic rubber which is a &%Plastic, is a product of the rubber tree, genus Hevea or Ficus. It is the coagulated form of the milky juice secreted by these trees. Rubber is essentially a polymer of isoprene. ' s__Cellulose s__Cellulose__t 'The main component of &%Plant &%Tissue.' s__Starch s__Starch__t 'A complex &%Carbohydrate that is the main form in which &%Carbohydrates are stored.' s__Sugar__t 'A simple &%Carbohydrate that has a sweet taste and consists mostly or entirely of sucrose.' s__Nectar s__Nectar__t 'A sweet, sticky liquid that is produced by &%Plants and that attracts Insects.' s__Medicine__t 'Any &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance which has a therapeutic effect under certain conditions.' s__Stimulant s__Stimulant__t s__Depressant 'Any &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance which has the effect of stimulating the central nervous system, i.e. increasing function or activity in the &%Brain or &%SpinalCord.' 'Any &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance which has the effect of depressing the central nervous system, i.e. decreasing function or activity in the &%Brain or &%SpinalCord.' s__Opium__t 'A substance harvested from the seed capsules of the opium poppy that contains various powerful alkaloids.' s__Grass__t '&%FloweringPlants with green, narrow leaves that are used for lawns and &%Fields. &%Grass includes any plant of the family Gramineae, a widely distributed group of mostly annual and perennial herbs.' s__Lilac s__Lilac__t 'A &%FloweringPlant that has large clusters of aromatic flowers.' s__Tobacco__t 'A &%FloweringPlant containing nicotine whose leaves are dried and then smoked or ingested.' s__Lesion s__Lesion__t 'Any &%AbnormalAnatomicalStructure which is the result of an Injuring and which is found on the surface of an &%Organ.' s__Scar s__Scar__t 'Any &%AbnormalAnatomicalStructure which results from the healing of a &%Lesion.' s__Tumor__t 'Any &%AbnormalAnatomicalStructure which consists of a mass of &%Tissue. Note that this class covers both malignant (i.e. cancerous) and benign tumors.' s__Tendon s__Tendon__t '&%Tissue that connects &%Muscle to &%Bone.' s__Sweat s__Sweat__t 'An &%AnimalSubstance that contains &%SodiumChloride and is produced by the sweat glands.' s__PlantLeaf s__PlantLeaf__t 'An &%Organ of &%Plants whose main purpose is photosynthesis.' s__PlantBranch s__PlantBranch__t 'The stem of a &%Plant or any shoot arising from the stem of a &%Plant.' '&%BotanicalTree is an imprecise term for a perennial woody plant that is larger than a bush or shrub, generally understood to describe a large growth having one main trunk with few or no branches projecting from its base, a well-developed crown of foliage, and a height at maturity of at least 12 feet.' s__TreeBranch s__TreeBranch__t 'Any &%PlantBranch which is part of a &%BotanicalTree.' s__WillowTree s__WillowTree__t s__BotanicalTree__t 'A &%BotanicalTree of the genus &%Salix.' s__PlantRoot s__PlantRoot__t 'An &%Organ of &%Plants whose main purpose is twofold, viz. to absorb nutrients from the ground and to anchor the &%Plant in place.' s__Flower s__Flower__t 'The reproductive organ of &%FloweringPlants.' s__Antibody s__Antibody__t 'An immunoglobulin which is produced by the body and which has the ability to neutralize &%Antigens.' '(? [V__DEST,V__ANTI] : (s__instance(V__DEST,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DEST,s__Destruction) & s__agent(V__DEST,V__BODY) & s__patient(V__DEST,V__ANTI) & s__instance(V__ANTI,s__Antigen)))' s__Antibiotic s__Antibiotic__t 'A &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance than can kill instances of &%Bacterium.' s__Antigen s__Antigen__t 'Any &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance that has the capacity to stimulate the production of &%Antibodies.' s__AntigenA s__AntigenA__t 'An &%Antigen that is carried in the red blood cells of those with &%BloodTypeA.' s__AntigenB s__AntigenB__t 'An &%Antigen that is carried in the red blood cells of those with &%BloodTypeB.' s__BloodCell s__BloodCell__t 'A &%Cell that is normally present in &%Blood.' s__RedBloodCell s__RedBloodCell__t '&%BloodCells that contain hemoglobin, lack a &%CellNucleus, and carry &%Oxygen to the tissues of the body.' s__CellNucleus s__WhiteBloodCell s__WhiteBloodCell__t '&%BloodCells that lack hemoglobin, contain a &%CellNucleus, and have no color.' s__BloodTypeA s__BloodTypeA__t 'The subclass of &%Blood that contains &%AntigenA and does not contain &%AntigenB.' s__BloodTypeAB s__BloodTypeAB__t 'The subclass of &%Blood that contains both &%AntigenA and &%AntigenB.' s__BloodTypeB s__BloodTypeB__t 'The subclass of &%Blood that contains &%AntigenB and does not contain &%AntigenA.' s__BloodTypeO s__BloodTypeO__t 'The subclass of &%Blood that contains neither &%AntigenA nor &%AntigenB.' s__NerveCell s__NerveCell__t 'The &%Cells that make up a &%NervousSystem.' s__NervousSystem s__LiquidBodySubstance 'Any &%BodySubstance which is &%Liquid under normal circumstances.' s__Serum s__Serum__t s__LiquidBodySubstance__t 'Any &%LiquidBodySubstance other than &%Blood.' s__TearSubstance s__TearSubstance__t 'The class of &%SalineSolutions produced by the lacrimal glands of the &%Eyes.' s__Eye s__Milk__t 'A nutritious &%BodySubstance produced by &%Mammals that has evolved to provide nourishment for their offspring during their initial period of life.' s__CellPart '&%part of a &%Cell' s__CellNucleus__t s__CellPart__t 'The part of the &%Cell that contains DNA and RNA.' s__Tea__t 'A &%Beverage which is prepared by infusing tea leaves into hot water.' s__Depressant__t 'Any &%Beverage that contains &%Alcohol.' s__Wine__t s__DistilledAlcoholicBeverage__t 'An &%AlcoholicBeverage that has had some part of its &%Water content removed by distillation. This class covers drinks of unmixed, hard liquor.' s__Beer__t s__AlcoholicBeverage__t s__SpinalColumn s__SpinalColumn__t 'A flexible column made out of bones called vertebrae. The main function of the &%SpinalColumn is to protect the spinal cord.' s__SpinalCord s__SpinalCord__t 'A cord of nerves that carries impulses to and from the &%Brain. It is contained within the &%SpinalColumn.' s__Tail s__Tail__t 'A &%BodyPart which extends from the rear of the main body of some &%Vertebrates.' s__Wing s__Limb s__Wing__t 'Any &%Limb which is capable of being an instrument in &%Flying.' s__Skin__t 'A BodyCovering that comprises part of the surface of &%Animals.' s__Retina s__Retina__t 'A membrane that covers the &%Eye and converts the image formed by the lens of the &%Eye into neurochemical impulses which can be processed by the &%Brain.' s__BronchialDuct s__BronchialDuct__t 'Any &%BodyVessel which is located in a &%Lung and which carries oxygen from the trachea to the alveoli.' s__BloodVessel 'Any &%BodyVessel which is used to circulate &%Blood from one part of the body to another.' s__Alveolus s__Alveolus__t 'Tiny sacs in the &%Lung which absorb &%Oxygen which is delivered to them by the &%BronchialDucts.' s__Artery s__Artery__t s__BloodVessel__t 'Any &%BloodVessel which transfers &%Blood from the &%Heart to the extremities of the body.' s__Heart s__Vein 'Any &%BloodVessel which transfers &%Blood from the extremities of the body to the &%Heart.' s__PulmonaryArtery s__PulmonaryArtery__t 'An &%Artery that carries &%Blood from the &%Heart to a &%Lung.' s__PulmonaryVein s__PulmonaryVein__t s__Vein__t 'A &%Vein that carries &%Blood from the &%Lungs to the &%Heart.' s__Capillary s__Capillary__t 'A very small &%BloodVessel that connects arterioles (very small &%Arteries) with venules (very small &%Veins).' s__Lung__t 'A respiratory organ of &%Vertebrates. Its function is to furnish the blood with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide.' s__Kidney__t 'An &%Organ that separates urine from other &%BodySubstances and passes it to the bladder.' s__Spleen s__Spleen__t 'An &%Organ on the left side of the body that produces &%Cells that play a crucial role in immune response.' s__Inhaling s__Inhaling__t 'Any instance of &%Breathing where the breath is taken into the &%Lungs.' s__Exhaling s__Exhaling__t 'Any instance of &%Breathing where the breath is expelled from the &%Lungs.' s__Nostril s__Nostril__t 'Either of two &%BodyVessels that run through the &%Nose and connect it to the &%Throat.' s__Nose s__Heart__t 'The &%Organ that pumps &%Blood throughout the body.' s__Liver__t 'An &%Organ that secretes bile and serves metabolic functions.' s__Mouth__t 'Part of the &%Face, used for &%Ingesting Food and &%Vocalizing.' s__Tongue s__Tongue__t 'Part of the &%Mouth, used for &%Tasting Food, &%Vocalizing, and the initial stage of &%Digesting.' s__NervousSystem__t 'A system in &%Vertebrates that is made up of the &%Brain, the spinal cord, nerves, etc.' s__Hoof s__Hoof__t 'The hard end of the &%Foot of a &%HoofedMammal.' s__Tooth s__Tooth__t 'Part of the &%Mouth, used for biting and chewing.' s__Skull s__Skull__t 'The &%Bone that is found in the &%Heads of &%Vertebrates.' s__Horn s__Horn__t 'An outgrowth of &%Bone that is found on some &%HoofedMammals.' s__Ivory s__Ivory__t 'A very hard substance that makes up the tusks of elephants and walruses.' s__AnimalShell s__AnimalShell__t 'A hard shell of calcium that serves as a supporting structure for some &%Invertebrates.' s__Ossification s__Ossification__t 'Any &%BiologicalProcess that results in the formation of &%Bones.' s__Chewing s__Chewing__t 'Breaking up or mashing Food with ones teeth.' s__Feeding s__Feeding__t 'Giving Food to a &%Human or &%Animal.' s__Lip s__Lip__t 'Folds of &%Tissue surrounding the mouths of some &%Vertebrates.' s__Kissing s__Kissing__t 'The class of &%Touching processes where the lips of two persons are brought into contact with each other.' s__Licking s__Licking__t 'The class of &%Touching processes where the &%Tongue is brought into contact with something else.' s__Embracing s__Embracing__t 'The class of &%Touching processes where one &%Human hugs another one.' s__Skeleton s__Skeleton__t 'The system of &%Bones that make up the supporting structure of &%Vertebrates.' s__Exoskeleton s__Exoskeleton__t 'The system of &%Bones that are on the &%Outside of an organism and make up the supporting structure of many &%Invertebrates.' s__BodyJoint '&%BodyJunctions where different parts of the same &%Skeleton come together.' s__Airway s__Airway__t 'The class of Transitways used to transport Air to a location where it is absent or insufficient.' s__Throat__t 'A &%BodyVessel which connects the &%Mouth to the lungs and stomach.' s__Hair__t 'A filament that covers part of the body of many &%Mammals.' s__FacialHair s__FacialHair__t '&%Hair that grows on the &%Face. This class covers beards, mustaches, sideburns, midnight shadow, etc.' s__HairRemoval s__HairRemoval__t '&%Removing (some or all) the &%Hair from the body of an &%Animal. Note that this covers shaving hair, cutting hair, pulling hair out by the roots, etc.' s__Peeling s__Peeling__t 'Removing the &%Skin (or part of the &%Skin) from an &%Organism. Note that this class covers a large range of cases, including peeling an orange, pelting an &%Animal, etc.' s__Brain s__Brain__t 'The seat of the central nervous system.' '(intelligenceQuotient ?PERSON ?NUMBER) means that ?NUMBER is the I.Q. of ?PERSON. The I.Q. of a person is the ratio of their mental age (determined by a standardized test) divided by their chronological age, multiplied by 100.' s__Stomach__t 'A muscular sac that is the principal organ of digestion.' s__Intestine__t 'A &%BodyVessel which connects the &%Stomach to the anus and which is used in digesting Food.' s__Hypothalamus s__Hypothalamus__t 'The part of the &%Brain lying below the thalamus that serves to regulate &%AutonomicProcesses.' s__Eye__t 'The &%Organ of sight.' s__Ear s__Ear__t 'The &%Organ of hearing.' s__Eyelid s__Eyelid__t 'Folds of &%Skin that can be manipulated to cover or uncover &%Eyes.' '(? [V__EYE,V__P,V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__EYE,s__Object) & s__instance(V__C,s__Covering) & s__instance(V__C,s__BodyMotion) & s__instance(V__P,s__Human) & s__experiencer(V__C,V__P) & s__instrument(V__C,V__E) & s__patient(V__C,V__EYE) & s__instance(V__EYE,s__Eye) & s__part(V__EYE,V__P) & s__part(V__E,V__P)))' s__Nose__t 'The &%Organ of &%Smelling.' '(secretesSubstance ?OBJ ?STUFF) means that the subclass of &%OrganicObject (either &%Organism or &%BodyPart) ?OBJ produces the subclass of &%Substance ?STUFF.' s__ThyroidGland__t 'A &%Gland in the neck that produces &%HormoneTSH, which regulates body weight, metabolic rate, etc.' s__ThyroidHormone s__ThyroidHormone__t 'A &%Hormone secreted by the &%ThyroidGland.' s__PituitaryGland s__PituitaryGland__t 'The main &%Gland of the endocrine system.' s__HormoneTSH s__HormoneTSH__t s__Pancreas s__Pancreas__t 'A large &%Gland that secretes &%Insulin and other substances.' s__Insulin s__Insulin__t 'A &%Hormone secreted by the &%Pancreas that is used to regulate the metabolism of &%Carbohydrates.' s__Arm__t 'The upper &%Limbs of a &%Primate.' s__Hand__t 'The grasping, fingered part of an upper limb of a &%Primate.' s__DigitAppendage 'Any of the extremities of &%Limbs that are found in the higer &%Vertebrates and the &%Amphibians.' s__Toad s__Toad__t 'An &%Amphibian that lacks a &%Tail and lives at least partially outside of water.' s__Finger s__DigitAppendage__t 'The five extremities of &%Hands.' s__Thumb s__Thumb__t s__Finger__t 'The thick, short &%Finger of each &%Hand.' s__NailDigit s__NailDigit__t 'Any of the horny structures which are found on the &%DigitAppendages of &%Primates and other &%Animals. This includes fingernails and toenails.' s__Fingerprint s__Fingerprint__t 'That pattern of arches, loops, and whorls that mark the imprint of a &%Finger.' s__Limb__t 'Any of the limbs of a &%Vertebrate. Animal Appendages with joints that are used for movement and grasping.' s__Snake s__Snake__t 'A long and narrow &%Reptile which lacks &%Limbs.' s__Rattlesnake s__Rattlesnake__t 'A subclass of &%Snake which derives its name from the fact that it can manipulate its tail in such a way as to produce a sound like that of a rattle.' s__ConstrictorSnake s__ConstrictorSnake__t 'A &%Snake that lacks venom and kills its prey by crushing it to death.' s__AntInsect s__AntInsect__t 'A colony &%Insect of three types: males, &%QueenInsect, and worker ants.' s__Anaconda s__Anaconda__t 'A very large Boa that is found in South America.' s__Bee 'A hairy &%Insect, some species of which produce honey and/or sting.' s__BumbleBee s__BumbleBee__t s__Bee__t 'A large &%Bee which lacks a stinger.' s__FlyInsect s__FlyInsect__t '&%Insects with &%Wings and two &%Limbs.' s__Grasshopper s__Grasshopper__t '&%Insects with enormous legs that are used for jumping.' s__Moth s__Moth__t 'Nocturnal &%Insect with a large body and antennae.' s__QueenInsect s__QueenInsect__t s__WorkerInsect 'A &%Female &%Insect which is the sole member of her colony with the capability to reproduce.' s__WorkerInsect__t 'Sterile members of an &%Insect colony which are responsible for locating food and caring for eggs, larvae, etc.' s__Leg__t 'The lower &%Limbs of &%Animals, used for locomotion.' s__Foot__t 'The lower part of a &%Limb, the part which makes contact with the ground in locomotion of the &%Animal.' s__Ankle s__Ankle__t s__BodyJoint__t 'The joint in the &%Leg that connects the tibia and the fibula to the talus.' s__Elbow s__Elbow__t 'The joint in the &%Arm connecting the forearm and the upper arm.' s__Wrist__t 'The joint in the &%Arm connecting the radius and carpal bones.' s__Toe s__Toe__t 'The five extremities of a &%Foot.' s__Knee s__Knee__t 'The joint in the &%Leg connecting the tibia and fibula with the femur.' s__Shoulder s__Shoulder__t 'The part of a &%Primate between the &%Arm and the neck.' s__Knuckle s__Knuckle__t 'Any joint in a &%Finger.' s__Torso s__Torso__t 'The body of a &%Primate excluding its &%Limbs.' s__Breast s__Breast__t 'The paired &%Organs which are part of the chests of &%Primates.' s__Head__t 'The part of the body containing the sense organs and the brain.' s__Neck__t 'The part of the body that connects the &%Head to the rest of the body.' s__Face__t 'The part of the &%Head from forehead to chin and from ear to ear.' s__Chin s__Chin__t 'A part of the &%Face which protrudes slightly and which is lower than all other parts of the &%Face.' s__ExpressingInLanguage s__ExpressingApproval s__ExpressingDisapproval '&%Expressing favor about a physical thing or a state of affairs.' '&%Expressing disfavor about a physical thing or a state of affairs.' s__Regretting s__Regretting__t s__ExpressingDisapproval__t '&%ExpressingDisapproval about a state of affairs that has already occurred.' s__ExpressingFarewell s__ExpressingFarewell__t 'Any instance of &%Expressing an acknowledgment of a persons departure. Note that this class is not a subclass of &%LinguisticCommunication, because it covers gestures of departure, e.g. &%Waving and &%Nodding in certain circumstances.' s__Congratulating s__Congratulating__t 'Any &%ExpressingApproval to a person for something that the person did in the past and that is regarded as being to the benefit of the person congratulated.' s__FacialExpression 'Any &%Gesture whose &%instrument is the &%Face.' s__Smiling s__Smiling__t 'Spreading the lips in such a way as to convey happiness.' s__Frowning s__Frowning__t 'Furrowing the forehead in such a way as to convey unhappiness.' s__Laughing s__Laughing__t s__FacialExpression__t 'Expressing happiness by &%Vocalizing in a certain way.' s__Weeping s__Weeping__t '&%Expressing unhappiness by shedding tears.' s__Nodding s__Nodding__t 'Moving the &%Head up and down or side to side to indicate approval or disapproval.' s__HandGesture 'Any &%Gesture which involves the &%Hands.' s__Waving s__Waving__t s__HandGesture__t 'Moving a &%Hand to indicate a greeting, farewell, recognition, goodwill, etc.' s__Clapping s__Clapping__t 'Bringing the &%Hands together repeatedly to make a loud noise.' s__Inclining s__Inclining__t 'Moving ones body downward from a vertical position. Note that this class covers cases of leaning forward, as well as those of reclining backwards.' s__Bowing s__Bowing__t 'Any downward motion of the body that indicates respect for or submission to another &%Agent.' s__Sinking s__Sinking__t 'The class of &%Falling processes that occur in a &%WaterArea.' s__Ducking s__Ducking__t 'Purposely moving ones body downward in such a way as to avoid being hit by something.' '(~ (? [V__IMPACT] : (s__instance(V__IMPACT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__IMPACT,s__Impacting) & s__patient(V__IMPACT,V__AGENT))))' s__ExpressingInLanguage__t 'Any instance of &%Expressing that is also an instance of &%LinguisticCommunication, e.g. thanking someone, expressing condolence, expressing disapproval with an utterance rather than a &%Gesture, etc.' s__TonalLanguage s__TonalLanguage__t 'Any &%SpokenHumanLanguage that uses pitch to differentiate otherwise identical words, e.g. Chinese.' s__Thanking s__Thanking__t s__ExpressingApproval__t 'Any &%ExpressingInLanguage of appreciation to a person for something that the person did in the past.' s__Greeting__t 'Any instance of &%Expressing an acknowledgment of a persons arrival. Note that this class is not a subclass of &%ExpressingInLanguage, because it covers gestures of greeting, e.g. &%Waving and &%Nodding in certain circumstances.' '(&%half ?HALF ?WHOLE) means that ?HALF is one half of ?WHOLE.' '(third ?THIRD ?WHOLE) means that ?THIRD is one third of ?WHOLE.' '(quarter ?QUART ?WHOLE) means that ?QUART is a quarter of ?WHOLE.' '(&%most ?MOST ?WHOLE) means that ?MOST is a &%part of ?WHOLE that is greater than &%half of ?WHOLE.' s__Blueprint__t 'An &%Icon which is a scale model of an &%Artifact, whether the &%Artifact actually exists or not.' '(? [V__ARTIFACT] : (s__instance(V__ARTIFACT,s__Artifact) & s__represents(V__PLAN,V__ARTIFACT)))' s__Chart s__Chart__t 'An &%Icon which depicts one or more quantities.' s__Flag 'An &%Icon made of &%Fabric that refers to a particular &%GeopoliticalArea.' s__NationalFlag s__NationalFlag__t s__Flag__t 'A &%Flag that is the official flag of a &%Nation, e.g. the stars and stripes is the &%NationalFlag of the United States.' s__GraphDiagram s__GraphDiagram__t s__ArrowIcon s__ArrowIcon__t 'An &%Icon which has the shape of an arrow and which is used to indicate direction or a relationship between two things.' s__Map s__Map__t 'An &%Icon which represents one or more &%GeographicAreas (or even the entire &%Earth).' s__Photograph s__Photograph__t 'An &%Image that is the result of a process of &%Photographing.' s__Photographing s__Photographing__t '&%ContentDevelopment where the &%instrument is a camera and the &%result is a &%Photograph.' s__Camera s__Camera__t 'A &%Device which is capable of &%Photographing.' s__TonMass 'English mass unit that is equal to 2000 pounds.' s__MetricTon '&%MetricTon is a &%UnitOfMeasure that represents a weight of 2,205 &%PoundMass.' "2205" s__LongTon '&%LongTon is the &%UnitOfMeasure, equal to 2,240 &%PoundMass, which is used to measure Dead Weight Tonnage capacity of &%Ships.' "2240" s__CubicFoot '&%CubicFoot is a unit for measuring volume, equal to a volume of one foot length in each dimension of length, width, and height.' 'Registry Ton' s__RegistryTon 'Gross Ton' '&%RegistryTon is a unit of measure used to represent the Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT) capacity of &%Ships. GRT is based on a volume measure, with one &%RegistryTon equal to a volume of 100 cubic feet.' s__Page 'A single page of &%Text.' s__LiquorShot 'A &%UnitOfMeasure used in preparing &%AlcoholicBeverages.' s__MillenniumDuration 'The &%UnitOfDuration of 1000 years.' s__Acre 'A &%UnitOfMeasure equal to 4840 square yards.' s__SquareMile '&%SquareMile represents a &%UnitOfMeasure equal to one square &%Mile.' s__SquareYard '&%SquareYard represents a &%UnitOfMeasure equal to one square &%YardLength.' s__YardLength '(creator ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that some &%Agent ?AGENT is the creator of some &%Entity ?ENTITY' creator '&%Music refers to the conception of music - its notes, tempo, arrangement, lyrics, etc. as thought by its composers and lyricist. Some types of &%Music are conceptualized with only the background instrumentation thought of, while some types of &%Music are conceptualized with the thought of having both lyrics and musical composition combined.' music s__MusicalComposition__t s__Music__t '&%MusicalComposition refers to the the conception of a musical arrangement not including any &%LyricalContent.' 'musical composition' 'Currently, MusicalComposition is treated as text, and there is no propositional content related to it. This is dangerous, as there could be millions of instances of (for instance) sheet music containing Beethovens Fifth Symphony, and only having MusicalComposition equal to an object would imply that all of this different instances are different from each other. You could also have many different arrangements of the same musical composition. As such, I propose making MusicalComposition a Proposition, which refers more to the conception of the music, and SheetMusic the content bearing object that contains information about a particular MusicalComposition. (09-13-2011)' s__Song s__Song__t '&%Song refers to the conception of music that includes both &%MusicalComposition and &%LyricalComposition. While a &%Song can be interpreted without its &%LyricalContent, or its &%LyricalContent is used elsewhere, the idea of &%Song as it was originally conceptualized is that it contains both.' song s__LyricalContent__t '&%LyricalContent is the conceptual idea of &%Lyrics.' 'It is important to distinguish the propositional content of &%Lyrics from the text that displays it. Some songs are translated from one language to another, but use essentially the same Lyrical content. (09-15-2011)' 'lyrical content' '(? [V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__S,s__Singing) & s__patient(V__S,V__X)))' s__LegislativeBill 'The &%Attribute of being a proposed law, i.e. being under consideration by a legislative body of &%Government.' s__PassingABill__t 'The &%Process of converting a &%LegislativeBill into &%Law by a duly authorized legislative body of &%Government.' s__InternationalLaw 'An &%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that express &%Laws concerning the relations between &%Nations.' s__Illegal s__Legal 'A proposition is &%Illegal just in case it is inconsistent with any proposition that is a &%Law.' 'A proposition is &%Legal just in case it is not inconsistent with any proposition that is a &%Law.' s__CriminalAction__t 'Any &%IntentionalProcess that violates a &%Law.' s__PoliticalCrime s__PoliticalCrime__t 'A &%CriminalAction that is committed by or against &%Governments.' s__PoliticalRevolution s__PoliticalRevolution__t 'The violent overthrow of one &%Government and its replacement by another. This covers grass-roots revolutions, as well as coups detat.' '(V__GOV1 = s__GovernmentFn(V__A))' '(V__GOV2 = s__GovernmentFn(V__A))' s__LawEnforcement 'Any &%RegulatoryProcess where the agent is either a &%PoliceOrganization or a member of a &%PoliceOrganization. This covers everything from issuing a traffic ticket to arresting someone on suspicion of having committed a &%Murder.' s__Imprisoning s__Imprisoning__t 'The class of &%Confining processes where the detainee is put in &%Prison.' s__Espionage s__Espionage__t 'Any Investigating by one &%Government of another &%Government where the second Government does not know that it is being spied upon.' s__Polling s__Polling__t 'Investigating what people believe (and in what proportions) by asking a set of structured questions to a random sample of people.' s__MilitaryInfiltration s__MilitaryInfiltration__t 'Any &%Process by a &%MilitaryOrganization which involves moving through enemy positions without detection by the enemy.' s__Agreement__t '&%Agreement is the class of &%Propositions that express the contents of agreements entered into by &%CognitiveAgents. &%Agreement includes treaties, contracts, purchase orders, pledges, marriage vows, etc. An &%Agreement may be written down in a document or other &%ContentBearingObject, it can be verbal &%Communication, it can even be an implied agreement.' agreement '(&%partyToAgreement ?AGENT ?PROP) means that the &%Agent ?AGENT has committed to the agreement ?PROP.' 'party to agreement' '(&%agreementPeriod ?AGREEMENT ?DURATION) holds if ?DURATION specifies a &%TimeDuration, which is the length of time that the ?AGREEMENT is &%ActiveAgreement.' '(&%agreementEffectiveDate ?AGREEMENT ?TIME) means that ?AGREEMENT goes into effect at &%TimePoint ?TIME, and remains an &%ActiveAgreement for &%TimeDuration ?DURATION.' s__TimePeriodFn__m '(&%TimePeriodFn ?TIMEPOINT ?DURATION) accepts &%TimePoint ?TIMEPOINT and &%TimeDuration ?DURATION and returns a &%TimeInterval that starts from ?TIMEPOINT and ends at the end of ?DURATION' 'time period function' '(&%agreementExpirationDate ?AGREEMENT ?ENDDATE) means that ?ENDDATE is the date on which ?AGREEMENT is no longer &%ActiveAgreement.' '(~ s__property(V__AGREEMENT,s__ActiveAgreement))' '(&%agreementClause ?PROP ?ATTR ?AGREEMENT ?AGENT) means that &%Proposition ?PROP, which has &%modalAttribute ?ATTR, is part of &%Agreement ?AGREEMENT and, with &%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT being the one responsible to make the statement true' 'agreement clause' '(? [V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__realization(V__PROC,V__PROP) & s__agent(V__PROC,V__AGENT)))' s__ActiveAgreement '&%ActiveAgreement describes an &%Agreement that is still binding or is still in effect' 'active agreement' '(? [V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__realization(V__PROC,V__AGREEMENT)))' s__NakedPromise 'A &%Promise where nothing is promised in return, i.e. a nudum pactum.' '&%Contract is a type of &%Agreement that is legally enforceable, meaning a &%CognitiveAgent can pursue other parties of the agreement in a court of law if provisions of the contract are not followed or kept. It follows that all subpropositions of the &%Contract is &%Legal.' contract '(? [V__LEGAL] : (s__instance(V__LEGAL,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__instance(V__LEGAL,s__LegalAction) & s__plaintiff(V__LEGAL,V__AGENT2) & s__defendant(V__LEGAL,V__AGENT1)))' s__MarriageContract 'An &%Contract between a married couple about how assets owned by the couple will be distributed in the event that the couple is divorced.' s__PurchaseContract 'A &%Contract between two &%Agents in which one &%Agent agrees to render the other some good or service in exchange for currency.' 'A &%Contract where an &%Agent agrees to perform a service for another &%Agent (usually for a price).' s__Warranty 'A &%Contract that states the cirumstances under which defects in the product will be corrected for no charge. A &%Warranty is usually limited to a length of time that is specified in the &%Warranty itself. A &%Warranty also includes information about what is not covered and actions that invalidate the &%Warranty.' s__Treaty 'Any &%Contract which holds between two or more &%Nations.' s__Supposition s__Question s__Request s__Order s__Statement__t 'A &%Sentence that is stated to be true.' s__Fact s__Fact__t 'The class of &%Statements that are &%True.' s__Question__t 'An interrogative &%Sentence, a &%Sentence that poses a question.' s__Supposition__t 'A &%Sentence that is assumed to be true, possibly just for the sake of argument.' s__Request__t 'A &%Sentence that expresses a request for something or that something be done.' s__Order__t 'A &%Sentence that expresses an order for something or that something be done.' 'In ver 1.111 of Mid-level-ontology.kif , it says that (&%subclass &%AudioRecording &%Text). This does not seem right. Deleting that statement. Creating a parent class called &%Recording which means something that captures a &%Process that happened in real life. &%AudioRecording and &%VideoRecording will inherit from there. A &%Photograph is also a still recording of what happened in real life - as opposed to Graphic Art which is more of an &%ArtWork than a &%Recording, so it will also inherit from &%Recording. (09-14-2011)' 'A representation of sound on some medium such as wax cylinder, vinyl record, magnetic tape, CD or flash memory, that is intended to be used in some machine to reproduce that sound.' '(&%record ?OBJ ?PHYS), a more specific relationship than &%represents, means that some &%Physical ?PHYS is captured and interpreted into a &%ContentBearingObject that is stored in some &%DataStorageDevice' record 'Adding a more specific relation than &%represents. While &%represents can be something like a &%Logo that represents a &%Brand, &%record is more strict in the sense that it is an accurate rendering of some &%Process that occurred in real life. (09-14-2011).' '(&%stored ?REC ?OBJ) means that some &%ContentBearingObject, encoded in some format, is saved in some &%DataStorageDevice and can be accessed in some future date.' stored 'Adding a stored method that is specific to storing &%ContentBearingObject such as &%SymbolicString, &%Recording, etc. in a &%DataStorageDevice. Will be changing some axioms to use this instead of other, vaguer ways of describing it.' s__Recording__t '&%Recording refers to a &%ContentBearingObject that represents some &%Process that happened in real life' recording s__MusicRecording__t s__AudioRecording__t '&%MusicRecording refers to an &%AudioRecording of the &%Process of &%MakingMusic.' 'music recording' s__SheetMusic s__SheetMusic__t '&%SheetMusic refers to the &%ContentBearingObject that contains a representation of a &%MusicalComposition, using different musical symbols' 'sheet music' s__MusicText s__MusicText__t 'A &%Text in a &%Language that represents a form of music.' s__VideoRecording__t 'A representation of video on some medium such as film, videotape or DVD. Instances of this class are also commonly instances of &%AudioRecording.' '(? [V__AUDIO] : (s__instance(V__AUDIO,s__Object) & s__instance(V__AUDIO,s__AudioRecording) & s__part(V__AUDIO,V__VIDEO)))' '&%MediaSystem is a &%Collection of components that enable the &%RadiatingSound of &%AudioRecording and &%RadiatingLight of &%VideoRecording' 'media system' '((? [V__VIDEO,V__RL] : (s__instance(V__RL,s__Process) & s__instance(V__VIDEO,s__VideoRecording) & s__instance(V__RL,s__RadiatingLight) & s__patient(V__RL,V__VIDEO) & s__instrument(V__RL,V__PLAYER))) | (? [V__AUDIO,V__RS] : (s__instance(V__RS,s__Process) & s__instance(V__AUDIO,s__AudioRecording) & s__instance(V__RS,s__RadiatingSound) & s__patient(V__RS,V__AUDIO) & s__instrument(V__RS,V__PLAYER))))' s__Label s__Label__t 'A very brief &%Text that is attached to an &%Object and that indicates very specific information about the &%Object, e.g. its name, its &%monetaryValue, etc.' s__FormText__t 'A page or set of pages containing spaces where information is to be entered by an &%Agent.' s__TestForm s__TestForm__t 'A &%FormText which is intended to measure some aspect of the cognitive capabilities, e.g. intelligence or knowledge of a domain, of the person taking the test.' s__Ballot s__Ballot__t 'A &%FormText which is used in &%Voting. A list of candidates is printed on the form, and the voter selects the candidate he/she wants to vote for.' '(? [V__V] : (s__instance(V__V,s__Process) & s__instance(V__V,s__Voting) & s__instrument(V__V,V__B)))' s__Application s__Application__t 'A &%FormText whose purpose is to obtain admission to an &%Organization or to receive assistance from an &%Organization.' '(? [V__JOIN,V__GIVE] : (s__instance(V__JOIN,s__JoiningAnOrganization) | s__instance(V__GIVE,s__UnilateralGiving)))' s__Announcement s__Announcement__t 'Any &%Text which contains information about an event in the future.' s__PerformanceProgram s__PerformanceProgram__t 'A &%Text that describes the events and/or participants in a &%Performance.' s__MotionPictureShot s__MotionPictureShot__t 'A unit of action in a &%MotionPicture, a &%MotionPictureShot is a sequence of images which are captured by a single camera without interruption.' s__MotionPictureScene s__MotionPictureScene__t 'A discrete part of a &%MotionPicture which is set in the same time period and the same location.' s__Documentary s__Documentary__t 'A &%MotionPicture which purports to represent the facts about a person, event, etc.' s__BroadcastProgram s__Series s__BroadcastProgram__t s__Series__t 'A &%Series of episodes that are broadcast on television or radio.' s__Broadcasting s__NewsProgram s__NewsProgram__t 'A &%BroadcastProgram that is devoted to reporting the latest events in a city, region, nation or the world at large.' s__SeriesVolumeFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that maps a type of &%Series (e.g. the Encyclopedia_Britannica or the Popular_Mechanics periodical) and a number to the volumes of the text type designated by the number.' s__Periodical 'A &%Text consisting of multiple self-contained units. Some examples are an encyclopedia containing a couple dozen volumes, a television series made up of many episodes, a film serial, etc.' s__PeriodicalIssueFn__m 'A &%BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of &%Periodical and a number to all of the issues of the &%Periodical corresponding to the number.' s__Periodical__t 'A &%Series whose elements are published separately and on a periodic basis.' s__Article 'A relatively short &%Text that either is unbound or is bound with other &%Articles in a &%Book.' s__Chapter s__Chapter__t 'A numbered and/or titled section of a &%Book, which is typically indicated in a table of contents for the &%Book.' 'A &%BinaryPredicate used to indicate the title of a &%ContentBearingPhysical. Note that the second argument type restriction is a subclass, rather than an instance, of &%ContentBearingPhysical. Thus, the title Murder_on_the_Orient_Express corresponds to a large class of &%Books, and not just to a single copy of the book.' '(formerName ?NAME ?THING) means that the string ?NAME is a name formerly used for ?THING.' '(&%familyName ?STRING ?HUMAN) means that the &%SymbolicString ?STRING denotes a non-optional name that ?HUMAN has inherited by virtue of being born into a particular family (kin group). surname is another word for this type of name. Cf. &%givenName.' '(middleName ?CHAR ?INDIV) means that the &%SymbolicString ?CHAR contains the middle name of the &%Human ?INDIV.' '(&%givenName ?STRING ?HUMAN) means that ?STRING is a name selected for ?HUMAN, usually from among many options, as opposed to a mandatory name (cf. &%familyName) that ?HUMAN has inherited by virtue of being born into a certain kin group, caste, or occupation.' '(localLongName ?NAME ?THING) means that the string ?NAME is the long form of the name used for ?THING in its local area or language.' '(localShortName ?NAME ?THING) means that the string ?NAME is the short form of the name used for ?THING in its local area or language.' s__Message__t 'A &%FactualText which is intended to be delivered to and read by a &%Human, &%GroupOfPeople or &%Organization.' s__Report s__Report__t 'A relatively brief &%FactualText, often it describes the findings of a study or experiment, or a series of observations.' s__Newspaper s__Newspaper__t 'A &%Periodical that is published on a daily or weekly basis, that contains &%Reports, and whose issues are printed on newsprint paper.' s__Magazine s__Magazine__t 'A &%Periodical that is softbound and printed on glossy paper.' s__Letter__t 'A brief message which is intended to be mailed to a person or &%Organization.' '&%Holiday is the class of time periods that are observed as holidays in a country, culture, or religion. Holidays may recur annually on the same date, or they may be moveable, for example, &%UnitedStatesThanksgivingDay falls on the last &%Thursday of each &%November.' s__FixedHoliday__t s__Holiday__t '&%FixedHoliday is the class of &%Holidays whose observance is fixed to recurrences of the calendar day that the holiday commemorates. See &%commemoratesDate.' s__MoveableHoliday__t '&%MoveableHoliday is the class of &%Holidays whose observance is not fixed to recurrences of any particular calendar day. For example, &%UnitedStatesMemorialDay is observed on the last &%Monday of &%May.' s__HolidayCard s__HolidayCard__t 'A stiff piece of &%Paper, usually folded over, which is sent to others in celebration of a &%Holiday.' s__HistoricalAccount s__NarrativeText s__HistoricalAccount__t 'A &%FactualAccount that describes significant events that occurred in the past.' s__Biography s__Biography__t 'A &%HistoricalAccount which is concerned with the life of a single &%Human.' s__FinancialText s__FinancialText__t 'A &%Report about monetary figures. This class covers &%FinancialBills, balance sheets, account statements, etc.' s__FinancialBill s__FinancialBill__t 'A brief statement that the stated amount of money is owed by the person to whom the bill is delivered.' s__ReferenceBook s__ReferenceBook__t 'A &%Book which is not intended to be read from cover to cover, but which is meant to be consulted to answer specific factual questions, e.g. about the meaning of a word, the location of a country, etc.' s__Dictionary s__Dictionary__t 'A &%ReferenceBook which specifies the meanings of the &%Words of a &%Language.' s__NarrativeText__t 'Any &%Text that tells a story, whether true or false.' s__ShortStory s__ShortStory__t s__Article__t 'A brief work of fiction, often bound with other short stories in a &%Book or &%Periodical.' s__MysteryStory s__MysteryStory__t 'A &%FictionalText whose central plot element is a crime of some sort, usually a murder.' s__Novel s__Novel__t 'A &%FictionalText that is larger than a &%ShortStory and that is bound independently (i.e. it is a &%Book).' s__DramaticPlay 'A &%FictionalText that is intended to be realized as &%DramaticActing.' '(? [V__ACT,V__PROP] : (s__instance(V__PROP,s__Proposition) & s__instance(V__ACT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__ACT,s__DramaticActing) & s__containsInformation(V__PLAY,V__PROP) & s__realization(V__ACT,V__PROP)))' s__Opera s__Opera__t s__DramaticPlay__t 'A &%DramaticPlay that is set to &%MakingMusic.' 'A &%Romance language that is the official language of France and Belgium, and is widely spoken in Africa.' 'A &%Germanic language that is spoken primarily in Germany and Austria.' 'An Indo-European language that is spoken in &%Greece.' 'A &%Language that was spoken in ancient &%Rome and is still the official language of the &%Vatican.' 'A Slavic language that is spoken in &%Russia.' 'A &%Romance language that is the official language of Spain, Mexico, and many Central and South American countries.' s__LiteracyAttribute s__LiteracyAttribute__t 'If an individual has the &%attribute &%LiteracyAttribute, that individual is able to read and write.' s__Industry__t 'The class of &%Collections of &%Corporations which are in the same line of business.' s__Chimney s__Chimney__t 'A thin passageway through which &%Smoke from a controlled fire is conducted &%Outside of a &%Building or &%Room.' '(? [V__S,V__R] : (s__instance(V__R,s__Process) & s__instance(V__S,s__Smoke) & s__instance(V__R,s__Removing) & s__instrument(V__R,V__C)))' s__Curb s__Curb__t 'A raised concrete or asphalt structure that connects a &%Sidewalk with a &%Roadway.' s__Sidewalk s__Paved s__Unpaved s__Stairway s__Stairway__t 'A &%StationaryArtifact which allows one to climb, step by step, from one level to another.' '(? [V__L1,V__L2] : (s__instance(V__L2,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__L1,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__L1,s__BuildingLevel) & s__instance(V__L2,s__BuildingLevel) & s__part(V__L1,V__B) & s__part(V__L2,V__B) & s__connects(V__S,V__L1,V__L2)))' s__Steps s__Steps__t s__Ladder s__Ladder__t 'An &%Artifact which consists of two parallel supports connected by a series of rungs which can be used to ascend or descend.' 'A Transparent material is one through which it is possible to have &%Seeing.' '(? [V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__S,s__Seeing) & s__agent(V__S,V__A) & s__destination(V__S,V__D) & s__between(V__O,V__A,V__D)))' s__Curtain s__WindowCovering s__Curtain__t 'A piece of &%Fabric whose purpose is &%Covering a &%Window so as to keep out the light or prevent people from seeing inside.' 'An &%Artifact composed of transparent material that admits light (and possibly air) into a &%Room, &%Building or &%Vehicle.' s__Skylight s__Skylight__t 'A &%Window that is part of the &%Ceiling of a &%Room.' s__RearWindow__t 'Any &%VehicleWindow which is located at the back of an &%RoadVehicle.' s__WindowCovering__t 'An &%Artifact that is used to cover Windows. Note that this class includes blinds, drapes, shutters, etc.' '(? [V__C,V__W] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Covering) & s__patient(V__C,V__W) & s__instance(V__W,s__Window) & s__instrument(V__C,V__WC)))' s__AdjoiningRoom '&%AdjoiningRoom describes a &%Room that has another Room &%Adjacent to it, and a doorway existing on their common wall to allow access from one room to another' 'adjoining room' s__Door s__TransitwayObstacle '&%TransitwayObstacle is the general class of &%Objects that can act as obstacles to &%Motion along a &%Transitway.' s__Door__t s__TransitwayObstacle__t 'An &%Artifact that restricts and permits access to a &%StationaryArtifact (e.g. &%Building or &%Room) depending on whether the &%Door is open or locked. Note that the class &%Door also covers gates, because it is not possible to define objective criteria that reliably distinguish doors from gates.' s__Doorway s__Hinge__t 'An &%EngineeringComponent that connects one thing to another in such a way that they can move relative to one another.' '(? [V__OBJ1,V__OBJ2] : (s__instance(V__OBJ2,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__OBJ1,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__connects(V__HINGE,V__OBJ1,V__OBJ2) & (s__capability(s__Rotating,s__patient__m,V__OBJ1) | s__capability(s__Rotating,s__patient__m,V__OBJ2))))' s__Doorway__t 'A &%StationaryArtifact consisting of a frame that holds a &%Door.' s__Wall__t 'A &%StationaryArtifact that supports a &%Building or partitions it into &%Rooms.' s__Floor__t 'A &%StationaryArtifact that is the bottom surface of a &%Room.' 'A &%StationaryArtifact that is the top surface of a &%Room.' s__Roof s__Roof__t 'The &%top of a &%Building.' s__Fireplace s__Fireplace__t 'A &%Device in a &%Building which is used for burning wood, coal, etc for heat.' '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Combustion) & s__eventLocated(V__C,V__F)))' s__Balcony s__Balcony__t 'A &%Balcony is a platform projecting from the wall of a building, surrounded by some type of railing' balcony s__BuildingLevel__t 'The story or level of a building, e.g. the &%Basement, the &%Attic, the ground level, the fourteenth floor, etc.' s__Basement s__Basement__t 'A &%BuildingLevel which satisfies two conditions, viz. it is lower than all of the other &%BuildingLevels in the same &%Building and it is below ground level.' s__Elevator s__Elevator__t 'A &%TransportationDevice consisting of a car that moves up and down in a vertical shaft so that people or objects can move from one floor to another in a building.' '(? [V__T,V__L1,V__L2,V__B] : (s__instance(V__B,s__Object) & s__instance(V__L2,s__Object) & s__instance(V__L1,s__Object) & s__instance(V__T,s__Process) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transportation) & s__origin(V__T,V__L1) & s__instance(V__L1,s__BuildingLevel) & s__destination(V__T,V__L2) & s__instance(V__L2,s__BuildingLevel) & (~ (V__L1 = V__L2)) & s__part(V__L1,V__B) & s__part(V__L2,V__B) & s__instance(V__B,s__Building)))' s__Pump__t 'A &%Device that moves &%Fluids by means of pressure or suction.' s__Oar s__Oar__t 'A &%Device consisting of a flat, broad surface attached to a handle that is used as an instrument in &%Rowing.' '(? [V__R] : (s__instance(V__R,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R,s__Rowing) & s__instrument(V__R,V__O)))' s__Garage s__Garage__t 'A &%Building or part of a &%Building which is intended to house one or more &%RoadVehicle when they are not in use or are under repair.' '(? [V__AUTO] : (s__instance(V__AUTO,s__RoadVehicle) & s__contains(V__GARAGE,V__Automobile)))' s__Bathroom__t 'A &%Room that contains a &%WashBasin and possibly a &%Toilet.' s__Closet s__Closet__t 'A relatively small &%Room used for storage.' '(? [V__K,V__O] : (s__instance(V__O,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__K,s__Process) & s__instance(V__K,s__Keeping) & s__patient(V__K,V__O) & s__located(V__O,V__R)))' s__DressingRoom s__DressingRoom__t 'Any &%Room which is intended for &%ChangingClothing.' '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__ChangingClothing) & s__eventLocated(V__C,V__R)))' s__SittingArea__t '&%SittingArea refers to a &%Region, either &%Indoor (like a Living Room) or &%Outdoor (like a Garden sitting area) where people normally sit and entertain guests' 'sitting area' s__KitchenArea 'a &%KitchenArea refers to a &%Region, either &%Outdoors or &%Indoors, that is intended for &%Cooking' 'kitchen area' '(? [V__C] : (s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Cooking) & s__eventLocated(V__C,V__K)))' s__Kitchen s__Kitchen__t s__KitchenArea__t 'A &%Room intended for &%Cooking.' '(? [V__COOK] : (s__instance(V__COOK,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__COOK,s__Cooking) & s__located(V__COOK,V__ROOM)))' s__DiningArea__t 'a &%DiningArea refers to a &%Region, either &%Outdoors or &%Indoors, that is intended for &%Eating' 'dining area' '(? [V__E] : (s__instance(V__E,s__Process) & s__instance(V__E,s__Eating) & s__eventLocated(V__E,V__D)))' s__DiningRoom__t 'A &%Room intended primarily for &%Eating.' s__Bedroom s__Bedroom__t 'A &%Room intended primarily for sleeping.' s__Classroom s__Classroom__t 'Any Room in a &%School where education takes place.' '(? [V__E] : (s__instance(V__E,s__Process) & s__instance(V__E,s__EducationalProcess) & s__eventLocated(V__E,V__R)))' s__Porch s__Porch__t 'A &%StationaryArtifact which is &%connected to a &%Building and which provides some shelter in entering or leaving the &%Building or in sitting outside.' s__Sidewalk__t 'A prepared path for pedestrians alongside a &%Roadway.' '(? [V__WALK] : (s__instance(V__WALK,s__Motion) & s__instance(V__WALK,s__Walking) & s__path(V__WALK,V__SIDE)))' s__Fence s__Fence__t 'A &%StationaryArtifact that serves to demarcate or to prevent access to or from the area that the &%Fence surrounds.' s__SportsGround s__SportsGround__t 'A specially designated and maintained area where &%Sports are played.' '(? [V__SPORT] : (s__instance(V__SPORT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__SPORT,s__Sport) & s__eventLocated(V__SPORT,V__GROUND)))' s__IndustrialPlant s__IndustrialPlant__t 'A &%Building or part of a &%Building or group of &%Buildings whose purpose is to &%Manufacture something.' '(? [V__MANUFACTURE] : (s__instance(V__MANUFACTURE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__MANUFACTURE,s__Manufacture) & s__eventLocated(V__MANUFACTURE,V__PLANT)))' s__Laboratory s__Laboratory__t 'A &%Building, &%Room or suite of &%Rooms where scientific research, i.e. &%Experimenting, is conducted.' '(experimentalControl ?EXPERIMENT ?OBJ) means that the Object ?OBJ serves as a control in the instance of &%Experimenting ?EXPERIMENT, i.e. ?OBJ is the standard against which something else in the experiment can be compared.' s__MilitaryInstallation 'A &%StationaryArtifact consisting of grounds and &%Buildings that is intended to be used by a &%MilitaryOrganization.' s__Farm__t 'A &%StationaryArtifact consisting of a cultivated &%LandArea and &%Buildings for maintaining the land and/or the &%Animals on the land.' s__Barn s__Barn__t s__PerformanceStage__t 'A large platform for theatrical plays, lectures, dances, music recitals, etc, which can be observed by an audience.' '(? [V__PERF] : (s__instance(V__PERF,s__Process) & s__instance(V__PERF,s__Demonstrating) & s__eventLocated(V__PERF,V__STAGE)))' s__PerformanceStageWing s__PerformanceStageWing__t 'A part of the &%PerformanceStage that is not visible to members of the audience.' s__Magnetism__t 'Any instance of &%RadiatingElectromagnetic which involves the attraction of &%Iron.' 'Any instance of &%RadiatingElectromagnetic where the waves have a wavelength between 5 milimeters and 30,000 meters.' s__Broadcasting__t s__RadioEmission__t '&%Disseminating information by using a &%CommunicationDevice that radiates &%RadioEmissions.' s__RadioBroadcasting s__RadioBroadcasting__t 'Any instance of &%Broadcasting which is intended to be received by a &%RadioReceiver.' s__TelevisionBroadcasting__t 'Any instance of &%Broadcasting which is intended to be received by a &%Television.' s__PeriodicalPublisher s__PeriodicalPublisher__t 'Any &%Publisher that publishes &%Periodicals, e.g. newspaper and magazine publishing houses.' s__Antenna s__Antenna__t s__CommunicationDevice__t 'A &%CommunicationDevice which enables or improves the reception of &%RadioEmissions by another &%CommunicationDevice (the radio or television receiver).' s__Explosion__t 'Any sudden and massive release of energy that is the product of a chemical reaction.' 'A &%Demonstrating which includes &%DramaticActing and/or &%MakingMusic and which is intended to entertain the audience.' s__DramaticActing s__PerformanceAct s__PerformanceAct__t s__Performance__t 'A discrete &%subProcess of a &%Performance, e.g. an act of a play, a movement of a performance of a symphony, etc.' s__Lecture s__Lecture__t 'Any instance of &%Speaking which is done before an assembled audience.' s__Proclaiming s__Proclaiming__t 'Any instance of &%Speaking before an assembled audience that effects an institutional change, e.g. a change in the laws of the government.' s__Commenting s__Commenting__t 'Commenting is an &%IntentionalProcess where an &%Agent speaks about a &%Process it is &%Looking at.' 'Commenting' '(commentator ?AGENT ?PROCESS) means that some &%Agent ?AGENT is &%Looking at some &%Process ?PROCESS and &%Speaking about it simultaneously.' commentator s__Reciting s__Reciting__t 'Any instance of &%Speaking where what is uttered is contained within a &%Text.' s__MusicalPerformance__t 'A &%Performance that consists exclusively of &%MakingMusic, e.g. an orchestra playing a symphony to an assembled audience.' s__Sermon s__Sermon__t 'A &%Lecture that is part of a &%ReligiousService.' s__DramaticActing__t 'Playing a character in a &%Performance, &%MotionPicture, etc.' s__DramaticPerformance s__DramaticPerformance__t 'A &%Performance that consists exclusively of &%DramaticActing, e.g. a live performance of Death_of_a_Salesman in front of an audience.' s__DramaticCast s__DramaticCast__t 'The &%GroupOfPeople who engage in &%DramaticActing as part of the realization of a single &%FictionalText.' s__SocialParty s__SocialParty__t 'Any &%Meeting where the intent is primarily to socialize and be entertained.' s__FormalMeeting 'Any &%Meeting which is the result of &%Planning and whose purpose is not socializing.' s__Funeral s__Funeral__t s__Ceremony__t 'A &%FormalMeeting whose purpose is to commemorate the &%Death of someone.' s__Interviewing s__Interviewing__t s__FormalMeeting__t 'A &%FormalMeeting whose purpose is to acquire information from the interviewee that can be used in a media report.' s__Choreographing s__Choreographing__t '&%Planning that results in a sequence of dance steps that are executed as part of a &%Performance.' s__Resolution s__Resolution__t 'Any instance of &%Deciding which is conducted at a &%FormalMeeting and where the &%agent is an &%Organization.' s__Smoking s__Smoking__t 'Inhaling and exhaling &%Smoke produced by a &%CigarOrCigarette.' s__Jury s__Jury__t 'A &%GroupOfPeople who are given the duty of rendering a verdict with respect to a &%LegalAction.' '(? [V__DECISION] : (s__instance(V__DECISION,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DECISION,s__LegalDecision) & s__agent(V__DECISION,V__JURY)))' s__CriminalGang s__CriminalGang__t 'A &%GroupOfPeople which exists (partially or wholly) for the purpose of CriminalAction.' '(? [V__A] : (s__instance(V__A,s__Process) & s__instance(V__A,s__CriminalAction) & s__agent(V__A,V__G)))' s__LegalCharge s__LegalCharge__t 'Any &%LegalAction of which a &%Government is the &%agent.' s__LegalAppeal s__LegalAppeal__t 'Asking that a higher court reconsider a &%LegalDecision of a lower court.' s__Pleading s__Pleading__t '&%Stating in a court of law a claim about whether or not one is guilty of the crime of which one has been accused.' '(describes ?FORMULA ?OBJECT) means that some &%Formula ?FORMULA, as said by some &%Agent, is a statement regarding some &%Object ?OBJECT' describes s__Testifying s__Testifying__t 'Giving testimony as part of a &%JudicialProcess.' s__CourtRoom s__CourtRoom__t 'Any &%Room whose purpose is to realize &%JudicialProcesses.' s__LegalOpinion s__LegalOpinion__t 'An &%Argument that explains the reasoning behind a &%LegalDecision.' s__LegalAward s__LegalAward__t 'Any &%LegalDecision which gives to the plaintiff of the corresponding &%LegalAction some amount of monetary compensation.' '(? [V__GET,V__OBJ,V__VALUE] : (s__instance(V__VALUE,s__CurrencyMeasure) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__GET,s__Process) & s__instance(V__GET,s__Getting) & s__experiencer(V__GET,V__PLAINTIFF) & s__patient(V__GET,V__OBJ) & s__monetaryValue(V__OBJ,V__VALUE)))' s__LegalConviction s__LegalConviction__t 'Any &%LegalDecision where the defendant is found guilty of the crime for which the corresponding trial was held.' s__LegalDismissal s__LegalDismissal__t 'Any &%LegalDecision where the &%LegalAction of the plaintiff is dismissed by the court, e.g. for lack of merit.' s__LegalSummons s__LegalSummons__t 'An official order that a person appear at a &%CourtRoom at a specified time.' s__LegalAquittal s__LegalAquittal__t 'Any &%LegalDecision where the defendant is found not to be guilty of the crime for which the corresponding trial was held.' s__Sentencing s__Sentencing__t 'Any &%LegalDecision where the defendant is assigned a punishment for a &%CriminalAction which was the subject of an earlier &%LegalConviction.' '(defendant ?AGENT ?ACTION) means the &%LegalAction ?ACTION makes a legal claim against ?AGENT.' '(plaintiff ?ACTION ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is responsible for initiating the &%LegalAction ?ACTION.' s__GameCall s__GameCall__t 'A decision issued by an official referee in a &%Game. Note that &%GameCall is a subclass of &%Declaring, because these decisions have binding, normative force.' s__BeginningOperations s__BeginningOperations__t s__CeasingOperations 'The process of an &%Organization commencing operations. In the case of a &%Corporation, this would be the process of going into business.' s__OrganizationalMerging s__OrganizationalMerging__t 'The process of two or more &%Organizations merging into a single &%Organization.' '(~ (? [V__S1] : (s__instance(V__S1,s__Organization) & s__subOrganization(V__ORG1,V__S1) & s__subOrganization(V__ORG2,V__S1))))' '(? [V__S2] : (s__instance(V__S2,s__Organization) & s__subOrganization(V__ORG1,V__S2) & s__subOrganization(V__ORG2,V__S2)))' s__CeasingOperations__t 'The process of an &%Organization ceasing operations, i.e. its folding or going out of business in some other fashion.' s__BecomingDrunk s__BecomingDrunk__t s__SoberingUp 'The process of transitioning from a state of being &%Sober to a state of being &%Drunk.' 'The &%ConsciousnessAttribute of someone whose motor and cognitive faculties are not significantly impaired by a &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance.' s__SoberingUp__t 'The process of transitioning from a state of being &%Drunk to a state of being &%Sober.' s__FallingAsleep s__FallingAsleep__t s__WakingUp 'The process of transitioning from a state of being &%Awake to a state of being &%Asleep.' s__WakingUp__t 'The process of transitioning from a state of being &%Asleep to a state of being &%Awake.' s__GainingConsciousness s__GainingConsciousness__t 'The process of transitioning from a state of being &%Unconscious to a state of being &%Awake.' s__LosingConsciousness s__LosingConsciousness__t 'The process of transitioning from a state of being &%Awake to a state of being &%Unconscious.' '(&%issuedBy ?Certificate ?Agent) means that a &%Certificate ?Certificate is produced and offered by ?Agent.' s__AcademicDegree s__AcademicDegree__t 'A &%Certificate that demonstrates that the holder of the &%Certificate has successfully completed an &%EducationalProgram.' s__EducationalProgram s__License 'License is the subclass of &%Certificates that are granted by a &%GovernmentOrganization and that authorize the performance of a kind of action, e.g., driving, exporting, travelling to another country, etc.' s__Ticket s__Ticket__t 'A &%Certificate that allows the holder to perform a specified act once, e.g. ride a bus, attend a concert, obtain a prize, etc.' '(? [V__T] : s__holdsDuring(V__T,(? [V__P] : (s__instance(V__T,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & s__agent(V__P,V__AGENT) & s__experiencer(V__P,V__CUST)))))' s__Passport s__Passport__t s__License__t 'A &%License which identifies the holder and permits travel between different countries.' '(? [V__T,V__N1,V__N2] : (s__instance(V__N1,s__Object) & s__instance(V__T,s__Process) & s__instance(V__T,s__Translocation) & s__agent(V__T,V__A) & s__origin(V__T,V__N1) & s__destination(V__T,V__N2) & s__instance(V__N1,s__Nation) & s__instance(V__N2,s__Nation) & (~ (V__N1 = V__N2))))' s__PassCertificate s__PassCertificate__t 'A &%Certificate that allows the holder to be at or away from a specified location, e.g. a pass for a leave of absence, a hall pass, a pass to enter a cleared facility, etc.' s__Testament s__Testament__t 'A &%Certificate that describes how a persons property is to be distributed after the death of the person.' s__Bequeathing '(registeredItem ?DOCUMENT ?ITEM) means that the &%Text ?DOCUMENT contains an official record of the &%Physical thing ?ITEM. The registered item could be an object or an event, e.g., an automobile, a ship, a marriage, an adoption.' s__EducationalProgram__t 'A series of &%EducationalCourses that must be completed to receive an &%AcademicDegree or other &%Certificate. Note that an &%EducationalProgram, unlike an &%EducationalCourse, may be realized at more than one &%EducationalOrganization.' s__EducationalCourse s__EducationalCourse__t 'A schedule of class meetings offered by an &%EducationalOrganization.' s__SportsPlay s__SportsPlay__t 'A &%Plan for a &%Maneuver within a &%TeamSport.' s__School__t 'An &%EducationalOrganization with a curriculum, teachers, and students. Most &%Schools are housed in a &%Building dedicated to the &%EducationalOrganization.' s__PublicSchool s__PublicSchool__t 'A &%School which is financed primarily by taxes.' s__PrivateSchool s__PrivateSchool__t 'A &%School which is not publicly owned.' s__HighSchool s__HighSchool__t 'A &%School which admits &%students who have graduated from a middle school and which normally covers the ninth through twelfth grades. A &%HighSchool confers a high school diploma.' s__College s__SecondarySchool s__SecondarySchool__t 'A &%School which admits students who have graduated from a middle school and which normally covers the ninth through twelfth grades. A &%SecondarySchool confers a high school diploma.' s__VocationalSchool s__VocationalSchool__t 'Any &%School whose aim is to teach students an &%OccupationalTrade.' '(? [V__P,V__S,V__T] : (s__instance(V__T,s__Attribute) & s__instance(V__S,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__EducationalProcess) & s__eventLocated(V__P,V__VS) & s__student(V__S,V__VS) & s__experiencer(V__P,V__S) & s__instance(V__T,s__OccupationalTrade) & s__holdsDuring(s__EndFn(s__WhenFn(V__P)),s__attribute(V__S,V__T))))' s__PostSecondarySchool s__PostSecondarySchool__t s__JuniorCollege s__University 'The class of &%Schools that offer an associates degree or a bachelors degree.' s__JuniorCollege__t 'The class of &%PostSecondarySchools that offer an associates degree and do not offer a bachelors degree.' s__College__t 'A &%School which admits &%students who have graduated from high school and which confers a bachelors degree, normally requiring four years of study. Note that a &%College does not confer any graduate degrees. For institutions that confer both bachelors and graduate degrees, the concept &%University should be used.' s__University__t 'A &%School which admits &%students that have graduated from high school (known as undergraduate students) and &%students who have received a bachelors degree (known as graduate students). A &%University confers both bachelors and graduate degrees.' s__GraduateSchool s__GraduateSchool__t 'A &%School which is devoted to a specific subject area, which admits students that have a bachelors degree, which grants masters and/or doctorate degrees, and which is part of a &%University.' s__MedicalSchool s__MedicalSchool__t 'A &%GraduateSchool that is devoted to &%MedicalScience and that grants the degree of doctor of medicine.' s__ArtSchool s__ArtSchool__t 'Any &%School whose aim is to teach students how to create &%ArtWorks.' s__DaySchool s__DaySchool__t 'A &%School that does not board its students, i.e. students attend classes during the day and then return to a private residence for the night.' '(&%student ?AGENT ?ORG) means that ?AGENT is enrolled in the &%EducationalOrganization ?ORG.' '(&%teacher ?AGENT ?ORG) means that ?AGENT is a teacher at the &%EducationalOrganization ?ORG.' s__DriversLicense s__DriversLicense__t 'A &%License which identifies the holder and indicates that he has the right to drive a certain class of &%RoadVehicle.' '(? [V__D,V__V] : (s__instance(V__D,s__Process) & s__instance(V__D,s__Driving) & s__agent(V__D,V__A) & s__patient(V__D,V__V) & s__instance(V__V,s__RoadVehicle)))' s__InsurancePolicy s__InsurancePolicy__t 'A &%Certificate that states the terms of an insurance contract.' s__EconomicRelation s__EconomicRelation__t 'A class of &%Relations which are used to specify various economic measures, e.g. the GDP, the consumer price index, and the trade deficit.' s__LaborStriking s__LaborStriking__t 'A &%Process in which some or all of the employees of an &%Organization refuse to work until their pay is increased or their working conditions are improved in some respect.' s__EmploymentFiring s__EmploymentFiring__t 'Involuntarily ending ones employment. Note that this covers termination due to inadequate performance, as well as layoffs.' s__Resigning s__Resigning__t 'Voluntarily ending ones employment.' s__Retiring s__Retiring__t 'Voluntarily leaving employment at the end of ones career in order to take time off in the later years of ones life.' s__TransferringPosition s__TransferringPosition__t 'Any process within an &%Organization where a person is moved from one &%Position to another, e.g. the promotion or demotion of an employee.' '(&%monetaryWage ?ORG ?PERSON ?TIME ?MONEY) means that the &%Organization employs ?PERSON and pays him/her the amount of money ?MONEY per &%TimeDuration ?TIME.' s__GameArtifact s__GameArtifact__t s__GameBoard s__GamePiece 'An &%Artifact that is designed to be used as an &%instrument in a &%Game.' s__GameBoard__t 'A &%GameArtifact which is intended to be used as the game area for playing a particular game.' '(? [V__GAME] : (s__instance(V__GAME,s__Process) & s__instance(V__GAME,s__Game) & s__eventLocated(V__GAME,V__BOARD)))' s__GamePiece__t 'A &%GameArtifact that is moved around in a game area.' s__GameDie s__GameDie__t 'A small cube with 1 to 6 dots on each face that is used to generate numbers at random in a &%Game.' s__Ball 'Any &%GamePiece which has the shape of a sphere.' s__ShotBall s__ShotBall__t s__Ball__t 'A solid metal &%Ball that is used in the sport of shotput.' s__GameShot 'Impelling a &%GamePiece for the purpose of scoring a point or preventing the opposing player or team from scoring a point. Note that this class does not cover shots which are disallowed by the rules of the game.' s__Score s__Score__t 'A successful attempt to score a point in a &%Game.' s__GameGoal s__GameGoal__t 'The location where a &%GameShot must end up if it is to constitute a &%Score.' s__SportServe s__SportServe__t 'A &%GameShot which is part of a &%Sport and which serves to start the &%Sport, e.g. the beginning shot in &%Tennis, &%Badminton or &%Squash.' s__Throwing 'Any instance of &%Impelling where the &%instrument is an &%Arm.' s__Pitching s__Pitching__t s__Throwing__t s__GameShot__t '&%Throwing a &%Ball to the batter in a game of &%Baseball or softball.' s__Catching s__Catching__t 'Any &%Maneuver in a &%Game which results in a situation where the &%agent &%grasps the &%Ball.' s__Sign s__Sign__t s__DisplayArtifact__t s__DataDisplayDevice__t 'A Sign is a &%DisplayArtifact that displays any range of information' 'Sign' s__PlayingCard s__PlayingCard__t 'A small piece of stiff paper with markings which is intended to be used for playing card games.' s__Stretching s__Stretching__t 'Moving two sides of an object in opposite directions so that the object becomes both longer and thinner.' s__Lengthening s__Accelerating s__Accelerating__t 'Increasing the speed with which someone or something is moving.' s__Decelerating__t 'Decreasing the speed with which someone or something is moving.' s__Shortening s__Shortening__t 'Decreasing the length of something.' s__Flying s__Flying__t 'Any instance of &%Translocation which is through an &%AtmosphericRegion and which is powered by the wings of an &%Animal.' s__TakingOff s__TakingOff__t 'Any instance of &%Translocation which starts on something other than an &%AtmosphericRegion and which has an instance of &%Flying as a &%subProcess.' s__Landing s__Landing__t 'Any instance of &%Translocation which ends up on something other than an &%AtmosphericRegion and which has an instance of &%Flying as a &%subProcess.' s__Returning s__Returning__t 'Any instance of &%Translocation where the &%agent goes to a location where he/she had been before the &%Translocation took place.' s__Escaping s__Escaping__t 'Any instance of &%Translocation where the &%agent brings it about that he/she is no longer confined without having the right to do so.' s__Leaving s__Leaving__t 'The initial part of any instance of &%Translocation.' s__Arriving s__Arriving__t 'The final part of any instance of &%Translocation.' s__Immigrating s__Immigrating__t 'Any &%Translocation by a Human from one &%Nation to another &%Nation where the person is not a citizen for the purpose of taking up residence.' s__Boarding s__Boarding__t 'Getting on a &%Vehicle, e.g. getting into an &%Automobile, boarding an &%Aircraft, etc.' '(onboard ?OBJ ?VEHICLE) means that the &%SelfConnectedObject ?OBJ is inside the &%Vehicle ?VEHICLE.' s__Deboarding s__Deboarding__t 'Getting off a &%Vehicle, e.g. getting out of an Automobile, deplaning, getting off a &%WaterVehicle, etc.' '&%Motion that begins and ends at the same point, because the trajectory of the &%Motion is circular.' s__Tremor__t '&%Motion that involves rapidly &%Rotating between two positions.' '(axis ?A ?OBJ) means that a &%part ?A of an &%Object ?OBJ is the axis of rotation in a &%Rotating.' s__CentrifugalMotion s__CentrifugalMotion__t s__CentripetalMotion 'Any instance of &%Rotating where there is &%Motion away from the center of the &%Rotating.' s__CentripetalMotion__t s__Rotating__t 'Any instance of &%Rotating where there is &%Motion towards the center of the &%Rotating.' s__Reversing s__Reversing__t 'Moving something in such a way that its &%top becomes its &%bottom and vice versa.' '(s__top(V__TOP,V__OBJ) & s__bottom(V__BOTTOM,V__OBJ))' '(s__top(V__BOTTOM,V__OBJ) & s__bottom(V__TOP,V__OBJ))' s__Dripping s__Dripping__t 'Any &%LiquidMotion where the &%Liquid is moved drop by drop.' s__Stirring s__Stirring__t 'Any instance of &%LiquidMotion which is also an instance of &%Combining two or more &%Liquids.' s__Pouring s__Pouring__t 'Any instance of &%Transfer from one &%Container to another, where the thing transferred is a &%Liquid.' s__WaterWave s__WaterWave__t 'A &%WaterWave is a raised ridge of water moving along the surface of a body of water. The &%WaterWave moves in a direction approximately transverse to the crest line of the wave. The &%patient of the &%WaterWave is successive regions of water, which do not travel in the direction of the wave or with it.' '(&%waterDepth ?AREA ?LENGTH) means that the depth of water at the &%Region ?AREA is ?LENGTH.' s__Flooding__t 'Flooding is the subclass of &%LiquidMotion processes in which the water level of a &%Waterway rises or water spreads over a flood plain along a &%Waterway.' s__Spraying__t 'Any instance of &%Transfer of a &%Liquid which is accomplished by converting the &%Liquid into a mist.' s__Pulling__t '&%Pulling describe the exertion of force so as to cause or tend to cause motion towards the agent.' s__Submarine s__Submarine__t 'A &%WaterVehicle which is capable of travelling under the water level by filling tanks with water.' s__AirTransportation s__AirTransportation__t 'Any instance of &%Transportation where the &%instrument is an &%Aircraft and which is through an &%AtmosphericRegion.' s__SpaceTransportation s__SpaceTransportation__t 'Any instance of &%Transportation where the &%instrument is a &%Spacecraft and which is through a &%SpaceRegion.' s__Spacecraft s__Spacecraft__t 'Any &%Vehicle which is capable of &%SpaceTransportation.' s__Rocket 'A &%Spacecraft which has the shape of a cylinder with a cone on top and which is powered by a jet engine.' s__Missile s__Missile__t s__SelfPoweredDevice__t 'A &%Projectile which is propelled by a rocket and contains a &%Bomb.' s__Bomb s__BallisticMissile s__BallisticMissile__t 'A &%Missile which is guided for the first stage of its flight but then falls to its target for the second stage.' s__WaterTransportation s__WaterTransportation__t 'Any instance of &%Transportation where the &%instrument is a &%WaterVehicle.' s__Rowing s__Rowing__t 'Any instance of &%WaterTransportation where the instrument is an &%Oar that is manually powered.' s__LandTransportation s__LandTransportation__t 'Any instance of &%Transportation where the &%instrument is a &%LandVehicle.' s__TransportViaRoadVehicle s__TransportViaRoadVehicle__t '&%TransportViaRoadVehicle is the class of &%Transportation events in which the &%instrument is an instance of &%RoadVehicle.' s__FlyingAircraft s__FlyingAircraft__t 'Controlling the direction, speed, and altitude of an &%Aircraft' 'Flying' 'Any Vehicle which is capable of AirTransportation. Note that this class covers both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters.' s__Helicopter s__Helicopter__t s__Aircraft__t 'Any &%Aircraft with rapidly rotating wings.' s__MilitaryArtifact__t 'Any &%Artifact which is made for a &%MilitaryOrganization.' '(? [V__O] : (s__instance(V__O,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__O,s__MilitaryOrganization) & s__uses(V__A,V__O)))' s__ExplosiveDevice 'A &%Device whose purpose is to explode. Note that &%ExplosiveDevice is not a subclass of &%Weapon, since explosives can be used in demolition work and in fireworks displays, for example.' '(? [V__E,V__D] : (s__instance(V__D,s__Process) & s__instance(V__E,s__Process) & s__instance(V__E,s__Explosion) & s__instrument(V__E,V__ED) & s__causes(V__E,V__D) & s__instance(V__D,s__Damaging)))' s__ExplosiveMine s__ExplosiveMine__t 'An &%ExplosiveDevice which is designed to explode when there is movement over it, e.g. by a person on foot, by a &%RoadVehicle, etc.' s__ExplosiveSubstance s__ExplosiveSubstance__t 'Any &%Substance which is capable of exploding.' s__Driveway s__Driveway__t 'A small, private &%Roadway that is used for parking &%Automobiles or for connecting a &%Garage to a public &%Roadway.' s__OperatingFn__m '(&%OperatingFn ?DEVICE) denotes the class of events in which a &%Device of type ?device is operated.' s__Installing s__Installing__t '&%Putting a &%Device in a location and configuring the &%Device so that it can be used as intended after the installation.' s__Rock__t '&%Rock is any naturally formed aggregate of one or more minerals, consolidated or not, with some degree of mineralogic and chemical constancy, in popular use the term is usually restricted to those aggregates that are hard, compact, and coherent.' s__Soil__t '&%Soil is a substance composed of fine rock material disintegrated by geological processes, mixed with humus, the organic remains of decomposed vegetation.' s__Humus s__Clay__t 'Fine-grained soil consisting of mineral particles, not necessarily clay minerals, that are less than 0.002 mm in their maximum dimension.' "0.0002" s__Humus__t '&%Humus is decaying organic matter found in &%Soil and derived from dead animal and plant material.' s__Burying s__Burying__t s__Digging s__Digging__t 'Putting something in the ground and then covering it with &%Soil.' 'Any &%Process of removing or turning over the &%Soil.' s__Tilling 'Any &%Process of &%Digging, e.g. breaking and turning over &%Soil that facilitates &%Agriculture.' s__Tilling__t s__Entombing s__Entombing__t 'More commonly known as burying, this is the class of processes of putting a &%HumanCorpse into a Tomb. Note that this class is not a subclass of &%Burying, since some &%Tombs are not covered with &%Soil, e.g. those in a mausoleum.' s__MovingResidence s__MovingResidence__t 'The process of changing ones residence, i.e. moving ones belongs to a new &%home.' s__Harvesting s__Harvesting__t 'Gathering the plant results of &%Agriculture.' s__Drilling s__Drilling__t 'Any &%Process of producing a &%hole in a &%SelfConnectedObject which involves rotating a long, thin bit.' s__Drill s__CuttingDevice s__Drill__t s__CuttingDevice__t 'A &%Device that has the purpose of creating a &%Hole. This covers manual drills as well as electric or pneumatic drills.' '(? [V__E,V__H] : (s__instance(V__E,s__Process) & s__instance(V__E,s__Cutting) & s__instance(V__H,s__Hole) & s__result(V__E,V__H) & s__instrument(V__E,V__D)))' s__Memorizing s__Memorizing__t 'The process of committing a &%Text to memory.' s__Imagining 'Forming a mental picture of something which is not present.' s__Dreaming s__Dreaming__t s__Imagining__t 'A &%Process of producing metal images which occurs while one is &%Asleep.' s__Frightening s__Frightening__t 'Any &%PsychologicalProcess where the &%patient comes to feel &%Anxiety.' s__Execution s__Execution__t '&%Killing of a &%Human by a &%Government for the commission of a &%CriminalAction.' s__Suicide s__Suicide__t 'Any instance of &%Killing where the &%agent and the &%experiencer are identical.' s__Trespassing__t 'Entering property that does not belong to one and without the permission of the owner of the property.' s__Murder s__Murder__t 'Impermissible &%Killing of a &%Human.' s__Suffocating '&%Killing someone by asphyxiation, i.e. by depriving them of &%Oxygen.' '(s__experiencer(V__S,V__P) & (~ (? [V__B] : (s__instance(V__B,s__Process) & s__instance(V__B,s__Breathing) & s__experiencer(V__B,V__P)))))' s__Hanging s__Hanging__t s__Suffocating__t 'Suffocating someone by suspending him/her from a rope wound around the neck until asphyxiation occurs.' s__Starving s__Starving__t '&%Killing someone by depriving them of food.' s__MusicalConducting 'An &%instance of &%MusicalConducting is a &%Guiding in which the patient (entity guided) is a &%Musician or a &%MusicalGroup.' s__OrchestralConducting s__OrchestralConducting__t s__MusicalConducting__t '&%OrchestralConducting is a type of &%MusicalConducting where the patient is an &%Orchestra.' s__Orchestra 'A &%GroupOfPeople that create &%MakingMusic together.' s__Orchestra__t s__MusicalGroup__t 'A &%GroupOfPeople that create &%MakingInstrumentalMusic together.' '(? [V__MUSIC] : (s__instance(V__MUSIC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__MUSIC,s__MakingInstrumentalMusic) & s__agent(V__MUSIC,V__ORCHESTRA)))' s__DramaticDirecting s__DramaticDirecting__t 'The process of directing a &%DramaticActing in a &%MotionPicture or the &%Performance of a &%DramaticPlay.' s__Sharing s__Sharing__t 'The subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where a &%properPart of the &%patient is given by the &%agent or the &%destination.' s__Stealing s__Stealing__t 'Any &%UnilateralGetting which is not permitted by the &%origin of the &%UnilateralGetting. These cases of &%UnilateralGetting are distinguished from ones where the &%destination is the subject of charity or other forms of benefaction.' s__Robbing 'Any instance of &%Stealing which involves the threat of the use of force.' '(? [V__A] : (s__instance(V__A,s__Process) & s__instance(V__T,s__Process) & s__instance(V__A,s__Attack) & s__agent(V__A,V__P) & s__patient(V__A,V__P2)))' s__Inheriting s__Inheriting__t 'Any &%UnilateralGetting where the &%agent receives some part of the property of a person upon the death of the person.' s__Awarding s__Awarding__t '&%Giving to any &%Agent for doing some &%Process.' awarding '(hasAward ?RECIPIENT ?AWARD) means the &%Agent ?RECIPIENT recieved the &%Object ?AWARD as an award for some action they did.' 'has award' s__Bequeathing__t 'Any &%UnilateralGiving where the agent wills some part of his/her property to someone else upon his/her death.' s__SeizingProperty s__SeizingProperty__t 'Any instance of &%UnilateralGetting which is done by a &%Government and which is not permitted by the origin of the &%UnilateralGetting.' s__FullTimePosition s__PartTimePosition s__FullTimePosition__t 'Any &%Position where the employee is either salaried or paid for at least 40 hour of work per week.' 'Any &%Position where the employee is not salaried and is paid for less than 40 hours of work per week.' s__CollegeFreshman s__CollegeStudentPosition s__CollegeStudentPosition__t 'The &%Positions of a student at a &%PostSecondarySchool who has completed less than one year at the school.' s__CollegeJunior 'The &%Positions of a student at a &%PostSecondarySchool who has completed at least two years and less than three years at the school.' s__CollegeSenior 'The &%Positions of a student at a &%PostSecondarySchool who has completed at least three years and less than four years at the school.' s__CollegeSophomore 'The &%Positions of a student at a &%PostSecondarySchool who has completed at least one year and less than two years at the school.' 'Any &%Position at a &%PostSecondarySchool which is occupied exclusively by students.' s__Comedian s__EntertainmentProfession__t '&%Positions which involve performing stand-up comedy, which is recorded and/or performed in front of live audiences.' s__Treasurer 'Any &%SkilledOccupation which involves receiving and disbursing money.' s__SalesPosition s__SalesPosition__t 'Any &%Position which involves &%Selling or trying to sell items.' 'The class of &%Positions where the position holder is responsible for clerical duties, e.g. typing documents, answering phones, keeping schedules, etc.' 'Any &%Position which involves working as a waiter or servant, either for an &%Organization (e.g. a restaurant) or for a person or family.' s__Dentist 'The &%Profession of being a dentist, i.e. diagnosing and treating problems related to the teeth.' s__Pharmacist 'The &%Profession of being a pharmacist, i.e. preparing and dispensing &%BiologicallyActiveSubstances.' s__Researcher 'The &%Profession of being a scientific researcher.' s__Science s__Teacher s__Profession__t 'The &%Profession of being a teacher.' 'Positions which involve creating content or performances that are intended to entertain. This class covers the &%TheaterProfession, &%FilmMakingProfession, being a comedian, etc.' s__SportsPosition s__SportsPosition__t 'A &%Position which is filled by someone on a &%SportsTeam and which represents the role played by the person on the team.' 'Any &%Profession where the position occupied is within a &%GovernmentOrganization.' s__Journalist 'The &%Profession of being a news reporter, i.e. investigating and reporting, in a publication or broadcast program, current events.' s__ModellingPosition s__ModellingPosition__t 'Any &%Position which involves posing for an artist or photographer.' 'This &%Attribute describes someone serving in the armed forces of a &%Nation.' s__ConfederateSoldier 'This &%Attribute describes a &%Soldier who served on the Confederate side during the American Civil War.' s__Sailor 'The class of &%Positions which involve working on a ship, whether a merchant ship or a navy ship.' s__ShipCaptain 'The class of &%Positions which involve the command of a ship.' s__ShipOfficer 'The class of &%Sailors which have a position of responsibility on a &%Ship.' s__ShipMate 'The class of &%Positions that involve some responsibility on a ship and are lower in rank than &%ShipCaptain.' s__MilitaryPrivate s__GovernmentPosition__t 'This &%Attribute describes an enlisted &%Soldier of the lowest rank.' s__MilitaryOfficer 'This &%Attribute describes a &%Soldier who has command authority.' s__MilitaryGeneral '&%MilitaryGeneral is a generic &%Position that indicates holding (or having held) the rank of General in some military force. An indicator that someone uses the title, without committing to his or her exact rank or military affiliation.' s__MajorGeneral 'A &%MilitaryGeneral that ranks above a &%BrigadierGeneral.' s__BrigadierGeneral 'A &%MilitaryGeneral that ranks below a &%MajorGeneral.' s__Lieutenant 'A commissioned &%MilitaryOfficer.' s__CaptainOfficer 'A commissioned &%MilitaryOfficer who ranks above a &%Lieutenant but below a &%MajorOfficer.' s__Colonel 'A commissioned &%MilitaryOfficer who ranks above a lieutenant colonel and below a brigadier general.' s__Sergeant 'A noncomissioned &%MilitaryOfficer.' s__Corporal s__CenturyDuration 'The &%TimeDuration of 100 years.' s__DecadeDuration 'The &%TimeDuration of 10 years.' 'English unit of length, equal to 3 &%FeetLength.' s__NightTime__t 'The class of &%TimeIntervals that begin at &%Sunset and end at &%Sunrise.' s__DayTime 'The class of &%TimeIntervals that begin at &%Sunrise and end at &%Sunset.' s__Morning__t s__DayTime__t 'The class of &%TimeIntervals that begin at &%Sunrise and end at noon.' s__AnteMeridiem s__AnteMeridiem__t 'The class of &%TimeIntervals that begin at midnight and end at noon.' s__PostMeridiem s__PostMeridiem__t 'The class of &%TimeIntervals that begin at noon and end at midnight.' s__Afternoon s__Afternoon__t 'The class of &%TimeIntervals that begin at noon and end at &%Sunset.' s__Sunrise__t 'The &%TimeInterval of each &%Day when the sun is rising and is partially overlapped by the horizon line.' s__Sunset__t 'The &%TimeInterval of each &%Day when the sun is setting and is partially overlapped by the horizon line.' s__Weekend s__Weekend__t 'Any &%Saturday and &%Sunday which are contiguous.' s__SeasonOfYear '&%SeasonOfYear is the class of four seasons correlated with the calendar &%Year and associated with changes in the length of daylight and with overall temperature changes. Depending upon the &%GeographicArea, a &%SeasonOfYear may also be associated with weather patterns (e.g., rainy, dry, windy). The characteristics of seasons (cold vs. hot temperatures, long vs. short days) are reversed from the &%NorthernHemisphere to the &%SouthernHemisphere.' s__WinterSeason__t 'The &%SeasonOfYear that begins at the winter solstice and ends at the spring equinox.' s__SpringSeason__t 'The &%SeasonOfYear that begins at the spring equinox and ends at the summer solstice. &%SpringSeason is the class of &%TimeIntervals associated with the calendar months of &%March through &%May.' s__SummerSeason__t 'The &%SeasonOfYear that begins at the summer solstice and ends at the autumnal equinox.' s__FallSeason__t s__SeasonOfYear__t 'The &%SeasonOfYear that begins at the autumnal equinox and ends at the winter solstice.' s__Upstairs 'A &%PositionalAttribute to indicate that one thing is one or more floors above a second thing in the same building.' s__Downstairs 'A &%PositionalAttribute to indicate that one thing is one or more floors below a second thing in the same building.' s__LinguisticAttribute s__LinguisticAttribute__t 'Any &%Attribute that is expressed by a &%Language or class of &%Languages.' s__Happiness 'The state of being happy, experiencing pleasure, joy or contentment. Note that this &%Attribute covers both active enjoyment, as well as the emotional state of simply being free from anxiety or fear.' s__Satisfaction 'The state of being happy about a state of affairs that occurred in the past. In cases where that state of affairs is the product of ones own doing, this is known as pride.' s__Tranquility s__Anxiety 'The state of being free from &%Anxiety.' s__Unhappiness 'The state of being unhappy, experiencing pain, sorrow or unease.' s__Excitement 'The state of being happy about a state of affairs that might occur in the future.' 'The state of being worried, troubled or uneasy.' s__Anger 'The state of being wrathful, irate or indignant.' s__Pain 'A physical sensation of discomfort which can vary widely in intensity.' s__Headache '&%Pain that that is restricted to the &%Head.' s__Surprise 'The &%EmotionalState that one experiences when something unexpected and of significance occurs.' s__SecondaryColor s__SecondaryColor__t 'A color that is the product of mixing together two or more &%PrimaryColors.' s__GrayColor 'A &%SecondaryColor that results from mixing &%Black and &%White.' s__Pink 'A &%SecondaryColor that results from mixing &%Red and &%White.' s__Brown 'A &%SecondaryColor that resembles the color of wood or of soil.' s__OrangeColor 'A &%SecondaryColor that results from mixing &%Red and &%Yellow and resembles the color of a ripe orange fruit.' s__Green 'A &%SecondaryColor that resembles the color of fresh grass.' s__Purple 'A &%SecondaryColor that results from mixing &%Red and &%Blue.' s__LineFormation 'A &%ShapeAttribute that applies to &%Collections and indicates that all of the &%members of the &%Collection are arrayed in a line, i.e. each &%member (except possibly the first) is behind or to the side of exactly one other &%member.' s__Stressed 'A &%SoundAttribute of &%Syllables. It denotes the quality of being emphasized over the other &%Syllables in the same &%Word.' s__Syllable s__Syllable__t 'A sequence of &%Characters from the same &%Word that denote a single sound.' 'Any &%Character that is comprised of a single alphabetical character, e.g. A, B, C, D, ...' s__DigitCharacter__t 'Any &%Character that is comprised of a single digit, i.e. one of the numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.' s__Consonant s__Consonant__t 'An &%AlphabeticCharacter that denotes a speech sound that results in audible friction when it is pronounced.' s__Vowel s__Vowel__t s__AlphabeticCharacter__t 'An &%AlphabeticCharacter that denotes a speech sound that does not result in audible friction when it is pronounced.' s__Lost 'The &%ContestAttribute that applies to a &%Contest participant who has lost the &%Contest.' 'The &%ContestAttribute that applies to a &%Contest participant who has won the &%Contest.' s__TieScore 'The &%ContestAttribute that applies to all &%contestParticipants in a &%Contest when none of them have &%Won or &%Lost the &%Contest.' s__GameAttribute 'Any &%ContestAttribute that is specific to a &%Game.' s__SportsAttribute s__SportsAttribute__t s__GameAttribute__t 'Any &%GameAttribute that is specific to a &%Sport.' s__Foul 'A &%SportsAttribute that indicates that the &%GamePiece of a &%Sport is no longer in play because it has gone beyond the limits of the sports field.' s__SportsOut 'A &%SportsAttribute that indicates that a player in a &%Sport can no longer compete because he has been tagged with the &%GamePiece.' s__PoliticoEconomicAttribute s__PoliticoEconomicAttribute__t 'Any &%Attribute of a &%Government which specifies some aspect of the political or economic system of the &%Government.' s__EconomicAttribute__t '&%EconomicAttribute is the class of terms including all &%Attributes used to characterize the economic systems or development levels of &%Nations or dependent &%GeopoliticalAreas.' s__FormOfGovernment__t '&%FormOfGovernment is a class of &%Attributes used to describe the characteristics of a government, especially a &%NationalGovernment. The concept &%FormOfGovernment is interpreted broadly enough to include &%Anarchy and &%Factionalism.' s__ChemicalReduction s__ChemicalReduction__t s__Oxidation 'Any &%ChemicalProcess where &%Electrons are added to the substance undergoing the &%ChemicalProcess.' s__Oxidation__t 'Any &%ChemicalProcess where &%Electrons are removed from the substance undergoing the &%ChemicalProcess.' s__Dialysis s__Dialysis__t 'Any process of &%Separating a &%Solution into two or more constituent &%PureSubstances by means of their unequal diffusion through membranes that are partially permeable.' s__Diluting s__Diluting__t 'Adding a &%Liquid to a &%Solution to decrease the concentration of the &%Solution.' s__ChemicalEquilibrium 'The &%Attribute of being in a chemically stable state, i.e. the relative proportions of &%resources and &%results will not longer change.' s__Chromatography s__Chromatography__t '&%Processes of &%Separating a &%LiquidMixture or a &%GasMixture into some or all of the &%PureSubstances that comprise it.' s__BreakabilityAttribute 'A subclass of &%Attributes for characterizing the breakability of &%CorpuscularObjects.' s__Fragile 'An &%Attribute which indicates that the associated &%Object is very breakable.' s__Unbreakable s__BreakabilityAttribute__t 'An &%Attribute which indicates that the associated &%Object cannot be broken under normal usage conditions.' '(&%contestParticipant ?CONTEST ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is one of the sides in the &%Contest ?CONTEST. For example, if the ?CONTEST is a football game, then ?AGENT would be one of the opposing teams. For another example, if ?CONTEST is a &%Battle, then ?AGENT would be one of the sides fighting each other.' s__CivilWar s__CivilWar__t 'A &%War in which the fighting &%GeopoliticalAreas are both part of the same &%Nation.' s__Debating s__Debating__t 'A &%Contest where each participant holds a different view regarding some issue, and each participant attempts to prove, by rhetoric or evidence, that his/her own views about a particular matter are correct and/or that the views of the other participants are incorrect.' s__Negotiating s__Negotiating__t 'A &%Contest where each participant attempts to maximize his self-interest in a &%Promise that marks the end of the &%Contest.' '(? [V__COMMIT] : (s__instance(V__COMMIT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__COMMIT,s__Committing) & s__subProcess(V__COMMIT,V__NEGOTIATE) & s__finishes(s__WhenFn(V__COMMIT),s__WhenFn(V__NEGOTIATE))))' s__BusinessCompetition s__BusinessCompetition__t 'Any &%Contest where the &%contestParticipants are &%Corporations and the aim is to win as many customers as possible.' s__VisualAcuityAttribute s__VisualAcuityAttribute__t 'The &%BiologicalAttributes in this &%Class describe the visual capabilities of an &%Organism.' s__ColorBlind 'This &%VisualAcuityAttribute describes an &%Organism that is unable to perceive a distinction in color between certain wavelength ranges within the larger range of typically visible electro-magnetic radiation (light). Among &%Humans, there are several forms and degrees of color blindness. Color blindness is generally considered to be a mild to moderate disability among &%Humans, but individuals with certain types of color blindness excel at some visual pattern recognition tasks, and its not clear that the condition should be considered a &%DiseaseOrSyndrome.' s__Disability '&%Disability is a class of &%DiseaseOrSyndrome that describes impairments, activity limitations or participation restriction that may be physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, developmental or some combination' disability s__PhysicalDisability s__PhysicalDisability__t '&%PhysicalDisability is any impairment that limits the physical function of limbs or fine or gross motor ability, or limit the facets of daily living' 'physical disability' s__SensoryDisability s__SensoryDisability__t s__Disability__t '&%SensoryDisability is any impairement of one of the five senses' 'sensory disability' 'The &%Attribute that applies to &%Animals and &%Humans that are unable to see.' s__Deaf 'The &%Attribute that applies to &%Animals and &%Humans that are unable to hear.' s__Hungry 'The &%Attribute that applies to &%Animals and &%Humans when they want food.' '(? [V__E] : (s__instance(V__E,s__Process) & s__instance(V__E,s__Eating) & s__agent(V__E,V__A)))' s__Pregnant 'The &%Attribute that applies to &%Female &%Animals and &%Humans that have an embryo or fetus growing inside of them as the result of having one of the &%Females &%Eggs fertilized.' s__Puberty 'The &%DevelopmentalAttribute of having functional sex glands which are not fully mature.' 'The &%BodyPosition of having the fingers drawn into the palm so that the hand can be used for striking something.' s__LyingDown s__LyingDown__t 'The &%BodyMotion of moving from a &%Sitting to a &%Prostrate position.' s__Handstand 'The &%BodyPosition where one rests on ones hands and extends ones feet in the air.' s__Kneeling 'The &%BodyPosition of resting ones weight on ones &%Knees.' s__Splitting 'The &%BodyPosition of extending ones &%Legs at right angles to ones &%Torso.' s__Squatting '&%Sitting on ones heels.' s__SittingDown s__SittingDown__t 'The &%BodyMotion of moving from a &%Standing to a &%Sitting position.' s__StandingUp s__StandingUp__t 'The &%BodyMotion of moving from a &%Sitting to a &%Standing position.' s__EyeMotion 'Any &%Motion where a patient is the agents own &%Eyelid or &%Eyelids.' s__OpeningEyes s__OpeningEyes__t s__ClosingEyes 'The &%BodyMotion of relaxing the eye lids so that the corneas are exposed to light.' s__EyeMotion__t s__Closing__t 'The &%EyeMotion of tensing the eye lids so that the corneas are not exposed to light.' s__Winking s__Winking__t s__ClosingEyes__t 'Any instance of &%ClosingEyes which is intended to express something to someone else.' s__Shrugging s__Shrugging__t 'Moving the &%Shoulders in such a way that the motion is intended to express something to someone else.' s__Trembling s__Trembling__t 'Any &%BodyMotion which is involuntary and which is repeated many times over a short time frame, e.g. a tremor in the hands, shivering etc.' s__ReflexiveProcess s__ReflexiveProcess__t 'Any &%Muscle reaction which is a response to a specific stimulus and which does not reach the level of consciousness.' s__Dismounting s__Dismounting__t 'Any &%BodyMotion which results in not being &%On something else.' 'Any &%Animal that is kept by a &%Human, as a pet, as livestock, for exhibition, etc.' s__Fodder__t '&%Fodder is the class of &%OrganicObjects that is used as food for &%DomesticAnimals.' '(? [V__ANIMAL,V__EAT] : (s__instance(V__EAT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__ANIMAL,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__ANIMAL,s__DomesticAnimal) & s__instance(V__EAT,s__Eating) & s__agent(V__EAT,V__ANIMAL) & s__patient(V__EAT,V__FEED)))' s__Herbivore 'A plant-eating &%Mammal.' s__Antelope s__Antelope__t 'A &%HoofedMammal with long legs and backward-facing horns. This class includes gazelles, addax, blackbucks, etc.' s__Buffalo s__Buffalo__t 'A &%HoofedMammal with long hair whose habitat is the plains of &%NorthAmerica.' s__DomesticCat s__DomesticCat__t s__DomesticAnimal__t 'A variety of &%Feline which has been domesticated by selective breeding.' s__DomesticDog s__DomesticDog__t 'Canines which have evolved from the common wolf by selective breeding.' s__Fox s__Fox__t '&%Canines with a bushy tail and pointed ears and nose. &%Foxes tend to be much smaller than most &%DomesticDogs.' s__Elephant s__Elephant__t s__Herbivore__t 'A very large, almost hairless &%Herbivore with a long trunk.' 'A domesticated &%HoofedMammal that is raised primarily for &%Milk.' s__Horse__t 'A domesticated &%HoofedMammal that is used for transportation and work.' s__Pig s__Pig__t 'A domesticated &%HoofedMammal that is raised for pork.' s__Donkey s__Donkey__t 'A domesticated &%HoofedMammal that is used for work.' s__Gastropod s__Gastropod__t 'A &%Mollusk with a distinct head that has no shell (e.g. slugs) or a univalve shell (e.g. snails).' s__Mule s__Mule__t 'The product of a &%Male &%Donkey and a &%Female &%Horse. &%Mules are always sterile.' s__Sheep__t 'A domesticated &%HoofedMammal that is bred for its wool and for its meat (known as mutton).' s__Lamb__t 'A young &%Sheep, i.e. a &%Sheep that is &%NonFullyFormed.' s__Cow s__Cow__t 'A domesticated &%HoofedMammal that is raised for milk and beef, and is also used for work.' s__Calf s__Calf__t 'A young &%Cow, i.e. a &%Cow that is &%NonFullyFormed.' s__Bull s__Bull__t 'A &%Cow that is &%Male.' s__FemaleCow s__FemaleCow__t 'A &%Cow that is &%Female.' s__Poultry__t s__Chicken 'A subclass of &%Bird that is raised for its meat and for its eggs.' s__Hen s__Hen__t s__Chicken__t 'A &%Female &%Chicken.' s__Rooster s__Rooster__t 'A &%Male &%Chicken.' 'A subclass of &%Bird with webbed feet and a large bill. Some ducks live in the wild, and some are raised for meat and/or eggs.' s__Duck__t s__Goose__t 'A subclass of &%Bird with webbed feet and a long neck and a large body. These &%Birds are often raised for their &%Meat.' s__Owl s__Owl__t 'A nocturnal bird of prey with a large head and forward-facing eyes.' s__Pigeon s__Pigeon__t 'A subclass of &%Bird with a stout body and short legs.' s__Vulture s__Vulture__t 'A diurnal bird of prey with a bald head that feeds on carrion.' s__Feather s__Feather__t 'Each instance of this class is one of the structures that make up the external covering of &%Birds.' '(&%meatOfAnimal ?MEATCLASS ?ANIMALCLASS) means that every instance of ?MEATCLASS was once part of some instance of ?ANIMALCLASS.' s__Beef__t '&%Meat that was originally part of a &%Cow.' s__ChickenMeat '&%Meat that was originally part of a &%Chicken.' s__ChickenMeat__t s__Pork__t '&%Meat that was originally part of a &%Pig.' s__Mouse s__Mouse__t 'A &%Rodent that has a hairless tail like a rat but that is smaller than a &%Rat.' s__Rat s__Rat__t 'A &%Rodent that has a hairless tail like a &%Mouse but that is larger than a &%Mouse.' s__Rabbit s__Rabbit__t 'A burrowing &%Rodent with a short tail and long ears.' s__Squirrel s__Squirrel__t 'A tree-dwelling &%Rodent with a bushy tail.' s__Hay s__Hay__t '&%Grass that has been cut and cured for use as &%Fodder.' s__Copying__t '&%Making a &%copy of something.' s__Vacationing s__Vacationing__t 'Taking time off from &%Working.' s__OccupationFn__m '(OccupationFn ?PROCESS) denotes the subclass of ?PROCESS where instances of ?PROCESS are performed as ones occupation, i.e. as part of a &%FinancialTransaction where one earns money for the performance of ?PROCESS.' '(occupation ?PERSON ?TYPE) means that the occupation of ?PERSON is ?TYPE. This predicate is most often used in combination with the function &%OccupationFn, e.g. (&%occupation PoliceOfficerWilkins (&%OccupationFn &%LawEnforcement)).' s__Working__t 'Any &%FinancialTransaction where someone exchanges his/her labor for an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure.' s__Farming__t 'Operating a farm, e.g. planting and harvesting crops, tending livestock, etc.' s__Serving s__Serving__t 'Working as a waiter or servant, either for an &%Organization (e.g. a &%Restaurant) or for a person or family.' s__Sales s__Sales__t 'Any instance of &%Working that involves &%Selling or trying to sell items.' s__Retired 'Voluntary unemployment toward the end of ones life.' s__Housewife 'A role occupied by a wife who manages the home while her husband earns income for the family.' s__Waiter '&%Waiter refers to the &%ServicePosition present in &%Restaurant that brings food from the kitchen to the customers table' waiter '(s__instance(V__C,s__Carrying) & s__agent(V__C,V__X) & s__origin(V__C,V__KITCHEN) & s__destination(V__C,V__TABLE) & s__patient(V__C,V__FOOD) & s__instance(V__FOOD,s__FoodForFn(s__Human)))' s__ServicePosition__t 'This &%Attribute describes a &%Woman who works in a &%ServicePosition that entails performing various domestic tasks (cleaning, cooking, child care) for an individual or family over an extended period of time, typically months or years.' s__Janitor s__Janitor__t 'Any &%Position which involves cleaning a &%Building or some of the &%Rooms within a &%Building.' s__TheaterProfession s__TheaterProfession__t 'Instances of this &%Class describe the &%Positions of people whose work involves putting on plays (theatrical performanes).' s__FilmDirector s__FilmMakingProfession 'A &%Position that describes a person who directs &%MotionPictures as a profession.' s__FilmMaking s__FilmMaking__t '&%ContentDevelopment where the result is a &%MotionPicture.' s__FilmMakingProfession__t '&%Positions which involve &%FilmMaking, i.e. acting in films, directing films, producing films, etc.' s__FilmProducer 'A &%Position that describes a person who produces &%MotionPictures as a profession, i.e., who arranges the financing for a &%MotionPicture and supervises its production.' s__Coach 'Any occupation that involves training an athlete or a sports team.' s__GameReferee 'This &%Attribute describes a person who adjudicates &%Maneuvers in a &%Game, i.e., who decides whether or not the &%Maneuvers are permitted by the rules of the &%Game.' s__Carpenter s__OccupationalTrade__t 'Any occupation that involves creating and repairing structural and decorative portions of &%Buildings that are made chiefly of &%Wood. This does not include plumbing, roofing, electrical, foundation and site work.' s__Carpentry s__Carpentry__t '&%Making &%Buildings out of &%Wood.' '(constructionPeriod ?OBJECT ?INTERVAL) means that some &%StationaryArtifact ?OBJECT was built over &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL' 'construction period' '(? [V__CONSTRUCTING] : (s__instance(V__CONSTRUCTING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__CONSTRUCTING,s__Constructing) & s__result(V__CONSTRUCTING,V__OBJECT)))' '(contractor ?BUILDING ?AGENT) means that some &%Agent ?AGENT has a contract with another ?AGENT to build a &%StationaryArtifact for the agent.' '(? [V__CONSTRUCT,V__BUILDING] : (s__instance(V__CONSTRUCT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__AGENT,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__instance(V__CONTRACT,s__Agreement) & s__instance(V__CONSTRUCT,s__Constructing) & s__agent(V__CONSTRUCT,V__CONTRACTOR) & s__result(V__CONSTRUCT,V__BUILDING) & s__instance(V__BUILDING,s__StationaryArtifact)))' s__Agriculture__t '&%Agriculture is a class of &%Processes in which land, plants, or animals are cultivated in order to produce food or other organic products.' s__FarmHand '&%OccupationalTrades which involve &%Agriculture.' s__Plumber 'Any occupation that involves installing, repairing, and replacing pipes and pipe fixtures.' s__Potter 'Any occupation that involves the creation of &%Pottery.' s__ReligiousPosition 'Any &%Position within a &%ReligousOrganization.' s__Cleric s__ReligiousPosition__t 'The profession of being in charge of or ministering to a &%ReligousOrganization.' s__Deacon s__PartTimePosition__t 'Any &%Position within a &%ReligiousOrganization that is held by a layman, which is part-time, and which involves assisting a &%Cleric.' '(s__occupiesPosition(V__PERSON,s__Deacon,V__ORG) & s__instance(V__ORG,s__ReligiousOrganization))' '(s__occupiesPosition(V__C,s__Cleric,V__ORG) & s__subordinateInOrganization(V__ORG,V__PERSON,V__C))' s__PoliceOfficer 'The profession of being a police officer, i.e. working for a law enforcement agency that is part of a &%Government.' s__PoliceCaptain 'A &%PoliceOfficer who is in charge of a precinct.' s__PoliceSergeant 'A &%PoliceOfficer with the rank of sergeant.' s__Sheriff 'A &%PoliceOfficer whose jurisdiction is a &%County.' s__Marshal 'A &%PoliceOfficer whose responsibility is to enforce the decisions of a law court.' s__Deputy 'A &%Position which authorizes the holder of the position to act as the sheriff when the sheriff is not available.' s__Coroner 'A &%GovernmentPosition who investigates deaths that are suspected of being due to something other than natural causes.' s__PoliceDetective 'The &%Profession of being a police detective, i.e. being a &%PoliceOfficer whose duties include the investigation of crimes.' s__PrivateDetective 'The &%Profession of being a private detective, i.e. a detective who can be hired for a fee to investigate something.' s__Lawyer s__Attorney 'This &%Attribute describes a person whose &%Profession is the practice of law, whether as a &%Judge or as a legal advocate.' s__FieldOfLaw s__AttorneyGeneral 'This &%Attribute designates the chief law officer of a &%GeopoliticalArea, usually a &%Nation or &%StateOrProvince.' s__PublicDefender 'An &%Attorney who defends criminal cases for a &%GovernmentOrganization.' s__PublicProsecutor 'An &%Attorney who prosecutes criminal cases for a &%GovernmentOrganization.' s__Judge 'An &%Attorney who has the power of deciding legal cases.' '(? [V__D] : (s__instance(V__D,s__Process) & s__instance(V__D,s__LegalDecision) & s__agent(V__D,V__P)))' s__Professor 'The &%Profession of being a &%teacher at a &%PostSecondarySchool.' 'The &%Profession of being a medical doctor, i.e. having attended medical school and being licensed to practice medicine.' s__Surgeon 'The &%Profession of being a surgeon, i.e. being a medical doctor who specializes in performing surgical operations.' '&%Removing the foreskin of the penis. This is usually performed on infants, but is occasionally performed on adolescents and adults, either for medical reasons, or after religious conversion. It is often conducted as a religious rite, since it is prescribed by both the &%Jewish and &%Muslim religions, although it is prevalent also as a social norm in different nations.' s__Circumision__t s__NewsReporter s__ArtCritic 'The &%Profession of reporting and critiquing current &%ArtWorks.' s__Accountant 'The &%Profession of being an &%Accountant.' s__Literature 'The study of literature, i.e. instances of &%FictionalText that are regarded as having special merit.' s__Mathematics 'The &%FieldOfStudy dealing with quantities and their relations to one another.' s__InteriorDesign 'The &%FieldOfStudy of designing the interiors of &%Buildings.' s__Science__t 'Any &%FieldOfStudy which tests theories on the basis of careful observations and/or experiments and which has a cumulative body of results.' s__SocialScience 'Any &%Science which studies human behavior, either in the aggregate, as do, for example, &%Economics and &%Linguistics, or with respect to the individual, as does &%Psychology.' s__PoliticalScience 'The field of political science.' s__Anthropology 'The study of humanity.' s__Architecture 'The &%FieldOfStudy of designing &%Buildings, i.e. creating &%Blueprints for &%Buildings.' s__Economics 'The field of economics.' s__Linguistics s__SocialScience__t 'The field of linguistics.' s__Psychology 'The field of psychology.' s__Biology 'The study of the classification, development, and functioning of &%Organisms.' s__Physiology 'The part of &%Biology dealing with the functioning of &%Organisms.' s__MedicalScience 'The field of medicine.' s__Chemistry 'The study of the compositions, properties, and reactions of &%Substances.' s__Physics 'The study of matter and energy and their relations.' s__Engineering 'The application of instances of &%Science to the solution of practical problems, i.e. the creation of various forms of technology.' s__Electronics 'The branch of &%Physics that deals with the theory and applications of electron emissions.' s__Theology 'The systematic study of religion.' s__MilitaryScience 'The study of the principles of war.' s__History 'The recording and interpretation of past events involving &%Humans, including political events and cultural practices.' s__Philosophy 'The study of first principles, including epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics.' 'The study of legal principles and the framework of national and/or international laws.' '(&%subField ?FIELD1 ?FIELD2) means that ?FIELD1 is a proper part of the &%FieldOfStudy ?FIELD2. For example, &%Physiology is a &%subField of &%Biology.' '(&%hasExpertise ?PERSON ?FIELD) means that ?PERSON has studied the &%FieldOfStudy ?FIELD and is regarded as an expert.' '(&%hasOccupation ?PERSON ?WORK) means that ?PERSON engages in activities of the class ?WORK as a means of earning a living.' s__Bleeding s__Bleeding__t 'The release of &%Blood from an &%Animal in response to an &%Injuring of some sort.' s__Blushing s__Blushing__t 'The process of turning red in response to a stimulus which has a deep emotional effect.' s__Aborting s__Aborting__t '&%Removing a human fetus from a &%Pregnant woman in such a way that the fetus cannot survive.' s__ClosingContract__t 'Completing a &%Contract of some sort, e.g. the purchase of a house, closing a business deal, etc.' s__Opening__t 'The &%Class of &%Processes where an aperture is created in an &%Object. Note that the aperture may be created intentionally, as when one opens a door, or unintentionally, as when the ground ruptures in a seismic event.' 'The &%Class of &%Processes where an aperture is closed in an &%Object.' s__Diet s__Diet__t 'A &%Plan regarding what one is allowed to eat.' '&%PreparedFood refers to anything that undergoes some process intended to result in an object that has &%Nutrient which can be ingested by &%Animal, normally metabolized into energy and body tissue.' food s__SolidFood s__SolidFood__t '&%SolidFood refers to &%PreparedFood that has &%Solid parts.' 'solid food' s__LiquidFood s__PreparedFood__t '&%LiquidFood refers to &%PreparedFood that has no &%Solid parts, only &%Liquid parts, therefore this does not cover stews, root beer floats or other combinations of solid and liquid foods.' 'liquid food' s__Beverage__t s__LiquidFood__t 'Any food that is ingested by &%Drinking. Note that this class is disjoint &%Meat and &%FruitOrVegetable.' s__CookedAttribute '&%CookedAttribute describes how something is a product of &%Cooking.' cooked s__RawAttribute '&%RawAttribute describes how cooking was not involved in the making of something' raw s__Baking__t 'Any instance of &%Cooking where the instrument is an &%Oven.' s__BreadOrBiscuit__t 'Food that consists largely of grain flour and water. Note that this class covers crackers, cookies, as well as any self-connected instance of bread, whether it is a loaf, a slice, a chunk of bread, etc.' s__Dough s__Sandwich s__Sandwich__t 'Any food which consists of two or more pieces of bread and some sort of filling between the two pieces of bread.' s__Dough__t 'A &%Mixture of &%Flour, &%Water, and possibly other ingredients (such as &%Butter and &%Salt), which is used in making &%BreadOrBiscuits.' s__Butter s__Butter__t 'An emulsion of fat which is produced by churning &%Milk.' 'Any &%Seed which is produced by the cereal grasses, e.g. rice, corn, wheat, etc.' s__RiceGrain__t 'A &%CerealGrain which has short and long grain varieties and which is usually prepared for eating by steaming.' s__WheatGrain__t s__CerealGrain__t 'A long &%CerealGrain which is produced by certain grasses and which is used to make &%BreadOrBiscuits.' s__Pea__t 'The edible &%Seed of a pea plant.' s__Flour__t s__Powder__t 'A &%Powder that is prepared from &%CerealGrain, e.g. wheat flour, rice flour, etc. Flour is most often used in the making of &%BreadOrBiscuits.' s__Honey s__Honey__t 'An edible, sweet &%Substance produced by some species of &%Bees.' s__Coconut__t 'A &%FruitOrVegetable that is produced by a type of palm and has an edible white meat.' s__MaizeGrain__t 'A &%CerealGrain which is found on long ears of a &%Plant native to the Americas.' s__SoupStock s__SoupStock__t 'Food which is prepared by reducing &%Meat and/or &%FruitOrVegetables to a translucent broth which can be used as a base for soups or sauces.' s__Coffee__t 'A &%Beverage which is prepared by infusing ground, roasted coffee beans into hot water.' s__Apple__t 'A &%FruitOrVegetable that has a tart to sweet taste and a spherical shape.' s__DateFruit__t 'A &%FruitOrVegetable that is produced by the date palm.' s__PearFruit s__PearFruit__t 'A &%FruitOrVegetable that has a thick skin and the shape of a tear drop.' s__Avocado__t 'A &%FruitOrVegetable that is shaped like a pear and has a dark green skin and a rich meat.' s__Ion s__Ion__t 'An electronically charged &%Atom or &%Molecule. In other words, a &%PureSubstance that has lost one of its &%Electrons.' s__FreeAtom s__FreeAtom__t 'Any &%Atom which is not part of a &%Molecule.' '(&%protonNumber ?SUBSTANCE ?NUMBER) means that the &%PureSubstance ?SUBSTANCE has the number of &%Protons ?NUMBER.' '(&%electronNumber ?SUBSTANCE ?NUMBER) means that the &%PureSubstance ?SUBSTANCE has the number of &%Electrons ?NUMBER.' '(s__part(V__ELECTRON,V__ATOM) & s__instance(V__ELECTRON,s__Electron))' s__AtomicGroup s__AtomicGroup__t 'Two or more &%Atoms that are bound together and comprise part of a &%Molecule.' s__Ambush s__Ambush__t 'Any &%Maneuver in a &%ViolentContest where one &%contestParticipant attempts to conceal himself from another contestParticipant so that he can &%Attack the other &%contestParticipant.' '(? [V__ATTACK] : (s__instance(V__ATTACK,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Process) & s__instance(V__ATTACK,s__Attack) & s__agent(V__ATTACK,V__AG)))' s__Blockade s__Blockade__t 'Any &%Maneuver in a &%Contest where one &%contestParticipant attempts to deny access to something that is wanted by another &%contestParticipant.' '(? [V__I] : (s__instance(V__I,s__Process) & s__instance(V__A2,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__instance(V__C1,s__SetOrClass) & s__subclass(V__C1,s__Process) & s__instance(V__I,V__C1) & s__agent(V__I,V__A1) & s__subProcess(V__I,V__C)))' s__MilitaryManeuver s__MilitaryManeuver__t 'Any &%Maneuver which takes place in a &%Battle and which is intended to secure a tactical advantage for one of the agents of the &%Battle.' s__Fire s__Fire__t '&%Fire is the subclass of &%Combustion events in which flames are present. Fires are slower combustion processes than explosions, though some fires may include explosive episodes.' s__Arson s__Arson__t 'An act where an agent sets something which it does not possess on fire in order to destroy it or its contents.' s__Bombing 'An act of &%Destruction where the thing destroyed is destroyed by means of an explosive device.' s__Bomb__t s__ExplosiveDevice__t 'A weapon that explodes in order to cause damage.' s__CarBombing s__CarBombing__t 'A car bombing is an attack in which a car is used as the delivery mechanism for a bomb. The car is usually destroyed in the blast if the bomb detonates successfully.' s__ChemicalAttack s__ChemicalAttack__t 'An attack against people or property in which a chemical agent is used as the active ingredient of the attack.' s__HandgrenadeAttack s__HandgrenadeAttack__t 'An attack in which a &%HandGrenade is employed as an explosive device for the purpose of &%Destruction. A case in which a hand grenade is used as a blunt striking object in an attack would not be in this class.' s__HandGrenade s__HandGrenade__t 'A hand grenade is a small explosive device with a simple trigger mechanism, usually lasting a few seconds, designed to be propelled by a human to its target.' s__Hijacking s__Hijacking__t s__Robbing__t '&%Robbing a &%Vehicle and then driving or piloting it away.' s__HostageTaking s__HostageTaking__t 'An event in which one agent keeps another against his or her will, in order to force it or a third agent to accede to some demand. The hostages are typically kept in the place where they are first taken hostage, in contrast to a &%Kidnapping. Hostage taking often involves a number of people (although it may be just one), again, in contrast to a &%Kidnapping.' s__IncendiaryDeviceAttack s__IncendiaryDeviceAttack__t 'An attack in which an agent uses a device which causes fire in order to destroy life or property.' s__Infiltration s__Infiltration__t 'An event in which an agent joins an organization under false pretenses. The objective of such an act is often to gather information helpful to a rival organization.' s__Kidnapping s__Kidnapping__t 'An event in which one agent keeps another against his or her will, in order to force it or a third agent to accede to some demand. The kidnapped party is normally removed from the location where first attacked. In contrast to a &%HostageTaking, a kidnapping normally involves an attack on one, or a very small number of people, such as a couple.' s__KnifeAttack s__KnifeAttack__t 'An attack in which a knife is used.' s__Knife s__Knife__t 'A sharp object used for cutting. The object must have at least single blade or major protrusion which may be sharp at its end as well. It may be sharp on both sides, or just one. Unlike an awl it has a sharp edge rather than a point. Unlike scissors, it is a single blade without additional articulated parts. Unlike an axe, a knife is well-designed for slicing rather than chopping, although a heavy knife such as a broadsword can also be used for chopping, whereas a non-knife is not well designed for slicing meat for example. A knife can be small like a pocket knife, or large like a two-handed broadsword. A knife may also include other protrusions such as in the split swords and trident-like objects (that also possess a long sharp edge) in Chinese weaponry.' 'Any &%Device whose purpose is &%Cutting something else. This class covers knives of all times, axes, saws, razors, chisels etc.' s__LetterBombAttack s__LetterBombAttack__t 'An attack with a bomb that is concealed in a letter or package, which is typically designed to explode upon opening.' s__Lynching s__Lynching__t 'A lynching is a form of &%Killing conducted under a thin guise of legitimacy by a vigilante group. It may be a purge of an individual from the group who is perceived to have gone astray, or it may be the summary execution of an individual outside the group that the group has determined has violated some law or code, either of the group, or the larger society. A lynching is distinguished from a legal execution in that the laws of a government are not followed in carrying out the killing. A lynching is distinguished from a murder in that there is the pretense of some process carried out by a group in the name of their own group or a higher power.' s__MortarAttack s__MortarAttack__t 'An attack in which a &%Mortar weapon is used.' s__Mortar s__Mortar__t 'A mortar is a bomb that is shot at a location. A howitzer is a weapon that fires mortars. The mortar may not include the propelling charge that provides the motive force for delivering it to its target, which distinguishes it from a rocket. A mortar is distinguished from other bombs in that it is propelled rather than exploded in place, or dropped, or propelled by human power.' s__RocketMissileAttack s__RocketMissileAttack__t 'An attack in which a rocket or missile is used.' s__Rocket__t s__Projectile__t s__Stoning s__Stoning__t 'An act where a victim or victims is attacked with stones. The stones may either be placed on top of a victim in order to cause death by pressure and suffocation, in which case the act is typically part of a ritualized legal sentence, or where the victim is pelted with stones causing injury or death by trauma. The intent of such an act is usually the death of the victim.' s__SuicideBombing s__SuicideBombing__t s__Bombing__t 'A bomb attack in which the bomber intends to blow himself up during the course of the attack. The bomber is the delivery mechanism for the explosive and the bomb is typically in close contact with the bomber, such as being strapped around his torso. This action is distinguished from actions in which the bomber merely happens to be blown up by his own bomb in that the bomber knows that he is committing suicide.' s__Vandalism s__Vandalism__t 'An event where the objective of the agent is to damage or destroy some property of another agent. This is distinguished from acts where the prime objective is damage or loss of life of another agent.' s__VehicleAttack s__VehicleAttack__t 'An event in which a vehicle is used by an agent in order to inflict injury, death or damage to people or property.' s__BusinessPerson 'Any of a class of people in a professional occupation such as banking, finance, management, or engineering. This is distinguished from blue collar jobs that primarily involve manual labor rather than thought as the effort expended to derive remuneration. It is also distinguished from professions that may be outwardly similar but are done in a non-profit organization.' s__BusinessExecutive '&%BusinessExecutive refers to a person responsible for the management of a business' 'business executive' s__Celebrity 'Anyone who is known by a large number of people, either explicitly by name, or by action.' s__Knight 'A &%SocialRole that is assigned by the United Kingdom to persons for reasons of personal merit.' s__Musician 'A Musician is someone who is capable of giving a &%MusicalPerformance. This includes amateurs and others who dont formally make a living at the activity or choose it as a profession.' s__Veteran 'The &%Attribute that applies to someone who was a &%Soldier at one time, but is not currently a &%Soldier.' s__Road__t 'A path along which vehicles travel. It is typically, although not necessarily, paved and intended for cars.' '(? [V__EV,V__VEH] : (s__instance(V__VEH,s__Object) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Process) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Transportation) & s__eventLocated(V__EV,V__X) & s__instance(V__VEH,s__LandVehicle) & s__instrument(V__EV,V__VEH)))' s__Civilian s__MilitaryPerson s__OccupationalRole__t 'A &%Role of a &%Human in a &%OrganizationalProcess.' 'Someone who is not a member of an active &%MilitaryOrganization.' s__Widowed 'The &%Attribute that applies to someone who was married to someone who has died, and who has not remarried.' s__Convoy s__Convoy__t 'A group of vehicles that all are being driven in formation (e.g., lines, rows, columns) to the same destination. That destination may be an intermediate destination on the way to a final destination for some of the vehicles however. This is distinguished from vehicles that have no common purpose, such as traffic on a freeway. This includes cases where some of the agents driving the vehicles intend to reach a point but fail to do so.' '(s__member(V__V1,V__C) & s__member(V__V2,V__C))' s__Diplomat s__GovernmentPerson 'A person who works as a facilitator for communication between countries, in the official employ of one of the countries.' s__Dissident 'Someone who is opposed to the leadership of a particular country. Typically, a dissident suffers punishment at the hands of the country whose leadership he is opposing.' s__EmbassyBuilding s__GovernmentBuilding s__EmbassyBuilding__t 'An embassy is a &%Building that is owned by a &%Government to house its diplomatic and consular staff that is in another country.' s__EntertainmentBuilding s__EntertainmentBuilding__t 'A building that has the primary purpose of entertaining people.' '(? [V__REC] : (s__instance(V__REC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__REC,s__RecreationOrExercise) & s__eventLocated(V__REC,V__BUILDING)))' s__GovernmentBuilding__t 'A building belonging to a &%Government' 'A person who works for a &%Government.' s__Renting__t 'Giving money to the owner of an &%Object in exchange for the right to use the &%Object for a fixed time period.' s__Marketplace s__Marketplace__t 'An area, building, or set of buildings where &%FinancialTransactions are intended to take place. There should be more than one owner or renter of space or buildings within the marketplace.' s__StoreOwner 'Someone who operates a store which he either owns or rents.' s__Militant 'A militant is someone who is not officially authorized by a government to engage in combat, but who does so on behalf of a &%PoliticalOrganization.' 'Someone who is a member of a &%ModernMilitaryOrganization.' s__OfficeBuilding s__OfficeBuilding__t 'A building in which work activities take place which is not primarily designed for manufacturing or retail sales.' s__PeaceKeepingMission s__PeaceKeepingMission__t 'A military deployment which is intended to prevent hostilities between two other entities located in the same rough geographic area.' s__PlaceOfWorship__t 'Any place designed for &%ReligiousProcesses.' '(? [V__EV] : (s__instance(V__EV,s__Process) & s__instance(V__EV,s__ReligiousProcess) & s__eventLocated(V__EV,V__X)))' s__PoliceFacility s__PoliceFacility__t 'A building designed to house &%PolicePersons.' s__PolicePerson 'A member of a government whose occupation has the primary purpose of preventing crime and arresting criminals.' s__PoliticalFigure 'A well known person who participates in a PoliticalProcess. This must either be the persons principal occupation, or what is intended to become his principal occupation (for example, after an election).' s__ReligiousFigure 'A well-known leader of a religious group.' s__RestaurantBuilding__t 'A &%Building where people pay to be served food and eat. Some restaurants may also offer entertainment.' '(? [V__OWN,V__EMP,V__EV,V__P,V__PAY] : (s__instance(V__PAY,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Process) & s__instance(V__EMP,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__instance(V__EMP,s__Formula) & s__instance(V__OWN,s__Organization) & s__employs(V__OWN,V__EMP) & s__possesses(V__OWN,V__X) & s__instance(V__P,s__Human) & s__instance(V__PAY,s__FinancialTransaction) & s__agent(V__PAY,V__P) & s__patient(V__PAY,V__EMP) & s__confersRight(V__EMP,V__EV,V__P) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Eating) & s__agent(V__EV,V__P) & s__eventLocated(V__EV,V__X)))' s__EducationalFacility s__EducationalFacility__t 'A building or campus, owned by an &%EducationalOrganization, which is intended as the location for &%EducationalProcesses.' '(? [V__EV] : (s__instance(V__EV,s__Process) & s__instance(V__EV,s__EducationalProcess) & s__eventLocated(V__EV,V__X)))' s__Student 'A person who participates in an &%EducationalProcess in order to learn something.' s__Subway s__Subway__t 'A subway is a hollow area of the earth, typically under large cities, designed for running trains that move people. It is distinguished from other kinds of tunnels in that trains run through them, primarily for the purpose of carrying people rather than ore, for example.' '(? [V__EV,V__P] : (s__instance(V__EV,s__Process) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Transportation) & s__instance(V__P,s__Human) & s__patient(V__EV,V__P) & s__eventLocated(V__EV,V__X)))' s__Tourist 'A tourist is a person who is travelling to a place primarily for reasons of entertainment or education, rather than business, although business transaction may take place during the trip.' s__TouristSite__t 'A tourist site is a location that has some feature of interest to &%Tourists, which entertains or informs them.' s__TerroristOrganization__t 'A group that uses violent means in an attempt to bring about their political aims. Those violent means are distinguished from a war between nations, or a civil war in that the group is at least partially clandestine and a significant proportion of its acts are against non-military targets.' '(&%memberCount ?ORG ?NUMBER) means that there is a total ?NUMBER of &%members in the &%Collection ?ORG.' '(&%memberType ?GROUP ?TYPE) means that all the members of the &%Collection ?GROUP belong to the &%SetOrClass ?TYPE.' '(&%memberTypeCount ?GROUP ?TYPE ?NUMBER) means that the &%Collection ?GROUP has ?NUMBER members of the kind ?TYPE.' '(&%memberAtTime ?MEMBER ?COLLECTION ?TIME) means that during the time period denoted by ?TIME, ?MEMBER is a &%member of ?COLLECTION.' '(inventory ?CBO ?COLLECTION) means that the &%ContentBearingObject ?CBO contains a list or enumeration of the members of the &%Collection ?COLLECTION.' '(&%subordinateInOrganization ?ORG ?PERSON1 ?PERSON2) means that in the &%Organization ?ORG, ?PERSON1 is subordinate to ?PERSON2.' '(&%subordinatePosition ?ORG ?SUB ?SUPER) means that in the &%Organization ?ORG, the holder of role ?SUB is subordinate to the holder of role ?SUPER.' '(&%operator ?OBJECT ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT determines how ?OBJECT is used, either by directly or indirectly operating it.' s__ClassificationScheme__t 'A &%ClassificationScheme is a conceptual structure, an abstract arrangement of concepts and the relations that link them.' s__Taxonomy s__Taxonomy__t 'A &%Taxonomy is a &%ClassificationScheme that typically includes the salient concepts of a domain of interest, plus, minimally, a binary `broader than/`narrower than relation by which the concepts are linked. The `broader than/`narrower than relation is usually conceived as set- or class-based subsumption, but taxonomies are notorious for conflating the set membership and set subsumption (i.e., subset/superset) relations into a single `IS-A relation. Some taxonomies include additional binary relations, such as `subpart/`superpart.' 'A meronymy relation similar to &%part, but for abstract rather than physical things.' part '%1 is %n a &%part of %2' s__Ontology s__Ontology__t 'An &%Ontology is a &%ClassificationScheme that links concepts via many different relations. Ontologies typically are not restricted to binary relations and are structured by several kinds of conceptual hierarchies, including set- or class-based subsumption, spatial containment, mereology (theory of parts and wholes), and logical contexts. Thus, an ontology typically includes multiple taxonomies.' '(&%transported ?EVENT ?OBJ) means that ?OBJ is transported (carried/moved to a different physical location) in the &%Transportation ?EVENT.' '(&%cargo ?EVENT ?OBJ) means that ?OBJ is transported as cargo in the &%Shipping event ?EVENT.' '(&%serviceProvider ?EVENT ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is the supplier of the service provided in ?EVENT.' '(&%serviceRecipient ?EVENT ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is the receiver of the service provided in ?EVENT.' '(&%benefits ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT somehow derives benefit as a result of ?PROCESS. This is a very general relation, and does not entail that ?AGENT is a participant in ?PROCESS.' '(&%areaOfResponsibility ?AGENT ?PROCESS-TYPE ?AREA) means that ?AGENT (typically an instance of &%Organization) is responsible or accountable for actions or undertakings of type ?PROCESS-TYPE in the &%GeographicArea denoted by ?AREA.' '(&%holdsDuring ?T1 (&%friend ?H1 ?H2)) means that during time ?T1, ?H1 and ?H2 know each other, share a relationship of mutual care and concern, and probably also share some common interests.' '(&%holdsDuring ?T1 (&%coworker ?H1 ?H2)) means that during time ?T1, ?H1 and ?H2 are both employed by the same agent, are of roughly the same job status, and come into contact at least part of the time at the same work location.' '(&%holdsDuring ?T1 (&%cohabitant ?H1 ?H2)) means that during the time ?T1, ?H1 and ?H2 have the same home.' '(&%grandparent ?YOUNGER ?OLDER) means that ?OLDER is a &%parent of ?YOUNGERs &%parent.' '(aunt ?AUNT ?PERSON) means that ?AUNT is the sister of a parent of ?PERSON.' '(cousin ?PERSON1 ?PERSON2) means that ?PERSON1 and ?PERSON2 are cousins, i.e. ?PERSON1 and ?PERSON2 have grandparents (but not parents) in common.' '(grandfather ?PERSON ?PARENT) means that ?PARENT is the grandfather of ?PERSON.' '(grandmother ?PERSON ?PARENT) means that ?PARENT is the grandmother of ?PERSON.' '(nephew ?NEPHEW ?PERSON) means that ?NEPHEW is the &%son of a &%sibling of ?PERSON.' '(niece ?NIECE ?PERSON) means that ?NIECE is the &%daughter of a &%sibling of ?PERSON.' '(uncle ?UNCLE ?PERSON) means that ?UNCLE is the brother of a parent of ?PERSON.' '(stepfather ?PERSON ?FATHER) means that ?FATHER is the stepfather of ?PERSON, i.e. ?FATHER is the &%spouse of the &%mother of ?PERSON, without also being the &%father of ?PERSON.' '(stepmother ?PERSON ?MOTHER) means that ?MOTHER is the &%stepmother of ?PERSON, i.e. ?MOTHER is the spouse of the &%father of ?PERSON, without also being the &%mother of ?PERSON.' s__NuclearFamily s__NuclearFamily__t 'A &%NuclearFamily is a &%SocialUnit composed of at least two and not more than three generations of &%familyRelations: &%parents, their children, and possibly the parents parents (childrens &%grandparents).' '(s__spouse(V__PARENT1,V__PARENT2) & s__cohabitant(V__PARENT1,V__PARENT2) & s__cohabitant(V__CHILD,V__PARENT1))' '(s__member(V__CHILD,V__FAM) & s__member(V__PARENT1,V__FAM) & s__member(V__PARENT2,V__FAM))' '(&%alias ?STRING ?AGENT) means that ?STRING is an alternate identifier for ?AGENT, and is likely being used to hide or obscure ?AGENTs true identity.' '(&%holdsDuring ?T1 (&%workAddress ?AGENT ?ADDRESS)) means that during the time specified by ?T1, ?ADDRESS identifies one of the locations at which ?AGENT works.' '(&%holdsDuring ?T1 (&%homeAddress ?PLACE ?AGENT)) means that during the time specified by ?T1, the &%PostalPlace ?PLACE is ?AGENTs &%home.' '(&%playsRoleInEvent ?OBJ ?ROLE ?EVENT) means that the &%Object ?OBJ is involved in the &%Process ?EVENT in a way specified by the &%CaseRole predicate ?ROLE.' '(&%playsRoleInEventOfType ?OBJ ?ROLE ?TYPE ?TIME ?PLACE) means that ?OBJ plays the role specified by ?ROLE in an instance of ?TYPE, which occurs at ?TIME and ?PLACE.' '(&%locatedAtTime ?OBJ ?TIME ?PLACE) means that during the time specified by ?TIME, ?OBJ was in the location specified by ?PLACE.' '(&%deceptiveIdentifier ?OBJ ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT presents ?OBJ as a representation of ?AGENTs `true identity, when in fact it is not.' '(&%stranger ?H1 ?H2) means that ?H1 has not met ?H2, or, in other words, (&%not (&%acquaintance ?H1 ?H2)). Statements made with &%stranger should be temporally specified with &%holdsDuring. Note that &%stranger is not symmetric, meaning that ?H2 might know ?H1. For the symmetric version, see &%mutualStranger.' '(&%mutualStranger ?H1 ?H2) means that ?H1 and ?H2 have not met each other and do not know each other. Statements made with this predicate should be temporally specified with &%holdsDuring. See also the weaker, non-symmetric version of this predicate, &%stranger.' '(&%holdsDuring ?T1 (&%domesticPartner ?H1 ?H2)) means that during the time ?T1, ?H1 and ?H2 live together and share a common domestic life but are not joined in a traditional marriage, a common-law marriage, or a civil union.' '(&%holdsDuring ?T1 (&%legalGuardian ?H1 ?H2)) means that during the time ?T1, ?H2 has legal authority over ?H1, and is responsible for looking after ?H1s interests.' s__Seating s__Seating__t 'Guiding someone to a &%Seat, e.g. as when an usher shows someone to a &%Seat in an &%Auditorium.' 'Signalling is the subclass of &%Guiding processes in which an agent, animate or inanimate, sends a signal to another &%Object. In many cases, this signal will be an electrical or electronic one. Some signals may directly control the behavior of the object signalled, while others may merely cause information to be presented. Instances of electrical Signalling are typically more complex than simply than operation of a &%DeviceSwitch, though in some cases, Signalling involves remote activation of such a switch by another device.' s__AchievingControl__t '&%AchievingControl is the class of all events in which an &%Agent gains physical control over some object.' '(&%controlled ?EVENT ?OBJECT) means that during the &%AchievingControl denoted by ?EVENT, ?OBJECT comes to be physically controlled by an &%Agent.' '(&%gainsControl ?EVENT ?AGENT) means that during ?EVENT, ?AGENT gains control of the &%patient (object).' s__ChangeOfControl__t 'A &%ChangeOfControl is an event in which an &%agent gains physical control over some object that was previously controlled by a different &%agent.' '(&%losesControl ?EVENT ?AGENT) means that during ?EVENT, ?AGENT loses physical control of the &%controlled object.' s__Capturing 'A &%Capturing is a &%ChangeOfControl event in which an &%Agent gains physical control over another &%Agent.' s__PlacingUnderArrest__t s__Capturing__t s__LawEnforcement__t '&%PlacingUnderArrest is the class of events in which a &%CognitiveAgent, typically a law enforcement professional, legally takes into custody a human or group of humans.' '(&%arrested ?EVENT ?AGENT) means that during ?EVENT, ?AGENT is taken into custody, typically by a representative of a law enforcement organization.' '(&%conveyance ?EVENT ?OBJ) means that ?OBJ is the &%Vehicle or other transportation device used in ?EVENT.' s__GasolineEngine s__GasolineEngine__t '&%GasolineEngine is the subclass of &%InternalCombustionEngines that use &%Gasoline as their resource.' s__DieselEngine s__DieselEngine__t s__InternalCombustionEngine__t '&%DieselEngine is the subclass of &%InternalCombustionEngines that use &%DieselFuel as their resource.' 'An instance of the first argument is typically found as part of an instance of the second argument. This is a class-level relation roughly corresponding to &%part. Note that this does not imply that such wholes typically have such parts.' '(? [V__Y] : (s__instance(V__Y,s__Object) & s__instance(V__Y,V__WHOLE) & s__part(V__X,V__Y)))' '(~ (? [V__Z] : (s__instance(V__Z,s__Object) & s__instance(V__Z,V__WHOLE) & s__part(V__X,V__Z))))' '(? [V__X1] : (s__instance(V__X1,s__Object) & s__instance(V__X1,V__PART) & s__part(V__X1,V__Y)))' '(~ (? [V__X2] : (s__instance(V__X2,s__Object) & s__instance(V__X2,V__PART) & s__part(V__X2,V__Y))))' 'Every instance of the first argument is initially found as part of an instance of the second argument, even though it might lose that part later in its lifetime. While the part must initially exist as part of a whole, this does not say that each whole necessarily initially contains such a part. For example, a thumb must at some time have been part of a hand, but every hand need not have a thumb, even at birth. This is a class-level relation roughly corresponding to &%part.' 'Every instance of the second argument initially contains an instance of the first argument, even though it might lose that part later in its lifetime. Every normal human starts life with an appendix for example. While the whole must initially contain such a part, this does not say that each part necessarily initially exists as part of such a whole. This is a class-level relation roughly corresponding to &%part.' s__CausingHappiness s__CausingHappiness__t 'Any &%Process whose result is that the patient of the process is happy.' s__CausingPain s__CausingUnhappiness s__CausingPain__t 'Any &%Process whose result is that the patient of the process is in &%Pain.' s__CausingUnhappiness__t 'Any &%Process whose result is that the patient of the process is unhappy.' s__Lengthening__t '&%Increasing the length of something.' s__Saving s__Saving__t 'Any instance of &%Increasing where the &%PhysicalQuantity involved is a &%CurrencyMeasure. This includes saving in a financial account as well as stuffing gold bars under the matress, or a squirrel saving nuts for winter.' 'A predicate that relates an &%Agent to any item of economic value owned by the &%Agent. Examples of financial assets are cash, securities, accounts receivable, inventory, office equipment, a house, a car, and other property.' s__Barking s__Barking__t 'Any instance of &%RadiatingSound which is produced by a &%Canine.' s__Menstruation s__Menstruation__t 'A periodic discharge of &%Blood and other &%BiologicalSubstances by &%Females that is part of a readjustment of the uterus.' s__Organification s__Organification__t 'Any &%BiologicalProcess that results in the formation of an &%Organ.' s__BiologicalConception s__BiologicalConception__t s__Mating 'The production of a zygote from the fusion of a male and female gamete.' s__ContraceptiveDevice s__ContraceptiveDevice__t '&%Devices which permit sexual intercourse but which reduce the likelihood of conception.' '(? [V__M] : (s__instance(V__M,s__Mating) & s__patient(V__M,V__C) & (~ (? [V__SR] : (s__instance(V__M,s__Process) & s__instance(V__SR,s__BiologicalConception) & s__result(V__M,V__SR))))))' s__BirdEgg s__BirdEgg__t 'Any &%Egg that is produced by a &%Bird.' s__Biopsy s__Biopsy__t 'Any &%DiagnosticProcess which involves the examination of &%BodySubstances taken from a living &%Organism.' 'Any process of sexual intercourse between two &%Humans or &%Animals.' s__Raping s__Raping__t s__Mating__t 'Any instance of &%Mating where one participant does not consent. This is limited to acts between &%Humans.' s__LayingEggs s__LayingEggs__t 'Any &%OrganismProcess where an &%Egg is expelled from the body of a &%Animal, e.g. a &%Bird or &%Reptile laying eggs.' '(ideologicalAffiliationOfOrganization ?ORG ?GOV) means that one of the goals of ?ORG is to realize the &%FormOfGovernment ?GOV.' '(religiousAffiliationOfOrganization ?ORG ?BELIEF) means that one of the goals of ?ORG is to advance the religious teachings of the &%BeliefGroup ?BELIEF.' '(allegiance ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that the &%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT owes its allegiance to the political entity ?ENTITY.' '(ancestorOrganization ?ORG1 ?ORG2) means that the &%Organization ?ORG1 descended from the &%Organization ?ORG2.' '(anniversary ?PHYSICAL ?TIME) means that ?TIME is the class of TimeIntervals which mark the anniversary of ?PHYSICAL. For example, (anniversary Christmas (&%DayFn 35 &%December)) means that Christmas is celebrated each year on the 25th of &%December.' '(birthday ?PERSON ?DAY) means that ?DAY is the anniversary each year of the birth of ?PERSON. For example, (birthday &%WilliamJeffersonClinton (&%DayFn 19 &%August)) means that Bill Clintons birthday is &%August 19th.' '(birthplace ?INDIV ?PLACE) means that the &%Animal ?INDIV was born at the location ?PLACE. The location may be a geographic area or a building, such as a hospital.' '(birthdate ?PERSON ?DAY) means that ?DAY is the &%Day on which the ?PERSON was born.' '(birthdate ?PERSON ?DAY) means that ?DAY is the &%Day on which the ?PERSON died.' '(deathplace ?INDIV ?PLACE) means that the &%Animal ?INDIV died at the location ?PLACE. The location may be a geographic area or a building, such as a hospital.' '(&%equipmentCount ?OBJECT ?TYPE ?QUANTITY) means that ?OBJECT is equipped with devices of the type ?TYPE, in the number ?QUANTITY. Equipment associated with an ?OBJECT may be a &%component of ?OBJECT (such as the emergency oxygen system built into passenger jets) or it may be a device simply located on or with ?OBJECT (such as a first aid kit).' '(equipmentType ?THING ?TYPE) means that the &%Artifact ?THING has a component or attachment of &%Device ?TYPE. See also &%equipmentTypeCount.' '(grammaticalRelation ?PHRASE ?SENTENCE) means that the &%Phrase ?PHRASE has a grammatical relation to the Sentence ?SENTENCE, i.e. it is a subject, object, main verb, etc. of the ?SENTENCE.' '(distanceOnPath ?DIST ?PATH) means that for a given path (which is a pathInSystem) that the distance of the route is the measurement ?DIST.' '(&%inString ?&%Character ?&%SymbolicString) means that ?&%Character is &%part of ?&%SymbolicString. See also &%subString.' '(&%subString ?&%SymbolicString-1 ?&%SymbolicString-2) means that ?&%SymbolicString-1 is &%part of ?&%SymbolicString-2. ?&%SymbolicString-2 includes all the same &%Characters as ?&%SymbolicString-1 and in the same order, but ?&%SymbolicString-2 may include more &%Characters than ?&%SymbolicString-1. See also &%inString.' s__SubstringFn__m '(&%SubstringFn ?&%SymbolicString ?&%NonnegativeInteger-1 ?&%NonnegativeInteger-2) denotes a string that is a &%subString of ?&%SymbolicString, begins with the &%Character at the index ?&%NonnegativeInteger-1, and ends with the &%Character at the index (&%SubtractionFn ?&%NonnegativeInteger-2 1). The first &%Character in ?&%SymbolicString is denoted by the index 0. If the value of ?&%NonnegativeInteger-1 or ?&%NonnegativeInteger-2 is greater than the value of (&%StringLengthFn ?&%SymbolicString), or if ?&%NonnegativeInteger-1 is greater than ?&%NonnegativeInteger-2, the result of evaluating the &%SubstringFn expression is undefined. Example: (&%equal "Charle" (&%SubstringFn "Charles Darwin" 0 6)).' s__StringLengthFn__m 'This &%UnaryFunction takes a &%SymbolicString as its sole argument. The result of evaluating a term formed with &%StringLengthFn is a &%NonnegativeInteger that denotes the number of &%Characters in the &%SymbolicString. Example: (&%equal 14 (&%StringLengthFn "Charles Darwin")).' '(&%stringLength ?&%NonnegativeInteger ?&%SymbolicString) means that the number of &%Characters in ?&%SymbolicString is ?&%NonnegativeInteger. Example: (&%stringLength 14 "Charles Darwin"), which is a &%True &%Sentence.' s__StringConcatenateFn__m 'The result of applying this &%Function to two &%SymbolicString arguments is a third &%SymbolicString that is the concatenation of the two arguments. Example: (&%equal "Charles Darwin" (&%StringConcatenateFn "Charles " "Darwin")).' '(&%stringConcatenation ?&%SymbolicString-1 ?&%SymbolicString-2 ?&%SymbolicString-3) means that ?&%SymbolicString-3 can be formed by appending ?&%SymbolicString-1 and ?&%SymbolicString-2, in order. Example: (&%stringConcatenation "Charles " "Darwin" "Charles Darwin") is a &%True &%Sentence.' '(&%precedesInString ?&%SymbolicString-1 ?&%SymbolicString-2 ?&%SymbolicString-3) means that ?&%SymbolicString-1 and ?&%SymbolicString-2 are &%subStrings of ?&%SymbolicString-3, and ?&%SymbolicString-1 occurs sequentially before ?&%SymbolicString-2 in ?&%SymbolicString-3. Example: (&%precedesInString "Johann" "Bach" "Johann Sebastian Bach").' s__Descriptor s__Name s__Name__t s__Descriptor__t '&%Name denotes the &%Class of &%ContentBearingObjects that identify an &%Entity, typically in some linguistic form such as an epithet, given name, street address, etc.' s__Identifier__t '&%Identifier is the &%Class of &%ContentBearingObjects that identify some entity, such as a bank account, a person, or a location (e.g., as identified by a specific street address or GPS coordinates), perhaps uniquely under some circumstances.' s__PlaceDescriptor s__DescriptorPart s__DescriptorPart__t s__NamePart s__NamePart__t s__IdentifierPart s__IdentifierPart__t s__PlaceID s__PlaceID__t s__PlaceDescriptor__t s__LocalizablePlaceID__t s__PlaceAddress 'A &%ContactSite is an &%Object, typically a &%Place or a &%Residence or a &%CommunicationDevice such as a &%Telephone, that has some kind of address identifier and can serve as a point of contact for a &%Human or &%Organization.' s__TelephonyDevice__t s__ContactSite__t s__ElectricDevice__t 'A &%TelephonyDevice is a &%CommunicationDevice that, when connected to a &%TelephoneSystem, functions as an access point allowing end users (&%Humans or other &%Agents, such as autonomous/scheduled &%ComputerPrograms) to send or receive signals via the system. &%Telephones and &%FaxMachines are &%TelephonyDevices. A given &%Computer may or may not function as a &%TelephonyDevice, depending on the &%ComputerPrograms it runs and the &%ComputerComponents that are part of it.' '(&%canonicalPlaceName ?PLACE ?LANG ?STRING) means that in the &%Language ?LANG, the &%SymbolicString ?STRING is a canonical name for the &%GeographicArea ?PLACE' 'A &%PostalPlace is any &%LocalizablePlace that can have a postal address, and to which hardcopy mail (letters, packages, etc.) can be delivered.' s__MilitaryInstallation__t s__PostalPlace__t '(&%siteForContact ?&%ContactSite ?&%Agent) means that the &%Human or &%Organization ?&%Agent can be reached at or via the point of contact ?&%ContactSite.' '(&%postContactSite ?&%PostalPlace ?&%Agent) means that the &%Human or &%Organization ?&%Agent can be contacted by post (mail) at the location ?&%PostalPlace.' '(&%unitNumber ?STR ?PLACE) means that ?STR represents the particular unit or space within the building that a &%PostalPlace is located' '(&%floorCode ?STR ?PLACE) means that ?STR represents the &%BuildingLevel that a particular &%PostalPlace can be found at' s__Neighborhood__t '&%Neighborhood refers to a &%GeographicArea that is a subregion of a larger geographic area, such as a &%City, normally with a distinctive feature' neighborhood '(&%postNeighborhood ?PLACE ?NEIGHBORHOOD) means that ?PLACE is located in ?NEIGHBORHOOD' '(&%postCountry ?&%PostalPlace ?&%GeopoliticalArea) means that ?&%PostalPlace is located in the &%Nation or &%DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea ?&%GeopoliticalArea.' '(&%postDistrict ?&%PostalPlace ?&%StateOrProvince) means that ?&%PostalPlace is located in ?&%StateOrProvince.' '(&%postCity ?&%PostalPlace ?&%City) means that ?&%PostalPlace is located in ?&%City.' s__PostcodeArea__t 'An &%instance of &%PostcodeArea is a &%LocalizablePlace that is identified by a &%Postcode.' '(&%postPostcodeArea ?&%PostalPlace ?&%PostcodeArea) means that ?&%PostalPlace is located in ?&%PostcodeArea.' '(&%postStreet ?&%PostalPlace ?&%Roadway) means that ?&%PostalPlace is &%Adjacent to ?&%Roadway.' '(&%postStreetNumber ?&%SymbolicString ?&%PostalPlace) means that ?&%SymbolicString identifies the sub-city block or building level location of a ?&%PostalPlace. ?&%SymbolicString need not consist exclusively of &%DigitCharacters.' '(&%postPostOfficeBox ?&%SymbolicString ?&%PostalPlace) means that ?&%SymbolicString identifies the post office box of a ?&%PostalPlace. ?&%SymbolicString need not consist exclusively of &%DigitCharacters.' s__PostalAddressText__t '(&%postAddressText ?&%PostalAddressText ?&%PostalPlace) means that the &%ContactSite ?&%PostalPlace is identified by ?&%PostalAddressText.' '(&%telecomContactDevice ?&%TelephonyDevice ?&%Agent) means that ?&%TelephonyDevice is a &%ContactSite for the &%Human or &%Organization ?&%Agent.' s__VirtualAddress__t s__PlaceAddress__t s__VirtualPlaceID__t s__TelecomNumber__t '(&%deviceTelecomNumber ?&%TelecomNumber ?&%TelephonyDevice) means that ?&%TelephonyDevice is identified, and can be accessed, by ?&%TelecomNumber.' '(&%telecomCoreNumber ?&%SymbolicString ?&%TelecomNumber) means that ?&%SymbolicString is the &%part of a &%TelecomNumber that identifies an individual subscriber line, not including the area code and any possible extensions.' '(&%telecomCountryCode ?&%SymbolicString &%TelecomNumber) means that ?&%SymbolicString is the &%part of ?&%TelecomNumber that identifies the &%Nation in which the device identified by ?&%TelecomNumber is located (or registered). ?&%SymbolicString will be standard code conforming to, and assigned by, ITU-T Recommendation E.164.' '(&%telecomAreaCode ?&%SymbolicString &%TelecomNumber) means that ?&%SymbolicString is the &%part of ?&%TelecomNumber that follows the country code. ?&%SymbolicString may denote a &%GeographicArea in which the &%TelephonyDevice identified by ?&%TelecomNumber is located (registered), but it may also denote a call billing plan or status, as for 800 numbers in the North American Numbering Plan.' '(&%telecomCode2 ?&%SymbolicString ?&%TelecomNumber) means that ?&%SymbolicString is the second code (if there is one, such as a sub-area code) following the part of ?&%TelecomNumber denoted by &%telecomCountryCode.' '(&%telecomExtension ?&%SymbolicString ?&%TelecomNumber) means that ?&%SymbolicString is a &%part of ?&%TelecomNumber that identifies a &%TelephonyDevice within a group of such &%Devices, the members of which share a local subscriber line.' '(%&telephoneNumber ?NUMBER ?AGENT) means that ?&%Agent identifies a &%TelecomeNumber at which ?&%Agent can be contacted' '(&%personalPhoneNumber ?&%TelecomNumber ?&%Human) means that ?&%TelecomNumber identifies a &%Telephone at which ?&%Human can be contacted when not a work, or for purposes other than work.' '(&%homePhoneNumber ?&%TelecomNumber ?&%Human) means that ?&%TelecomNumber identifies a &%Telephone located at ?&%Humans &%PermanentResidence.' '(&%workPhoneNumber ?&%TelecomNumber ?&%Agent) means that ?&%TelecomNumber identifies a &%Telephone at which ?&%Agent can be contacted when at work, or for business purposes.' 'An &%instance of &%FixedPhone is a &%Telephone that must be connected to the telephone network via a cord.' s__FixedPhone__t s__Telephone__t s__MobileCellPhone s__MobileCellPhone__t 'A &%MobileCellPhone is a &%Telephone that connects to the telephone network by sending and receiving radio transmissions, rather than via a cord, and so is portable.' '(&%mobilePhoneNumber ?&%TelecomNumber ?&%Agent) means that ?&%TelecomNumber identifies a &%MobileCellPhone at which ?&%Agent can be contacted.' '(s__deviceTelecomNumber(V__NUMBER,V__DEVICE) & s__mobilePhoneNumber(V__NUMBER,V__AGENT))' '(&%faxNumber ?&%TelecomNumber ?&%Agent) means that ?&%TelecomNumber identifies a &%FaxMachine at which ?&%Agent can be contacted.' '(s__deviceTelecomNumber(V__NUMBER,V__DEVICE) & s__faxNumber(V__NUMBER,V__AGENT))' s__FabricIron s__FabricIron__t '&%FabricIron is a type of &%Device that has a flat metal base used to smooth cloth' iron s__IroningBoard s__IroningBoard__t '&%IroningBoard is a type of &%Device consisting of a flat, padded board used as a surface for ironing' 'ironing board' '(? [V__IRON,V__FABRIC,V__OBJ] : (s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Object) & s__instance(V__FABRIC,s__Object) & s__instance(V__IRON,s__Process) & s__instance(V__IRON,s__Ironing) & s__patient(V__IRON,V__OBJ) & s__part(V__FABRIC,V__OBJ) & s__instance(V__FABRIC,s__Fabric) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__IRON),s__orientation(V__OBJ,V__BOARD,s__On))))' s__Smoothing s__Smoothing__t '&%Smoothing is a type of &%SurfaceChange to make something &%Smooth' smoothing s__Ironing__t '&%Ironing refers to a &%Smoothing process where a heated &%Device is used to smooth something' ironing s__WhirlpoolTub '&%WhirlpoolTub refers to a &%FluidContainer used by &%Humans for relaxation with jets used to create water currents to massage the body' 'whirlpool tub' s__PressureControlValve '(? [V__WATER,V__CREATION,V__MOTION] : (s__instance(V__MOTION,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__CREATION,s__Process) & s__instance(V__WATER,s__Object) & s__instance(V__VALVE,s__Object) & s__instance(V__WATER,s__Water) & s__located(V__WATER,V__TUB) & s__instance(V__CREATION,s__Creation) & s__instrument(V__CREATION,V__VALVE) & s__result(V__CREATION,V__MOTION) & s__instance(V__MOTION,s__Motion) & s__located(V__MOTION,V__WATER)))' s__HotTub s__HotTub__t s__WhirlpoolTub__t '&%HotTub refers to a &%WhirlpoolTub that is capable of heating the water located in it' 'hot tub' '(? [V__HEAT] : (s__instance(V__HEAT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__HEAT,s__Heating) & s__instrument(V__HEAT,V__X) & s__patient(V__HEAT,V__WATER)))' s__SizeAttribute '&%SizeAttribute refers to attributes that pertain to the &%measure of some &%Object' 'size attribute' s__DoubleSize s__SizeAttribute__t '&%DoubleSize refers to how an &%Object can fit 2 of its target users at the same time' 'double size' '(? [V__T1] : s__holdsDuring(V__T1,(? [V__P1,V__P2] : (s__instance(V__P2,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__P1,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__T1,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__P1,s__Human) & s__instance(V__P2,s__Human) & (~ (V__P1 = V__P2)) & s__located(V__P1,V__X) & s__located(V__P2,V__X)))))' s__Kennel s__Kennel__t '&%Kennel is a &%TrapOrCage where a &%DomesticAnimal is &%Confining by its owner' kennel '(? [V__ANIMAL,V__CONFINING] : (s__instance(V__CONFINING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__ANIMAL,s__DomesticAnimal) & s__instance(V__CONFINING,s__Confining) & s__patient(V__CONFINING,V__ANIMAL) & s__eventLocated(V__CONFINING,V__KENNEL)))' s__DryingDevice '&%DryingDevice refers to any &%Device used as an instrument in the &%Drying process' 'drying device' '(? [V__DRYING] : (s__instance(V__DRYING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DRYING,s__Drying) & s__instrument(V__DRYING,V__D)))' s__ClothesDryer__t s__DryingDevice__t s__WashingDevice__t s__HairDryer s__HairDryer__t '&%HairDryer is a type of &%DryingDevice used specifically for &%Drying &%Hair' 'hair dryer' '(? [V__HAIR,V__DRYING] : (s__instance(V__DRYING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__HAIR,s__Hair) & s__instance(V__DRYING,s__Drying) & s__patient(V__DRYING,V__HAIR) & s__instrument(V__DRYING,V__HD)))' s__SelfServiceLaundry s__SelfServiceLaundry__t '&%SelfServiceLaundry is a &%Room where a collection of coin-operatend washing machines and dryers are available for customers' 'self-service laundry' s__Microwave s__Microwave__t '&%Microwave is an &%ElectricDevice that heats food by passing an electromagnetic wave through it' microwave '(? [V__FOOD,V__HEATING] : (s__instance(V__HEATING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__FOOD,s__PreparedFood) & s__instance(V__HEATING,s__Heating) & s__instrument(V__HEATING,V__M) & s__patient(V__HEATING,V__FOOD)))' s__SmokeDetector s__SmokeDetector__t '&%SmokeDetector is a &%Device that is able to &%Discovering the presence of &%Smoke' 'smoke detector' '(? [V__DISCOVER,V__SMOKE] : (s__instance(V__DISCOVER,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DISCOVER,s__Discovering) & s__instrument(V__DISCOVER,V__D) & s__patient(V__DISCOVER,V__SMOKE) & s__instance(V__SMOKE,s__Smoke)))' s__Sprinkler s__Sprinkler__t '&%Sprinkler is a type of &%Device that loosely distributes a substance, either solid (e.g. Salt or herbs) or liquid (e.g. water sprinkler)' sprinkler s__WaterSprinkler s__WaterSprinkler__t '&%WaterSprinkler is a type of &%Sprinkler that releases &%Water' 'water sprinkler' '(? [V__WM] : (s__instance(V__WM,s__Process) & s__instance(V__WM,s__WaterMotion) & s__origin(V__WM,V__W)))' s__FireSprinklerSystem s__FireSprinklerSystem__t '&%FireSprinklerSystem is a &%Collection of &%Devices that allow water to be released when a &%Fire is detected' 'sprinkler system' s__IceMachine s__IceMachine__t '&%IceMachine is a type of &%Machine that produces &%Ice' 'ice machine' '(? [V__PROC,V__ICE] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instrument(V__PROC,V__IM) & s__result(V__PROC,V__ICE) & s__instance(V__ICE,s__Ice)))' s__AlarmClock s__AlarmClock__t '&%AlarmClock is a type of &%Clock that will radiate sound when a certain time is set' 'alarm clock' '(? [V__TIME,V__M,V__Q] : (s__instance(V__M,s__Measuring) & s__agent(V__M,V__AC) & s__result(V__M,V__Q) & (V__Q = V__TIME) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__M),(? [V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__M,s__Process) & s__instance(V__S,s__RadiatingSound) & s__agent(V__S,V__AC))))))' s__AMFMAlarmClock s__AMFMAlarmClock__t '&%AMFMAlarmClock is a type of &%AlarmClock that is also a &%RadioReceiver, meaning it can get &%RadioBroadcast from &%RadioStation' 'am / fm alarm clock' s__ElectricCoffeeMaker s__ElectricCoffeeMaker__t '&%ElectricCoffeeMaker is a &%Device that makes &%Coffee' 'coffee maker' '(? [V__COFFEE,V__M] : (s__instance(V__M,s__Process) & s__instance(V__M,s__Making) & s__instrument(V__M,V__C) & s__result(V__M,V__COFFEE) & s__instance(V__COFFEE,s__Coffee)))' s__Clean '&%Clean describes how something is free from dirt or impurities' clean s__Dirty '&%Dirty describes how something has been soiled with dirt, dust or grime' dirty 'An &%instance of &%DataStorageDevice is a &%Device intended to be used for storing data (information).' s__Whiteboard s__Whiteboard__t s__DataStorageDevice__t '%&Whiteboard refers to flat surface where information can be encoded using erasable pens. This baord is normally colored White' whiteboard '(? [V__WRITE] : (s__instance(V__WRITE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__WRITE,s__Writing) & s__destination(V__WRITE,V__OBJ)))' s__Steam s__Steam__t '&%Steam refers to the &%Gas form of &%Water that is a result of &%Boiling it and diffusing it into the air' steam s__WaterHeater s__WaterHeater__t '(? [V__HEAT,V__WATER] : (s__instance(V__HEAT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__HEAT,s__Heating) & s__instance(V__WATER,s__Water) & s__patient(V__HEAT,V__WATER) & s__instrument(V__HEAT,V__X)))' '(&%airTemperature ?AREA ?TEMP) means that the temperature of the air at ?AREA is ?TEMP. Temperature may be expressed in units of &%TemperatureMeasure, including &%CelsiusDegree and &%FahrenheitDegree, among others.' s__TemperatureAttribute s__TemperatureAttribute__t '&%TemperatureAttribute is an attribute that describes the temperature of a certain object' 'temperature attribute' s__ColdTemperature '&%ColdTemperature is a type of &%TemperatureAttribute that has a low or inadequate temperature' cold s__HotTemperature s__CoolTemperature '&%CoolTemperature describes how there is some relief from heat but not very cold, is between cold and warm' cool s__WarmTemperature '&%WarmTemperature describes how there is a comfortable or agreeable degree of heat' warm '&%HotTemperature describes how something has a high temperature' hot s__Multilingual '&%Multilingual describes a person who is able to speak more than one language fluently' multilingual '(? [V__LANG1,V__LANG2] : (s__instance(V__LANG1,s__SpokenHumanLanguage) & s__instance(V__LANG2,s__SpokenHumanLanguage) & (~ (V__LANG1 = V__LANG2)) & (s__patient(V__SPEAK,V__LANG1) | s__patient(V__SPEAK,V__LANG2))))' s__RecreationalVehicle__t 'A &%RecreationalVehicle is a type of motorized &%Vehicle that is used for camping or can serve as a &%Residence that is mobile' rv '(? [V__BED,V__DINING,V__KITCHEN] : (s__instance(V__KITCHEN,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__DINING,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__BED,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__BED,s__Bed) & s__instance(V__DINING,s__DiningArea) & s__instance(V__KITCHEN,s__KitchenArea) & s__located(V__BED,V__RV) & s__located(V__DINING,V__RV) & s__located(V__KITCHEN,V__RV)))' s__ElectronicLock s__ElectronicLock__t s__Lock__t '&%ElectronicLock is a type of &%Lock that depends on some &%ElectronicSignalling process to open' 'electronic lock' '(? [V__ES,V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__ES,s__Process) & s__instance(V__ES,s__ElectronicSignalling) & s__destination(V__ES,V__LOCK) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__Opening) & s__instrument(V__PROC,V__LOCK) & s__before(s__BeginFn(s__WhenFn(V__ES)),s__BeginFn(s__WhenFn(V__PROC)))))' s__RunningTrack s__RunningTrack__t '&%RunningTrack is a &%StationaryArtifact which serves as a path for people running' 'running track' '(? [V__RUN,V__HUMAN] : (s__instance(V__HUMAN,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__RUN,s__Motion) & s__instance(V__HUMAN,s__Human) & s__instance(V__RUN,s__Running) & s__agent(V__RUN,V__HUMAN) & s__path(V__RUN,V__TRACK)))' s__KnockLight s__KnockLight__t '&%KnockLight is a type of &%Device that flashes light when a door knock is made. It is used by the hearing impaired' 'knock light' '(? [V__SOUND,V__LIGHT,V__IMPACT] : (s__instance(V__IMPACT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__LIGHT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__SOUND,s__Process) & s__instance(V__IMPACT,s__Impacting) & s__patient(V__IMPACT,V__DOOR) & s__causes(V__IMPACT,V__SOUND) & s__instance(V__SOUND,s__RadiatingSound) & s__agent(V__SOUND,V__DOOR) & s__causes(V__SOUND,V__LIGHT) & s__instance(V__LIGHT,s__RadiatingLight) & s__agent(V__LIGHT,V__KL)))' s__PrayerMat s__PrayerMat__t s__Rug__t '&%PrayerMat is a type of &%Rug which is used in &%Praying' 'prayer mat' '(? [V__PRAY,V__PERSON] : (s__instance(V__PERSON,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__PRAY,s__Process) & s__instance(V__PRAY,s__Praying) & s__agent(V__PRAY,V__PERSON) & s__instance(V__PERSON,s__Human) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__PRAY),s__orientation(V__PERSON,V__MAT,s__On))))' s__VideoGame s__VideoGame__t '&%VideoGame is a &%Game in &%VideoRecording form' 'video game' s__VideoGamePlayer s__VideoGamePlayer__t '&%VideoGamePlayer is a &%MediaSystem that enables the playing of a &%VideoGame' 'video game player' '(? [V__GAME,V__RL,V__MOVE,V__CONTROLLER,V__PLAYER] : (s__instance(V__PLAYER,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__CONTROLLER,s__Object) & s__instance(V__MOVE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__RL,s__Process) & s__instance(V__GAME,s__Process) & s__instance(V__GAME,s__VideoGame) & s__instrument(V__GAME,V__X) & s__agent(V__GAME,V__PLAYER) & s__instance(V__MOVE,s__Maneuver) & s__instrument(V__MOVE,V__CONTROLLER) & s__agent(V__MOVE,V__PLAYER) & s__subProcess(V__MOVE,V__GAME) & s__part(V__CONTROLLER,V__X) & s__instance(V__RL,s__RadiatingLight) & s__agent(V__RL,V__X) & s__patient(V__RL,V__GAME)))' s__ElectricalOutlet s__ElectricalOutlet__t '&%ElectricalOutlet refers to a &%Device that is used to connect a plug to a power source so that &%Electricity can flow from the source to an &%ElectricDevice' 'electrical outlet' '(? [V__POWER,V__WIRE] : (s__instance(V__WIRE,s__EngineeringConnection) & s__instance(V__POWER,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__POWER,s__PowerSource) & s__instance(V__WIRE,s__Collection) & s__memberType(V__WIRE,s__WireLine) & s__connectsEngineeringComponents(V__WIRE,V__X,V__POWER)))' s__ElectricalPlug s__ElectricalPlug__t s__Plug__t '&%ElectricalPlug is a type of &%Plug made of metal that is normally used to conduct electricity from an &%ElectricalOutlet to an &%ElectricDevice' 'electrical plug' '(? [V__OUTLET] : (s__instance(V__OUTLET,s__Hole) & s__instance(V__OUTLET,s__ElectricalOutlet) & s__completelyFills(V__X,V__OUTLET)))' s__OutletAdapter s__OutletAdapter__t 'An &%OutletAdapter is a device that, on one side has &%Hole and on another side has metal prongs so that an &%ElectricalPlug can fit into an &%ElectricalOutlet' 'outlet adapter' '(? [V__OUTLET,V__PLUG] : (s__instance(V__PLUG,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__OUTLET,s__Hole) & s__instance(V__OUTLET,s__EngineeringComponent) & s__instance(V__PLUG,s__ElectricalPlug) & s__instance(V__OUTLET,s__ElectricalOutlet) & s__completelyFills(V__PLUG,V__ADAPT) & s__completelyFills(V__ADAPT,V__OUTLET) & s__connectsEngineeringComponents(V__ADAPT,V__PLUG,V__OUTLET)))' s__AirConditioner__t '&%AirConditioner is a type of &%ElectricDevice that is designed to provide comfort during hot or cold weather by keeping the air in an area a specific temperature' 'air conditioner' '(? [V__PROC,V__TEMP,V__AREA] : (s__instance(V__AREA,s__Object) & s__instance(V__TEMP,s__TemperatureMeasure) & s__located(V__X,V__AREA) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instrument(V__PROC,V__X) & s__result(V__PROC,s__airTemperature(V__AREA,V__TEMP))))' s__Surrounded '&%Surrounded describes how an object or a collection of objects &%meetsSpatially with all sides of another object' surrounded s__Courtyard s__Courtyard__t '&%Courtyard is an unroofed area wholly or partly surrounded by walls or buildings' courtyard s__SpeakerDevice s__SpeakerDevice__t '&%SpeakerDevice is a type of device that converts electrical signals into sounds loud enough to be heard at a distance' speaker '(? [V__RS] : (s__instance(V__RS,s__Process) & s__instance(V__RS,s__Object) & s__instance(V__RS,s__RadiatingSound) & s__instrument(V__RS,V__X) & s__attribute(V__RS,s__Audible)))' s__Earphone s__Earphone__t '&%Earphone is a type of &%Device that that converts electric signals into sound and is usually held over or inserted in the ear' earphone '(? [V__ES,V__RS,V__SIGNAL,V__EAR,V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__EAR,s__Object) & s__instance(V__RS,s__Process) & s__instance(V__ES,s__Process) & s__instance(V__ES,s__ElectricalSignalling) & s__patient(V__ES,V__SIGNAL) & s__destination(V__ES,V__X) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instrument(V__PROC,V__X) & s__patient(V__PROC,V__SIGNAL) & s__result(V__PROC,V__RS) & s__instance(V__RS,s__RadiatingSound) & s__origin(V__RS,V__X) & s__before(s__BeginFn(s__WhenFn(V__ES)),s__BeginFn(s__WhenFn(V__PROC))) & s__before(s__BeginFn(s__WhenFn(V__PROC)),s__BeginFn(s__WhenFn(V__RS))) & s__instance(V__EAR,s__Ear) & s__orientation(V__X,V__EAR,s__Adjacent)))' s__Public__t 'a body of people sharing some common interest; example: the reading public.' '(s__member(V__AGENT1,s__Public) & s__member(V__AGENT2,s__Public) & (~ (V__AGENT1 = V__AGENT2)))' '(s__desires(V__AGENT1,V__INTEREST) & s__desires(V__AGENT2,V__INTEREST))' s__PublicAddressSystem s__PublicAddressSystem__t '&%PublicAddressSystem refers to an electronic amplification system used as a communication system in public areas' 'public address system' '(? [V__RS,V__AREA,V__GRP] : (s__instance(V__AREA,s__LandArea) & s__located(V__X,V__AREA) & s__instance(V__GRP,s__GroupOfPeople) & s__located(V__GRP,V__AREA) & s__instance(V__RS,s__RadiatingSound) & s__instrument(V__RS,V__X) & (! [V__PERSON] : ((s__instance(V__PERSON,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__PERSON,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__X,s__Object)) => (s__member(V__PERSON,V__GRP) => (? [V__HEAR] : (s__instance(V__HEAR,s__Process) & s__instance(V__GRP,s__Collection) & s__instance(V__AREA,s__Object) & s__instance(V__RS,s__Process) & s__instance(V__HEAR,s__Hearing) & s__patient(V__HEAR,V__RS) & s__agent(V__HEAR,V__PERSON))))))))' s__Wheelchair s__Wheelchair__t '&%Wheelchair is a type of &%LandVehicle that is used to individually transport those who cannot walk' wheelchair '(? [V__TRANSPORT,V__HUMAN] : (s__instance(V__HUMAN,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__TRANSPORT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__HUMAN,s__Human) & (~ s__capability(s__Walking,s__agent__m,V__HUMAN)) & s__instance(V__TRANSPORT,s__Transportation) & s__agent(V__TRANSPORT,V__HUMAN) & s__instrument(V__TRANSPORT,V__X)))' s__WheelchairAccessible '&%WheelchairAccessible describes how a location lets a person using a wheelchair move around without interference and with access to all features of that place.' 'wheelchair accessible' s__HandicappedFriendly '(? [V__MOTION,V__WHEELCHAIR] : (s__instance(V__WHEELCHAIR,s__Object) & s__instance(V__MOTION,s__Process) & s__instance(V__MOTION,s__Motion) & s__instrument(V__MOTION,V__WHEELCHAIR) & s__instance(V__WHEELCHAIR,s__Wheelchair) & s__eventLocated(V__MOTION,V__X)))' '&%HandicappedFriendly describes an object that can be easily used by somebody who has some &%Disability' 'handicapped friendly' s__Recliner s__Recliner__t '&%Recliner is a type of &%Seat whose back can be lowered and the foot can be rasied to allow the sitter to recline in it.' recliner '(? [V__INCLINE] : (s__instance(V__INCLINE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__INCLINE,s__Inclining) & s__patient(V__INCLINE,V__X)))' 'Instances of &%VisualContentBearingPhysical are &%ContentBearingPhysicals that are intended to convey meaning as the result of being seen.' s__VisualContentBearingPhysical__t 'Instances of &%VisualContentBearingObject are &%ContentBearingObjects that are intended to convey meaning as the result of being seen.' s__Image__t s__VisualContentBearingObject__t 'Instances of &%Image are &%VisualContentBearingObjects that convey their meaning primarily in non-textual form.' s__MultimediaProjector s__MultimediaProjector__t s__MediaSystem__t '&%MultimediaProjector is a type of &%MediaSystem that projects images on a screen' 'multimedia projector' '(? [V__RS,V__SCREEN,V__VIDEO] : (s__instance(V__SCREEN,s__Object) & s__instance(V__RS,s__Process) & s__instance(V__RS,s__RadiatingLight) & s__instrument(V__RS,V__X) & s__patient(V__RS,V__VIDEO) & (s__instance(V__VIDEO,s__VideoRecording) | s__instance(V__VIDEO,s__Image)) & s__destination(V__RS,V__SCREEN) & s__instance(V__SCREEN,s__Artifact) & s__attribute(V__SCREEN,s__Flat) & (~ s__connected(V__X,V__SCREEN))))' s__AudioRecorder__t '&%AudioRecorder is a type of &%Device that creates an &%AudioRecording by capturing sound and storing it in a &%DataStorageDevice' 'audio recorder' '(? [V__RS,V__RECORD,V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__RS,s__RadiatingSound) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__IntentionalProcess) & s__instrument(V__PROC,V__X) & s__patient(V__PROC,V__RS) & s__result(V__PROC,V__RECORD) & s__instance(V__RECORD,s__AudioRecording)))' s__VideoDisplay__t '&%VideoDisplay is a type of &%ElectricDevice that can &%RadiatingLight to show &%VideoRecording' 'video display' '(? [V__RL,V__VIDEO] : (s__instance(V__RL,s__Process) & s__instance(V__RL,s__RadiatingLight) & s__instance(V__VIDEO,s__VideoRecording) & s__patient(V__RL,V__VIDEO) & s__instrument(V__RL,V__X)))' s__TDDPhone s__TDDPhone__t '&%TDDPhone, which stands for Telecommunications Device for the Deaf, describes a &%Telephone that is designed so that &%Deaf people can use it' '(? [V__AGENT,V__PHONING] : (s__instance(V__PHONING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__AGENT,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__PHONING,s__Telephoning) & s__instrument(V__PHONING,V__TDD) & s__agent(V__PHONING,V__AGENT) & s__attribute(V__AGENT,s__Deaf)))' s__Sail s__Sail__t '&%Sail refers to an &%Artifact made of some type of &%Fabric which by means of which wind is used to propel a sailing vessel' sail s__ACPowerSource s__PowerSource__t '&%ACPowerSource refers to an alternating current &%PowerSource' 'ac power source' s__SinglePhasePowerSource s__SinglePhasePowerSource__t s__ACPowerSource__t s__ThreePhasePowerSource s__ThreePhasePowerSource__t '(&%voltageMeasure ?OBJ ?MEAS) describes how much electricity ?OBJ, a power source, generates' 'voltage measure' 'Instances of &%Document are &%ContentBearingObjects that are intended to convey propositional content via &%Text (&%LinguisticExpressions, seen or heard), &%Images, or some combination of these (e.g., an audio clip included in an electronic document consisting mostly of &%VisualText and some &%Images). Formally, a &%Document constitutes any &%ContentBearingObject that is an &%Artifact conventionally typically intended to be transmitted and assimilated as a meaningful whole. An &%Article or a &%Book would be a &%Document, but a &%Word or &%Paragraph typically would not.' '(? [V__COMM] : (s__instance(V__COMM,s__Process) & s__instance(V__COMM,s__Communication) & s__instrument(V__COMM,V__DOC)))' s__Document__t 'A &%Document that has pages and is bound.' s__GuideBook '&%GuideBook is a type of &%Book that offers basic information about a place, normally designed for the use of visitors or tourists.' 'guide book' s__DiningGuide s__DiningGuide__t s__GuideBook__t '&%DiningGuide is a type of &%GuideBook that offers information about dining places around a specific location' 'dining guide' s__TelephoneHandset__t '&%TelephoneHandset is the part of the &%Telephone that has a &%Earphone and a &%Microphone for the transmission and reception of sound' 'telephone handset' s__FireAlarm s__FireAlarm__t '&%FireAlarm is a &%Device that releases a distinctive noise to inform people that there is a &%Fire' 'fire alarm' '(? [V__GRP] : (s__instance(V__GRP,s__GroupOfPeople) & s__located(V__GRP,V__LOC) & s__knows(V__GRP,(? [V__FIRE] : (s__instance(V__FIRE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__GRP,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__instance(V__RS,s__Process) & s__instance(V__FIRE,s__Fire) & s__eventLocated(V__FIRE,V__LOC))))))' s__GrabBar s__GrabBar__t '&%GrabBar is a bar attached to a &%Wall to provide a handgrip for steadying yourself' 'grab bar' '(? [V__GRAB] : (s__instance(V__GRAB,s__Process) & s__instance(V__GRAB,s__Grabbing) & s__instrument(V__GRAB,V__X)))' '(? [V__HUMAN] : (s__instance(V__HUMAN,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__attribute(V__HUMAN,s__PhysicalDisability) & s__inScopeOfInterest(V__HUMAN,V__X)))' s__HighRise__t '&%HighRise refers to a type of &%Building that has greater than 10 &%BuildingLevel' 'high rise' s__Soaking s__Soaking__t '&%Soaking refers to the process of &%Wetting wherein an &%Object is &%Surrounded by &%Water' soaking s__GrecianTub s__GrecianTub__t s__BathTub__t '&%GrecianTub is a combination of soaking tubs and standard tubs, meaning it has inreased depth for soaking, but can fit into tight spaces by not being as long as standard tubs' 'grecian tub' '(? [V__HUMAN,V__SOAK] : (s__instance(V__SOAK,s__Process) & s__instance(V__HUMAN,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__SOAK,s__Soaking) & s__instance(V__HUMAN,s__Human) & s__agent(V__SOAK,V__HUMAN) & s__patient(V__SOAK,V__HUMAN) & s__eventLocated(V__SOAK,V__X)))' s__HemisphereFigure s__HemisphereFigure__t '&%HemisphereFigure describes a figure that is half of a &%Sphere' hemisphere s__Dome s__Dome__t s__Ceiling__t '&%Dome is a type of &%Ceiling with a &%HemisphereFigure shape' dome s__Historical '&%Historical describes something that was important in &%History' historical s__Rural '&%Rural describes that is characteristic of country life as opposed to the city life' rural s__Suburban '&%Suburban describes something that is characteristic of a residential district on the outskirts of a city' suburban s__Urban '&%Urban describes something that is characteristic of a city or city life' urban s__Patio '&%Patio refers to an &%Region adjoining a building, usually &%Paved, that is used for outdoor activities' patio s__Lanai s__Lanai__t s__Patio__t '&%Lanai refers to a roofed outdoor area %&Adjacent to a &%Building often furnished and used as a living room' '(? [V__AREA] : (s__instance(V__AREA,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__ROOF,s__Object) & s__instance(V__AREA,s__SittingArea) & s__located(V__AREA,V__X)))' '(&%hasUniform ?GRP ?UNIFORM) means that ?GRP is associated or identified by ?UNIFORM and members of ?GRP are expected to wear ?UNIFORM' 'has uniform' '(? [V__PERS,V__CLOTHING,V__TIME] : (s__instance(V__TIME,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__CLOTHING,s__WearableItem) & s__instance(V__PERS,s__Animal) & s__member(V__PERS,V__GRP) & s__instance(V__CLOTHING,V__UNIFORM) & s__holdsDuring(V__TIME,s__wears(V__PERS,V__CLOTHING))))' s__UniformClothing__t '&%UniformClothing is a type of clothing with a distinctive design worn by members of a particular group as a means of identification' uniform s__Tripod s__Tripod__t '&%Tripod refers to a &%Device with 3 legs to support some other &%Object' tripod '(? [V__OBJ,V__PUT,V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PUT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Object) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Artifact) & s__instance(V__PUT,s__Putting) & s__patient(V__PUT,V__OBJ) & s__destination(V__PUT,V__X) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instrument(V__PROC,V__OBJ) & s__before(s__EndFn(s__WhenFn(V__PUT)),s__BeginFn(s__WhenFn(V__PROC)))))' s__Easel s__Easel__t '&%Easel is a type of &%Tripod that supports a flat object such as a canvas or a flipboard' easel '(? [V__OBJ,V__PUT] : (s__instance(V__PUT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Object) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Artifact) & s__attribute(V__OBJ,s__Flat) & s__instance(V__PUT,s__Putting) & s__patient(V__PUT,V__OBJ) & s__destination(V__PUT,V__X)))' s__Solarium s__Solarium__t '&%Solarium is a type of &%Room part of which is made with &%Transparent material like glass to afford exposure to the sun.' solarium s__ExerciseCenter s__ExerciseCenter__t '&%ExerciseCenter refers to a type of &%SportsFacility that has equipment and services for physical training and keeping fit' 'exercise center' '(? [V__DEVICE] : (s__instance(V__DEVICE,s__Physical) & (s__instance(V__DEVICE,s__AerobicExerciseDevice) | s__instance(V__DEVICE,s__AnaerobicExerciseDevice)) & s__located(V__DEVICE,V__X)))' s__GameRoom s__GameRoom__t '&%GameRoom refers to a type of &%Room that have facilities for &%Game that can be played' 'game room' '(? [V__GAME] : (s__instance(V__GAME,s__Process) & s__instance(V__GAME,s__Game) & s__eventLocated(V__GAME,V__X)))' s__Nursery__t '&%Nursery refers to a &%Room for babies' nursery s__SteamBath s__SteamBath__t '&%SteamBath refers to a room that is filled with &%Steam in order to make people sweat' 'steam bath' '(? [V__BATH] : (s__instance(V__BATH,s__Process) & s__instance(V__BATH,s__Bathing) & s__eventLocated(V__BATH,V__X)))' s__HeatedPool s__HeatedPool__t '&%HeatedPool is a type of &%SwimmingPool that has &%HotWaterHeater so that the &%Water in the pool is constantly kept at a certain warm temperature' 'heated pool' s__RoomHeater s__RoomHeater__t '&%RoomHeater is a type of &%HeatingDevice that heats the air in a confined space' 'room heater' '(? [V__AIR,V__HEATING,V__ROOM] : (s__instance(V__ROOM,s__Object) & s__instance(V__HEATING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__AIR,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__AIR,s__Air) & s__instance(V__ROOM,s__Room) & s__located(V__AIR,V__ROOM) & s__instance(V__HEATING,s__Heating) & s__patient(V__HEATING,V__AIR) & s__instrument(V__HEATING,V__X)))' s__DanceHall '&%DanceHall is a &%StationaryArtifact equipped with floors amenable to &%Dancing and devices that blare out &%MakingMusic' 'dance hall' '(? [V__DANCE,V__MUSIC] : (s__instance(V__MUSIC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DANCE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__MUSIC,s__MakingMusic) & s__instance(V__DANCE,s__Dancing) & s__cooccur(V__MUSIC,V__DANCE) & s__eventLocated(V__MUSIC,V__DISCO) & s__eventLocated(V__DANCE,V__DISCO)))' s__NightClub__t s__DanceHall__t '&%NightClub is a type of &%DanceHall that typically opens at &%NightTime and has a &%Tavern located in it' 'night club' s__ScubaDiving s__ScubaDiving__t '&%ScubaDiving is &%Swimming &%Below a &%WaterArea with the aid of some &%Device to help in &%Breathing' 'scuba diving' s__AmericansWithDisabilitiesAct 'The &%AmericansWithDisabilitiesAct is a &%Proposition promulgated by the US Employment Opportunity Commission to give civil right protections to individuals with &%Disability similar to those provided to individuals on the basis of race, color, sex, national origin, age and religion. It guarantees equal opportunities for individuals with &%Disability in public accommodation, employment, transportation, State and local government services and telecommunications' 'ADA' '(&%conforms ?OBJ ?PROP) describes how ?OBJ follows the ideas outlined by ?PROP' conforms s__USFEMA '&%USFEMA, which stands for Federal Emergency Management Agency, is a &%GovernmentOrganization in charge of disaster mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, education and references' fema '(&%approves ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2) means that ?AGENT1 is satisfied that ?AGENT2 has met some requirement or proposition, and publicly declares such' approves s__WetBar s__WetBar__t '&%WetBar is a place for preparing food and beverage that has a sink with running water' 'wet bar' '(? [V__PREP,V__FOOD] : (s__instance(V__PREP,s__Process) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Object) & s__instance(V__SINK,s__Object) & s__instance(V__PREP,s__Making) & s__result(V__PREP,V__FOOD) & (s__instance(V__FOOD,s__PreparedFood) | s__instance(V__FOOD,s__Beverage)) & s__eventLocated(V__PREP,V__OBJ)))' s__SurveillanceSystem s__SurveillanceSystem__t '&%SurveillanceSystem is a &%Collection of devices that work together to provide security by recording sound or video in a certain location and showing it instantly to people, presumably a &%SecurityUnit' 'surveillance system' '(? [V__PROC,V__VID,V__RL,V__CAPTURE] : (s__instance(V__CAPTURE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__CAPTURE,s__TimeInterval) & s__instance(V__RL,s__Process) & s__instance(V__RL,s__TimeInterval) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__TimeInterval) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__eventLocated(V__PROC,V__LOC1) & s__represents(V__VID,V__PROC) & s__instrument(V__CAPTURE,s__Camera) & s__result(V__CAPTURE,V__VID) & s__instance(V__RL,s__RadiatingLight) & s__instrument(V__RL,V__DISPLAY) & s__patient(V__RL,V__VID) & s__before(s__BeginFn(V__PROC),s__BeginFn(V__CAPTURE)) & s__before(s__BeginFn(V__CAPTURE),s__BeginFn(V__RL))))' '(? [V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__SurveillanceSystem) & s__inScopeOfInterest(V__X,V__S)))' s__ArtifactMediatedCommunication__t '&%ArtifactMediatedCommunication refers to &%Communication that uses some &%Artifact as an &%instrument or &%path for the &%Transfer of messages or information' 'artifact mediated communication' s__TelephoneCommunication '&%TelephoneCommunication refers to a &%Communication that is done through the use of the &%TelephoneSystem' 'telephone communication' s__OperatorAssistedTelephoneCommunication s__OperatorAssistedTelephoneCommunication__t s__TelephoneCommunication__t '&%OperatorAssistedTelephoneCommunication refers to &%TelephoneCommunication where an intermediary person connects origin and destination' 'operator assisted telephone communication' '(? [V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__IntentionalProcess) & s__agent(V__PROC,V__OPERATOR) & s__subProcess(V__PROC,V__X) & s__result(V__PROC,V__RESULT) & (V__RESULT = s__modalAttribute((? [V__COMM] : (s__instance(V__COMM,s__Process) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__OPERATOR,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__ORIGIN,s__Object) & s__instance(V__COMM,s__Communication) & s__origin(V__COMM,V__ORIGIN) & s__destination(V__COMM,V__DEST))),s__Possibility))))' s__DirectDialTelephoneCommunication s__DirectDialTelephoneCommunication__t '&%DirectDialTelephoneCommunication refers to &%TelephoneCommunication where there is no operator that connects origin and destination' 'direct dial telephone communication' '(? [V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__IntentionalProcess) & s__agent(V__PROC,V__OPERATOR) & s__subProcess(V__PROC,V__X) & s__result(V__PROC,V__RESULT) & (V__RESULT = s__modalAttribute((? [V__COMM] : (s__instance(V__COMM,s__Process) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__OPERATOR,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__COMM,s__Communication) & s__origin(V__COMM,V__ORIGIN) & s__destination(V__COMM,V__DEST))),s__Possibility))))' s__VoiceMail s__VoiceMail__t '&%VoiceMail refers to an &%AudioRecording that is done through the &%TelephoneSystem' s__Local '&%Local refers to something within the same region or area' local s__Domestic '&%Domestic refers to something within the same &%Nation' domestic s__International '&%International refers to something outside of the country' international '&%CommunalAttribute describes how an &%Object is shared by many' communal '&%PrivateAttribute describes how an object is not available to other people without the consent of the current owner' '(~ s__attribute(V__X,s__CommunalAttribute))' '(~ s__attribute(V__X,s__PrivateAttribute))' '&%Policy is (the contents of) a type of &%Declaring created and enforced by an &%Organization such as a government or a business, which contains guiding principles or a plan or course of action adopted by that organization.' policy s__Policy__t '(&%policyOwner ?&%Organization ?&%Policy) describes how ?&%Policy is adopted and enforced by ?&%Organization' 'policy owner' s__Hydrogen__t 'Hydrogen' 'H' "1.0079" 'Colourless, odourless gaseous chemical element. Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements. Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776.' s__Helium s__Helium__t 'Helium' 'He' "4.0026" 'Colourless, odourless gaseous nonmetallic element. Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer.' s__Lithium s__Lithium__t 'Lithium' 'Li' "6.939" 'Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.' s__Beryllium s__Beryllium__t 'Beryllium' 'Be' "9.0122" 'Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and A.A. Bussy in 1828.' s__Boron s__Boron__t 'Boron' 'B' "10.811" 'An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs scale) and a bad conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature. Boron-10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay-Lussac and L.J. Thenard.' s__Carbon__t 'Carbon' "12.01115" 'Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and fullerite. Carbon-14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, and a wide variety of other elements.' s__Nitrogen__t 'Nitrogen' 'N' "14.0067" 'Colourless, gaseous element which belongs to group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78 percent of the atmosphere and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford.' s__Oxygen__t 'Oxygen' 'O' "15.9994" 'A colourless, odourless gaseous element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element present in the earths crust. It also makes up 20.8 percent of the Earths atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding, and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in 1774.' s__Fluorine__t 'Fluorine' 'F' "18.9984" 'A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous, causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886.' s__Neon s__Neon__t 'Neon' 'Ne' "20.183" 'Colourless gaseous element of group 18 on the periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and comprises 0.0018 percent of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps. It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir William Ramsey and M.W. Travers. ' s__Sodium__t 'Sodium' 'Na' "22.9898" 'Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil. It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807.' s__Magnesium s__Magnesium__t 'Magnesium' 'Mg' "24.312" 'Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table (alkaline-earth metals). It is essential for living organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828.' s__Aluminum__t 'Aluminum' 'Al' "26.9815" 'Silvery-white lustrous metallic element of group 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up 8.1 percent of the Earths crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C. Oersted.' s__Silicon s__Silicon__t 'Silicon' 'Si' "28.086" 'Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earths crust, making up 25.7 percent of it by weight. Chemically less reactive than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in 1823 by Berzelius.' s__Phosphorus__t 'Phosphorus' 'P' "30.9738" 'Non-metallic element belonging to group 15 of the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669.' s__Sulphur__t 'Sulphur' 'S' "32.064" 'Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms, needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulphate ion.' s__Chlorine__t 'Chlorine' 'Cl' "35.453" 'Halogen element. Poisonous greenish-yellow gas. Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in 1810.' s__Argon s__Argon__t 'Argon' 'Ar' "39.948" 'Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93 percent of the air. Colourless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord Rayleigh and Sir william Ramsey identified argon in 1894.' s__Potassium s__Potassium__t 'Potassium' 'K' "39.0983" 'Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807.' s__Calcium s__Calcium__t 'Calcium' 'Ca' "40.08" 'Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms.' s__Scandium s__Scandium__t 'Scandium' 'Sc' "44.956" 'Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are radioactive and have short half-lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev, isolated by Nilson in 1879.' s__Titanium s__Titanium__t 'Titanium' 'Ti' "47.90" 'White metallic transition element. Occurs in numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion-resistant alloys. Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by Gregor in 1789.' s__Vanadium s__Vanadium__t 'Vanadium' 'V' "50.9415" 'Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V-49 having the longest half-life at 337 days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding titanium to steel, and vanadium-gallium tape is used to produce a superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of Mexico City in 1801. His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820, Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from {Vanadis}, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery-white metallic transition element. Vanadium is essential to {ascidian}s. Rats and chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung cancer if inhaled.' s__Chromium s__Chromium__t 'Chromium' 'Cr' "51.996" 'Hard silvery transition element. Used in decorative electroplating. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin.' s__Manganese s__Manganese__t 'Manganese' 'Mn' "54.938" 'Grey brittle metallic transition element. Rather electropositive, combines with some non-metals when heated. Discovered in 1774 by Scheele.' s__Iron__t 'Iron' 'Fe' "55.847" 'Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition element. Has nine isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the earths crust. Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in hemoglobin in humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces hydrogen from dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements.' s__Cobalt s__Cobalt__t 'Cobalt' 'Co' "58.993" 'Light grey transition element. Some meteorites contain small amounts of metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer and cancer-treatment agent. Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737.' s__Nickel__t 'Nickel' 'Ni' "58.71" 'Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751.' s__Copper__t 'Copper' 'Cu' "63.54" 'Red-brown transition element. Known by the Romans as cuprum. Extracted and used for thousands of years. Malleable, ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist conditions, a greenish layer forms on the outside.' s__Zinc__t 'Zinc' 'Zn' "65.38" 'Blue-white metallic element. Occurs in multiple compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and other non-metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen.' s__Gallium s__Gallium__t 'Gallium' 'Ga' "69.72" 'Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13 of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga-69 and Ga-71. Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half-lives. Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875.' s__Germanium s__Germanium__t 'Germanium' 'Ge' "72.59" 'Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886 by Winkler.' s__Arsenic s__Arsenic__t 'Arsenic' 'As' "33" "74.922" 'Metalloid element of group 15. There are three allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been the first to isolate the element in 1250.' s__Selenium s__Selenium__t 'Selenium' 'Se' "34" "78.96" 'Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles sulphur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius.' s__Bromine s__Bromine__t 'Bromine' 'Br' "79.909" 'Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine. Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapour irritates eyes and throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard.' s__Krypton s__Krypton__t 'Krypton' 'Kr' "83.80" 'Colorless gaseous element, belongs to the noble gases. Occurs in the air, 0.0001 percent by volume. It can be extracted from liquid air by fractional distillation. Generally not isolated, but used with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps. Five natural isotopes, and five radioactive isotopes. Kr-85, the most stable radioactive isotope, has a half-life of 10.76 years and is produced in fission reactors. Practically inert, though known to form compounds with {fluorine}.' s__Rubidium s__Rubidium__t 'Rubidium' 'Rb' "37" "85.47" 'Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 1 of the periodic table. Rb-97, the naturally occurring isotope, is radioactive. It is highly reactive, with properties similar to other elements in group 1, like igniting spontaneously in air. Discovered spectroscopically in 1861 by W. Bunsen and G.R. Kirchoff.' s__Strontium s__Strontium__t 'Strontium' 'Sr' "38" "87.62" 'Soft yellowish metallic element, belongs to group 2 of the periodic table. Highly reactive chemically. Sr-90 is present in radioactive fallout and has a half-life of 28 years. Discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and Hope, isolated in 1808 by Humphry Davy.' s__Yttrium s__Yttrium__t 'Yttrium' 'Y' "88.905" 'Silvery-grey metallic element of group 3 on the periodic table. Found in uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y-89, there are 14 other artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the lanthanoids. Stable in the air below 400 degrees, celsius. Discovered in 1828 by Friedrich Wohler.' s__Zirconium s__Zirconium__t 'Zirconium' 'Zr' "91.22" 'Grey-white metallic transition element. Five natural isotopes and six radioactive isotopes are known. Used in nuclear reactors for a {neutron} absorber. Discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, isolated in 1824 by Berzelius.' s__Niobium s__Niobium__t 'Niobium' 'Nb' "41" "92.906" 'Soft, ductile grey-blue metallic transition element. Used in special steels and in welded joints to increase strength. Combines with halogens and oxidizes in air at 200 degrees celsius. Discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801 and isolated by Blomstrand in 1864. Called {columbium} originally.' s__Molybdenum s__Molybdenum__t 'Molybdenum' 'Mo' "95.94" 'Silvery-white, hard metallic transition element. It is chemically unreactive and is not affected by most acids. It oxidizes at high temperatures. There are seven natural isotopes, and four radioisotopes, Mo-93 being the most stable with a half-life of 3500 years. Molybdenum is used in almost all high-strength steels, it has nuclear applications, and is a catalyst in petroleum refining. Discovered in 1778 by Carl Welhelm Scheele of Sweden. Impure metal was prepared in 1782 by Peter Jacob Hjelm. The name comes from the Greek word molybdos which means lead. Trace amounts of molybdenum are required for all known forms of life. All molybdenum compounds should be considered highly toxic, and will also cause severe birth defects.' s__Technetium s__Technetium__t 'Technetium' 'Tc' "43" "98" 'Radioactive metallic transition element. Can be detected in some stars and the fission products of uranium. First made by Perrier and Segre by bombarding molybdenum with deutrons, giving them Tc-97. Tc-99 is the most stable isotope with a half-life of 2.6*10^6 years. Sixteen isotopes are known. Organic technetium compounds are used in bone imaging. Chemical properties are intermediate between rhenium and manganese.' s__Ruthenium s__Ruthenium__t 'Ruthenium' 'Ru' "44" "101.07" 'Hard white metallic transition element. Found with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus.' s__Rhodium s__Rhodium__t 'Rhodium' 'Rh' "102.905" 'Silvery white metallic transition element. Found with platinum and used in some platinum alloys. Not attacked by acids, dissolves only in aqua regia. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston.' s__Palladium s__Palladium__t 'Palladium' 'Pd' "46" "106.4" 'Soft white ductile transition element. Found with some copper and nickel ores. Does not react with oxygen at normal temperatures. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston.' s__Silver s__Silver__t 'Silver' 'Ag' "47" "107.870" 'White lustrous soft metallic transition element. Found in both its elemental form and in minerals. Used in jewellery, tableware and so on. Less reactive than silver, chemically.' s__Cadmium s__Cadmium__t 'Cadmium' 'Cd' "48" "112.40" 'Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered in 1817 by F. Stromeyer.' s__Indium s__Indium__t 'Indium' 'In' "49" "114.82" 'Soft silvery element belonging to group 13 of the periodic table. The most common natural isotope is In-115, which has a half-life of 6*10^4 years. Five other radioisotopes exist. Discovered in 1863 by Reich and Richter.' s__Tin s__Tin__t 'Tin' 'Sn' "118.69" 'Silvery malleable metallic element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. Twenty-six isotopes are known, five of which are radioactive. Chemically reactive. Combines directly with chlorine and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids. ' s__Antimony s__Antimony__t 'Antimony' 'Sb' "51" "121.75" 'Element of group 15. Multiple allotropic forms. The stable form of antimony is a blue-white metal. Yellow and black antimony are unstable non-metals. Used in flame-proofing, paints, ceramics, enamels, and rubber. Attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens. First reported by Tholden in 1450.' s__Tellurium s__Tellurium__t 'Tellurium' 'Te' "52" "127.60" 'Silvery metalloid element of group 16. Eight natural isotopes, nine radioactive isotopes. Used in semiconductors and to a degree in some steels. Chemistry is similar to {sulphur}. Discovered in 1782 by Franz Miller.' s__Iodine s__Iodine__t 'Iodine' 'I' "53" "126.904" 'Dark violet nonmetallic element, belongs to group 17 of the periodic table. Insoluble in water. Required as a trace element for living organisms. One stable isotope, I-127 exists, in addition to fourteen radioactive isotopes. Chemically the least reactive of the halogens, and the most electropositive metallic halogen. Discovered in 1812 by Courtois. ' s__Xenon s__Xenon__t 'Xenon' 'Xe' "54" "131.30" 'Colourless, odourless gas belonging to group 18 on the periodic table (the noble gases.) Nine natural isotopes and seven radioactive isotopes are known. Xenon was part of the first noble-gas compound synthesized. Several others involving Xenon have been found since then. Xenon was discovered by Ramsey and Travers in 1898.' s__Caesium s__Caesium__t 'Caesium' 'Cs' "55" "132.90545" 'Soft silvery-white metallic element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table. One of the three metals which are liquid at room temperature. Cs-133 is the natural, and only stable, isotope. Fifteen other radioisotopes exist. Caesium reacts explosively with cold water, and ice at temperatures above 157K. Caesium hydroxide is the strongest base known. Caesium is the most electropositive, most alkaline and has the least ionization potential of all the elements. Known uses include the basis of atomic clocks, catalyst for the hydrogenation of some organic compounds, and in photoelectric cells. Caesium was discovered by Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen in Germany in 1860 spectroscopically. Its identification was based upon the bright blue lines in its spectrum. The name comes from the latin word caesius, which means sky blue. Caesium should be considered highly toxic. Some of the radioisotopes are even more toxic.' s__Barium s__Barium__t 'Barium' 'Ba' "56" "137.34" 'Silvery-white reactive element, belonging to group 2 of the periodic table. Soluble barium compounds are extremely poisonous. Identified in 1774 by Karl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by Humphry Davy.' s__Lanthanum s__Lanthanum__t 'Lanthanum' 'La' "57" "138.9055" '(From the Greek word lanthanein, to line hidden) Silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table and oft considered to be one of the lanthanoids. Found in some rare-earth minerals. Twenty-five natural isotopes exist. La-139 which is stable, and La-138 which has a half-life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. The other twenty-three isotopes are radioactive. It resembles the lanthanoids chemically. Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity, and should be handled with care. Discovered in 1839 by C.G. Mosander.' s__Cerium s__Cerium__t 'Cerium' 'Ce' "58" "140.12" 'Silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Four natural isotopes exist, and fifteen radioactive isotopes have been identified. Used in some rare-earth alloys. The oxidized form is used in the glass industry. Discovered by Martin .H. Klaproth in 1803.' s__Praseodymium s__Praseodymium__t 'Praseodymium' 'Pr' "59" "140.907" 'Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Only natural isotope is Pr-141 which is not radioactive. Fourteen radioactive isotopes have been artificially produced. Used in rare-earth alloys. Discovered in 1885 by C.A. von Welsbach.' s__Neodymium s__Neodymium__t 'Neodymium' 'Nd' "144.24" 'Soft bright silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Nd-144 being the only radioactive one with a half-life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. Six artificial radioisotopes have been produced. The metal is used in glass works to color class a shade of violet-purple and make it dichroic. One of the more reactive rare-earth metals, quickly reacts with air. Used in some rare-earth alloys. Neodymium is used to color the glass used in welders glasses. Neodymium is also used in very powerful, permanent magnets (Nd2Fe14B). Discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in Austria in 1885 by separating didymium into its elemental components {praseodymium} and neodymium. The name comes from the Greek words neos didymos which means new twin. Neodymium should be considered highly toxic, however evidence would seem to show that it acts as little more than a skin and eye irritant. The dust however, presents a fire and explosion hazard.' s__Promethium s__Promethium__t 'Promethium' 'Pm' "61" "147" 'Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Pm-147, the only natural isotope, is radioactive and has a half-life of 252 years. Eighteen radioisotopes have been produced, but all have very short half-lives. Found only in nuclear decay waste. Pm-147 is of interest as a beta-decay source, however Pm-146 and Pm-148 have to be removed from it first, as they generate gamma radiation. Discovered by J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell in 1947.' s__Samarium s__Samarium__t 'Samarium' 'Sm' "62" "150.35" 'Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Sm-147 is the only radioisotope, and has a half-life of 2.5*10^11 years. Used for making special alloys needed in the production of nuclear reactors. Also used as a neutron absorber. Small quantities of samarium oxide is used in special optical glasses. The largest use of the element is its ferromagnetic alloy which produces permanent magnets that are five times stronger than magnets produced by any other material. Discovered by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879.' s__Europium s__Europium__t 'Europium' 'Eu' "63" "151.25" 'Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Eu-151 and Eu-153 are the only two stable isotopes, both of which are {neutron} absorbers. Discovered in 1889 by Sir William Crookes.' s__Gadolinium s__Gadolinium__t 'Gadolinium' 'Gd' "64" "157.25" 'Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Seven natural, stable isotopes are known in addition to eleven artificial isotopes. Gd-155 and Gd-157 and the best neutron absorbers of all elements. Gadolinium compounds are used in electronics. Discovered by J.C.G Marignac in 1880.' s__Terbium s__Terbium__t 'Terbium' 'Tb' "158.924" 'Silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Tb-159 is the only stable isotope, there are seventeen artificial isotopes. Discovered by G.G. Mosander in 1843.' s__Dysprosium s__Dysprosium__t 'Dysprosium' 'Dy' "66" "162.50" 'Metallic with a bright silvery-white lustre. Dysprosium belongs to the lanthanoids. It is relatively stable in air at room temperatures, it will however dissolve in mineral acids, evolving hydrogen. It is found in from rare-earth minerals. There are seven natural isotopes of dysprosium, and eight radioisotopes, Dy-154 being the most stable with a half-life of 3*10^6 years. Dysprosium is used as a neutron absorber in nuclear fission reactions, and in compact disks. It was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886 in France. Its name comes from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to obtain.' s__Holmium s__Holmium__t 'Holmium' 'Ho' "67" "167.26" 'Relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. It oxidizes in moist air and at high temperatures. It belongs to the lanthanoids. A rare-earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and gadolinite. It possesses unusual magnetic properties. One natural isotope, Ho-165 exists, six radioisotopes exist, the most stable being Ho-163 with a half-life of 4570 years. Holmium is used in some metal alloys, it is also said to stimulate the metabolism. Discovered by Per Theodor Cleve and J.L. Soret in Switzerland in 1879. The name homium comes from the Greek word Holmia which means Sweden. While all holmium compounds should be considered highly toxic, initial evidence seems to indicate that they do not pose much danger. The metals dust however, is a fire hazard.' s__Erbium s__Erbium__t 'Erbium' 'Er' "68" 'Soft silvery metallic element which belongs to the lanthanoids. Six natural isotopes that are stable. Twelve artificial isotopes are known. Used in nuclear technology as a neutron absorber. It is being investigated for other possible uses. Discovered by Carl G. Mosander in 1843.' s__Thulium s__Thulium__t 'Thulium' 'Tm' "69" "168.934" 'Soft grey metallic element that belongs to the lanthanoids. One natural isotope exists, Tm-169, and seventeen artificial isotopes have been produced. No known uses for the element. Discovered in 1879 by Per Theodor Cleve.' s__Ytterbium s__Ytterbium__t 'Ytterbium' 'Yb' "70" "173.04" 'Silvery metallic element of the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes and ten artificial isotopes are known. Used in certain steels. Discovered by J.D.G. Marignac in 1878.' s__Lutetium s__Lutetium__t 'Lutetium' 'Lu' "71" "194.967" 'Silvery-white rare-earth metal which is relatively stable in air. It happens to be the most expensive rare-earth metal. Its found with almost all rare-earth metals, but is very difficult to separate from other elements. Least abundant of all natural elements. Used in metal alloys, and as a catalyst in various processes. There are two natural, stable isotopes, and seven radioisotopes, the most stable being Lu-174 with a half-life of 3.3 years. The separation of lutetium from {ytterbium} was described by Georges Urbain in 1907. It was discovered at approximately the same time by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The name comes from the Greek word lutetia which means Paris.' s__Hafnium s__Hafnium__t 'Hafnium' 'Hf' "72" "178.49" 'Silvery lustrous metallic transition element. Used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes, also acts as a neutron absorber. First reported by Urbain in 1911, existence was finally established in 1923 by D. Coster, G.C. de Hevesy in 1923.' s__Tantalum s__Tantalum__t 'Tantalum' 'Ta' "73" "180.948" 'Heavy blue-grey metallic transition element. Ta-181 is a stable isotope, and Ta-180 is a radioactive isotope, with a half-life in excess of 10^7 years. Used in surgery as it is unreactive. Forms a passive oxide layer in air. Identified in 1802 by Ekeberg and isolated in 1820 by Jons J. Berzelius.' s__Tungsten s__Tungsten__t 'Tungsten' 'W' "74" "183.85" 'White or grey metallic transition element, formerly called {wolfram}. Forms a protective oxide in air and can be oxidized at high temperature. First isolated by Jose and Fausto de Elhuyer in 1783.' s__Rhenium s__Rhenium__t 'Rhenium' 'Re' "75" "186.2" 'Silvery-white metallic transition element. Obtained as a by-product of molybdenum refinement. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconducting.' s__Osmium s__Osmium__t 'Osmium' 'Os' "76" "190.2" 'Hard blue-white metallic transition element. Found with platinum and used in some alloys with platinum and iridium.' s__Iridium s__Iridium__t 'Iridium' 'Ir' "77" "192.217" 'Very hard and brittle, silvery metallic transition element. It has a yellowish cast to it. Salts of iridium are highly colored. It is the most corrosion resistant metal known, not attacked by any acid, but is attacked by molten salts. There are two natural isotopes of iridium, and 4 radioisotopes, the most stable being Ir-192 with a half-life of 73.83 days. Ir-192 decays into {platinum}, while the other radioisotopes decay into {osmium}. Iridium is used in high temperature apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum. Discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in England. The name comes from the Greek word iris, which means rainbow. Iridium metal is generally non-toxic due to its relative unreactivity, but iridium compounds should be considered highly toxic.' s__Platinum s__Platinum__t 'Platinum' 'Pt' "78" "195.078" 'Attractive greyish-white metal. When pure, it is malleable and ductile. Does not oxidize in air, insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid. Corroded by halogens, cyandies, sulphur and alkalis. {Hydrogen} and {oxygen} react explosively in the presence of platinum. There are six stable isotopes and three radioisotopes, the most stable being Pt-193 with a half-life of 60 years. Platinum is used in jewelry, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and anti-pollution devices in cars. PtCl2(NH3)2 is used to treat some forms of cancer. Platinum-{cobalt} alloys have magnetic properties. It is also used in the definition of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Discovered by Antonio de Ulloa in South America in 1735. The name comes from the Spanish word platina which means silver. Platinum metal is generally not a health concern due to its unreactivity, however platinum compounds should be considered highly toxic.' s__Gold__t 'Gold' 'Au' "79" "196.96655" 'Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and ductile metal known. There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five radioisotopes of gold, Au-195 being the most stable with a half-life of 186 days. Gold is used as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry, electronics. Au-198 is used in treating cancer and some other medical conditions. Gold has been known to exist as far back as 2600 BC. Gold comes from the Anglo-Saxon word gold. Its symbol, Au, comes from the Latin word aurum, which means gold. Gold is not particularly toxic, however it is known to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in some.' s__Mercury s__Mercury__t 'Mercury' 'Hg' "200.59" 'Heavy silvery liquid metallic element, belongs to the zinc group. Used in thermometers, barometers and other scientific apparatus. Less reactive than zinc and cadmium, does not displace hydrogen from acids. Forms a number of complexes and organomercury compounds.' s__Thallium s__Thallium__t 'Thallium' 'Tl' "81" "204.3833" 'Pure, unreacted thallium appears silvery-white and exhibits a metallic lustre. Upon reacting with air, it begins to turn bluish-grey and looks like lead. It is very malleable, and can be cut with a knife. There are two stable isotopes, and four radioisotopes, Tl-204 being the most stable with a half-life of 3.78 years. Thallium sulphate was used as a rodenticide. Thallium sulphines conductivity changes with exposure to infrared light, this gives it a use in infrared detectors. Discovered by Sir William Crookes via spectroscopy. Its name comes from the Greek word thallos, which means green twig. Thallium and its compounds are toxic and can cause cancer.' s__Lead__t 'Lead' 'Pb' "82" "207.19" 'Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to group 14. Used in building construction, lead-place accumulators, bullets and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and fusible alloys.' s__Bismuth s__Bismuth__t 'Bismuth' 'Bi' "83" "208.980" 'White crystalline metal with a pink tinge, belongs to group 15. Most diamagnetic of all metals and has the lowest thermal conductivity of all the elements except mercury. Lead-free bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics and medical procedures. Burns in the air and produces a blue flame. In 1753, C.G. Junine first demonstrated that it was different from lead.' s__Polonium s__Polonium__t 'Polonium' 'Po' "84" "210" 'Rare radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. Over 30 known isotopes exist, the most of all elements. Po-209 has a half-life of 103 years. Possible uses in heating spacecraft. Discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 in a sample of pitchblende.' s__Astatine s__Astatine__t 'Astatine' 'At' "85" 'Radioactive halogen element. Occurs naturally from uranium and thorium decay. At least 20 known isotopes. At-210, the most stable, has a half-life of 8.3 hours. Synthesized by nuclear bombardment in 1940 by D.R. Corson, K.R. MacKenzie and E. Segre at the University of California.' s__Radon s__Radon__t 'Radon' 'Rn' "86" "222" 'Colorless radioactive gaseous element, belongs to the noble gases. Of the twenty known isotopes, the most stable is Rn-222 with a half-life of 3.8 days. Formed by the radioactive decay of {Radium}-226. Radon itself decays into {polonium}. Used in radiotherapy. As a noble gas, it is effectively inert, though radon fluoride has been synthesized. First isolated in 1908 by Ramsey and Gray.' s__Francium s__Francium__t 'Francium' 'Fr' "87" "223" 'Radioactive element, belongs to group 1 of the periodic table. Found in uranium and thorium ores. The 22 known isotopes are all radioactive, with the most stable being Fr-223. Its existence was confirmed in 1939 by Marguerite Perey.' s__Radium s__Radium__t 'Radium' 'Ra' "88" "226" 'Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to group 2 of the periodic table. Most stable isotope, Ra-226 has a half-life of 1602 years, which decays into radon. Isolated from pitchblende in 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie.' s__Actinium s__Actinium__t 'Actinium' 'Ac' "89" "227" 'Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 3 of the periodic table. The most stable isotope, Ac-227, has a half-life of 217 years. Ac-228 (half-life of 6.13 hours) also occurs in nature. There are 22 other artificial isotopes, all radioactive and having very short half-lives. Chemistry similar to lanthanum. Used as a source of alpha particles. Discovered by A. Debierne in 1899.' s__Thorium s__Thorium__t 'Thorium' 'Th' "232.038" 'Grey radioactive metallic element. Belongs to actinoids. Found in monazite sand in Brazil, India and the US. Thorium-232 has a half-life of 1.39x10^10 years. Can be used as a nuclear fuel for breeder reactors. Thorium-232 captures slow {neutron}s and breeds uranium-233. Discovered by Jons J. Berzelius in 1829.' s__Protactinium s__Protactinium__t 'Protactinium' 'Pa' "91" "231" 'Radioactive metallic element, belongs to the actinoids. The most stable isotope, Pa-231 has a half-life of 2.43*10^4 years. At least 10 other radioactive isotopes are known. No practical applications are known. Discovered in 1917 by Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn.' s__Uranium s__Uranium__t 'Uranium' 'U' "92" 'White radioactive metallic element belonging to the actinoids. Three natural isotopes, U-238, U-235 and U-234. Uranium-235 is used as the fuel for nuclear reactors and weapons. Discovered by Martin H. Klaproth in 1789.' s__Neptunium s__Neptunium__t 'Neptunium' 'Np' "93" "237" 'Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Np-237, the most stable isotope, has a half-life of 2.2*10^6 years and is a by product of nuclear reactors. The other known isotopes have mass numbers 229 through 236, and 238 through 241. Np-236 has a half-life of 5*10^3 years. First produced by Edwin M. McMillan and P.H. Abelson in 1940.' s__Plutonium s__Plutonium__t 'Plutonium' 'Pu' "94" "242" 'Dense silvery radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Pu-244 is the most stable isotope with a half-life of 7.6*10^7 years. Thirteen isotopes are known. Pu-239 is the most important, it undergoes nuclear fission with slow neutrons and is hence important to nuclear weapons and reactors. Plutonium production is monitored down to the gram to prevent military misuse. First produced by Gleen T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, J.W. Kennedy and A.C. Wahl in 1940.' s__Americium s__Americium__t 'Americium' 'Am' "95" "243" 'Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes. Am-243 is the most stable isotope, with a half-life of 7.95*10^3 years. Discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1945, it was obtained by bombarding {uranium}-238 with alpha particles.' s__Curium s__Curium__t 'Curium' 'Cm' "96" "247" 'Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series. Nine known isotopes, Cm-247 has a half-life of 1.64*10^7 years. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1944, first produced by L.B. Werner and I. Perlman in 1947 by bombarding americium-241 with {neutron}s. Named for Marie Curie.' s__Berkelium s__Berkelium__t 'Berkelium' 'Bk' "97" 'Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series. Eight known isotopes, the most common Bk-247, has a half-life of 1.4*10^3 years. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1949 by bombarding americium-241 with alpha particles.' s__Californium s__Californium__t 'Californium' 'Cf' "249" 'Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series. Cf-251 has a half life of about 700 years. Nine isotopes are known. Cf-252 is an intense {neutron} source, which makes it an intense {neutron} source and gives it a use in {neutron} activation analysis and a possible use as a radiation source in medicine. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1950.' s__Einsteinium s__Einsteinium__t 'Einsteinium' 'Es' "99" "254" 'Appearance is unknown, however it is most probably metallic and silver or gray in color. Radioactive metallic transuranic element belonging to the actinoids. Es-254 has the longest half-life of the eleven known isotopes at 270 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the 1952 hydrogen bomb explosion. In 1961 the first microgram quantities of Es-232 were separated. While einsteinium never exists naturally, if a sufficient amount was assembled, it would pose a radiation hazard.' s__Fermium s__Fermium__t 'Fermium' 'Fm' "253" 'Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes, most stable is Fm-257 with a half-life of 10 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the first hydrogen-bomb explosion in 1952.' s__Mendelevium s__Mendelevium__t 'Mendelevium' 'Md' "101" "256" 'Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to the actinoid series. Only known isotope, Md-256 has a half-life of 1.3 hours. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso and associates in 1955. Alternative name {unnilunium} has been proposed. Named after the inventor of the periodic table, Dmitri Mendeleev.' s__Nobelium s__Nobelium__t 'Nobelium' 'No' "102" 'Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Seven known isotopes exist, the most stable being No-254 with a half-life of 255 seconds. First identified with certainty by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1966. {Unnilbium} has been proposed as an alternative name.' s__Lawrencium s__Lawrencium__t 'Lawrencium' 'Lr' "103" "262" 'Appearance unknown, however it is most likely silvery-white or grey and metallic. Lawrencium is a synthetic rare-earth metal. There are eight known radioisotopes, the most stable being Lr-262 with a half-life of 3.6 hours. Due to the short half-life of lawrencium, and its radioactivity, there are no known uses for it. Identified by Albert Ghiorso in 1961 at Berkeley. It was produced by bombarding californium with boron ions. The name is temporary {IUPAC} nomenclature, the origin of the name comes from Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the cyclotron. If sufficient amounts of lawrencium were produced, it would pose a radiation hazard.' s__Unnilquadium s__Unnilquadium__t 'Unnilquadium' 'Unq' "104" "261" 'Radioactive transactinide element. Expected to have similar chemical properties to those displayed by hafnium. Rf-260 was discovered by the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1964. Researchers at Berkeley discovered Unq-257 and Unq-258 in 1964.' s__Unnilpentium s__Unnilpentium__t 'Unnilpentium' 'Unp' "105" 'Radioactive transactinide element. Half-life of 1.6s. Discovered in 1970 by Berkeley researchers. So far, seven isotopes have been discovered.' s__Unnilhexium s__Unnilhexium__t 'Unnilhexium' "106" "263" 'Half-life of 0.9 +/- 0.2 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in June of 1974. Its existence was confirmed by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Livermore National Laboratory in September of 1974.' s__Unnilseptium s__Unnilseptium__t 'Unnilseptium' "107" 'Radioactive transition metal. Half-life of approximately 1/500 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1976. Confirmed by West German physicists at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt.' s__Unniloctium s__Unniloctium__t 'Unniloctium' 'Uno' "108" "265" 'Radioactive transition metal.' s__Meitnerium s__Meitnerium__t 'Meitnerium' 'Mt' "109" "266" 'Half-life of approximately 5ms. The creation of this element demonstrated that fusion techniques could indeed be used to make new, heavy nuclei. Made and identified by physicists of the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory, Darmstadt, West Germany in 1982. Named in honor of Lise Meitner the Austrian physicist.' s__Unnildecium s__Unnildecium__t 'Unnildecium' 'Unn' "110" "272" 'Half-life of approximately 10ms. Reported in 1994 by German researchers at Darmstadt, Germany.' "14.01" "20.28" "0.95" "4.216" "453.69" "1590" "1551" "3243" "2573" "2823" "3823" "5100" "63.29" "77.4" "54.75" "90.188" "53.53" "85.01" "24.48" "27.1" "370.95" "1165" "921.95" "1380" "933.52" "2740" "1683" "2628" "317.3" "553" "386" "717.824" "172.17" "238.55" "83.78" "87.29" "336.8" "1047" "1112" "1760" "1812" "3105" "1933" "3533" "2163" "3653" "2130" "2755" "1517" "2370" "1808" "3023" "1768" "3143" "1726" "3005" "1356.6" "2868" "692.73" "1180" "302.93" "2676" "1210.55" "3103" "886" "490" "958.1" "265.9" "331.93" "116.55" "120.85" "312.2" "961" "1042" "1657" "1796" "3610" "2125" "4650" "2741" "5200" "2890" "5833" "2445" "5303" "2583" "4173" "2239" "4000" "1825" "3413" "1235.08" "2485" "594.1" "1038" "429.32" "2353" "505.118" "2543" "903.89" "2023" "722.7" "1263" "386.65" "457.55" "161.3" "166.1" "301.55" "963" "998" "1913" "1193" "3727" "1071" "3530" "1204" "3485" "1283" "3400" "1353" "3000" "1345" "2051" "1095" "1870" "1584" "3506" "1633" "3314" "1682" "2608" "1743" "2993" "1795" "2783" "1818" "1097" "1466" "1929" "3588" "2423" "5673" "3269" "5698" "3680" "6200" "3453" "5900" "3318" "5300" "2683" "4403" "2045" "4100" "1337.58" "3213" "234.28" "629.73" "576.7" "1730" "600.65" "2013" "544.5" "1833" "527" "1235" "575" "610" "202" "211.4" "300" "950" "973" "1413" "1320" "3470" "5060" "1827" "4300" "1405.5" "4091" "913" "4175" "914" "3600" "1267" "2880" "1613" "1259" "1173" "1133" 'A &%MilitaryOperation is distinguished from the broader class of &%MilitaryProcess in that it is planned in advance.' s__FoodDistributionOperation 'Military operations conducted to distribute food to the friendly force. (from FM 100-40)' s__MilitaryOperation__t s__FoodDistributionOperation__t s__SecurityOperation 'Military operations conducted to protect the friendly force by providing early and accurate warning of enemy operations, to provide the force being protected with time and maneuver space within which to react to the enemy, and to develop the situation to allow the commander to effectively use the protected force. Security operations orient on the force or facility to be protected, rather than on the enemy. (from FM 100-40).' s__SecurityOperation__t s__PeacekeepingUnit s__PeacekeepingUnit__t 'A &%MilitaryUnit, the purpose of which is to prevent violent actions but providing deterrent to such actions through the threat of overwhelming retaliation.' '(s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & s__instance(V__V,s__ViolentContest) & s__prevents(V__P,V__V))' s__MilitaryConvoy s__MilitaryConvoy__t 'A &%Convoy of &%MilitaryVehicles, travelling to the same at least intermediate destination, in relatively close proximity.' s__MilitaryPlatform 'Military platforms. These are usually mobile entities which can carry military equipment such as &%Weapons and communications equipment. Often, as with a tank outfitted with a gun, a &%MilitaryPlatform carrying some &%Weapon comprises a &%WeaponSystem.' s__MilitaryPlatform__t 'Any &%Vehicle which is intended to be used by a &%MilitaryOrganization. Military platforms which are also vehicles. This would include things like airplanes and tanks, but exclude things like towed platforms.' '(? [V__O] : (s__instance(V__O,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__O,s__MilitaryOrganization) & s__uses(V__V,V__O)))' s__MilitaryTank 'A &%MilitaryVehicle that moves along the ground on treaded wheels and that contains a large cannon.' s__MilitaryWaterVehicle s__MilitaryWaterVehicle__t '&%MilitaryWaterVehicle is the class of all &%WaterVehicle owned or leased for use by some &%MilitaryOrganization.' s__MilitaryAircraft s__MilitaryAircraft__t 'Any &%Aircraft which is made for a &%MilitaryOrganization. This includes fighters, &%Bombers, attack helicopters, etc.' s__Fighter s__Fighter__t 'Any high-speed &%MilitaryAircraft whose purpose is to destroy enemy &%MilitaryAircraft.' '(? [V__A,V__MA] : (s__instance(V__A,s__Process) & s__instance(V__A,s__Attack) & s__instrument(V__A,V__F) & s__patient(V__A,V__MA) & s__instance(V__MA,s__MilitaryAircraft)))' s__Bomber s__Bomber__t 'Any &%MilitaryAircraft whose purpose is to deliver &%ExplosiveDevices.' '(? [V__T,V__D] : (s__instance(V__T,s__Process) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transportation) & s__instrument(V__T,V__B) & s__patient(V__T,V__D) & s__instance(V__D,s__ExplosiveDevice)))' s__MilitaryShip s__Ship s__MilitaryShip__t s__Ship__t 'Any &%Ship which is made for a &%MilitaryOrganization. This includes aircraft carriers, destroyers, etc.' s__MilitarySupportVehicle 'Vehicles meant to be used for support, rather than combat in a military context.' s__MilitarySupplyTruck 'Trucks used by a military to transport supplies.' s__Truck s__MilitarySupplyTruck__t s__Truck__t s__MilitaryFoodTruck 'Trucks used by a military to transport food.' s__MilitaryFoodTruck__t s__MilitarySupportVehicle__t '(s__instance(V__P,s__Transportation) & s__instance(V__F,s__FoodForFn(s__Animal)) & s__patient(V__P,V__F))' s__StandardBearer s__StandardBearer__t s__Soldier__t 'Any &%Soldier who is tasked with carrying the colors of his/her unit in &%Battles and parades.' s__USCivilWarSoldier 'Any &%Soldier who served during the American Civil War' s__USRevolutionaryWarSoldier 'Any &%Soldier who served during the American Revolutionary War' s__RedcoatSoldier 'Any &%Soldier that served on the British side during the American revolutionary war.' s__UnionSoldier 'Any &%Soldier that served on the union side during the American Civil War.' 'The class of &%Positions in a &%Military. Rank is usually commensurate with degrees of power, prestige and pay.' s__USMilitaryRank 'The class of &%Positions in the &%USMilitary.' s__EnlistedSoldierRank s__EnlistedSoldierRank__t '&%Soldiers who are enlisted in some military and have no command.' s__PrivateRank s__NonCommissionedOfficerRank s__CommissionedOfficerRank s__MilitaryRank__t 'In military organizations, an officer is a member of the service who holds a position of responsibility. Commissioned officers derive authority directly from a sovereign power and, as such, hold a commission charging them with the duties and responsibilities of a specific office or position. Commissioned officers are typically the only persons in a military able to exercise command (according to the most technical definition of the word) over a military unit. Non-commissioned officers in positions of authority can be said to have control or charge rather than command per se, although the use of the word command to describe any use of authority is widespread and often official. (from Wikipedia)' s__FlagOfficerRank s__FieldGradeOfficerRank s__CompanyGradeRank 'Non-commissioned officers, or NCOs, in positions of authority can be said to have control or charge rather than command per se, although the use of the word command to describe any use of authority is widespread and often official. This is distinguished from the official responsibility for command entrusted to a &%CommissionedOfficer. NCOs are enlisted positions. (from Wikipedia)' s__JuniorNCORank s__SeniorNCORank 'Ranks with grade E5 or E6.' s__NonCommissionedOfficerRank__t 'Ranks with grade E7 through E9.' 'The lowest group of ranks in the military (Grade E1 through E4). These &%Soldiers usually have no authority based on their ranks.' 'Admirals (Navy), Generals (Army) and Marshals who typically command units that are expected to operate independently for extended periods of time (brigades and larger, fleets of ships). (from Wikipedia)' 'Senior officers who typically command units that can be expected to operate independently for short periods of time (battalions and regiments, large warships). Field Grade officers also commonly fill staff positions. (from Wikipedia)' 'The ranks of junior officers are the three or four lowest ranks of officers, possibily complicated by the status of trainee officers. Their units are generally not expected to operate independently for any significant length of time. Typical ranks for this level are captains, who typically lead companies and smaller units Lieutenant. Company grade officers will also fill staff roles in some units. (from Wikipedia)' s__USArmyRankingSystem s__USAirforceRankingSystem s__USMarineCorpsRankingSystem s__USNavyRankingSystem s__USCoastGuardRankingSystem s__USMilitaryRankE1 s__PrivateRank__t 'A &%USMilitaryRank that is variously called Airman Basic in the Air Force, Private in the &%USArmy, Private in the &%USMarineCorps, and Seaman Recruit in the &%USNavy.' 'Private' 'Airman Basic' 'Seaman Recruit' s__USMilitaryRankE2 'A &%USMilitaryRank that is variously called Airman in the Air Force, Private in the &%USArmy, Private First Class in the &%USMarineCorps, and Seaman Apprentice in the &%USNavy.' 'Airman' 'Private First Class' 'Seaman Apprentice' s__USMilitaryRankE3 'A &%USMilitaryRank that is variously called Airman First Class in the Air Force, Private First Class in the &%USArmy, Lance Corporal in the &%USMarineCorps, and Seaman in the &%USNavy.' 'Airman First Class' 'Lance Corporal' 'Seaman' s__USMilitaryRankE4 'A &%USMilitaryRank that is variously called Senior Airman in the Air Force, Specialist or Corporal in the &%USArmy, Corporal in the &%USMarineCorps, and Petty Officer 3rd Class in the &%USNavy.' 'Specialist, Fourth Class' 'Senior Airman' 'Corporal' 'Petty Officer Third Class' s__USMilitaryRankE5 s__JuniorNCORank__t 'A &%USMilitaryRank that is variously called Staff Sergeant in the Air Force, Sergeant in the &%USArmy, Sergeant in the &%USMarineCorps, and Petty Officer 2nd Class in the &%USNavy.' 'Sergeant' 'Staff Sergeant' 'Petty Officer Second Class' s__USMilitaryRankE6 'A &%USMilitaryRank that is variously called Technical Sergeant in the Air Force, Staff Sergeant in the &%USArmy, Staff Sergeant in the &%USMarineCorps, and Petty Officer 1st Class in the &%USNavy.' 'Technical Sergeant' 'Petty Officer First Class' s__USMilitaryRankE7 'A &%USMilitaryRank that is variously called Master Sergeant in the Air Force, Sergeant First Class in the &%USArmy, Gunnery Sergeant in the &%USMarineCorps, and Chief Petty Officer in the &%USNavy.' 'Sergeant First Class' 'Master Sergeant' 'Gunnery Sergeant' 'Chief Petty Officer' s__USMilitaryRankE8 'A &%USMilitaryRank that is variously called Senior Master Sergeant in the Air Force, Master Sergeant or First Sergeant in the &%USArmy, Master Sergeant or First Sergeant in the &%USMarineCorps, and Senior Chief Petty Officer in the &%USNavy.' 'Senior Master Sergeant' 'First Sergeant' 'Senior Chief Petty Officer' s__USMilitaryRankE9 s__SeniorNCORank__t 'A &%USMilitaryRank that is variously called Chief Master Sergeant or Command Chief Master Sergeant or Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force in the Air Force, Sergeant Major or Command Sergeant Major or Sergeant Major of the Army in the &%USArmy, Master Gunnery Sergeant or Sergeant Major or Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps in the &%USMarineCorps, and Master Chief Petty Officer or Command Master Chief Petty Officer or Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy in the &%USNavy.' 'Command Sergeant Major' 'Chief Master Sergeant' 'Master Gunnery Sergeant' 'Sergeant Major' 'Master Chief Petty Officer' s__USMilitaryRankE9special 'A special &%USMilitaryRank above E9 that marks usually the end of carrier of non-commissioned officers.' 'Command Sergeant Major of the Army' 'Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force' 'Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps' 'Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy' s__USMilitaryRankO1 '2nd Lieutenant' 'Ensign' s__USMilitaryRankO2 '1st Lieutenant' 'Lieutenant, Jr. Grade' s__USMilitaryRankO3 s__CompanyGradeRank__t 'Captain' 'Lieutenant' s__USMilitaryRankO4 s__FieldGradeOfficerRank__t 'Major' 'Lieutenant Commander' s__USMilitaryRankO5 'Lieutenant Colonel' 'Commander' s__USMilitaryRankO6 'Colonel' s__USMilitaryRankO7 'Brigadier General' 'One Star General' 'Rear Admiral (Lower Half)' s__USMilitaryRankO8 'Major General' 'Two Star General' 'Rear Admiral (Upper Half)' s__USMilitaryRankO9 'Lieutenant General' 'Vice Admiral' 'Three Star General' s__USMilitaryRankO10 s__FlagOfficerRank__t 'General' 'Admiral' 'Four Star General' s__USMilitaryRankSpecial 'General of the Army' 'General of the Air Force' 'Fleet Admiral' 'Five Star General' s__USWarrantOfficerRank 'In the United States military, a warrant officer was originally, and strictly, a highly skilled, single-track specialty officer. But as many chief warrant officers assume positions as officer in charge or department head, along with the high number of bachelors and masterxs degrees held within the community, their contribution and expertise as a community is ever-increasing. There are no warrant officers per se in the U.S. Navy, but rather the term chief warrant officer is correct. In the U.S. Navy, a sailor must be in one of the top three enlisted ranks to be eligible to become a Chief Warrant Officer. In the U.S. Army, a person can progress to the warrant officer rank at a grade lower than E-7 thus having a longer career and greater opportunity to serve and grow. In the U.S. Marine Corps, after serving at least eight years of enlisted service, and reaching the grade of E-5 (sergeant), an enlisted Marine can apply for the Warrant Officer program. Upon the initial appointment to WO1 a warrant is given by the secretary of the service, and upon promotion to chief warrant officer (CW2 and above) they are commissioned by the President of the United States, take the same oath and receive the same commission and charges as commissioned officers, thus deriving their authority from the same source.' s__USMilitaryRankWO1 s__USWarrantOfficerRank__t 'Warrant Officer (WO1)' 'Warrant Officer (W-1)' s__USMilitaryRankWO2 s__USMilitaryRank__t s__CommissionedOfficerRank__t 'Chief Warrant Officer (CW2)' 'Chief Warrant Officer (W-2)' s__USMilitaryRankWO3 'Chief Warrant Officer (CW3)' 'Chief Warrant Officer (W-3)' s__USMilitaryRankWO4 'Chief Warrant Officer (CW4)' 'Chief Warrant Officer (W-4)' s__USMilitaryRankWO5 'Chief Warrant Officer (CW5)' 'Chief Warrant Officer (W-5)' s__InfantryUnit s__InfantryUnit__t 'A &%MilitaryUnit composed primarily of &%Soldiers who fight on foot, i.e. without the use of heavy artillery.' 'A subEchelon is a relationship between named organizational unit types in which a unit of one type is a &%subOrganization of the other.' 'The typical &%MilitaryRank of the &%leader of an instance of the given &%MilitaryEchelon.' s__Brigade 'Brigade is a term from military science which refers to a group of several battalions (typically two to four), and directly attached supporting units (normally including at least an artillery battery and additional logistic support). A brigade is smaller than a division and roughly equal to or a little larger than a regiment. Strength typically ranges between 1,500 and 3,500 personnel. (from Wikipedia)' s__Brigade__t s__Battalion 'In military terminology, a battalion consists of two to six companies typically commanded by a lieutenant colonel. The nomenclature varies by nationality and by branch of arms, e.g. some armies organize their infantry into battalions, but call battalion-sized cavalry, reconnaissance, or tank units a squadron or a regiment instead. There may even be subtle distinctions within a nations branches of arms, such a distinction between a tank battalion and an armored squadron, depending on how the units operational role is perceived to fit into the armys historical organization. A battalion is potentially the smallest military unit capable of independent operations (i.e. not attached to a higher command), but is usually part of a regiment or a brigade or both, depending on the organizational model used by that service. Battalions are ordinarily homogeneous with respect to type (e.g. an infantry battalion or a tank battalion), although there are occasional exceptions. (from Wikipedia)' s__Battalion__t s__Company_Military s__Company_Military__t s__Platoon 'A company is a military unit, typically consisting of 100-200 soldiers. Most companies are formed of three or four platoons although the exact number may vary by country, unit type and structure. (from Wikipedia)' s__Platoon__t 'Platoon is a term from military science. In an army, a platoon is a unit of thirty to forty soldiers typically commanded by a Lieutenant assisted by a non-commissioned officer. A platoon is formed by at least two squads (usually 3 or 4) and is smaller than a company (typically there are 3 or 4 platoons per company). Most platoons are infantry platoons, some carry other designations such as mortar or heavy weapons platoons. A platoon is the smallest military unit led by a commissioned officer. (from Wikipedia)' '(s__distance(V__A,V__D,V__SMALLER) & s__distance(V__PULLED,V__D,V__LARGER) & greater(V__LARGER,V__SMALLER))' s__AirForce_BranchOfService 'A modern nation-states air forces (the whole branch of service) and not a subdivision thereof.' s__AirForce_BranchOfService__t 'Air Force' 'Coast Guard' s__Marines_BranchOfService 'Modern nation-states marine units (the whole branch of service) and not a subdivision thereof.' s__Marines_BranchOfService__t 'Marine Corps' s__NavalAirForce_BranchOfService 'Modern nation-states naval air forces (the whole branch of service) and not a subdivision thereof.' s__NavalAirForce_BranchOfService__t 'Naval Air Force' s__Navy_BranchOfService s__Navy_BranchOfService__t '&%MilitaryOrganizations that are sea forces.' '(&%militaryOfArea ?MILITARY ?AREA) denotes that ?MILITARY is a &%MilitaryOrganization serving in defense of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.' '(&%militaryAge ?AREA ?AGE) means that in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, a person must be ?AGE or older in order to be a member of the military of the ?AREA.' s__AvailableForMilitaryServiceMaleFn__m '(&%AvailableForMilitaryServiceMaleFn ?AREA) denotes the &%Integer that represents the count of the population of males of military age in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.' '(s__instance(V__PERSON,s__Human) & s__attribute(V__PERSON,s__Male) & s__militaryAge(V__AREA,V__MILITARYAGE) & s__age(V__PERSON,V__AGE) & greatereq(V__AGE,V__MILITARYAGE) & s__inhabits(V__PERSON,V__AREA))' s__FitForMilitaryServiceMaleFn__m '(&%FitForMilitaryServiceMaleFn ?AREA) denotes the &%Integer that represents the count of the population of males of military age in the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA that is also capable of being a member of the military.' '(s__instance(V__PERSON,s__Human) & s__attribute(V__PERSON,s__Male) & s__instance(V__PROCESS,s__MilitaryProcess) & s__fitForMilitaryService(V__PERSON,V__PROCESS) & s__militaryAge(V__AREA,V__MILITARYAGE) & s__age(V__PERSON,V__AGE) & greatereq(V__AGE,V__MILITARYAGE) & s__inhabits(V__PERSON,V__AREA))' '(fitForMilitaryService ?AGENT ?PROCESS) means that ?AGENT is capable of carrying out the &%MilitaryProcess ?PROCESS as the &%agent of the ?PROCESS.' s__ReachingMilitaryAgeAnnuallyMaleFn__m '(equal (ReachingMilitaryAgeAnnuallyMaleFn ?AREA ?YEAR) ?COUNT) means that in the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, there are ?COUNT number of male individuals who for that year ?YEAR come to be of &%militaryAge.' '(s__instance(V__PERSON,s__Human) & s__attribute(V__PERSON,s__Male) & s__militaryAge(V__AREA,V__MILITARYAGE) & (V__AGEMINUSONE = minus(V__AGE,1)) & s__holdsDuring(V__YEAR,(s__age(V__PERSON,V__AGEMINUSONE) | s__age(V__PERSON,V__AGE))) & (V__AGE = V__MILITARYAGE) & s__inhabits(V__PERSON,V__AREA))' '(&%militaryExpendituresInUSDollarsInPeriod ?AREA ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means that the estimated military spending of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA was ?AMOUNT in &%UnitedStatesDollars during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD. Note: This predicate was created to represent data from the CIA World Fact Book, which calculates ?AMOUNT by multiplying estimated defense spending of an ?AREA in percentage terms by the gross domestic product (GDP) for ?PERIOD. Note that for this figure, GDP is calculated by the exchange rate method rather than by &%PPPBasedEconomicValuation. In any case, military expenditures data should be treated as only approximate.' '(&%militaryExpendituresInUSDollars ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the estimated military spending of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is ?AMOUNT in &%UnitedStatesDollars. Note: This predicate was created to represent data from the CIA World Fact Book, which calculates ?AMOUNT by multiplying estimated percentage of ?AREAs budget spent on defense by its gross domestic product (GDP) expressed in U.S. dollars. Note that this GDP is calculated by the exchange rate method rather than by &%PPPBasedEconomicValuation. Military expenditures data is approximate.' '(&%militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDPInPeriod ?AREA ?FRACTION ?PERIOD) means that the estimated military spending of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA was ?FRACTION of the gross domestic product (GDP) of that area during the &%TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD.' '(&%militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDP ?AREA ?FRACTION) means that the estimated military spending of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is ?FRACTION of the gross domestic product (GDP) of that area.' '(&%weaponCarryingCapability ?MV ?WC ?I) means that the &%MilitaryVehicle ?MV is able to carry ?I &%Weapons of class ?WC.' '(&%personTransportCapability ?PV ?I) means that the &%PassengerVehicle ?PV is able to carry ?I &%Humans.' '(&%maximumPayloadCapacity ?V ?MM) means that the &%Vehicle ?V has a maximum payload of ?MM. This means that the vehicle can transport &%Objects weighing less than ?MM, provided that their height and width are within the limits of &%maximumPayloadHeightWidth.' '(&%maximumHeightWidth ?V ?LMHEIGHT ?LMWIDTH) means that the &%Vehicle ?V can transport &%Objects with a &%height less then or equal to ?LMHEIGHT and &%width less than or equal to ?LMWIDTH, provided that the &%weight of these &%Objects is less than or equal to &%maximumPayloadCapacity.' '(s__instance(V__TRANSPORT,s__Transportation) & s__patient(V__TRANSPORT,V__O))' s__ArtilleryCannon s__ArtilleryCannon__t 'A long-range &%ArtilleryGun that is capable of launching rockets or grenades or other explosives.' s__Grenade s__Grenade__t 'A larger projectile that is not self powered and launched by some ArtilleryCannon or MortarGun' '(&%caliber ?G ?L) means that the gun ?G is designed to shoot projectiles with a diameter of ?L.' '(s__instance(V__SHOOTING,s__Shooting) & s__patient(V__SHOOTING,V__PROJ))' '(? [V__SHOOTING] : (s__instance(V__SHOOTING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__SHOOTING,s__Shooting) & s__patient(V__SHOOTING,V__PROJ) & s__instrument(V__SHOOTING,V__GUN)))' s__M242 s__AntiArmorWeapon s__ChainGun s__M242__t 'The M242 Bushmaster is a 25 mm chain gun. It is currently used by the US Armed Forces and other NATO forces. It is used extensively on vehicles and aircraft. It is an externally powered, chain driven, single-barrel weapon which may be fired in semi-automatic or automatic modes. It is fed by a metallic link belt and has dual-feed capability. The term chain gun derives from the use of a roller chain that drives the bolt back and forth. It can destroy lightly armored vehicles and aerial targets (such as helicopters and slow-flying aircraft). It can also suppress enemy positions such as troops in the open, dug-in positions, and built-up areas. The standard rate of fire is 200 rounds per minute, and has a range of 2,000 meters (depending on the type of ammunition used). (from Wikipedia)' s__GAU12U s__GAU12U__t s__GatlingGun s__GatlingGun__t 'The five-barrel Equalizer cannon was developed in the late 1970s, based on the mechanism of the GAU-8/A Avenger cannon, but firing a new NATO series of 25 mm ammunition. The GAU-12U cannon is operated by a 15 hp (11 kW) electric motor, in external mounts supplied by a bleed air-drive pneumatic system. Its rate of fire is normally 3,600 rounds per minute, with a maximum of 4,200 rounds per minute. The Equalizer normally uses PGU-20/U armor-piercing incendiary (API) or PGU-22 or PGU-25 high-explosive incendiary (HEI) ammunition. With a harder-hitting projectile and comparable muzzle velocity, it is more lethal than the older M61 Vulcan, and more effective than the older 30 mm ADEN cannon it replaces. (from Wikipedia)' "122" s__HeavyMachineGun s__ChainGun__t s__HeavyMachineGun__t 'A chain gun is a type of machine gun or automatic cannon that uses an external source of power, rather than recoil, to cycle the weapon, and does so via a continuous loop of chain similar to that used on a motor or bicycle. Chain gun is a registered trademark of McDonnell Douglas for a chain-powered weapon. The primary advantages of chain-driven weapons over their recoil-actuated counterparts are their reliability and controllability. Rather than being dependent upon recoil to actuate the system, which is usually derived from the detonation of a cartridge and is thus inherently uncontrollable, a chain gun instead depends on an external motor to produce power. The motor drives the chain, the chain moves in a rectangular loop via four sprockets which tension it, and one link of the chain is in turn connected to the bolt assembly, thus the bolt moves back and forth to load, fire, extract and eject cartridges. As with other externally-powered guns, this provides a degree of reliability. In addition, and again as with all externally-controlled guns, a misfired round does not stop the weapon - it is simply ejected. The speed of the motor also controls how fast the weapon fires, and thus provides controllability. During each full cycle of the chain link attached to the bolt assembly, two periods (passage along the long sides of the rectangle) control the time taken for the bolt to drive forward and chamber a round and how quickly it extracts it, whilst the other two periods - when the chain moves across the short sides of the rectangle, sideways relative to the axis of the barrel - determine for how long the breech remains locked (during firing) and open (allowing extraction and ventilation of fumes etc). Since it is the time taken for the chain to move around a complete loop of the rectangle that controls the rate of fire of the gun, chain guns can theoretically operate at an infinite number of firing rates from single shot to the maximum imposed by mechanical etc tolerances. In practice, chain guns come with two or three pre-set firing speeds. (from Wikipedia)' s__M240 s__M240__t 'The M240 is a belt-fed 7.62 mm NATO medium machine gun. It has been used by the U.S. Armed Forces since the end of the 20th century, and is also used by other NATO forces. It is used extensively in the infantry as well as on vehicles and aircraft. Though not the lightest medium machine gun, it is highly regarded for reliability, and the firearms standardization with those of other NATO allies is also seen as a major plus. The M240 designation is used to describe the whole family, but it is also a specic variant- a specialized co-axial model. There are many versions in service, see selected versions below: * M240- a co-axial version adopted in 1977 by the US Army for use * in tanks. This version of the FN MAG beat out the M60E2 and * M219, as well as host of other medium machine guns including the * MG3 and AA-52 co-axial versions. Entered service in the 1980s on * the M1 Abrams. * M240E1- a pintle mounted version that also entered service in * the 1980s. Also used by USMC. * M240G- a version used by the USMC starting 1994, including in * infantry configuration as opposed to the previous vehicle * mounted types. * M240B- a ground version adopted by the Army in the late 1990s, * with deliverys starting around 1998. Includes recoil buffer and * front heat guard. Beat out other medium MGs. * M240H- an improved model mainly for aircraft developed in the * early first decade of the 2000s. (from Wikipedia)' "7.62" "12.5" s__M60 s__M60__t 'The M60 (also seen M-60, formally Machine Gun, 7.62mm, M60) is a family of American belt-fed machine guns firing linked 7.62 - 51 mm NATO cartridges. In the U.S. military, the M60 has largely been replaced by various versions of the M240 as a medium machine gun, and by the M249 SAW as a squad automatic weapon. However, it remains in use in every branch, as well as some other countries (another major user was Australia), it continues to be manufactured into the 21st century. The M60 can be used in both offensive and defensive configurations. In the offense, it provides a higher rate of fire, greater effective range, and uses a larger caliber round than the standard-issue U.S. service rifle, the M16 family. In defensive use, the long range, close defensive, and final protective fires delivered by the M60 form an integral part of a units battle plan. The M60 is effective up to 1,100 meters when firing at an area target and mounted on a tripod, up to 800 meters when firing at an area target using the integral bipod, up to 600 meters when firing at a point target, and up to 200 meters when firing at a moving point target. United States Marine Corps doctrine holds that the M60 and other weapons in its class are capable of suppressive fire on area targets out to 1,500 meters if the gunner is sufficiently skilled. (from Wikipedia)' "10.5" "1.1" 'A heavy machine gun refers to either a larger-caliber, high-power machine gun or one of the smaller, medium-caliber (rifle caliber) machine guns meant for prolonged firing from heavy mounts, less mobile, or static positions (or some combination of the two). The latter meaning is generally thought of as an older meaning, and the former as a modern one, but both weapon types have histories extending back to the 1800s. Furthermore, heavier smaller-caliber weapons continue to be used up to the present. A classic example of a rifle-caliber heavy machine gun would be a water-cooled Maxim machine gun that was belt fed, had a water jacket, was crew served, and mounted on tripod or wheeled mount. Other types used linkable strips (such as the Hotchkiss) or large magazines. A common example of a heavy-caliber machine gun would be the Browning M2 .50-caliber machine gun. Firearms with calibers larger than 13 to 15 mm are generally thought of as autocannons instead of heavy machine guns. (from Wikipedia)' s__M2Browning s__M2Browning__t 'The M2 Machine Gun, or Browning .50 Caliber Machine Gun is a heavy machine gun designed just after World War I by John Browning. It is nicknamed Ma Deuce by US troops or simply called fifty caliber machine gun. The design has had many specific designations- the official designation for the infantry type is Browning Machine Gun, Heavy Barrel, Cal. .50, M2, HB, Flexible. The Browning .50 machine gun was used extensively as a vehicle weapon and for aircraft armament by the United States from the 1920s to the present day. It was heavily used during World War II, Korean War, the Vietnam Conflict, as well as during operations in Iraq in the 1990s and 2000s. It is the primary heavy machine gun of NATO countries, and has been used by many other countries. It is still in use today. It was very similar in design to the smaller Browning Model 1919 machine gun .30-06 Springfield. Type Fully-automatic machine gun Caliber .50 in (12.7 mm) Ammunition .50 BMG Feed system Belt-fed Action Recoil-operated, short recoil Length 1,650 mm (65 in) Barrel length 1,140 mm (44 7/8 in) Weight 38 kg (58 kg w/ tripod) Rate of fire 550 round/min Muzzle velocity 3,050 ft/s (930 m/s) Effective range 2,000 m (2200 yards) (from Wikipedia)' "12.7" s__XM218 s__XM218__t 'The GAU-15/A utilized on the H-46, UH-1N and H-53 series aircraft is a crew served, recoil operated, belt fed, air cooled, percussion fired weapon, with a rate of fire of 750 rounds per minute. The gun system consists of the GAU-15/A (XM-218) cal. 50 machine gun, a pintle mount assembly, brass collection bag, and ammunition can bracket assembly. The pintle mount assembly is attached at personnel or cargo doors or windows of the aircraft. The ammunition can bracket holds a single 100 round can of linked cal. 50 percussion primed ammunition. Additional cans of ammunition are carried inside the aircraft to allow for rapid reloading. (from http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/equip/gau-15.htm)' s__M3M s__M3M__t 'The M3M is a weapon system rather than just a machine gun. The system has three parts: The Machine Gun, the Medium Pintle Head (MPH) or Soft Mount, and the Cradle, which is used to integrate the weapon into a particular aircraft or vehicle. An optional Integrated Illuminator/Laser spotting device gives this weapon a day/night capability. Three important differences between the M3M and the M2 BMG: 1) The new weapon uses an open bolt 2) has an internal recoil spring, and 3) a significantly longer barrel life. The first difference means that cook-offs are far less likely to occur while the second point means that the M3M has only a third as much non-compensated recoil as compared to the M2 BMG. As a personal note, I have been on a firing range where three out of four M2 BMGs had cook-offs following prolonged firing. Some problems noted during the initial evaluation of this weapon by the US Marines in 2001 included: 1) Significantly increased reload times compared to the M2 BMG. 2) Lengths of rounds were repeatedly pulled from the 100 round magazines by the airstream, resulting in hazards to personnel and equipment. 3) Lack of a flash suppressor, which made this weapon almost impossible to use with night-vision equipment. The feed system for 600 round magazines has been modified to reduce the air stream problem and FN Herstal has added a flash suppressor, as can be seen below in the second photograph. (from http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_50cal-M3M_MG.htm)' "35.8" "1.85" s__GrenadeLauncher s__GrenadeLauncher__t 'A grenade launcher is an machine gun able to shoot grenades at high frequency.' s__MK19 s__MK19__t 'The MK19 (also known as MK-19, M19, Mark 19, or Mk 19) is a belt-fed grenade machine gun capable of firing five grenades per second. The Mk 19 fires 40mm grenades at a cyclic rate of 300 to 400 rounds per minute, giving a practical rate of fire of 60 rpm (rapid) and 40 rpm (sustained). The weapon operates on the blowback principle, which uses the chamber pressure from each fired round to load and re-cock the weapon. The Mk 19 is able to lob its grenade at a maximum distance of 2.2km, though its effective range is about 1.6km. The nearest safe distance to launch the grenade is 75 meters. In addition, the Mk 19s flash suppressor and its lack of smoke during firing makes it difficult for enemies to spot and counter it. For night operation, an AN/TVS-5 night vision sight can be fitted. The Mk 19 is a man-portable crew-served weapon that can fire from a tripod mounted position or from a vehicle mount (this being the preferred method as the weapon alone weighs 33 kg). The primary ammunition for Mk 19 is the high explosive dual-purpose M430 grenade. Upon impact, the grenade can kill anyone within the radius of five meters, and wound them within the radius of 15 meters. It can also punch through two inches of armour, which means it can take out most infantry fighting vehicles and armoured personnel carriers. It is especially deadly when used against enemy infantry formations. The ammunition comes in 32 or 48 round cans weighing 42 and 60 lb (20 and 30 kg). Due to its low recoil and comparatively light weight, it has been adapted for use on many different platforms, including small attack boats, fast attack vehicles such as the Humvee (HMMWV) and Stryker, military jeeps and as well as a large variety of naval mounts. (from Wikipedia)' "1.6" 'A weapon designed to damage the armor of military vehicles or bunkers' '(? [V__DAMAGING,V__ARMOR] : (s__instance(V__DAMAGING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DAMAGING,s__Damaging) & s__instrument(V__DAMAGING,V__W) & s__patient(V__DAMAGING,V__ARMOR) & s__instance(V__ARMOR,s__Armor)))' s__DragonWeapon s__DragonWeapon__t 'Primary function: Anti-armor weapon system ManBuilder: McDonnell Douglas Aerospace and Missile Systems and Raytheon Length: Launcher: 45.4 inches (115.32 cm) Missile: 33.3 inches (84.58 centimeters) Weight: Ready to Fire: 33.9 lbs (Day Tracker) 48.7 lbs (Night Tracker) Day Tracker (Sights): 6.75 lbs Thermal Night Tracker (w/1 bottle and battery): 21.65 lbs Maximum effective range: 3281 feet (1000 meters) Time of flight: 11.2 seconds Armor penetration: Will defeat T-55, T-62, or T-72 w/o added armor Unit Replacement Cost: Night Tracker System: $51,000 Day Tracker System: $13,000 Mission: Primary: To engage and destroy armor and light armored vehicles. Secondary: defeat hard targets such as bunkers and field fortifications. Features: The warhead power of Dragon makes it possible for a single Marine to defeat armored vehicles, fortified bunkers, concrete gun emplacements, or other hard targets. The launcher consists of a smoothbore fiberglass tube, breech/gas generator, tracker and support, bipod, battery, sling, and forward and aft shock absorbers. Non-integral day and night sights are required to utilize the Dragon. The complete system consists of the launcher, the tracker and the missile, which is installed in the launcher during final assembly and received by the Marine Corps in a ready to fire condition. The launch tube serves as the storage and carrying case for the missile. The night tracker operates in the thermal energy range. (from http://www.hqmc.usmc.mil/factfile.nsf/0/8d198eb6ac07b33b8525627b00567d5e?OpenDocument)' "33.9" s__JavelinWeapon s__AntiTankWeapon s__JavelinWeapon__t s__AntiTankWeapon__t 'The Javelin is a manportable, fire-and-forget antitank missile employed by dismounted infantry to defeat current and future threat armored combat vehicles. Its range of about 1.5 miles is more than twice that of its predecessor, the Dragon. The Javelin has secondary capabilities against helicopters and ground-fighting positions. It is equipped with an imaging infrared system and a fire-and-forget guided missile. The Javelins normal engagement mode is top-attack to penetrate the tanks most vulnerable armor. It also has a direct-attack capability to engage targets with overhead cover or in bunkers. Its soft launch allows employment from within buildings and enclosed fighting positions. The soft launch signature limits the gunners exposure to the enemy, thus increasing survivability. The Javelin is credited with helping U.S. Special Forces and Kurdish troops repel an Iraqi attack in April 2003 in one of the biggest tank battles of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Traveling in eight trucks, the coalition troops were met by surprise attack from an Iraqi brigade. The Special Forces used 19 Javelins against the Iraqis, who had 12 tanks and 24 armored personnel carriers. The shoulder-held anti-tank weapons stopped two T-55 tanks, eight personnel carriers, and four troop trucks even though not one of the U.S. soldiers had ever fired the weapon before the engagement. The Javelin consists of a missile in a disposable launch tube and a reusable Command Launch Unit (CLU) with a trigger mechanism and the integrated day/night sighting device for surveillance, and target acquisition and built-in test capabilities and associated electronics. The CLU, powered by a disposable battery, provides the capability for battlefield surveillance, target acquisition, missile launch and damage assessment. The round consists of a disposable launch tube assembly, battery coolant unit, and the missile. The 3.5-foot-long missile locks on to the target before launch using an infrared focal plane array and on-board processing, which also maintains target track and guides the missile to the target after launch. A full-up system weighs 49.5 pounds. The U.S. Army awarded the Javelin contract in 1989 to Raytheon and Lockheed Martin, the weapon was deployed some seven years later. Since then at least nine other countries have selected the weapon for their arsenals. The Javelin is one of about 1,400 weapon systems supported by Defense Supply Center Columbus, which supplies several of the missiles spare parts to the U.S. Marine Corps through the Performance Based Logistics arrangement. Three DSCC organizations manage these parts - the Land-based Weapon Systems Group, the Commodity-based Application Group and the Maritime Weapon Systems Group. (from http://federalvoice.dscc.dla.mil/federalvoice/040728/weapon.html)' "49.5" s__SMAWBunkerBuster s__SMAWBunkerBuster__t 'The Shoulder-launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon (SMAW) is a versatile, lightweight and lethal weapon system. SMAW, employed by the United States Marine Corps for more than twenty years, has proven performance in combat situations, easily demolishing bunkers, breaching fortifications, and defeating armored vehicles. The man-portable SMAW is exceedingly accurate and reliable, exhibiting an average hit probability greater than 90 percent on a 1 x 2 meter target at combat ranges. SMAW is perfectly suited for MOUT scenarios, enabling the gunner to defeat enemy fortifications while remaining under protective cover, greatly enhancing survivability. SMAW will feature even greater capability with a new Confined Space fire-from-enclosure version. Talley Defense Systems, in cooperation with the US Marine Corps, is perfecting a design which drastically reduces backblast and over-pressure, and virtually eliminates flash and smoke when firing the weapon. The SMAW is an 83mm man-portable weapon system consisting of the MK153 Mod 0 launcher, the MK 3 Mod 0 encased HEDP rocket, the MK 6 Mod 0 encased HEAA rocket, and the MK217 Mod 0 spotting rifle cartridge. The launcher consists of a fiberglass launch tube, a 9mm spotting rifle, an electro-mechanical firing mechanism, open battle sights, and a mount for the MK42 Mod 0 optical and AN/PVS-4 night sights. The SMAW MK153 Mod 0 launcher is based on the Israeli B-300 and consists of the launch tube, the spotting rifle, the firing mechanism, and mounting brackets. The launch tube is fiberglass/epoxy with a gel coat on the bore. The spotting rifle is a British design and is mounted on the right side of the launch tube. The firing mechanism mechanically fires the spotting rifle and uses a magneto to fire the rocket. The mounting brackets connect the components and provide the means for boresighting the weapon. The encased rockets are loaded at the rear of the launcher. The spotting cartridges are stored in a magazine in the cap of the encased rocket. The SMAW system (launcher, ammunition and logistics support) was fielded in 1984 as a Marine Corps unique system. At that time, the SMAW included the MK153 Mod 0 launcher, the MK3 Mod 0 HEDP encased rocket, the MK4 Mod 0 practice rocket and the MK217 Mod 0 9mm spotting cartridge. The MK6 Mod 0 encased HEAA rocket is being added to the inventory. The MOD 0 has demonstrated several shortcomings. A series of modifications is currently planned to address the deficiencies. They include a resleeving process for bubbled launch tubes, rewriting/drafting operator and technical manuals, a kit that will reduce environmental intrusion into the trigger mechanism, and an optical sight modification to allow the new HEAA rocket to be used effectively against moving armor targets. Recently fielded were new boresight bracket kits that, when installed, will solve the loss of boresight problem between launch tube and spotting rifle. (from http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/smaw.htm)' "7.54" s__BGM71TOW s__AntiTankMissile s__BGM71TOW__t s__AntiTankMissile__t 'The BGM-71 TOW is a US anti-tank missile. TOW stands for Tube-launched, Optically tracked, Wire-guided. The TOW was first produced in 1970 and is the most widely used anti-tank missile in the world. Current production TOWs can penetrate all currently known tank armor. (from Wikipedia)' "18.9" 'A weapon primarily designed to destroy tanks and other armored vehicles. Most often these weapons are (self-guided) missiles.' '(? [V__DAMAGING,V__V] : (s__instance(V__DAMAGING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DAMAGING,s__Damaging) & s__instrument(V__DAMAGING,V__W) & s__patient(V__DAMAGING,V__V) & s__instance(V__V,s__ArmoredVehicle)))' 'An Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) or Anti-Tank Guided Weapon (ATGW) is a guided missile primarily designed to hit and destroy heavily armored tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles. ATGMs range in size from shoulder-launched weapons which can be transported by a single soldier, to larger tripod mounted weapons which require a squad or team to transport and fire, to vehicle and aircraft mounted missile systems. The introduction of smaller, man-portable ATGMs with larger warheads to the modern battlefield has given infantry the ability to defeat even heavily armored main battle tanks at great ranges, usually with the first shot. Earlier infantry anti-tank weapons such as anti-tank rifles, anti-tank rockets and magnetic anti-tank mines had limited armor-penetration abilities and/or required a soldier to approach the target closely. (from Wikipedia)' s__M197GatlingGun s__M197GatlingGun__t 'The M197 electric cannon is a three-barreled electric Gatling gun developed primarily for use by United States Army helicopter gunships. Development of the M197 began in 1967 after experience in the Vietnam War revealed the inadequacy of the 7.62 mm Minigun for gunship use. The M197 is essentially a lightened version of the General Electric M61 Vulcan cannon, with three barrels instead of six. Its maximum rate of fire is one quarter that of the Vulcan, largely to limit its recoil for light aircraft and helicopter use. It shares the Vulcans M50 and PGU series 20 mm ammunition. The M197 went into service on later marks of the AH-1 Cobra, and was also fitted in a ventral turret on the U.S. Marine Corps OV-10D Bronco. It is also the basis of the GPU-2 gun pod, which incorporates the cannon, a battery and electric drive motor, and 300 rounds of linkless ammunition. In the Cobra, the weapon is supplied with a magazine of 700 linked rounds. It has a cyclic rate of fire of 730 rounds per minute (plus or minus 50 rounds). Standard practice is to fire the cannon in 100-round bursts, allowing several minutes of cooling time between bursts. The M197 remains in use in the latest AH-1W and AH-1Z Cobra gunships. Although the weapons rotary drive is theoretically quite reliable, its ammunition feed has been anything but: Marine pilots report an alarmingly high jam rate (sometimes greater than 30%). The USMC and the manufacturer are aware of the problem, but no specific fix has been incorporated on the AH-1Z. In the meantime, crews have been trained in techniques intended to minimize the risk of jamming. (from Wikipedia)' 'The Gatling gun was the first highly successful rapid-repeating firearm. It was the first firearm to combine reliability, high firing rate and ease of loading into a single device. It was designed by the American inventor Richard J. Gatling, in 1861 and patented on May 9, 1862. In modern usage it typically refers to guns with a similar rotating barrel design. Depending on how one defines the term, the Gatling gun is not the first machine gun, despite frequent references to it as such, machine guns operate entirely on a fraction of the power of the fired cartridge, while the Gatling relies on external power (hand crank, or electric/hydraulic motor). (from Wikipedia)' s__AirLaunchMissile s__AirLaunchMissile__t 'A missile launched from the air.' s__GroundLaunchMissile s__GroundLaunchMissile__t 'A missile launched from the ground.' s__AirAttackMissile 'A missile that attacks targets in the air.' '(? [V__OBJ,V__REGION,V__DAMAGE] : (s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__REGION,s__Object) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Physical) & s__instrument(V__DAMAGE,V__M) & s__patient(V__DAMAGE,V__OBJ) & s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Damaging) & s__instance(V__REGION,s__AtmosphericRegion) & s__holdsDuring(s__BeginFn(s__WhenFn(V__DAMAGE)),(s__located(V__M,V__REGION) & s__located(V__OBJ,V__REGION)))))' s__GroundAttackMissile 'A missile that attacks targets on the ground.' '(? [V__OBJ,V__REGION,V__DAMAGE] : (s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__REGION,s__Object) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Physical) & s__instrument(V__DAMAGE,V__M) & s__patient(V__DAMAGE,V__OBJ) & s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Damaging) & s__instance(V__REGION,s__GeographicArea) & s__holdsDuring(s__BeginFn(s__WhenFn(V__DAMAGE)),(s__located(V__M,V__REGION) & s__located(V__OBJ,V__REGION)))))' s__GuidedMissile 'Missiles that have the ability to maneuver through the air can be guided, and are known as guided missiles. These have three key system components: * tracking * guidance * flight A tracking system locates the missiles target. This can be either a human gunner aiming a sight on the target (remotely from the missile) or an automatic tracker. Automatic trackers use radiation emanating from the target or emitted from the launch platform and reflecting back to it from the target. Passive automatic trackers use the targets inherent radiation, usually heat or light, but missiles designed to attack Command & Control posts, aircraft or guided missiles may look for radio waves. Active automatic trackers rely on the target being illuminated by radiation. The target can be painted with light (sometimes infrared and/or laser) or radio waves (radar) which can be detected by the missile. The radiation for the painting can originate in the missile itself or may come from a remote station (for example, a hilltop gunner can illuminate a target with a laser device and this can be used to direct an air launched guided missile). A guidance system takes data from the missiles tracking system and flight system and computes a flight path for the missile designed to intercept the target. It produces commands for the flight system. The flight system causes the missile to maneuver. There are two main systems: vectored thrust (for missiles that are powered throughout the guidance phase of their flight) and aerodynamic maneuvering (wings, fins, canards, etc). There are some similarities between guided missiles and guided bombs. A guided bomb, dropped from an aircraft, is unpowered and uses aerodynamic fins for forward horizontal maneuvering while falling vertically. (from Wikipedia)' s__InfraRedGMissile 'A missile that is guided by infrared homing. Infra-red homing refers to a guidance system which uses the infra-red light emission from a target to track it. Missiles which use infra-red seeking are often referred to as heat-seekers. Infra-red (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. Many objects such as people, vehicle engines and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infra-red wavelengths of light compared to objects in the background. (from Wikipedia)' '(? [V__DAMAGE,V__OBJ,V__RADIATION] : (s__instance(V__RADIATION,s__Process) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Damaging) & s__instrument(V__DAMAGE,V__M) & s__patient(V__DAMAGE,V__OBJ) & s__instance(V__RADIATION,s__RadiatingInfrared) & s__agent(V__RADIATION,V__OBJ)))' s__BeamRidingGMissile s__BeamRidingGMissile__t 'Beam-riding guidance leads a missile to its target by means of radar or a laser beam. It is one of the simplest forms of radar or laser guidance. The main use of this kind of system is to destroy airplanes or tanks. First, an aiming station (possibly mounted in a vehicle) in the launching area directs a narrow radar or laser beam at the enemy aircraft or tank. Then, the missile is launched and at some point after launch is gathered by the radar or laser beam when it flies into it. From this stage onwards, the missile attempts to keep itself inside the beam, while the aiming station keeps the beam pointing at the target. The missile, controlled by a computer inside it, rides the beam to the target. The aiming station can also use the radar returns of the beam bouncing off the target to track it, or it can be tracked optically or by some other means. (from Wikipedia)' '(? [V__DAMAGE,V__OBJ,V__RADIATION,V__INST] : (s__instance(V__INST,s__Object) & s__instance(V__RADIATION,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Damaging) & s__instrument(V__DAMAGE,V__M) & s__patient(V__DAMAGE,V__OBJ) & s__instance(V__RADIATION,s__Radiating) & s__instrument(V__RADIATION,V__INST) & (s__instance(V__INST,s__Radar) | s__instance(V__INST,s__LightFixture)) & s__patient(V__RADIATION,V__OBJ)))' s__AGM s__AGM__t s__GroundAttackMissile__t 'An air-to-surface missile (also, air-to-ground missile, ASM or AGM) is a missile designed to be launched from military aircraft (bombers, attack aircraft, fighter aircraft or other kinds) and strike ground targets on land, at sea, or both. They are similar to guided glide bombs but to be considered a missile, they usually contain some form of propulsion system. The two most common propulsion systems for air-to-surface missiles are rocket motors and jet engines. These also tend to correspond to the range of the missiles - short and long, respectively. Some Soviet air-to-surface missiles are powered by ramjets, giving them both long range and high speed. (from Wikipedia)' s__AGM65 s__AGM65__t 'The AGM-65 Maverick is an air-to-surface tactical missile (ASM) designed for close air support, prohibition, and forceful prevention. It is effective against a wide range of tactical targets, including armor, air defenses, ships, ground transportation, and fuel storage facilities. The AGM-65F (infrared targeting) used by the US Navy has an infrared guidance system optimized for ship tracking and a larger penetrating warhead than the shaped charge used by the US Marine Corps and the US Air Force (300 pounds (136 kg) vs 125 pounds (57 kg)). The AGM-65 has two types of warheads, one has a contact fuze in the nose, and the other has a heavyweight warhead with a delayed fuze, which penetrates the target with its kinetic energy before firing. The latter is most effective against large, hard targets. The propulsion system for both types is a solid-fuel rocket motor behind the warhead. (from Wikipedia)' "2.55" "302" s__AAM s__AAM__t s__AirAttackMissile__t s__GuidedMissile__t 'An air-to-air missile (AAM) is a guided missile fired from an aircraft for the purpose of destroying another aircraft. It is typically powered by one or more rocket motors, usually solid fuelled but sometimes liquid fuelled. (from Wikipedia)' s__AIM9 s__AIM9__t s__InfraRedGMissile__t 'The AIM-9 Sidewinder is a heat-seeking, short-range, air-to-air missile carried by fighter aircraft and recently, certain gunship helicopters. It is named after the Sidewinder snake, which also detects its prey via body heat. The Sidewinder was the first truly effective air-to-air missile, widely imitated and copied. Its latest variants remain in active service with many air forces. (from Wikipedia)' "2.85" "0.63" s__AGM114 s__AGM114__t 'AGM-114 Hellfire (Helicopter launched fire-and-forget) is a U.S. air-to-ground missile system designed to defeat tanks and other individual targets while minimizing the exposure of the launch vehicle to enemy fire. Hellfire uses laser guidance and is designed to accept other guidance packages. It is used on helicopters against heavily armored vehicles at longer standoff distances than any other U.S. Army missiles now in the inventory. The Hellfire II is the optimized version of the laser family of Hellfire missiles. The Longbow Hellfire Modular Missile System is an air-launched, radar aided, inertially guided missile that utilizes millimeter-wave radar technology. Despite the expanded acronym, most versions of the Hellfire missile are not truly fire-and-forget -- all the laser-guided versions require constant illumination or painting of the target from launch to impact. The AGM-114L is a true fire-and-forget weapon: it requires no further guidance after launch and can hit its target without the launcher being in line of sight of the target. The Hellfire (along with the Maverick and the air-launched TOW) was to be replaced by the Joint Common Missile (JCM) around 2011. The JCM was developed with a tri-mode seeker and a multi-purpose warhead that would combine the capabilities of the several Hellfire variants. In the budget for FY2006, the US Department of Defense canceled a number of projects that they felt no longer warranted continuation based on their cost effectiveness, including the JCM. Due to the U.S. militarys continuing need for a proven precision-strike aviation weapon in the interim until a successor to the JCM is fielded, as well as extensive foreign sales, it is likely the Hellfire will be in service for many years. (from Wikipedia)' "1.63" "0.71" s__MolotovCocktail s__MolotovCocktail__t 'Molotov cocktail, named after Vyacheslav Molotov, also known as petrol bomb, benzine torch, molotov grenade or molotov bomb, is the generic name for a variety of crude incendiary weapons. While they are commonly associated with irregular military forces and rioters, they are actually more frequently used for basic arson[citation needed]. In urban slang, they are often referred to as a homemade frag or the poor mans hand grenade. A Molotov cocktail consists of a glass bottle partly filled with flammable liquid, typically petrol, alcohol, methanol or ethanol. The mouth of the bottle is stopped up with a cork or other type of airtight bung, made of rubber, glass, or plastic, and an igniter, such as cloth rag is fixed securely around the mouth. The weapon is used by first soaking the rag in a flammable liquid immediately prior to using it, lighting the rag, and throwing the bottle at the target. The bottle shatters on impact, spilling the flammable liquid over the target, which is then ignited by the burning rag. There are also sophisticated methods for igniting, such as use of pyrophoric mass Bengal fire or a chemical igniter based on reaction of sulfuric acid and potassium chlorate, which do not need an external source of fire to work. Additional substances may be added to the basic Molotov cocktail to enhance its use as a weapon. Molotov cocktails are similar to napalm bombs in principle. Napalm was originally made by combining flammable naphthalene and petrol with a thickening agent palmitic acid, the latter two being the main ingredients of Molotov cocktails. When gasoline is used as the main ingredient, motor oil or sugar is commonly added to help the gasoline cling to the target. (from Wikipedia)' '(? [V__COMB,V__DAMAGE,V__OBJ] : (s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__COMB,s__Process) & s__instance(V__COMB,s__Combustion) & s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Damaging) & s__instrument(V__COMB,V__MC) & s__instrument(V__DAMAGE,V__MC) & s__patient(V__COMB,V__OBJ) & s__patient(V__DAMAGE,V__OBJ)))' s__RPG s__AntiArmorWeapon__t s__RPG__t 'A (RPG) is a hand-held, shoulder-launched anti-tank weapon capable of firing an unguided rocket equipped with an explosive warhead. Most modern main battle tanks (MBTs) are largely immune to unguided anti-tank weapons due to advances in armor design requiring more precise aiming to hit weak spots. RPGs, however, are still used very effectively against light-skinned vehicles such as armored personnel carriers (APCs) or unarmored wheeled vehicles, as well as against buildings and bunkers. They can still be a threat to an MBT under certain tactical conditions (see below). RPG is the Russian acronym of Ruchnoy Protivotankovy Granatomyot and is translated into English as handheld antitank grenade-launcher. The commonly used term rocket-propelled grenade is a mistranslation, backformed from the acronym RPG and does not follow correct naming conventions used by English speaking militaries to describe these weapons. (from Wikipedia)' s__CSGas s__CSGas__t '2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (chemical formula: C10H5ClN2) is a substance that is used as a riot control agent and is usually claimed to be non-lethal by the forces who use it. CS was discovered by two Americans, Ben Carson and Roger Staughton in 1928, the first letters of the scientists surname giving us the name of the substance, CS [4]. It was developed and tested secretly at Porton Down in Wiltshire, England. Apparently this testing occurred in the 1950s and 1960s when CS was used firstly on animals, then subsequently on British Army servicemen volunteers. Notably CS has a limited effect on animals due to under-developed tear-ducts and protection by fur. [5]. (from Wikipedia). Known as tear or pepper gas, often used by paramilitary and police to control unruly crowds, the gas can cause temporary blindness and tearing.' '(? [V__INJ,V__ORG] : (s__instance(V__INJ,s__Process) & s__instance(V__INJ,s__Injuring) & s__instrument(V__INJ,V__C) & s__patient(V__INJ,V__ORG) & s__instance(V__ORG,s__Animal)))' '(? [V__W] : (s__instance(V__W,s__Object) & s__instance(V__W,s__Weapon) & s__part(V__C,V__W)))' s__AbsoluteFilter s__AbsoluteFilter__t 'A filter capable of cutting off 100% by weight of solid particles greater than a stated micron size.' '(? [V__REMOVE,V__GAS] : (s__instance(V__GAS,s__Object) & s__instance(V__REMOVE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__REMOVE,s__Removing) & s__origin(V__REMOVE,V__GAS) & s__instance(V__GAS,s__GasMixture) & s__instrument(V__REMOVE,V__FILTER)))' s__AbsoluteDud s__NuclearWeapon s__AbsoluteDud__t s__NuclearWeapon__t 'A &%NuclearWeapon which, when launched at or emplaced on a target, fails to explode.' s__Altimeter 'A &%Device that measures the vertical distance to the some reference point of the surface below. This may be the mean sea level or the actual surface of the earth.' s__AbsoluteAltimeter s__AbsoluteAltimeter__t 'A type of &%Altimeter that measures vertical distance to the surface below, using radio, radar, sonic, laser, or capacitive technology.' 'The height of an aircraft directly above the surface or terrain over which it is flying.' s__BarometricAltimeter s__Altimeter__t s__BarometricAltimeter__t 'A type of &%Altimeter which measures vertical distance to the mean sea level, using pressure level and calculated according to the standard atmosphere laws.' s__AltitudeMeasure__t 'The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea level.' s__LAV s__APC s__LAV__t s__APC__t 'The Light Armoured Vehicle (LAV, also called Mowag Piranha but not by the USMC) is a family of armoured fighting vehicles designed and manufactured by the Swiss Mowag corporation (now General Dynamics European Land Combat Systems). It is available in 4x4, 6x6, 8x8, and 10x10 wheel versions. There are several variants within these versions, giving different degrees of armour protection and several kinds of turrets, for use in a variety of roles. Piranha derivatives have been assigned roles as troop transports, command vehicles, fire support vehicles, tank trainers, and police vehicles. (from Wikipedia)' s__LAV25 s__LAV25__t s__AmphibiousVehicle 'LAV-25 (Light Armoured Vehicle) is an eight-wheeled armoured personnel carrier (APC) based on the Mowag Piranha family of armoured fighting vehicles used by the United States Marine Corps. Powered by a Detroit Diesel Turbo-Charged engine, they are 4 wheel drive (rear wheels) transferable to 8-wheel drive. These vehicles are also amphibious, meaning they have the ability to swim, but are limited to non-surf bodies of water (No oceans). While engaged in amphibious operations, the maximum speed is approximately 12 km/h. Typical land speeds are approximately 85 km/h in either 4 or 8-wheel drive, however fuel economy decreases in 8-wheel drive. The vehicles operate on diesel fuel (JP-8), and require 3 weights of lubricants to remain in running condition. They are equipped with a M242 Bushmaster 25 mm cannon, two M240 7.62 mm machine guns, and 2 4-barrel launchers usually loaded with smoke canisters. The crew is three, and four passengers with combat gear. The vehicle has been through many changes through the late 90s. The new modification or SLEP (Service Life Extension Program) has changed the LAV-25 to an LAV-25A1 standard. (from Wikipedia)' "6.39" "2.5" "2.69" "12802.8" "660.1" s__PoweredVehicle s__ArmoredVehicle s__ArmoredVehicle__t 'Armoured personnel carriers (APCs) are armoured fighting vehicles developed to transport infantry on the battlefield. They usually have only a machine gun although variants carry recoilless rifles, anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs), or mortars. They are not really designed to take part in a direct-fire battle, but to carry the troops to the battlefield safe from shrapnel and ambush. They may have wheels or tracks. Examples include the American M113 (tracked), M2 Bradley, the British FV 432 (tracked), the French VAB (wheeled), the German Boxer MRAV (wheeled) and the Soviet BTR (wheeled). (from Wikipedia)' 'a vehicle that is protected by armor plate (WN)' s__Armor s__MilitaryTank__t s__Armor__t 'Armor is protective clothing intended to defend its wearer from intentional harm in combat and military engagements, typically associated with soldiers. Armour has been used throughout recorded history, beginning with hides, leather, and bone, before progressing to bronze, then steel during the middle ages, to modern fabrics such as Kevlar, Dyneema and ceramics. (from Wikipedia)' '(? [V__MAINTAINING] : (s__instance(V__MAINTAINING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__MAINTAINING,s__Maintaining) & s__instrument(V__MAINTAINING,V__A) & s__experiencer(V__MAINTAINING,V__OBJ)))' '(~ (? [V__DAMAGING] : (s__instance(V__DAMAGING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DAMAGING,s__Damaging) & s__instrument(V__DAMAGING,V__A) & s__experiencer(V__DAMAGING,V__OBJ))))' s__AAV s__AAV__t s__AmphibiousVehicle__t s__PassengerVehicle__t s__PoweredVehicle__t 'The Amphibious Assault Vehicle (AAV) (official designation AAV-7A1 (formerly known as LVT-7)) is the current amphibious troop transport of the United States Marine Corps and is also operated by other forces. The AAV-7A1 is a fully tracked amphibious landing vehicle manufactured by FMC Corporation. It is used by USMC Amphibious Assault Battalions to land the surface assault elements of the landing force and their equipment in a single lift from assault shipping during amphibious operations to inland objectives and to conduct mechanized operations and related combat support in subsequent mechanized operations ashore.' "7.94" "3.27" "22.8" "3.26" "480" s__VSTOL s__Airplane s__VSTOL__t s__Airplane__t 'V/STOL is an acronym for Vertical/Short Take-Off and Landing. V/STOL aircraft can take-off or land vertically or on short runways. Most were experiments or outright failures from the 1950s to 1970s. The Hawker-Siddeley Harrier is perhaps the most famous production V/STOL aircraft, and the only truly operational successful design to date. . Helicopters have continued to dominate vertical flightV/STOL in retrospect may be one of the holy grails that has yet to be fully fulfilled for general aircraft. V/STOL was originally developed to allow fast jets to be operated from clearings in forests, removing their reliance on damage-prone runways, or operated from small aircraft carriers that would previously only have been able to carry helicopters. V/STOL has been replaced by STOVL or short takeoff, vertical landing in operation, if not in design. A rolling takeoff, sometimes with a ramp reduces the amount of thrust required to lift a fully laden aircraft from the ground, and increases the payload and range. For instance, the Harrier is incapable of taking off vertically with a full weapons and fuel load, and hence is operated as STOVL wherever possible. The main advantages in the case of the Harrier is closer basing, which reduces response time and tanker support requirements. In the case of the Falklands war, it also permitted high performance fighter air cover and ground attack without a large catapult-based aircraft carrier. (from Wikipedia)' s__Harrier2 s__JetAirplane s__JetAirplane__t s__Harrier2__t 'The Harrier II is a family of second generation vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) jet aircraft of the late 20th century. They were developed from the earlier Hawker-Siddeley Harriers, are primarily used for light attack or multi-role tasks, and are almost all operated from small aircraft carriers. Versions of it are used primarily by NATO countries, and also by India. (from Wikipedia)' "14.1" "9.2" "3.5" "5700" s__CH53E s__CH53E__t 'Designated S-80E internally by the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation, the Marine Corps CH-53E Super Stallion, and the Navy MH-53E Sea Dragon are the largest and heaviest helicopters in the United States military. The base model CH-53E serves both the Navy and Marines in the heavy lift transport role. It is capable of lifting heavy equipment including the 8 wheeled LAV-25 Light Armored Vehicle (but not the U.S. Army Stryker, which is too heavy), the M198 155mm Howitzer with ammunition and crew, and can recover all other Marine corps aircraft except for the KC-130. The less common MH-53E fills the Navys need for long range mine sweeping or Airborne Mine Countermeasures (AMCM) missions. It features enlarged side mounted fuel sponsons and is rigged for towing its mine sweeping sled from high above the dangerous naval mines. Currently under development is the CH-53K, formerly known as the Heavy Lift Replacement, which will be equipped with three 6000 shp-class turboshaft engines. (from Wikipedia)' "24.1" "8.46" "15071" "14515" s__CH46D s__CH46D__t s__MilitaryVehicle__t 'The CH-46D Sea Knight helicopter is a medium lift tandem rotor assault helicopter, used by the United States Navy for shipboard delivery of cargo, personnel, and search & rescue. The CH-46E is used by the United States Marine Corps to provide all-weather, day-or-night assault transport of combat troops, supplies and equipment. Assault Support is its primary function, and the movement of supplies and equipment is secondary. Additional tasks may be assigned, such as combat support, search and rescue, support for forward refueling and rearming points, aeromedic evacuation of casualties from the field, and recovery of aircraft and personnel. The CH-46 Sea Knight was first procured in 1960 under the old designation of HRB-1 to meet the medium-lift requirements of the United States Marine Corps in all combat and peacetime environments since that time. The final production version was the CH-46F. In all, 524 H-46s were produced for the Navy and Marine Corps. The last Sea Knight rolled off the assembly line in February of 1971. The fleet is currently being maintained until a suitable replacement is approved. On September 24, 2004 the USN retired the type, seeing it replaced by the MH-60 Seahawk. The USMC is replacing its CH-46s with the V-22 Osprey. The first V-22 squadron, HMM-263, will be stood up in March of 2006 and renamed VMM-263. The replacement process is expected to continue through the other medium helicopter squadrons, into 2014. (from Wikipedia)' "25.72" "15.54" "5.1" "7047" "676" "3131" s__AH1 s__AH1__t 'The Bell AH-1 Cobra, called the Huey Cobra, Cobra, Sea Cobra, or Snake (depending on the model), is an attack helicopter, designed by Bell Helicopter Textron. It shares a common engine, transmission and rotor system with the UH-1. It is now fully replaced by the AH-64 Apache in US Army service, but upgraded versions continue to fly with US Marine Corps, US Navy and several other users. (from Wikipedia)' "17.68" "14.63" "4.44" "4634" "587" '(? [V__ATTACK] : (s__instance(V__ATTACK,s__Process) & s__instance(V__ATTACK,s__Attack) & s__instrument(V__ATTACK,V__CH)))' s__LCAC s__LCAC__t 'The air cushioned landing craft, or fully amphibious landing craft, is a more modern variation on the amphibious landing boat. These craft are based on small to mid sized multi-purpose hovercraft, also known as over the beach (OTB) craft. This allows troops and material to access more than 70% of the worlds coastline, while only approximately 15% of that coastline is available to conventional landing craft. Typical barriers to conventional landing craft are soft sandy beaches, marshes, swampland, and loose surfaces. Air cushion technology has vastly increased the landing capability of the craft, providing greater speed and flexibility over traditional landing craft. Like the mechanized landing craft, they are usually equipped with mounted machine guns, although they also support grenade launchers and heavy weapons. These vehicles are commonly used in the United States Navy, which first received them in 1984, the Russian Navy, and some other modern fighting forces, such as the United Kingdoms Royal Navy. Forces that may use the LCAC may include The Royal Marines. (from Wikipedia) ' "555" s__Barrier 'WN: a structure or object that impedes free movement' s__Barricade '(~ (? [V__T] : (s__instance(V__T,s__Motion) & s__instance(V__T,s__Translocation) & s__path(V__T,V__P))))' s__Barricade__t s__Barrier__t 'WN: a barrier (usually thrown up hastily so as to impede the advance of an enemy), they stormed the barricade' 'The class of vehicles that can go on land and water' s__LandingWaterLand '%1 can%n{not} carry %3 weapons of type %2.' '%1 can%n{not} carry %2 passengers.' '%1 can%n{not} carry a payload weighing up to %2.' '%1 can%n{not} carry a payload measuring up to %2 high and %3 wide.' '%1 weapons can%n{not} shoot projectiles with a caliber of %2.' '%1 is %n at an absolute height of %2.' 'artillery cannon' grenade 'M-242 Bushmaster' 'GAU-12U Equalizer cannon' 'chain gun' 'M240 machine gun' 'M60 machine gun' 'heavy machine gun' 'M2 Browning machine gun' 'GAU-15/A machine gun' 'M3M machine gun' 'grenade launcher' 'MK19 grenade launcher' 'anti-armor weapon' 'Dragon anti-armor missile' 'Javelin anti-tank missile' 'Shoulder-launched Multi-purpose Assault Weapon' 'BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missile' 'anti-tank weapon' 'anti-tank missile' 'M197 Gatling gun' 'Gatling gun' 'air launched missile' 'ground launched missile' 'air attack missile' 'ground attack missile' 'guided missile' 'infra-red guided missile' 'beam-riding guided missile' 'AGM missile' 'AGM-65 Maverick missile' 'air-to-air missile' 'AIM-9 Sidewinder missile' 'AGM-114 Hellfire missile' 'Molotov cocktail' 'handheld anti-tank grenade launcher' 'CS gas' 'absolute filter' 'absolute dud' altimeter 'absolute altimeter' 'barometric altimeter' 'Light Armored Vehicle' 'LAV-25' 'armored personnel carrier' 'armored vehicle' armor 'Amphibious Assault Vehicle' 'V/STOL' 'Harrier II' 'CH-53E Super Stallion' 'CH-46D Sea Knight' 'AH-1 Cobra' 'LCAC hovercraft' barricade 'amphibious vehicle' s__DislocatedCivilian 'A broad term that includes a displaced person, an evacuee, an expellee, an internally displaced person, a migrant, a refugee, or a stateless person. Also called DC. See also displaced person, evacuee, expellee, internally displaced person, migrant, refugee, stateless person.' s__DisplacedPerson 'A civilian who is involuntarily outside the national boundaries of his or her country. See also evacuee, refugee.' '(s__attribute(V__P,s__DisplacedPerson) & s__inhabits(V__P,V__RES) & s__located(V__RES,V__PLACE) & s__citizen(V__P,V__NATION))' s__InternallyDisplacedPerson 'Any person who has left their residence by reason of real or imagined danger but has not left the territory of their own country.' '(s__attribute(V__P,s__InternallyDisplacedPerson) & s__inhabits(V__P,V__RES) & s__located(V__RES,V__PLACE) & s__citizen(V__P,V__NATION))' s__Evacuee 'A civilian removed from a place of residence for reasons of personal security or the requirements of the military situation. See also displaced person, expellee, refugee.' s__Expellee 'A civilian outside the boundaries of the country of his or her nationality or ethnic origin who is being forcibly repatriated to that country or to a third country for political or other purposes. See also displaced person, evacuee; refugee.' '(s__attribute(V__P,s__Expellee) & s__citizen(V__P,V__HOME_NATION))' s__Migrant 'A person who (1) belongs to a normally migratory culture who may cross national boundaries, or (2) has fled his or her native country for economic reasons rather than fear of political or ethnic persecution.' s__Refugee 'A person who, by reason of real or imagined danger, has left their home country or country of their nationality and is unwilling or unable to return. See also dislocated civilian; displaced person, evacuee, expellee, stateless person.' s__StatelessPerson 'Civilian who has been denationalized or whose country of origin cannot be determined or who cannot establish a right to the nationality claimed. See also dislocated civilian, displaced person, evacuee, expellee, refugee.' s__Dangerous 'from WordNet: causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm, a dangerous operation, a grave situation, a grave illness, grievous bodily harm, a serious wound, a serious turn of events, a severe case of pneumonia, a life-threatening disease.' s__Prisoner 'from WordNet: a person who is confined, especially a prisoner of war.' s__PrisonerOfWar 'A detained person as defined in Articles 4 and 5 of the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of August 12, 1949. In particular, one who, while engaged in combat under orders of his or her government, is captured by the armed forces of the enemy. As such, he or she is entitled to the combatants privilege of immunity from the municipal law of the capturing state for warlike acts which do not amount to breaches of the law of armed conflict. For example, a prisoner of war may be, but is not limited to, any person belonging to one of the following categories who has fallen into the power of the enemy: a member of the armed forces, organized militia or volunteer corps, a person who accompanies the armed forces without actually being a member thereof; a member of a merchant marine or civilian aircraft crew not qualifying for more favorable treatment, or individuals who, on the approach of the enemy, spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces. Also called POW or PW. ' s__WarState s__CivilianInternee '1. A civilian who is interned during armed conflict or occupation for security reasons or for protection or because he or she has committed an offense against the detaining power. 2. A term used to refer to persons interned and protected in accordance with the Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949 (Geneva Convention). Also called CI.' s__CombatantCommander s__SubunifiedCommander s__JointTaskForceCommander s__ServiceChief s__JointForcesCommander 'A general term applied to a combatant commander, subunified commander, or joint task force commander authorized to exercise combatant command (command authority) or operational control over a joint force. Also called JFC. See also joint force.' s__JointForces s__JointForcesAirCommander 'The commander within a unified command, subordinate unified command, or joint task force responsible to the establishing commander for making recommendations on the proper employment of assigned, attached, and/or made available for tasking air forces, planning and coordinating air operations, or accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned. The joint force air component commander is given the authority necessary to accomplish missions and tasks assigned by the establishing commander. Also called JFACC. See also joint force commander.' s__JointForcesLandCommander 'The commander within a unified command, subordinate unified command, or joint task force responsible to the establishing commander for making recommendations on the proper employment of assigned, attached, and/or made available for tasking land forces, planning and coordinating land operations, or accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned. The joint force land component commander is given the authority necessary to accomplish missions and tasks assigned by the establishing commander. Also called JFLCC. See also joint force commander. ' s__JointForcesMaritimeCommander 'The commander within a unified command, subordinate unified command, or joint task force responsible to the establishing commander for making recommendations on the proper employment of assigned, attached, and/or made available for tasking maritime forces and assets, planning and coordinating maritime operations, or accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned. The joint force maritime component commander is given the authority necessary to accomplish missions and tasks assigned by the establishing commander. Also called JFMCC. See also joint force commander.' s__JointForcesSpecialOperationsCommander 'The commander within a unified command, subordinate unified command, or joint task force responsible to the establishing commander for making recommendations on the proper employment of assigned, attached, and/or made available for tasking special operations forces and assets; planning and coordinating special operations, or accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned. The joint force special operations component commander is given the authority necessary to accomplish missions and tasks assigned by the establishing commander. Also called JFSOCC. See also joint force commander.' s__SpecialOperationsForces s__SecretaryOfDefense 'The secretary of defence is the highest military commander during peacetime, during wartime it is usually the president.' s__PeaceState 'The president of some &%Nation. He has the power of command during &%WarState, i.e. the state of &%War.' s__ArtilleryBattery s__ArtilleryBattery__t 'In military science, a battery is a group of artillery guns or rockets, so grouped in order to facilitate battlefield communication and command and control, as well as to provide dispersion. Batteries are grouped in larger units called battalions, which are further grouped into regiments. (from Wikipedia)' s__InfantryCompany s__InfantryCompany__t 'An infantry is a body of soldiers who fight primarily on foot with small arms in organized military units, though they may be transported to the battlefield by horses, ships, automobiles, skis, or other means. (from Wikipedia)' s__LARUnit 'A military unit capable of conducting combined armed reconnaissance and security operations to establish a designated secure area, provide combat information, reaction time, and maneuver space. On order, it conducts combined arms offensive and defensive economy of force operations to preserve combat power. The primary weapon system is the LAV.' s__ReconnaissanceOperation s__CounterReconnaissance s__LARBattalion s__LARBattalion__t s__LARUnit__t 'A battalion specialized in LAR operations' s__LARPlatoon s__LARPlatoon__t 'A platoon specialized in LAR operations' s__MortarPlatoon s__MortarPlatoon__t 'A platoon carrying mortars.' s__WeaponsCompany s__WeaponsCompany__t s__AntiArmorPlatoon s__HeavyMGPlatoon 'A Weapons company is the heavy weapons portion of the USMC infantry battalion, tasked with providing supporting fire for the three rifle companies that make up the balance of the battalion. The Weapons Company provides fire support coordination, medium mortars, anti-armor weapons, and heavy machine gun support. The company is often organized into four distinct elements: company headquarters, mortar platoon (utilizing 81 mm mortars), antiarmor platoon (utilizing either the dragon or javelin weapons system, SMAW bunker busters, and the TOW missileweapons system), and a heavy machine gun platoon (utilizing the M2 Browning .50 Cal and Mk19 mod3 40 mm automatic grenade launcher). Often the TOW gunners are pulled from the antiarmor platoon and combined with the heavy machine gun platoon to form a Combined Anti-Armor Team (CAAT). These CAATs are mobile with humvees and are organized into three squads with five vehicles each, the squad organization being three vehicles with machine guns (both M2 & Mk. 19) and two vehicles with the TOW IIb. The remaining antiarmor unit is often trained as an ad-hoc assault and demolitions unit furthering the organic capabilities of the battalion commander. The 81 mm mortar platoon also gives the battalion a heavier organic artillery, as it supplements the 60 mm mortars found in the rifle company weapons platoons. Company commanders can utilize 81s in half the time it would take to get a 155 mm Howitzer up. (from Wikipedia)' s__AntiArmorPlatoon__t 'An antiarmor platoon (utilizing either the dragon or javelin weapons system, SMAW bunker busters, and the TOW missileweapons system) is part of a &%WeaponsCompany. (from Wikipedia)' s__HeavyMGPlatoon__t 'A heavy machine gun platoon (utilizing the M2 Browning .50 Cal and Mk19 mod3 40 mm automatic grenade launcher) is part of a &%WeaponsCompany. (from Wikipedia)' s__AssaultAmphibianUnit 'A mechanized military unit of the US MArine Corps. Their primary weapon system is the Amphibious Assault Vehicle.' s__AssaultAmphibianBatallion s__AssaultAmphibianBatallion__t s__AssaultAmphibianUnit__t 'An Assault Amphibian Batallion is a mechanized battalion of the United States Marine Corps reserve. Their primary weapon system is the Amphibious Assault Vehicle. (from Wikipedia)' s__AssaultAmphibianPlatoon s__AssaultAmphibianPlatoon__t 'An Assault Amphibian Platoon is a mechanized battalion of the United States Marine Corps reserve. Their primary weapon system is the Amphibious Assault Vehicle.' '%2 %n{doesnt) move%p{s} during %1' '%2 %n{doesnt} change%{s} location during %1' 'dislocated civilian' 'displaced person' 'internally displaced person' evacuee 'expelled civilian' migrant refugee 'stateless person' dangerous prisoner 'prisoner of war' 'civilian internee' 'combatant commander' 'subunified commander' 'Joint Task Force Commander' 'service chief' 'Joint Forces Commander' 'Joint Forces Air Commander' 'Joint Forces Land Commander' 'Joint Forces Maritime Commander' 'Joint Forces Special Operations Commander' 'Secretary of Defense' 'President' 'artillery battery' 'infantry company' 'LAR unit' 'LAR battalion' 'LAR platoon' 'mortar platoon' 'weapons company' 'anti-armor platoon' 'heavy machine gun platoon' 'assault amphibian unit' 'assault amphibian platoon' s__SpecialReconnaissance s__SpecialOperation s__SpecialReconnaissance__t 'These are reconnaissance and surveillance actions conducted as a special operation in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to collect or verify information of strategic or operational significance, employing military capabilities not normally found in conventional forces. These actions provide an additive capability for commanders and supplement other conventional reconnaissance and surveillance actions. Even with todays sophisticated long-range sensors and overhead platforms, some information can be obtained only by visual observation or other collection methods in the target area. SOFs highly developed capabilities of gaining access to denied and hostile areas, worldwide communications, and specialized aircraft and sensors enable SR against targets inaccessible to other forces or assets. Activities within SR include the following: (1) Environmental Reconnaissance. These are operations conducted to collect and report critical hydrographic, geological, and meteorological information. (2) Armed Reconnaissance. These are operations that involve locating and attacking targets of opportunity, e.g., adversary materiel, personnel, and facilities in assigned general areas or along assigned LOCs. Armed reconnaissance is not conducted for the purpose of attacking specific identified targets. (3) Target and Threat Assessment. These are operations conducted to detect, identify, locate, and assess a target to determine the most effective employment of weapons. This type of operation might include the assessment of the potential effects (to include collateral damage) of a strike or an attack on a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or toxic industrial material site. (4) Poststrike Reconnaissance. These operations are undertaken for the purpose of gathering information used to measure results of a strike.' s__EnvironmentalReconnaissance s__EnvironmentalReconnaissance__t 'These are operations conducted to collect and report critical hydrographic, geological, and meteorological information.' s__ArmedReconnaissance s__ArmedReconnaissance__t 'These are operations that involve locating and attacking targets of opportunity, e.g., adversary materiel, personnel, and facilities in assigned general areas or along assigned LOCs. Armed reconnaissance is not conducted for the purpose of attacking specific identified targets.' s__TargetThreatReconnaissance s__TargetThreatReconnaissance__t 'These are operations conducted to detect, identify, locate, and assess a target to determine the most effective employment of weapons. This type of operation might include the assessment of the potential effects (to include collateral damage) of a strike or an attack on a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or toxic industrial material site.' s__PoststrikeReconnaissance s__PoststrikeReconnaissance__t 'These operations are undertaken for the purpose of gathering information used to measure results of a strike.' s__UnconventionalWarfare s__UnconventionalWarfare__t s__SpecialOperation__t s__Helping s__Helping__t 'These are operations that involve a broad spectrum of military and paramilitary operations, normally of long duration, predominantly conducted through, with, or by indigenous or surrogate forces who are organized, trained, equipped, supported, and directed in varying degrees by an external source. UW is unique in that it is a SO that can either be conducted as part of a geographic combatant commanders overall theater campaign, or as an independent, subordinate campaign. When conducted independently, the primary focus of UW is on political-military objectives and psychological objectives. UW includes military and paramilitary aspects of resistance movements. UW military activity represents the culmination of a successful effort to organize and mobilize the civil populace against a hostile government or occupying power. From the US perspective, the intent is to develop and sustain these supported resistance organizations and to synchronize their activities to further US national security objectives. SOF units do not create resistance movements. They advise, train, and assist indigenous resistance movements already in existence to conduct UW and when required, accompany them into combat. When UW operations support conventional military operations, the focus shifts to primarily military objectives - however the political and psychological implications remain. Operational and strategic staffs and commanders must guard against limiting UW to a specific set of circumstances or activities defined by either recent events or personal experience. The most prevalent mistake is the belief that UW is limited to guerrilla warfare or insurgency.' s__GuerrillaWarfare s__GuerrillaWarfare__t 'These are military and paramilitary operations conducted by irregular, predominantly indigenous forces in adversary-held or hostile territory. It is the military aspect of an insurgency or other armed resistance movement. Guerilla warfare techniques can undermine the legitimacy of the existing government or an occupying power as well as destroy, degrade, or divert military capabilities.' s__Subversion s__Subversion__t 'These operations are designed to undermine the military, economic, psychological, or political strength or morale of a regime or nation. The clandestine nature of subversion dictates that the underground elements perform the bulk of the activity.' s__Sabotage s__Sabotage__t 'These are operations that involve an act or acts with intent to injure, interfere with, or obstruct the national defense of a country by willfully injuring or destroying, or attempting to injure or destroy, any national defense or war material, premises, or utilities, to include human and natural resources. Sabotage selectively disrupts, destroys, or neutralizes hostile capabilities with a minimum expenditure of manpower and materiel.' s__IntelligenceActivities s__IntelligenceActivities__t 'These activities assess areas of interest ranging from political and military personalities to the military capabilities of friendly and adversary forces. SOF perform intelligence activities ranging from developing information critical to planning and conducting operations, to assessing the capabilities and intentions of indigenous and coalition forces.' s__UnconventionalAssistedRecovery s__UnconventionalAssistedRecovery__t s__RecoveryOperation s__RecoveryOperation__t 'These operations consist of UW forces establishing and operating unconventional assisted recovery mechanisms and unconventional assisted recovery teams. UAR operations are designed to seek out, contact, authenticate, and support military and other selected personnel as they move from an adversary-held, hostile, or sensitive area to areas under friendly control.' s__Exfiltration s__Exfiltration__t 'The removal of personnel or units from areas under enemy control by stealth, deception, surprise, or clandestine means.' 'Operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives employing military capabilities for which there is no broad conventional force requirement. These operations often require covert, clandestine, or low visibility capabilities. Special operations are applicable across the range of military operations. They can be conducted independently or in conjunction with operations of conventional forces or other government agencies and may include operations through, with, or by indigenous or surrogate forces. Special operations differ from conventional operations in degree of physical and political risk, operational techniques, mode of employment, independence from friendly support, and dependence on detailed operational intelligence and indigenous assets. Also called SO.' s__SpecialOperationsForces__t 'Those Active and Reserve Component forces of the Military Services designated by the Secretary of Defense and specifically organized, trained, and equipped to conduct and support special operations. Also called SOF. See also Air Force special operations forces, Army special operations forces, naval special warfare forces.' s__Designating s__Designating__t '&%Selecting &%Process, in which the agent designates the patient in order to achive a special result (selects it out of a larger body of entities), e.g., &%SpecialOperationsForces are designated out of all branches of &%MilitaryService a &%Nation has.' s__DirectAction s__DirectAction__t 'These are short-duration strikes and other small-scale offensive actions conducted as a special operation in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments and which employ specialized military capabilities to seize, destroy, capture, exploit, recover, or damage designated targets. DA differs from conventional offensive actions in the level of physical and political risk, operational techniques, and the degree of discriminate and precise use of force to achieve specific objectives. Activities within DA include the following: (1) Raids, Ambushes, and Direct Assaults. These are operations designed to achieve specific, well-defined and often time-sensitive results. They are sometimes beyond the effective strike capabilities of conventional force elements. Such operations typically involve attacks on critical targets, interdiction of LOCs or other target systems, capturing designated personnel or material, or the seizure, destruction, or neutralization of adversary facilities or capabilities. (2) Standoff Attacks. These are attacks by weapon systems or through IO. Standoff attacks can be conducted by air, maritime, or by ground platforms or units. When targets can be sufficiently damaged or destroyed without the commitment of close-combat forces, these attacks can be performed as independent actions. (3) Terminal Attack Control and Terminal Guidance Operations. These are actions to identify and precisely report the location of targets, and with global positioning systems, laser designators, beacons, or other means, conduct either terminal attack control (TAC) or terminal guidance operations (TGO) to effectively engage them. TAC involves actions to control the maneuver of and grant weapons release clearance to attacking aircraft. TGO includes any electronic, mechanical, voice or visual communication that provides approaching aircraft or weapons additional information regarding a specific location or target. TAC differs from TGO in that TAC includes the authority to clear aircraft to release ordnance and TGO does not. Because of this, TAC requires individuals to be qualified as joint terminal attack controllers, but TGO does not. (4) Recovery Operations. These are operations conducted to search for, locate, identify, rescue, and return personnel, sensitive equipment, or items critical to national security. SO recovery missions are characterized by detailed planning, rehearsal, and thorough intelligence analysis. These operations employ unconventional tactics and techniques, clandestine search, possible indigenous assistance, and the frequent use of ground combat elements. (5) Precision Destruction Operations. These are operations in which collateral damage must be minimized, requiring highly sophisticated weapons and/or timed detonation of specific amounts of explosives placed in exact locations to accomplish mission objectives. Precision destruction operations can be conducted against targets where precision-guided munitions cannot guarantee first strike success or when the contents of a facility must be destroyed without damage to that facility. (6) Anti-Surface Operations. These are operations conducted against adversary maritime surface targets, including combatants. These include, but are not limited to, visit, board, search, and seizure operations which are shipboarding operations to board and seize cooperative, uncooperative, or hostile contacts of interest.' s__DirectActionActivity 'The class of &%subProcesses of a &%DirectAction.' s__Raid s__Raid__t 'a sudden short attack. These are operations designed to achieve specific, well-defined and often time-sensitive results. They are sometimes beyond the effective strike capabilities of conventional force elements. Such operations typically involve attacks on critical targets, interdiction of LOCs or other target systems, capturing designated personnel or material, or the seizure, destruction, or neutralization of adversary facilities or capabilities.' s__DirectAmbush s__DirectAmbush__t '&%Ambush conducted by some &%MilitaryOrganization as part of a &%DirectAction. These are operations designed to achieve specific, well-defined and often time-sensitive results. They are sometimes beyond the effective strike capabilities of conventional force elements. Such operations typically involve attacks on critical targets, interdiction of LOCs or other target systems, capturing designated personnel or material, or the seizure, destruction, or neutralization of adversary facilities or capabilities.' s__MilitaryAssault 'close fighting during the culmination of a military attack.' s__DirectAssault s__DirectAssault__t s__MilitaryAssault__t 'a &%MilitaryAssault as part of a &%DirectAction. These are operations designed to achieve specific, well-defined and often time-sensitive results. They are sometimes beyond the effective strike capabilities of conventional force elements. Such operations typically involve attacks on critical targets, interdiction of LOCs or other target systems, capturing designated personnel or material, or the seizure, destruction, or neutralization of adversary facilities or capabilities.' s__StandoffAttack s__StandoffAttack__t 'These are attacks by weapon systems or through IO. Standoff attacks can be conducted by air, maritime, or by ground platforms or units. When targets can be sufficiently damaged or destroyed without the commitment of close-combat forces, these attacks can be performed as independent actions.' s__TerminalAttackControl s__TerminalAttackControl__t 'These are actions to identify and precisely report the location of targets, and with global positioning systems, laser designators, beacons, or other means, conduct either terminal attack control (TAC) or terminal guidance operations (TGO) to effectively engage them. TAC involves actions to control the maneuver of and grant weapons release clearance to attacking aircraft. TGO includes any electronic, mechanical, voice or visual communication that provides approaching aircraft or weapons additional information regarding a specific location or target. TAC differs from TGO in that TAC includes the authority to clear aircraft to release ordnance and TGO does not. Because of this, TAC requires individuals to be qualified as joint terminal attack controllers, but TGO does not.' '(? [V__AGENT,V__ATTACK,V__LOCATION,V__TARGET] : (s__instance(V__TARGET,s__Object) & s__instance(V__LOCATION,s__Object) & s__instance(V__ATTACK,s__Process) & s__instance(V__AGENT,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__targetInAttack(V__ATTACK,V__TARGET) & s__patient(V__TA_CTRL,V__TARGET) & s__agent(V__TA_CTRL,V__AGENT) & s__result(V__TA_CTRL,s__knows(V__AGENT,s__located(V__TARGET,V__LOCATION)))))' '(? [V__ATTACK] : (s__instance(V__ATTACK,s__Process) & s__instance(V__AGENT2,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__ATTACK,s__Attack) & s__agent(V__ATTACK,V__AGENT2) & s__patient(V__ATTACK,V__TARGET)))' s__TerminalGuidance s__TerminalGuidance__t s__Locating s__Locating__t '(? [V__ATTACK] : (s__instance(V__ATTACK,s__Process) & s__instance(V__ATTACK,s__Attack) & s__agent(V__ATTACK,V__AGENT2) & s__patient(V__ATTACK,V__TARGET)))' 'These are operations conducted to search for, locate, identify, rescue, and return personnel, sensitive equipment, or items critical to national security. SO recovery missions are characterized by detailed planning, rehearsal, and thorough intelligence analysis. These operations employ unconventional tactics and techniques, clandestine search, possible indigenous assistance, and the frequent use of ground combat elements.' '(? [V__PROCESS] : (s__instance(V__PROCESS,s__Process) & s__patient(V__PROCESS,V__TARGET) & s__instance(V__PROCESS,s__UnionFn(s__Classifying,s__UnionFn(s__Pursuing,s__UnionFn(s__Discovering,s__UnionFn(s__Locating,s__Returning)))))))' 'Discover the location of, determine the place of, find by searching or examining.' '(? [V__LOCATION] : (s__instance(V__LOCATION,s__Object) & s__instance(V__LOCATION,s__Region) & s__knows(V__AGENT,s__located(V__THING,V__LOCATION))))' s__PreciseDestruction s__PreciseDestruction__t 'These are operations in which collateral damage must be minimized, requiring highly sophisticated weapons and/or timed detonation of specific amounts of explosives placed in exact locations to accomplish mission objectives. Precision destruction operations can be conducted against targets where precision-guided munitions cannot guarantee first strike success or when the contents of a facility must be destroyed without damage to that facility.' s__HighPrecisionWeapon '(~ (? [V__DAMAGING] : (s__instance(V__DAMAGING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DAMAGING,s__Damaging) & s__subProcess(V__DAMAGING,V__DESTR) & s__patient(V__DAMAGING,V__DAMAGED) & (~ (V__PATIENT = V__DAMAGED)))))' s__HighPrecisionWeapon__t 'A &%Weapon with high precision, designed to minimize collateral damage.' s__AntiSurfaceOperation s__AntiSurfaceOperation__t s__DirectActionActivity__t 'These are operations conducted against adversary maritime surface targets, including combatants. These include, but are not limited to, visit, board, search, and seizure operations which are shipboarding operations to board and seize cooperative, uncooperative, or hostile contacts of interest.' 'A mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other detection methods, information about the activities and resources of an enemy or potential enemy, or to secure data concerning the meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area. Also called RECON.' '(? [V__ATTACK,V__HOSTILE] : (s__instance(V__ATTACK,s__Process) & s__instance(V__ATTACK,s__Attack) & s__agent(V__ATTACK,V__AGENT) & s__patient(V__ATTACK,V__HOSTILE)))' s__ReconnaissanceByFire s__ReconnaissanceByFire__t 'A method of reconnaissance in which fire is placed on a suspected enemy position to cause the enemy to disclose a presence by movement or return of fire.' s__ReconnaissanceInForce s__ReconnaissanceInForce__t 'An offensive operation designed to discover and/or test the enemys strength or to obtain other information.' s__AirReconnaissance 'The acquisition of information by employing visual observation and/or sensors in air vehicles.' s__AirPhotographicReconnaissance s__AirPhotographicReconnaissance__t s__AirReconnaissance__t 'The obtaining of information by air photography, divided into three types: a. Strategic photographic reconnaissance b. Tactical photographic reconnaissance and c. Survey/cartographic photography-air photography taken for survey/ cartographical purposes and to survey/cartographic standards of accuracy. It may be strategic or tactical.' s__AmphibiousReconnaissance s__AmphibiousReconnaissance__t s__ReconnaissanceOperation__t 'An amphibious landing conducted by minor elements, normally involving stealth rather than force of arms, for the purpose of securing information, and usually followed by a planned withdrawal.' s__AmphibiousReconnaissanceUnit s__AmphibiousReconnaissanceUnit__t 'A unit organized, equipped, and trained to conduct and support amphibious reconnaissance missions. An amphibious reconnaissance unit is made up of a number of amphibious reconnaissance teams.' '(? [V__AR] : (s__instance(V__AR,s__Process) & s__instance(V__AR,s__AmphibiousReconnaissance) & s__agent(V__AR,V__ARU)))' s__LandingWaterLand__t 'The act of coming to land after a voyage.' s__ContactReconnaissance s__ContactReconnaissance__t 'Locating isolated units out of contact with the main force.' s__RadarReconnaissance s__RadarReconnaissance__t 'Reconnaissance by means of radar to obtain information on enemy activity and to determine the nature of terrain.' s__Patrol s__Patrol__t 'A detachment of ground, sea, or air forces sent out for the purpose of gathering information or carrying out a destructive, harassing, mopping-up, or security mission. See also combat air patrol.' s__ElectronicReconnaissance s__ElectronicReconnaissance__t 'The detection, location, identification, and evaluation of foreign electromagnetic radiations. See also electromagnetic radiation, reconnaissance.' s__RadiationMeasure__t 'Measurement of the radiation of some object' s__Rad 'A unit of absorbed ionizing radiation equal to 100 ergs per gram of irradiated material.' 'The amount of energy imparted by nuclear (or ionizing) radiation to unit mass of absorbing material. The unit is the rad.' s__ExternalAgency s__ExternalAgency__t 'Some external agancy involved with the Military, say CIA, NSA and the like (my own idea!).' s__JointStaff 'The staff under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as provided for in the National Security Act of 1947, as amended by the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986. The Joint Staff assists the Chairman and, subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Chairman and the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in carrying out their responsibilities. Also called JS. ' s__DirectorJS s__JointChiefsOfStaff s__ChairmanJCS 'The director of the Joint Staff.' 'The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) is a grouping comprising the Chiefs of service of each major branch of the armed services in the United States armed forces. Similar organisations, sometimes known as Chiefs of Staff Committees (COSCs) in the British Commonwealth, are common in other nations. (from Wikipedia)' 'The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.' s__JointPublication s__JointPublication__t 'A publication containing joint doctrine that is prepared under the direction and authority of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and applies to all US military forces. Also called JP.' s__USMilitary 'All Military of the United States.' s__AboveTheLine s__AboveTheLine__t 'The upper level publications in the hierarchy of joint publications which includes capstone, keystone, and other key joint doctrine publications that the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff signs and are intended to be used by combatant commanders, subunified commanders, joint task force commanders, Service Chiefs, and Joint Staff directors.' s__BelowTheLine s__BelowTheLine__t 'The lower level publications in the hierarchy of joint publications that are signed by the Director, Joint Staff and contain specific mission-area guidance for the joint community. Included in this level are reference publications and those describing joint personnel, intelligence support, operations, logistic support, planning, and command, control, communications, and computer systems support.' s__Doctrine s__Doctrine__t 'Fundamental principles by which the military forces or elements thereof guide their actions in support of national objectives. It is authoritative but requires judgment in application.' s__MultinationalDoctrine s__MultinationalDoctrine__t 'Fundamental principles that guide the employment of forces of two or more nations in coordinated action toward a common objective. It is ratified by participating nations.' s__JointDoctrine 'Fundamental principles that guide the employment of US military forces in coordinated action toward a common objective. Joint doctrine contained in joint publications also includes terms, tactics, techniques, and procedures. It is authoritative but requires judgment in application' s__ChairmanPublication s__ChairmanInstruction s__ChairmanManual 'A publication by the Chairman of the JCS, subsuming instructions and manuals.' s__ChairmanInstruction__t 'A replacement document for all types of correspondence containing Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff policy and guidance that does not involve the employment of forces. An instruction is of indefinite duration and is applicable to external agencies, or both the Joint Staff and external agencies. It remains in effect until superseded, rescinded, or otherwise canceled. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff instructions, unlike joint publications, will not contain joint doctrine. Terminology used in these publications will be consistent with JP 1-02. Also called CJCSI.' s__ChairmanManual__t s__ChairmanPublication__t 'A document containing detailed procedures for performing specific tasks that do not involve the employment of forces. A manual is of indefinite duration and is applicable to external agencies or both the Joint Staff and external agencies. It may supplement a Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff instruction or stand alone and remains in effect until superseded, rescinded, or otherwise canceled. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff manuals, unlike joint publications, will not contain joint doctrine. ' s__Capstone s__Capstone__t s__Keystone 'The top group of joint doctrine publications in the hierarchy of joint publications. Capstone publications link joint doctrine to national strategy and the contributions of other government agencies, alliances, and coalitions.' s__Keystone__t s__JointDoctrine__t 'Joint doctrine publications that establish the doctrinal foundation for a series of joint publications in the hierarchy of joint publications. Keystone publications are provided for joint personnel support, intelligence support, operations, logistic support, plans, and command, control, communications, and computer systems support series publications.' s__JointTest s__JointTest__t 'A proposed publication produced for the purpose of field-testing an emergent concept that has been validated through the Joint Experimentation Program or a similar joint process. Also called JTP.' s__PsychologicalOperation 'These are planned operations that convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups, and individuals. The purpose of PSYOP is to induce or reinforce foreign attitudes and behaviors favorable to the JFCs objectives. Planning and employment considerations include: (1) Force Multiplier. PSYOP are among the most effective nonlethal weapons available to a commander. It can reduce casualties on both sides by reducing the morale and combat effectiveness of the adversary, creating dissent and disaffection within their ranks, encouraging surrenders or defections, promoting disobedience, or inducing a lack of support for a hostile regime within a civilian populace. (2) Combatant Commander Responsibilities. Each geographic combatant commander is responsible for conducting PSYOP programs in peacetime. Such efforts are designed to create a favorable image of the friendly government, of the United States, and of the Armed Forces of the United States, encourage support for democratic institutions, human rights, regional stability, and counterdrug activities, and assist a HN in explaining and publicizing humanitarian and civic action projects to local citizens. When used as part of an integrated theater strategy or strategic information operation, PSYOP can reduce the probability of conflict, reduce the damage if conflict does occur, and speed the transition to normality in the postconflict phase. (3) PSYOP Applications. Taking advantage of their language and culture skills, in-depth knowledge of the region, and understanding of interagency operations, SOF provide the geographic combatant commander with a broad range of PSYOP capabilities to be employed independently or in support of a larger theater campaign. These capabilities include the following: (a) Developing, Producing, Distributing, and Disseminating. PSYOP units design, develop, and produce programs. They distribute and disseminate products that support tactical, operational, and strategic goals. (b) Coordinating and Directing PSYOP Programs. PSYOP support national policy goals with programs developed for and approved by higher authority. PSYOP personnel coordinate with the chain of command to ensure the credibility and effectiveness of the program. (c) Producing PSYOP Studies and Estimates. PSYOP personnel produce and maintain studies and estimates for the commander. They advise supported commanders on the expected psychological impacts of their courses of action (COAs). They identify the adversary PSYOP effort and the susceptibilities of friendly forces. (d) Support Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW), Civilian Internee (CI), and Dislocated Civilian (DC) Operations. PSYOP support can dispel rumors, create dialogue and pacify or indoctrinate EPWs, CIs, or DCs to minimize violence, facilitate efficient camp operations, and ensure safe and humane conditions persist. (e) Providing Support to HN Assistance Operations. During CMO, PSYOP personnel may work with CA or conventional units to promote civic action projects either by or in support of the host government. (f) Employ Tactical PSYOP. Tactical PSYOP forces, with augmentation, are capable of providing all functions of PSYOP, on a limited scale, to component commands within a designated area of operations (AO). (4) PSYOP Support to Information Operations. PSYOP are a core capability of IO. PSYOP activities are integrated into IO plans and synchronized with IO objectives and themes. Mission-type orders and decentralized execution can give PSYOP forces considerable autonomy to conduct tactical operations within established IO guidance. For additional information on PSYOP, see JP 3-53, Doctrine for Joint Psychological Operations. ' '(? [V__PROCESS,V__RESULT] : (s__instance(V__RESULT,s__Formula) & s__instance(V__PROCESS,s__Process) & s__agent(V__PROCESS,V__TARGET) & s__result(V__PROCESS,V__RESULT) & s__desires(V__AGENT,V__RESULT)))' s__DevelopPrograms s__DevelopPrograms__t '(a) Developing, Producing, Distributing, and Disseminating. PSYOP units design, develop, and produce programs. They distribute and disseminate products that support tactical, operational, and strategic goals.' s__PublicProgram s__DistributeProducts s__DistributeProducts__t s__PsychologicalOperation__t s__DisseminateProducts s__DisseminateProducts__t s__ProduceStudies s__ProduceStudies__t 'Producing PSYOP Studies and Estimates. PSYOP personnel produce and maintain studies and estimates for the commander. They advise supported commanders on the expected psychological impacts of their courses of action (COAs). They identify the adversary PSYOP effort and the susceptibilities of friendly forces.' s__SupportEPW s__SupportEPW__t 'PSYOP support can dispel rumors, create dialogue and pacify or indoctrinate EPWs, CIs, or DCs to minimize violence, facilitate efficient camp operations, and ensure safe and humane conditions persist.' s__SupportCI s__SupportCI__t s__SupportDC s__SupportDC__t s__SupportHNAssistance s__SupportHNAssistance__t 'Providing Support to HN Assistance Operations. During CMO, PSYOP personnel may work with CA or conventional units to promote civic action projects either by or in support of the host government.' s__HostNation s__TacticalPSYOP s__TacticalPSYOP__t 'Employ Tactical PSYOP. Tactical PSYOP forces, with augmentation, are capable of providing all functions of PSYOP, on a limited scale, to component commands within a designated area of operations (AO).' 'An operational area defined by the joint force commander for land and naval forces. Areas of operation do not typically encompass the entire operational area of the joint force commander, but should be large enough for component commanders to accomplish their missions and protect their forces. Also called AO. See also area of responsibility, joint operations area, joint special operations area.' s__SupportIO s__SupportIO__t 'PSYOP Support to Information Operations. PSYOP are a core capability of IO. PSYOP activities are integrated into IO plans and synchronized with IO objectives and themes. Mission-type orders and decentralized execution can give PSYOP forces considerable autonomy to conduct tactical operations within established IO guidance. For additional information on PSYOP, see JP 3-53, Doctrine for Joint Psychological Operations.' s__InformationOperation s__HostNation__t 'A nation that receives the forces and/or supplies of allied nations, coalition partners, and/or NATO organizations to be located on, to operate in, or to transit through its territory. Also called HN' s__PublicProgram__t 'From WordNet synset: a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need. Examples: he proposed an elaborate program of public works, working mothers rely on the day care program.' '(? [V__HELPING] : (s__instance(V__HELPING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__HELPING,s__Helping) & s__experiencer(V__HELPING,V__PUBLIC) & s__instance(V__PUBLIC,s__Public)))' 'From WordNet: give help or assistance, be of service. Examples: Everyone helped out during the earthquake. Can you help me carry this table? She never helps around the house.' s__Proliferation 'WN: a rapid increase in number (especially a rapid increase in the number of deadly weapons)' s__ProliferationWMD s__ProliferationWMD__t s__Proliferation__t 'A rapid increase the number of WMD, especially the number possessed by different countries or groups.' s__CounterproliferationWMD s__CounterOperation s__CounterproliferationWMD__t s__CounterOperation__t 'Counterproliferation (CP) of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). CP refers to actions taken to locate, seize, destroy, render safe, capture, or recover WMD. Major objectives of CP are to prevent the acquisition of WMD and their delivery systems, roll back proliferation where it has occurred, deter the use of WMD and their delivery systems, and adapt US military forces and planning to operate against the threats posed by WMD and their delivery systems. The continued spread of WMD technology can foster regional unrest and provide terrorist organizations with new and potent weapons. The core capabilities of CP include counterforce, active defense, passive defense, and consequence management. SOF focus on counterforce tasks and conduct CP missions as special operations by covert, clandestine, or low visibility means. For more details on CP, see JP 3-40, Joint Doctrine for Counterproliferation Operations.' 'WN: the state prevailing during the absence of war.' 'a legal state created by a declaration of war and ended by official declaration during which the international rules of war apply, war was declared in November but actual fighting did not begin until the following spring' s__OperationPlanning s__OperationPlanning__t 'The Process of _planning_ a military operation. This involves military personell. The result of the planning process is a an _OperationPlan_' s__OperationPlan s__OperationPlan__t 'Any plan, except for the Single Integrated Operational Plan, for the conduct of military operations. Plans are prepared by combatant commanders in response to requirements established by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and by commanders of subordinate commands in response to requirements tasked by the establishing unified commander. Operation plans are prepared in either a complete format (OPLAN) or as a concept plan (CONPLAN). The CONPLAN can be published with or without a timephased force and deployment data (TPFDD) file. (a) OPLAN --- An operation plan for the conduct of joint operations that can be used as a basis for development of an operation order (OPORD). An OPLAN identifies the forces and supplies required to execute the combatant commanders strategic concept and a movement schedule of these resources to the theater of operations. The forces and supplies are identified in TPFDD files. OPLANs will include all phases of the tasked operation. The plan is prepared with the appropriate annexes, appendixes, and TPFDD files as described in the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System manuals containing planning policies, procedures, and formats. Also called OPLAN. (b) CONPLAN --- An operation plan in an abbreviated format that would require considerable expansion or alteration to convert it into an OPLAN or OPORD. A CONPLAN contains the combatant commanders strategic concept and those annexes and appendixes deemed necessary by the combatant commander to complete planning. Generally, detailed support requirements are not calculated and TPFDD files are not prepared. (c) CONPLAN with TPFDD --- A CONPLAN with TPFDD is the same as a CONPLAN except that it requires more detailed planning for phased deployment of forces. Also called CONPLAN.' s__CONPLAN s__CONPLAN__t s__OPLAN 'An operation plan in an abbreviated format that would require considerable expansion or alteration to convert it into an OPLAN or OPORD. A CONPLAN contains the combatant commanders strategic concept and those annexes and appendixes deemed necessary by the combatant commander to complete planning. Generally, detailed support requirements are not calculated and TPFDD files are not prepared.' s__CONPLANwithTPFDD s__CONPLANwithTPFDD__t 'A CONPLAN with TPFDD is the same as a CONPLAN except that it requires more detailed planning for phased deployment of forces. Also called CONPLAN.' s__TPFDDFile s__TPFDD s__TPFDD__t 'The Joint Operation Planning and Execution System database portion of an operation plan, it contains time-phased force data, non-unitrelated cargo and personnel data, and movement data for the operation plan, including the following: (a) In-place units (b) Units to be deployed to support the operation plan with a priority indicating the desired sequence for their arrival at the port of debarkation (c) Routing of forces to be deployed (d) Movement data associated with deploying forces (e) Estimates of non-unit-related cargo and personnel movements to be conducted concurrently with the deployment of forces and (f) Estimate of transportation requirements that must be fulfilled by common-user lift resources as well as those requirements that can be fulfilled by assigned or attached transportation resources. Also called TPFDD. See also time-phased force and deployment data maintenance, time-phased force and deployment data refinement, time-phased force and deployment list.' s__TPFDDFile__t 'A file containing information about TPFDD' s__OperationOrder s__OperationOrder__t 'A directive issued by a commander to subordinate commanders for the purpose of effecting the coordinated execution of an operation. Also called OPORD.' '(coordinates ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that ?PROCESS1 coordinates ?PROCESS2' s__JointOperation s__JointOperation__t 'A general term to describe military actions conducted by joint forces or by Service forces in relationships (e.g., support, coordinating authority) which, of themselves, do not create joint forces.' s__JointForces__t 'A general term applied to a force composed of significant elements, assigned or attached, of two or more Military Departments operating under a single joint force commander. See also joint force commander.' s__JointOperationPlanning s__JointOperationPlanning__t 'Planning for contingencies that can reasonably be anticipated in an area of responsibility or joint operations area of the command. Planning activities exclusively associated with the preparation of operation plans, operation plans in concept format, campaign plans, and operation orders (other than the Single Integrated Operational Plan) for the conduct of military operations by the combatant commanders in response to requirements established by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Joint operation planning is coordinated at the national level to support Secretary of Defense Contingency Planning Guidance, strategic requirements in the National Military Strategy, and emerging crises. As such, joint operation planning includes mobilization planning, deployment planning, employment planning, sustainment planning, and redeployment planning procedures. Joint operation planning is performed in accordance with formally established planning and execution procedures. See also contingency plan, execution planning, implementation planning, Joint Operation Planning and Execution System, joint operation planning process. ' s__OPLAN__t 'An operation plan for the conduct of joint operations that can be used as a basis for development of an operation order (OPORD). An OPLAN identifies the forces and supplies required to execute the combatant commanders strategic concept and a movement schedule of these resources to the theater of operations. The forces and supplies are identified in TPFDD files. OPLANs will include all phases of the tasked operation. The plan is prepared with the appropriate annexes, appendixes, and TPFDD files as described in the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System manuals containing planning policies, procedures, and formats. Also called OPLAN. ' s__JOPES 'A system that provides the foundation for conventional command and control by national- and combatant command-level commanders and their staffs. It is designed to satisfy their information needs in the conduct of joint planning and operations. Joint Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES) includes joint operation planning policies, procedures, and reporting structures supported by communications and automated data processing systems. JOPES is used to monitor, plan, and execute mobilization, deployment, employment, sustainment, and redeployment activities associated with joint operations. Also called JOPES. See also joint operation planning, joint operations.' s__JOPESManual s__JOPESManual__t 'A manual for &%JOPES' 'Actions taken to affect adversary information and information systems while defending ones own information and information systems. Also called IO. See also defensive information operations, information, offensive information operations, operation. ' s__DefensiveInformationOperation s__DefensiveInformationOperation__t s__InformationOperation__t 'The integration and coordination of policies and procedures, operations, personnel, and technology to protect and defend information and information systems. Defensive information operations are conducted through information assurance, physical security, operations security, counter-deception, counter-psychological operations, counterintelligence, electronic warfare, and special information operations. Defensive information operations ensure timely, accurate, and relevant information access while denying adversaries the opportunity to exploit friendly information and information systems for their own purposes. See also counterintelligence, electronic warfare, information assurance, information operations, information system, offensive information operations, operations security; physical security, special information operations.' s__OffensiveInformationOperation s__OffensiveInformationOperation__t 'The integrated use of assigned and supporting capabilities and activities, mutually supported by intelligence, to affect adversary decision makers to achieve or promote specific objectives. These capabilities and activities include but are not limited to operations security, military deception, psychological operations, electronic warfare, physical attack and/or destruction, and special information operations, and could also include computer network attack. See also computer network attack, defensive information operations, electronic warfare, information operations, intelligence, military deception, operations security, psychological operations, special information operations.' s__ForeignInternalDefense s__ForeignInternalDefense__t 'These are operations that involve participation by civilian and military agencies of a government in any of the action programs taken by another government or other designated organization, to free and protect its society from subversion, lawlessness, and insurgency. Both conventional and SOF units have a role and capability to conduct FID missions. SOFs primary role in this interagency activity is to assess, train, advise, and assist HN military and paramilitary forces with the tasks that require their unique capabilities. The goal is to enable these forces to maintain the HNs internal stability, to counter subversion and violence in their country, and to address the causes of instability. Internal stability forms the shield behind which a nation-building campaign can succeed. Successful FID missions can lead to strategic successes for US foreign policy. FID activities include the following: (1) HN Military Assistance. These are operations that train HN military individuals and units in tactical employment, sustainment, and integration of land, air, and maritime skills, provide advice and assistance to military leaders, and provide training on tactics, techniques, and procedures required to protect the HN from subversion, lawlessness, and insurgency, and develop indigenous individual, leader, and organizational skills. (2) Population Security. These are operations that strengthen population security by providing supervision of tactical operations conducted by HN military units to neutralize and destroy insurgent threats, isolate insurgents from the civil population, and protect the civil population. As a subset of FID, designated SOF units may also train select HN forces to perform counterterrorist missions. For more details on FID, see JP 3-07.1, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Foreign Internal Defense (FID).' '(? [V__ORG,V__LEARNING] : (s__instance(V__LEARNING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__ORG,s__MilitaryOrganization) & s__instance(V__LEARNING,s__Learning) & s__experiencer(V__LEARNING,V__ORG) & s__agent(V__LEARNING,V__MIL) & (s__militaryOfArea(V__ORG,V__HN) | (s__instance(V__ORG,s__MilitaryForce) & s__located(V__ORG,V__HN)))))' s__HNMilitaryAssistance s__HNMilitaryAssistance__t 'These are operations that train HN military individuals and units in tactical employment, sustainment, and integration of land, air, and maritime skills, provide advice and assistance to military leaders, and provide training on tactics, techniques, and procedures required to protect the HN from subversion, lawlessness, and insurgency, and develop indigenous individual, leader, and organizational skills.' s__PopulationSecurity s__PopulationSecurity__t 'These are operations that strengthen population security by providing supervision of tactical operations conducted by HN military units to neutralize and destroy insurgent threats, isolate insurgents from the civil population, and protect the civil population. As a subset of FID, designated SOF units may also train select HN forces to perform counterterrorist missions. For more details on FID, see JP 3-07.1, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Foreign Internal Defense (FID).' s__CounterTerrorism s__CounterTerrorism__t 'These are operations that include the offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, preempt, and respond to terrorism. SOFs role and additive capability is to conduct offensive measures within DODs overall combatting terrorism efforts. SOF conduct CT missions as special operations by covert, clandestine, or low visibility means. SOFs activities within CT include, but are not limited to, intelligence operations, attacks against terrorist networks and infrastructures, hostage rescue, recovery of sensitive material from terrorist organizations, and non-kinetic activities aimed at the ideologies or motivations that spawn terrorism. (1) Intelligence Operations. These are operations to collect, exploit, and report information on terrorist organizations, personnel, assets, and/or activities. SOF have the capability to conduct these operations in an overt, covert, and/or clandestine manner. (2) Network and Infrastructure Attacks. These are operations that involve preemptive strikes against terrorist organizations with the objective of destroying, disorganizing, or disarming terrorist organizations before they can strike targets of national interest. (3) Hostage or Sensitive Materiel Recovery. These are operations conducted to rescue hostages and/or recover sensitive materiel from terrorist control, requiring capabilities not normally found in conventional military units. The safety of the hostages and preventing destruction of the sensitive materiel are essential mission requirements. (4) Non-Kinetic Activities. These are actions that are focused on defeating the ideologies or motivations that spawn terrorism by non-kinetic means. These could include, but are not limited to, PSYOP, IO, CA operations, UW and/or FID.' s__CTIntelligenceOperation s__CTIntelligenceOperation__t 'Intelligence Operations. These are operations to collect, exploit, and report information on terrorist organizations, personnel, assets, and/or activities. SOF have the capability to conduct these operations in an overt, covert, and/or clandestine manner.' s__CTNwInfraAttack s__CTNwInfraAttack__t 'Network and Infrastructure Attacks. These are operations that involve preemptive strikes against terrorist organizations with the objective of destroying, disorganizing, or disarming terrorist organizations before they can strike targets of national interest.' s__CTHostageMaterielRecovery s__CTHostageMaterielRecovery__t 'Hostage or Sensitive Materiel Recovery. These are operations conducted to rescue hostages and/or recover sensitive materiel from terrorist control, requiring capabilities not normally found in conventional military units. The safety of the hostages and preventing destruction of the sensitive materiel are essential mission requirements.' s__CTNonKineticActivity s__CTNonKineticActivity__t 'Non-Kinetic Activities. These are actions that are focused on defeating the ideologies or motivations that spawn terrorism by non-kinetic means. These could include, but are not limited to, PSYOP, IO, CA operations, UW and/or FID.' s__CounterTerrorismStrategy s__CounterTerrorismStrategy__t 'WN: a strategy intended to prevent or counter terrorism.' s__Terrorism s__Terrorism__t 'WN: the calculated use of violence (or threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature, this is done through intimidation or coercion or instilling fear.' s__TerroristAttack s__TerroristAttack__t 'Specific Attacks as part of Terrorism like Carbombings.' s__Terrorist 'WN: a radical who employs terror as a political weapon, usually organizes with other terrorists in small cells, often uses religion as a cover for terrorist activities.' 'All measures to prevent operations from the enemy.' s__CounterReconnaissance__t 'All measures taken to prevent hostile observation of a force, area, or place.' s__CivilAffairsOperation s__CivilAffairsOperation__t 'Civil Affairs Operations (CAO). These consist of CA activities and other tasks conducted by CA to support commanders conducting CMO. (1) Commanders have an inherent responsibility to maintain proper, prudent and lawful relations with the indigenous population, authorities, and government within their operational areas. These relations are facilitated through CMO. (2) Specialized CMO support is provided by CA personnel assigned as staff who plan, coordinate, and oversee CMO while implementation is performed by other elements of the joint force (i.e., other SOF, engineers, health services support, transportation, military police, security, and maneuver units). (3) CA support to CMO enhances military effectiveness by focusing efforts to minimize civilian interference with military operations and limit the adverse impact of military operations on civilian populations and resources. CA give commanders the capability to coordinate and provide disaster relief and humanitarian assistance to meet the life-sustaining needs of a civilian population. (4) CA activities include, when directed and by operational necessity, establishing and conducting a military government or civil administration within operational areas until civilian authority or government can be restored or transitioned to other appropriate authorities. These activities are planned and conducted by CA and involve application of functional specialty expertise in civil sector disciplines normally the responsibility of civil government (see Figure II-3). (5) CA operations are predominantly joint, interagency, and multinational in nature and are conducted through or with indigenous populations, authorities and institutions, international organizations, and NGOs. For more detailed information on CMO and CA activities, see JP 3-57, Joint Doctrine for Civil- Military Operations, and JP 3-57.1, Joint Doctrine for Civil Affairs. ' s__CivilMilitaryOperation s__CivilMilitaryOperation__t 'The activities of a commander that establish, maintain, influence, or exploit relations between military forces, governmental and nongovernmental civilian organizations and authorities, and the civilian populace in a friendly, neutral, or hostile operational area in order to facilitate military operations, to consolidate and achieve operational US objectives. Civil-military operations may include performance by military forces of activities and functions normally the responsibility of the local, regional, or national government. These activities may occur prior to, during, or subsequent to other military actions. They may also occur, if directed, in the absence of other military operations. Civilmilitary operations may be performed by designated civil affairs, by other military forces, or by a combination of civil affairs and other forces. Also called CMO. See also civil affairs, operation.' s__CivilAffairsAgreement 'An agreement that governs the relationship between allied armed forces located in a friendly country and the civil authorities and people of that country. See also civil affairs.' s__CivilAffairs s__CivilAffairs__t 'Designated Active and Reserve component forces and units organized, trained, and equipped specifically to conduct civil affairs activities and to support civil-military operations. Also called CA. See also civil affairs activities; civil-military operations.' '(? [V__GUIDING,V__OP_ACT] : (s__instance(V__GUIDING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__GUIDING,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__GUIDING,s__Guiding) & s__patient(V__GUIDING,V__OP_ACT) & s__agent(V__CA,V__GUIDING) & (s__instance(V__OP_ACT,s__CivilMilitaryOperation) | s__instance(V__OP_ACT,s__CivilAffairsActivity))))' s__CivilAffairsActivity s__CivilAffairsActivity__t 'Activities performed or supported by civil affairs that (1) enhance the relationship between military forces and civil authorities in areas where military forces are present, and (2) involve application of civil affairs functional specialty skills, in areas normally the responsibility of civil government, to enhance conduct of civil-military operations. See also civil affairs, civil-military operations.' '(? [V__GUIDING,V__OP] : (s__instance(V__GUIDING,s__Process) & s__instance(V__GUIDING,s__Guiding) & s__patient(V__GUIDING,V__OP_ACT) & s__instance(V__OP,s__CivilMilitaryOperation)))' s__AbortedFn__m '(AborteFn ?AGENT ?PROCESS) is the &%Process ?PROCESS after it has gotten aborted by the &%Agent ?AGENT' s__AbortedMissionFn__m '(AborteMissionFn ?AGENT ?OP) is the &%MilitaryOperation ?OP after it has gotten aborted by the &%Agent ?AGENT' 'Marks two &%Agents that are enemies of each other' s__Enemy 'Anyone considered hostile by someone else' s__AbortedLaunchFn__m '(AborteLaunchFn ?AGENT ?TAKEOFF) is the &%TakingOff ?TAKEOFF after it has gotten aborted by the &%Agent ?AGENT. To discontinue aircraft takeoff or missile launch.' s__Evacuation s__Evacuation__t 'Emergency evacuation is the movement of persons from a dangerous place due to the threat or occurrence of a disastrous event (see also Evacuation). Examples are the evacuation of a building due to a bomb threat or fire and the evacuation of a district because of a flood or bombardment or an evacuation from a city due to a Hurricane. In situations involving hazardous materials or possible contamination, evacuees may be decontaminated prior to being transported out of the contaminated area. (from Wikipedia)' s__Demonstration s__Demonstration__t 'A demonstration is the public display of the common opinion of a group of people, whether members of the public, a sector of the community, or an activist group. Topics of demonstrations often deal with politics, economics, and society, or the issues related to it. Thus, such an opinion is demonstrated to be public and significant by gathering in a crowd, usually at a symbolic place or date, associated with that opinion. If a demonstration is targeted against a certain nation, the demonstration would take place infront of the embasy of the nation in question. Demonstrations can be used to show an opinion in protest or as a criticism of a public issue or a perceived grievance or social injustice. First Amendment of the United States Constitution specifically allows demonstrations and the freedom of assembly as part of a measure to facilitate the redress of such grievances. (from Wikipedia)' '%1 has %n absorbed a dose of radiation equal to %2' '%1 is %n the operational area for %2' '%1 %n{doesnt} coordinate%p{s} %2' 'the process %2 aborted by %1' 'the military operation %2 aborted by %1' '%1 and %2 are %n enemies of each other' 'the launch %2 aborted by %1' 'special reconnaissance' 'environmental reconnaissance' 'armed reconnaissance' 'target threat reconnaissance' 'post-strike reconnaissance' 'unconventional warfare' 'guerrilla warfare' subversion sabotage 'intelligence activity' 'unconventional assisted recovery' exfiltration 'special operation' 'special operations force' designating 'direct action' 'direct action activity' raid 'direct ambush' 'military assault' 'direct assault' 'standoff attack' 'terminal attack control' 'terminal guidance' 'recovery operation' locating 'precise destruction' 'high precision weapon' 'anti-surface operation' 'reconnaissance operation' 'reconnaissance by fire' 'reconnaissance in force' 'air reconnaissance' 'air photographic reconnaissance' 'amphibious reconnaissance' 'amphibious reconnaissance unit' landing 'contact reconnaissance' 'radar reconnaissance' patrol 'electronic reconnaissance' 'measure of radiation' rad 'external agency' 'Joint Staff' 'Director of the Joint Staff' 'Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff' 'Joint Chiefs of Staff' 'Joint Publication' 'United States military' 'above the line' 'below the line' doctrine 'multinational doctrine' 'joint doctrine' 'chairman publication' 'chairman instruction' 'chairman manual' 'capstone publication' 'keystone publication' 'joint test' 'psychological operation' 'program development' 'product distribution' 'product dissemination' 'producing studies' 'supporting prisoners of war' 'supporting civilian internees' 'supporting dislocated civilians' 'supporting host nation assistance' 'tactical psychological operation' 'support operation for information operations' 'host nation' 'public program' public helping proliferation 'WMD proliferation' 'WMD counter-proliferation' 'at peace' 'at war' 'operation planning' 'operation plan' 'CONPLAN' 'CONPLAN with TPFDD' 'time-phased force and deployment data' 'time-phased force and deployment data file' 'operation order' 'joint operation' 'joint forces' 'joint operation planning' 'OPLAN' 'Joint Operation Planning and Execution System' 'Joint Operation Planning and Execution System Manual' 'information operation' 'defensive information operation' 'offensive information operation' 'foreign internal defense' 'host nation military assistance' 'population security' 'counter-terrorism' 'counter-terrorism intelligence operation' 'counter-terrorism network and infrastructure attack' 'counter-terrorism hostage or materiel recovery operation' 'counter-terrorism non-kinetic activity' 'counter-terrorism strategy' terrorism 'terrorist attack' 'car bombing' 'counter operation' 'counter-reconnaissance' 'civil affairs operation' 'civil military operation' 'civil affairs agreement' 'civil affairs' 'civil affairs activity' enemy evacuation demonstration s__RecordingStudio s__RecordingStudio__t 'A &%RecordingStudio is a &%StationaryArtifact, such as a &%Room or &%Building that has the necessary equipment to professionaly produce a &%Recording.' 'recording studio' '(? [V__R,V__P] : (s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & s__instance(V__R,s__Recording) & s__result(V__P,V__R) & s__eventLocated(V__P,V__S)))' '(? [V__R,V__P] : (s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & s__instance(V__D,s__Object) & s__instance(V__R,s__Recording) & s__instrument(V__P,V__D) & s__result(V__P,V__R)))' s__Album__t 'An &%Album is a &%List of &%Recordings that are packaged and sold as a unit.' album s__Discography__t 'A &%Discography is the collection of all released &%MusicRecording of a &%Musician. This is different from something like a sessionography, which is a collection of all recording sessions, whether they have been released for sale or not.' discography '(&%producedOn ?R ?TP) refers to the date that a &%Recording was finalized into a final copy that is ready for release.' 'produced on' '(&%producedBy ?R ?A) &%Human ?A is responsible for all decision-making processes that resulted in &%Recording ?R' 'produced by' '(&%recordingLength ?R ?T) indicates that playing the complete &%Recording ?R from start to finish lasts &%TimeDuration ?T.' 'recording length' '(&%recordingCompany ?R ?C) means that &%RecordCompany ?C is responsible for the distribution and production of &%Recording ?R.' 'recording company' '(&%composer ?AGENT ?COMPOSITION) means that &%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT created &%MusicalComposition ?COMPOSITION' composer 'Right now, &%composer is a &%subrelation of &%authors, but &%authors is related to a &%Text versus to a &%Proposition, so Im changing it such that &%compsoer now is a &%subrelation of &%creator, so that it can work with &%MusicalComposition, which is now a &%subclass of &%Proposition. (09-14-2011)' '(&%lyricist ?LC ?A) means that &%CognitiveAgent ?A is the person who created &%LyricalContent ?LC.' lyricist '(&%musicInterpretation ?MR ?MC) means that &%MusicRecording ?MR is a &%realization of &%Music ?MC' 'music interpretation' '(&%musician ?MR ?P ?I) means that &%Human ?P played some &%Process ?I as a &%Musician in &%MusicRecording ?MR' musician '(&%songArtist ?MR ?A) means that &%CognitiveAgent ?A was the agent in recording &%MusicRecording ?MR' 'song artist' '(&%musicVideo ?M ?V) means that &%VideoRecording ?V is a video recording that represents &%MusicRecording ?M.' 'music video' '(&%discography ?A ?D) means that &%CognitiveAgent ?A has &%Discography ?D' '(&%albumRelease ?A ?T) means that by &%TimePoint ?T, (&%AlbumCopiesFn ?A ?DS) was &%releaseForSale in some location. ' 'album release' '(&%albumArtist ?A ?P) means that &%Album ?A features &%CognitiveAgent ?P as one of its main contributors' 'album artist' '(&%albumType ?A ?ATTR) means that &%RecordingAttribute ?ATTR describes the contents of &%Album ?A' 'album type' s__RecordingAttribute s__AlbumAttribute '(&%albumCoverImage ?A ?I) means that &%Album ?A is represented by &%Image ?I. When a &%DataStorageDevice containing &%Album ?A, its container would normally have the image on its front.' 'album cover' '(&%albumLength ?A ?T) means that &%TimeDuration ?T is the time it takes to view / listen to all &%Recording in &%Album ?A' 'album length' '(&%albumTrack ?A ?T) means that &%Recording ?T is part of &%Album ?A' 'album track' '(&%musicGenre ?MR ?ATTR) relates the &%MusicGenre ?ATTR to the &%MusicRecording ?MR' 'music genre' '(&%anthem ?M ?O) means that &%Music ?M is adopted as a song that represents &%Object ?O. This is most commonly used for &%Nation and royal families.' anthem s__RecordingAttribute__t '&%RecordingAttribute refers to &%RelationalAttributes that describe the conditions that a &%Recording was recorded under.' 'recording attribute' s__LiveRecording '&%LiveRecording refers to a &%MusicRecording that was captured directly from a &%Performance' 'live recording' s__StudioRecording '&%StudioRecording refers to a &%MusicRecording that was captured from sessions in a recording studio.' 'studio recording' s__DemoRecording 'A &%DemoRecording refers to a &%Recording that is meant to be for a smaller group of people and is not meant for release or distribution to the public' 'demo recording' '(? [V__D,V__G,V__MUSIC] : (s__instance(V__MUSIC,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__D,s__Process) & s__instance(V__D,s__Demonstrating) & s__record(V__M,V__MUSIC) & s__patient(V__D,V__MUSIC) & s__destination(V__D,V__G) & s__instance(V__G,s__GroupOfPeople)))' s__MashupRecording 'A &%MashupRecording refers to a &%Recording that consists of two or more songs made into one song.' mashup s__RemixRecording 'A &%RemixRecording refers to a &%Recording that has an original &%Recording that was somehow altered by some &%CognitiveAgent while still being able to recognize the original.' 'remix recording' s__CoverRecording 'A &%CoverRecording refers to a &%MusicRecording whose &%Music was recorded and released by somebody else before the artist of the current recording.' 'cover recording' '&%AlbumAttribute is used to describe the contents of an &%Album' 'album attribute' s__CompilationAlbum s__AlbumAttribute__t '&%CompilationAlbum is used to describe an &%Album who has more than one &%albumArtist (i.e. there exists two different artists that contributed 2 different &%Recording to the album.' 'compilation album' s__MusicGenre '&%MusicGenre is a categorical construct that identifies musical sound as belonging to a particular category that can be distinguished from other types of music. They are attributes instead of subclasses of &%Music as the classification of a song to a particular genre is oftentimes arbitrary, as well as the fact that there are very closely related genres that oftentime overlap. It is applied to a &%MusicRecording instead of &%Music as a piece of &%Music can be reinterpreted as a different genre by different artists.' s__Acapella '&%Acapella describes the &%MusicGenre that does not have any instrumental backing.' acapella s__AcidHouse '&%AcidHouse is a music style that originated in Detroit and Chicago, coming through Ibiza to Britain.' 'acid house' s__AcidJazz '&%AcidJazz is a music style that combines &%JazzMusic, &%FunkMusic and &%HipHopMusic.' 'acid jazz' s__JazzMusic s__FunkMusic s__HipHopMusic s__AcidRock '&%AcidRock is a music style that is a form of psychedelic rock, characterized by long instrumental solos, few if any, lyrics, and musical improvisation.' 'acid rock' s__AcousticMusic '&%AcousticMusic is a music genre style that solely uses instruments which produce sound through entirely acoustic means as opposed to electric means' acoustic s__AlternativeCountry '&%AlternativeCountry is a music style that was a reaction against the 1990s highly-polished Nashville Sound' 'alternative country' s__CountryMusic s__AlternativeDance '&%AlternativeDance is a music style that combines elements of dance-pop (or other forms of electronic house or techno) and alternative rock genres such as indie rock.' 'alternative dance' s__AlternativeRock s__PopMusic 'broad movement born in the 1980s generally relegated to the underground music scene and operating outsoide of the mainstream.' 'alternative rock' s__Ballad '&%Ballad is a generic term used for slow, romantic, despairing and catastrophic songs.' ballad s__Bebop '&%Bebop is a 1940s jazz style with complex improvisation and a fast tempo.' bebop s__BigBandMusic '&%BigBandMusic refers to music by large orchestras that play a form of swing music.' 'big band music' s__Bluegrass '&%Bluegrass is American country music mixed with Irish and Scottish influences.' bluegrass s__BluesMusic '&%BluesMusic is African-American music that originated in the Mississippi delta.' blues s__ChamberMusic '&%ChamberMusic is a genre of music based around small, acoustic-based ensembles where group interplay is important.' 'chamber music' s__ChristmasMusic '&%ChristmasMusic is composed of music that is normally performed or heard around the &%Christmas season.' 'christmas music' s__ReligiousMusic '&%ReligiousMusic is a type of music that has been written to express either personal or communal belief about a religion.' 'religious music' s__ReligiousAttribute s__ChristianMusic '&%ChristianMusic is a type of music that has been written to express either personal or communal belief regarding Christian life and faith.' 'christian music' s__Christian s__ClassicalMusic '&%ClassicalMusic is a type of music that is produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and secular music, encompassing a broad period from roughly the 11th century to present times. The centra norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period.' 'classical music' '&%CountryMusic is a popular American music style that began in the southern part of the US.' 'country music' s__ElectronicDanceMusic s__ElectronicMusic '&%ElectronicDanceMusic is a type of music that is produced primarily for the purposes of use within a nightclub setting, or in an environment that is centered upon dance-based entertainment.' 'electronic dance music' '(? [V__NC,V__MM] : (s__instance(V__MM,s__Process) & s__instance(V__NC,s__Object) & s__instance(V__NC,s__NightClub) & s__instance(V__MM,s__MakingMusic) & s__patient(V__MM,V__MR) & s__eventLocated(V__MM,V__NC)))' '&%ElectronicMusic is a type of music that is produced using electronic musical instruments and electronic music technology in its production.' 'electronic music' s__EmoMusic '&%EmoMusic describes a style of &%RockMusic characterized by melodic musicianship and expressive, often confessional lyrics. It has then shifted and changed to blend pop punk and indie rock.' emo s__FolkMusic '&%FolkMusic describes both traditional and contemporary folk music. Folk music normally refers to the culture of a particular region, sometimes commemorating personal and historical events.' 'folk music' '&%FunkMusic is a type of music that originated in the mid-late 1960s when African American musicians blended soul music, jazz and R&B into rhythmic, danceable new form of music.' 'funk music' s__HeavyMetal '&%HeavyMetal is a type of &%RockMusic that is characterized by highly amplified distortion, extended guitar solos, emphatic beats and overall loudness. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are generally associated with masculinity and machismo.' 'heavy metal' '&%HipHopMusic is a type of music that includes rhythmic and rhythmic speech that is chanted to musical accompaniment.' 'hip hop music' '(? [V__MM,V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__MM,s__Process) & s__record(V__MR,V__MM) & s__instance(V__S,s__Speaking) & s__subProcess(V__S,V__MM)))' s__IndieMusic '&%IndieMusic refers to the type of music that was created without the help of commercial record labels.' 'indie music' '(~ (? [V__R] : (s__instance(V__R,s__Organization) & s__recordingCompany(V__MR,V__R))))' '&%JazzMusic refers to a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States. Its West African pedigree is evident in its use of blue notes, improvisation, polyrhythms, syncopation and the swung note.' 'jazz music' s__NewAgeMusic '&%NewAgeMusic refers to music of various styles intended to create artistic inspiration, relaxation and optimism. It is used by listeners for yoga, massage, meditation and reading as a method of stress management, or to create a peaceful atmosphere in their home or other environments, and is often associated with environmentalism and New Age spirituality.' 'new age music' s__NewWaveMusic '&%NewWaveMusic is a subgenre of &%RockMusic that emerged in the late 1970s alongside punk rock.' 'new wave' '&%PopMusic is usually understood to be commercially- recorded music, often oriented towards a youth market, usually consisting of relatively short, simple songs utilizing technological innovations to produce new variations on existing themes. It is normally considered a softer alternative to &%RockMusic.' 'pop music' s__PunkRockMusic '&%PunkRockMusic is a &%RockMusic genre that developed between 1974 and 1976 in the US, the UK and Australia. Punk rock bands eschewed perceived excesses of maintream 1970s rock. Punk bands created fast, hard-edged music, typically with short songs, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics.' 'punk rock' s__ReggaeMusic '&%ReggaeMusic is a music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s. ' 'reggae music' s__RockMusic '&%RockMusic is a genre of &%PopMusic that developed during and after the 1960s, particularly in the UK and the US. It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll.' 'rock music' s__RockAndRollMusic '&%RockAndRollMusic is a genre of &%PopMusic that originated and evolved in the UnitedStates during the late 1940s and 1950s, primarily from a combination of the blues, country music, jazz and gospel music.' 'rock and roll music' s__RhythmAndBluesMusic s__MusicGenre__t '&%RhythmAndBluesMusic is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. The term was originally used by record companies to describe recordings marketed predominantly to urban African- Americans, at a time when urbane, rocking, jazz-based music with a heavy, insistent beat was becoming more popular.' 'rhythm and blues' s__ShowTune '&%ShowTune is a song that is originally written as part of the score of a show or stage musical or musical movie.' 'show tune' s__SkaMusic '&%SkaMusic is a music genre that originated in &%Jamaica in the late 1950s, and was the precursor to rocksteady and reggage. It combined elements of Caribbean mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and blues.' 'ska music' s__PlayingInstrumentFn__m '(PlayingInstrumentFn ?INSTRUMENT) denotes the class of events in which a musical instrument of type ?INSTRUMENT is played.' 'This was taken from Biography.kif and moved to Music.kif. 09-28-2011' s__MusicalInterpretationFn__m 'The function (&%MusicalInterpretationFn ?A ?M ?T) returns an &%instance of &%MakingMusic that refers to a particular instance of &%MakingMusic by &%CognitiveAgent ?A of the &%realization of &%Music ?M during &%TimeInterval ?T.' 'musical interpretation' s__SongFn__m 'The function (&%SongFn ?MC ?LC) returns an &%instance of &%Song that refers to the conception of a song that has &%MusicalComposition ?MC and &%LyricalContent ?LC.' 'song function' s__RemixFn__m 'The function (&%RemixFn ?M ?A) returns a &%MusicRecording instance where an &%CognitiveAgent ?A does something to a &%MusicRecording ?M that alters its arrangement, beat, tempo, etc, but still makes ?M recognizable to those listening to it.' 'remix function' s__MusicalComponentFn__m 'The function (&%MusicalComponentFn ?S) returns the instance of the &%MusicalComposition component of the &%Song ?S' 'musical composition function' s__LyricalComponentFn__m 'The function (&%LyricalComponentFn ?S) returns the instance of the &%LyricalContent component of the &%Song ?S' 'lyrical component function' s__AlbumCopiesFn__m 'The function (&%AlbumCopiesFn ?A ?DS) returns a subclass of all &%DataStorageDevice ?DS that contains all &%Recording in &%Album ?A.' 'album copies function' s__NationalAnthemFn__m 'The function (&%NationalAnthemFn ?N) returns the instance of &%Music that is considered as the national anthem of a particular &%Nation ?N' 'national anthem' s__MarchingBand s__MarchingBand__t '&%MarchingBand refers to a group of instrumental musicians perform outdoors and incorporate some type of marching with their musical performance.' 'marching band' 'Subclassing it from &%Organization as well so that relations associated to &%Organization can be used to describe it, such as &%subOrganization for the educational institution it represents, or when it was founded using &%yearOfFounding, who its director is, etc. 09-28-2011' s__MusicContest '&%MusicContest is a type of &%Contest where some &%Judging is made on a &%MakingMusic instance.' 'music contest' s__SingingContest s__SingingContest__t s__MusicContest__t '&%SingingContest is a type of &%MusicContest where &%Judging is made on people who are &%Singing.' 'singing contest' s__ContestFn__m '(&%ContestFn ?CONTEST ?TI) is a &%BinaryFunction that returns an &%instance of &%Contest that occured during &%TimePoint ?TI' 'contest function' '(&%contestOrganizer ?CONTEST ?ORG) means that &%CognitiveAgent ?ORG is responsible for managing and organizer &%Contest ?CONTEST' 'contest organizer' '(&%contestEntry ?OBJ ?AGENT ?CONTEST) is used for contests where what is being judged is not the person or his performance of a specific process but whatever he produced. The relation describes how &%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT entered &%Entity ?OBJ in &%Contest ?CONTEST.' 'contest entry' '&%Entity is used instead of &%Object as there are music contest, for instance, where its the &%MusicalComposition or &%LyricalContent (which are &%Proposition) that is being judged. 09-30-2011' '(&%contestParticipantRepresentation ?CONT ?AGENT ?OBJ) means that in &%Contest ?CONT, &%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT is entered as a representative of &%Object ?OBJ' 'contest representation' 'This is an additional relation to &%contestParticipant for those contests where representation is important, such as the &%Olympics. It has to be tied to the contest as there are instances when somebody may be a citizen or national of one country, for instance, but represent some other country is some other contest. 09-30-2011' s__MusicChart__t '&%MusicChart is a ranked list of &%Album or &%MusicRecording that is deemed the most popular by some criteria, such as the number of sales or the airplay it receives from radio stations, and the like.' 'music charts' s__SinglesChart s__SinglesChart__t '&%SinglesChart is a type of &%MusicChart for particular &%MusicRecording.' 'singles chart' s__AlbumChart s__AlbumChart__t '&%AlbumChart is a type of &%MusicChart for particular &%Album.' 'album chart' '(&%musicChartBy ?CHART ?A) means that &%CognitiveAgent ?A was responsible for the process of deciding which objects are included in &%MusicChart ?CHART.' 'music chart by' '(&%musicChartPeriod ?CHART ?TIME) means that the the &%MusicChart ?CHART was analyzed using information from &%TimeInterval ?TIME' 'music chart period' s__StringInstrument 'A &%StringInstrument is a type of &%MusicalInstrument that is played by striking strings, either directly as with a guitar, or indirectly with a bow or via keys as with pianos.' s__WindInstrument s__WindInstrument__t 'A &%WindInstrument is a type of &%MusicalInstrument that is played by blowing on it and which uses a reed, or resonator hole as in the case of a flute.' s__HornInstrument s__HornInstrument__t 'A &%HornInstrument is a type of &%MusicalInstrument which is played by blowing it. It uses lip vibration to generate sound and control part of the pitch generation process as well.' s__PercussionInstrument 'A &%PercussionInstrument is a type of &%MusicalInstrument which does not have strings and which is played by striking it.' s__Violin s__Violin__t s__StringInstrument__t 'A &%StringInstrument that has four strings, a hollow body, and is played on the shoulder with a bow.' s__Piano s__Piano__t 'A &%StringInstrument with keys that, when pressed down, activate hammers that, in turn, strike strings.' s__Bell s__Bell__t 'A &%PercussionInstrument that produces a single tone when it is struck.' s__Drum s__Drum__t s__PercussionInstrument__t 'An atonal &%PercussionInstrument which consists of a hollow cylinder and a fabric stretched across at least one end of the cylinder.' '(? [V__P] : (s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__Drumming) & s__instrument(V__P,V__D)))' s__Guitar s__Guitar__t 'A &%StringInstrument that has six to twelve strings and is played by strumming with one hand while grasping frets with the other hand.' s__Bugle s__Bugle__t 'A &%HornInstrument that has no valves.' s__Ringing s__Ringing__t 'Any instance of &%RadiatingSound which is produced by a &%Bell.' 'Playing a Drum. Note that this includes both musical performance, as well as signalling and ceremonial applications.' s__Drumming__t '(&%originalExpressedInLanguage ?PROP ?LANG) means that &%Proposition ?PROP, the first time it was ever realized in a &%LinguisticExpression, was first expressed in &%Language ?LANG.' 'original expressed in language' '(&%releaseForConsumption ?OBJ ?AREA ?TIME) means that &%Object ?OBJ was release for some type of consumption - like watching, eating, listening, reading, etc - in &%GeographicArea ?AREA at &%TimePoint ?TIME' 'release for consumption' '(? [V__P,V__O] : (s__instance(V__P,s__Process) & s__instance(V__O,V__OBJ) & s__patient(V__P,V__O) & s__eventLocated(V__P,V__AREA)))' '(&%releaseForSale ?OBJ ?AREA ?TIME) means that &%Object ?OBJ was released for sale in &%GeographicArea ?AREA at &%TimePoint ?TIME' 'release for sale' s__PopulationFn__m '(&%PopulationFn ?AREA) denotes the &%Integer that represents the count of the number of people inhabiting the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA. This number gives an estimate from the US Bureau of the Census based on statistics from population censuses, vital statistics registration systems, or sample surveys pertaining to the recent past and on assumptions about future trends. The total population presents one overall measure of the potential impact of the country on the world and within its region. Note:_starting with the 1993 Factbook, demographic estimates for some countries (mostly African) have explicitly taken into account the effects of the growing impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic._ These countries are currently: The Bahamas, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote dIvoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.' '(s__instance(V__PERSON,s__Human) & s__inhabits(V__PERSON,V__AREA))' s__PopulationGrowthFn__m '(&%PopulationFn ?AREA ?YEAR) denotes the &%RealNumber that represents the average annual percent change in the population of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA for Year ?YEAR. This average annual percent population change results from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or negative. The growth rate is a factor in determining how great a burden would be imposed on a country by the changing needs of its people for infrastructure (e.g., schools, hospitals, housing, roads), resources (e.g., food, water, electricity), and jobs. Rapid population growth can be seen as threatening by neighboring countries.' '(s__PopulationFn(V__AREA) = V__POPULATION)' '(s__PopulationFn(V__AREA) = V__PREVIOUSPOPULATION)' s__BirthsPerThousandFn__m '(&%BirthsPerThousandFn ?AREA ?YEAR) denotes the &%RealNumber that represents the number of births per thousand individuals in the population of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA for Year ?YEAR. This number gives the average annual number of births during a year per 1,000 persons in the population at midyear, also known as crude birth rate. The birth rate is usually the dominant factor in determining the rate of population growth. It depends on both the level of fertility and the age structure of the population.' '(s__instance(V__BIRTH,s__Birth) & s__experiencer(V__BIRTH,V__INFANT) & s__instance(V__INFANT,s__Human) & s__during(s__WhenFn(V__BIRTH),s__YearFn(V__YEAR)) & (s__WhereFn(V__BIRTH,s__WhenFn(V__BIRTH)) = V__AREA))' s__DeathsPerThousandFn__m '(&%DeathsPerThousandFn ?AREA ?YEAR) denotes the &%RealNumber that represents the number of deaths per thousand individuals in the population of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA for Year ?YEAR. This number gives the average annual number of deaths during a year per 1,000 population at midyear, also known as crude death rate. The death rate, while only a rough indicator of the mortality situation in a country, accurately indicates the current mortality impact on population growth. This indicator is significantly affected by age distribution, and most countries will eventually show a rise in the overall death rate, in spite of continued decline in mortality at all ages, as declining fertility results in an aging population.' '(s__instance(V__DEATH,s__Death) & s__experiencer(V__DEATH,V__PERSON) & s__instance(V__PERSON,s__Human) & s__during(s__WhenFn(V__DEATH),s__YearFn(V__YEAR)) & (s__WhereFn(V__DEATH,s__WhenFn(V__DEATH)) = V__AREA))' s__MigrantsPerThousandFn__m '(&%MigrantsPerThousandFn ?AREA) denotes the &%RealNumber that represents the number of migrants per thousand individuals in the population of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA. This entry includes the figure for the difference between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear population). An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net immigration (e.g., 3.56 migrants/1,000 population), an excess of persons leaving the country as net emigration (e.g., -9.26 migrants/1,000 population). The net migration rate indicates the contribution of migration to the overall level of population change. High levels of migration can cause problems such as increasing unemployment and potential ethnic strife (if people are coming in) or a reduction in the labor force, perhaps in certain key sectors (if people are leaving).' '(s__instance(V__PERSON,s__Human) & s__holdsDuring(s__YearFn(V__PREVIOUSYEAR),(~ s__inhabits(V__PERSON,V__AREA))) & s__holdsDuring(s__YearFn(V__YEAR),s__inhabits(V__PERSON,V__AREA)))' '(s__instance(V__PERSON,s__Human) & s__holdsDuring(s__YearFn(V__PREVIOUSYEAR),s__inhabits(V__PERSON,V__AREA)) & s__holdsDuring(s__YearFn(V__YEAR),(~ s__inhabits(V__PERSON,V__AREA))))' s__MaleToFemaleRatioFn__m '(&%MaleToFemaleRatioFn ?AREA) denotes the &%RealNumber that represents the ratio of male to female individuals in the population of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA. This is the number of males for each female for the total population. Sex ratio at birth has recently emerged as an indicator of certain kinds of sex discrimination in some countries. For instance, high sex ratios at birth in some Asian countries are now attributed to sex-selective abortion and infanticide due to a strong preference for sons. This will affect future marriage patterns and fertility patterns. Eventually it could cause unrest among young adult males who are unable to find partners.' '(s__instance(V__MALE,s__Human) & s__attribute(V__MALE,s__Male) & s__inhabits(V__MALE,V__AREA))' '(s__instance(V__FEMALE,s__Human) & s__attribute(V__FEMALE,s__Female) & s__inhabits(V__FEMALE,V__AREA))' s__DeathsPerThousandLiveBirthsFn__m '(&%DeathsPerThousandLiveBirthsFn ?AREA ?YEAR) denotes the &%RealNumber that represents the number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 live births in the same year. This rate is often used as an indicator of the level of health in a country.' '(s__instance(V__DEATH,s__Death) & s__experiencer(V__DEATH,V__INFANT) & s__experiencer(V__DEATH,V__INFANT) & s__instance(V__INFANT,s__Human) & s__age(V__INFANT,s__MeasureFn(V__AGE,s__YearDuration)) & less(V__AGE,1) & s__during(s__WhenFn(V__DEATH),s__YearFn(V__YEAR)) & (s__WhereFn(V__DEATH,s__WhenFn(V__DEATH)) = V__AREA))' s__LifeExpectancyAtBirthFn__m '(&%LifeExpectancyAtBirthFn ?AREA ?YEAR) denotes the &%RealNumber that represents the average number of years to be lived by a group of people born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future. Life expectancy at birth is also a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes the mortality at all ages. It can also be thought of as indicating the potential return on investment in human capital and is necessary for the calculation of various actuarial measures.' '(s__instance(V__BIRTH,s__Birth) & s__experiencer(V__BIRTH,V__INDIVIDUAL) & s__instance(V__INDIVIDUAL,s__Human) & s__during(s__WhenFn(V__BIRTH),s__YearFn(V__YEAR)) & (s__WhereFn(V__BIRTH,s__WhenFn(V__BIRTH)) = V__AREA) & s__instance(V__DEATH,s__Death) & s__experiencer(V__DEATH,V__INDIVIDUAL) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__DEATH),s__age(V__INDIVIDUAL,s__MeasureFn(V__LIFEEXPECTANCYAGE,s__YearDuration))))' s__MaleLifeExpectancyAtBirthFn__m '(&%MaleLifeExpectancyAtBirthFn ?AREA ?YEAR) denotes the &%RealNumber that represents the average number of years to be lived by a group of male individuals born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future.' '(s__instance(V__BIRTH,s__Birth) & s__experiencer(V__BIRTH,V__INDIVIDUAL) & s__instance(V__INDIVIDUAL,s__Human) & s__attribute(V__INDIVIDUAL,s__Male) & s__during(s__WhenFn(V__BIRTH),s__YearFn(V__YEAR)) & (s__WhereFn(V__BIRTH,s__WhenFn(V__BIRTH)) = V__AREA) & s__instance(V__DEATH,s__Death) & s__experiencer(V__DEATH,V__INDIVIDUAL) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__DEATH),s__age(V__INDIVIDUAL,s__MeasureFn(V__LIFEEXPECTANCYAGE,s__YearDuration))))' s__FemaleLifeExpectancyAtBirthFn__m '(&%FealeLifeExpectancyAtBirthFn ?AREA ?YEAR) denotes the &%RealNumber that represents the average number of years to be lived by a group of female individuals born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future.' '(s__instance(V__BIRTH,s__Birth) & s__experiencer(V__BIRTH,V__INDIVIDUAL) & s__instance(V__INDIVIDUAL,s__Human) & s__attribute(V__INDIVIDUAL,s__Female) & s__during(s__WhenFn(V__BIRTH),s__YearFn(V__YEAR)) & (s__WhereFn(V__BIRTH,s__WhenFn(V__BIRTH)) = V__AREA) & s__instance(V__DEATH,s__Death) & s__experiencer(V__DEATH,V__INDIVIDUAL) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__DEATH),s__age(V__INDIVIDUAL,s__MeasureFn(V__LIFEEXPECTANCYAGE,s__YearDuration))))' s__ChildrenBornPerWomanFn__m 'This entry gives a figure for the average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age. The total fertility rate is a more direct measure of the level of fertility than the crude birth rate, since it refers to births per woman. This indicator shows the potential for population growth in the country. High rates will also place some limits on the labor force participation rates for women. Large numbers of children born to women indicate large family sizes that might limit the ability of the families to feed and educate their children.' '(s__instance(V__BIRTH,s__Birth) & s__experiencer(V__BIRTH,V__INFANT) & s__agent(V__BIRTH,V__WOMAN) & s__instance(V__WOMAN,s__Human) & s__attribute(V__WOMAN,s__Female) & s__holdsDuring(s__YearFn(V__YEAR),s__inhabits(V__WOMAN,V__AREA)))' s__HivAids '&%HivAids refers to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a disease of the human immune system that is characterized cytologically especially by reduction in the numbers of CD4-bearing helper T cells to 20 percent or less of normal rendering the subject highly vulnerable to life-threatening conditions (as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia) and to some that become life-threatening (as Kaposis sarcoma) and that is caused by infection with HIV commonly transmitted in infected blood and bodily secretions (as semen) especially during illicit intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse.' s__RacialEthnicGroup 'A &%RacialEthnicGroup is an &%EthnicGroup based on common racial background.' s__AimakEthnicity s__AsianEthnicity 'Half a million Chahar Aimaqs, whose origin is vague, live in Afghanistan west of the Hazarajat in the region between Mazar-i-Sharif, Herat and Bamiyan triangle.' s__AmerindianEthnicity s__RacialEthnicGroup__t 'A broad ethnic group encompassing any of the North, Central, or South American tribal peoples.' 'A broad racial division encompassing various peoples of Asian origin.' s__BalochEthnicity 'In Afghanistan, Baluchis nomads drive their flocks across the border from their province in southwestern Pakistan. They live mostly in the southern Afghan provinces of Helmand, Kandahar, Nimruz and Farah.' s__BasqueEthnicity 'An ethnic group of Europe, residing in the Basque lands of France and Spain, whose settlement predates the arrival of the Indo-European peoples.' s__BlackEthnicity 'A broad racial division encompassing various African, African-American, and Caribbean peoples.' s__CelticEthnicity 'An ethnic group encompassing the Irish, Welsh, Scottish, Breton, and related people in the British Isles and Northern France.' s__CentralAsianTurkishEthnicity 'In Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and north of the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghan Turkistan live people decended from Central Asian Turks.' s__HazaraEthnicity 'The Hazaras speak Farsi and are mostly Shii Muslims (primarily Twelver Shii, some Ismaili Shiis), yet there are also some Sunni Muslim Hazaras. They settled in Afghanistan at least as far back as the 13th century. Hazaras have always lived on the edge of economic survival. As a result of Pashtun expansionism in the late 18th and early 19th centuries which was fueled by Sunni prejudices against the Shii (thus attracting the help of the mostly Sunni Tajiks and Uzbeks) the Hazaras were driven to the barren dry mountains of central Afghanistan (the Hazarajat) where they live today separated into nine regionally distinct enclaves. The Hazaras are primarily sedentary farmers practicing some ancillary herding. Many Hazaras also migrated to the major towns, particularly Kabul where they occupied the lowest economic rungs. It is perhaps this economic deprivation which caused the Hazaras and other Shii to organize politically during the 1960s and 1970s and concentrate on gaining political autonomy for themselves during the Soviet occupation. During the Soviet occupation, the Soviets abandoned any pretense of controlling the region. During this time, the Hazaras engaged in a violent civil war.' s__IndochineseEthnicity 'The &%IndochineseEthnicity refers to various peoples originating from Southeast Asia.' s__LatinEthnicity 'The &%LatinEthnicity refers to various peoples who speak romance languages in European lands near the Mediterranean.' s__PolynesianEthnicity 'The &%PolynesianEthnicity refers to various peoples from the Pacific Islands of Oceania.' s__NorthAfricanEthnicity 'The &%NorthAfricanEthnicity refers to various peoples originating from North Africa.' s__PashtunEthnicity 'The Pathan (Pashtun) people form the dominant ethnic and linguistic community in Afghanistan, accounting for just over half the population. Tribally organized, the Pathan are concentrated in the east and the south. As they gained control over the rest of the country in the 19th century, however, many of them settled in other areas too. The Pashtuns mostly speak Pashtu (although some residing in Kabul and other urban areas speak Dari) and are generally Sunni Muslims. They are divided into tribal and sub-tribal groups to which they remain loyal. These tribal divisions have been the source of conflict among Pashtuns throughout their history. Even today, the Pashtun parties are divided along tribal lines. The majority of Pashtuns make their living off of animal husbandry and agriculture as well as some trade. In Afghanistan, Pashtuns have traditionally resided in a large semi-circular area following the Afghan border form north of the Darya-e-Morgab east and southward to just north of the 35 latitude. Enclaves of Pashtuns live scattered among other ethnic groups in much of the rest of the country, especially in the northern regions and in the western interior due to the resettlement policies of Amir Abdul Rahman Khan, who ruled Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901. From its founding in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani, Afghanistan has traditionally been dominated by the Pashtuns.' s__RussianEthnicity s__SlavicEthnicity 'The &%RussianEthnicity is the dominant &%SlavicEthnicGroup of Russia.' 'The &%SlavicEthnicity encompasses peoples of central and eastern Europe who speak a slavic language of the Indo-European family.' s__TajikEthnicity 'The Tajiks are mostly Sunni Muslims and speak Persian. Tajiks are the principle inhabitants of the republic of Tajikistan across the northern border from Afghanistan. In Afghanistan, they live predominantly in the north-east and in the west. Some also live in Kabul. Because they make up the bulk of Afghanistans educated elite and possess considerable wealth, they have significant political influence. Their influence lies predominantly in the government ministries, public services and trade bodies. Those living in rural regions engage in agriculture and herding. They have no specific social structure and tend to adopt those of their neighbors. Slender and light skinned, the Tajiks have aquiline noses and usually black hair, although occasionally red and blond. Their history is vague, and it is possible that they were living in this area before the Aryan invasion. In Afghanistan, the Tajiks are the second largest group after the Pashtuns. They are also the Pashtuns closest rivals for power and prestige. However, with two brief exceptions, one in the 14th century and one for nine months in 1929, they never ruled their region. They survived the Soviet occupation in a much less fragmented state than the Pashtuns, thus putting them in a better position to challenge Pashtun dominance.' s__TeutonicEthnicity 'People of German or Germanic descent that reside in Northern and Central Europe and speak a Germanic language of the Indo-European language family.' s__TurkmenEthnicity 'Turkmen are the principle ethnic group in Turkmenistan and also live in Afghanistan along the south of the Amu Darya. This Turkish group speak an archaic form of Turkish and generally speak Persian as well.' s__UzbekEthnicity 'Uzbeks are the principle ethnic group in Uzbekistan and are also the most populous Turkish group in Afghanistan. They have broad, flat faces and lighter skin than the Pushtuns. They are farmers and stockmen, breeding the karakul sheep and an excellent type of Turkman horse. Many Uzbeks fled into northern Afghanistan in the 1920s to escape the suppression when the Soviet government was trying to stamp out their customs and Moslem religion.' s__WhiteEthnicity 'A broad ethnic division encompassing various European, Hispanic, and Middle Eastern peoples. Also known as Caucasian.' 'A &%Deity is a &%CognitiveAgent with the rank or essential nature of a god. Includes both monotheistic and polytheistic gods.' s__God 'The monotheistic &%Deity worshipped in some form by many religions, which is seen as perfect in power, wisdom, and goodness, and which is worshiped as creator and ruler of the universe.' 'An &%Attribute indicating the membership of a &%Human in a &%BeliefGroup. Note that various attributes indicating kinds of lack of belief in a religion are &%InternalAttributes, since they do not depend on relation to a particular group.' s__BeliefGroupMemberFn__m 'A &%Function that defines a member of a &%BeliefGroup.' s__Church 'An &%instance of &%Church is a &%ReligiousOrganization whose &%members conduct &%ChristianServices.' s__ChristianService s__LocalChurch 'An &%instance of &%LocalChurch is a single, localized congregation, which may be affiliated with (a &%subOrganization of) a non-local or dispersed parent denomination or other &%Church.' s__Agnosticism 'The &%BeliefGroup of &%members who hold no belief on the existence or non-existence of &%God.' '(~ (? [V__GOD] : (V__GOD = s__God)))' s__Agnostic 'One who subscribes to &%Agnosticism.' s__Atheism 'The &%BeliefGroup of &%members who share the belief that &%God does not exist.' s__Atheist 'One who subscribes to &%Atheism.' s__NonDenominationalIndividual 'An individual who is not a member of a particular &%ReligiousOrganization, yet who may have religious beliefs, such as a belief in God.' s__Deist 'An individual who may or may not be a member of a particular &%ReligiousOrganization, and who has religious beliefs, including a belief in some kind of God.' '(? [V__GOD] : (V__GOD = s__God))' s__Bahaism '&%Bahaism is a faith that emerged from an Islamic environment and which incorporated beliefs of the precursor faith of Babism into its revelation.' s__Bahai 'One who subscribes to the beliefs fo Bahaism.' s__Buddhism '&%Buddhism is one of the major religions to emerge from Asia.' s__Buddhist 'One who subscribes to the beliefs fo Buddhism.' s__Christianity 'The religion derived from Jesus Christ, based on the Bible as sacred scripture, and professed by Eastern, Catholic, and Protestant bodies, among other subdivisions.' s__ChristianService__t 'Any &%ReligiousService that is conducted by &%members of &%Christianity.' 'A &%Christian is one who subscribes to the beliefs of &%Christianity.' s__AnglicanChurch s__ChurchOfEngland s__AnglicanChurch__t 'An &%instance of &%AnglicalChurch is a &%Church that is a &%subOrganization of the &%ChurchOfEngland.' s__AnglicanApostolicEpiscopalFreeChurch s__AnglicanApostolicEpiscopalFreeChurch__t 'An Anglican Apostolic Episcopal Free &%Church.' s__FreeChurchOfScotland s__FreeChurchOfScotland__t 'A &%Church belonging to the Free Church of Scotland.' s__FreeChurchOfEngland s__FreeChurchOfEngland__t 'A &%Church belonging to the Free Church of England.' s__ScottishEpiscopalChurch s__ScottishEpiscopalChurch__t 'A Scottish Episcopal &%Church.' s__BaptistChurch 'The &%Class of &%BaptistChurches.' s__BaptistUnionOfIreland s__BaptistUnionOfIreland__t 'The &%Class of Baptist Union of Ireland &%Churches.' s__BaptistUnionOfScotland s__BaptistUnionOfScotland__t 'The &%Class of Baptist Union of Scotland &%Churches.' s__BaptistUnionOfWales s__BaptistUnionOfWales__t 'The &%Class of Baptist Union of Wales &%Churches.' s__GospelStandardStrictBaptistChurch s__GospelStandardStrictBaptistChurch__t s__BaptistChurch__t 'The &%Class of Gospel Standard Strict Baptist Church &%Churches.' s__GraceBaptistAssembly s__GraceBaptistAssembly__t 'The &%Class of Grace Baptist Assembly &%Churches.' s__OldBaptistUnionChurch s__OldBaptistUnionChurch__t 'The &%Class of old Baptist Union &%Churches.' s__BaptistUnionOfGB s__BaptistUnionOfGB__t 'The &%Class of Baptist Union of Great Britain &%Churches.' s__Baptistsamfundet s__Baptistsamfundet__t 'The &%Class of Baptistsamfundet &%Churches.' s__DetNorskeBaptistsamfunn s__DetNorskeBaptistsamfunn__t 'The &%Class of Det Norske Baptistsamfunn &%Churches.' s__LocalRomanCatholicChurch s__LocalRomanCatholicChurch__t s__LocalChurch__t 'The &%Class of local Roman Catholic Churches.' s__RomanCatholicChurch s__EvangelicalChurch 'The &%Class of Evangelical &%Churches.' s__CovenantChurch s__CovenantChurch__t 'The &%Class of Covenant &%Churches.' s__SvenskaAlliansmissionenProtestantFreeChurch s__SvenskaAlliansmissionenProtestantFreeChurch__t 'The &%Class of Svenska Alliansmissionen/Protestant Free &%Churches.' s__UnionOfEvangelicalChurches s__UnionOfEvangelicalChurches__t 'The &%Class of Union of Evangelical &%Churches.' s__ChristianBrethren s__ChristianBrethren__t s__EvangelicalChurch__t 'The &%Class of Christian Brethren &%Churches.' s__CountessOfHuntingdonsConnexion s__CountessOfHuntingdonsConnexion__t 'The &%Class of the Countess of Huntingdons Connexion &%Churches.' s__PlymouthBrethrenAssembly s__PlymouthBrethrenAssembly__t 'The &%Class of Plymouth Brethren Assembly &%Churches.' s__EvangelicalPresbyterianChurchOfIreland s__EvangelicalPresbyterianChurchOfIreland__t 'The &%Class of Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Ireland &%Churches.' s__EvangelicalFellowshipOfCongregationalChurches s__EvangelicalFellowshipOfCongregationalChurches__t 'The &%Class of Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational &%Churches' s__MoravianChurch s__MoravianChurch__t 'The &%Class of Moravian &%Churches.' s__SalvationArmyMission s__SalvationArmyMission__t 'The &%Class of Salvation Army Mission congregations.' s__CityMissions s__CityMissions__t 'The &%Class of City Missions congregations.' s__FellowshipOfIndependentEvangelicalChurches s__FellowshipOfIndependentEvangelicalChurches__t 'The &%Class of Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Church congregations.' s__FreeEvangelicalChurch s__FreeEvangelicalChurch__t 'The &%Class of Free Evangelical Church congregations.' s__CYFA s__CYFA__t 'The &%Class of CYFA congregations.' s__ScriptureUnion s__ScriptureUnion__t 'The &%Class of Scripture Union congregations.' s__WomensAglowGroup s__WomensAglowGroup__t 'The &%Class of Womens Aglow congregations.' s__EvangeliskaFosterlandsStiftelsen s__EvangeliskaFosterlandsStiftelsen__t 'The &%Class of Evangeliska Fosterlands Stiftelsen (EFS) congregations.' s__Evangeliska_Frikyrkan s__Evangeliska_Frikyrkan__t 'The &%Class of Evangeliska Frikyrkan (EFK) congregations.' s__Fraelsningsarmen s__Fraelsningsarmen__t 'The &%Class of Fraelsningsarmen &%Churches.' s__SaltAndLightChurch s__SaltAndLightChurch__t 'The &%Class of Salt & Light &%Churches.' s__DenEvangeliskLutherskeFrikirke s__DenEvangeliskLutherskeFrikirke__t 'The &%Class of Den Evangelisk Lutherske Frikirke congregations.' s__DeFrieEvangeliskeForsamlinger s__DeFrieEvangeliskeForsamlinger__t 'The &%Class of Frie Evangeliske Forsamlinger (DFEF) congregations.' s__Frelsesarmeen s__Frelsesarmeen__t 'The &%Class of Frelsesarmeen Church congregations.' s__Indremisjonen s__Indremisjonen__t 'The &%Class of Indremisjonen Church congregations.' s__Normisjon s__Normisjon__t 'The &%Class of Normisjon Church congregations.' s__NorskLutherskMisjonssamband s__NorskLutherskMisjonssamband__t 'The &%Class of Norsk Luthersk Misjonssamband congregations.' s__MethodistChurch 'The &%Class of Methodist %Churches.' s__MethodistChurchInGB s__MethodistChurchInGB__t 'The &%Class of Methodist Church in Great Britain congregations.' s__WesleyanReformUnion s__WesleyanReformUnion__t 'The &%Class of Wesleyan Reform Union congregations.' s__FreeMethodistChurch s__FreeMethodistChurch__t 'The &%Class of Free Methodist Church congregations.' s__IndependentMethodistChurch s__IndependentMethodistChurch__t 'The &%Class of Independent Methodist Church congregations.' s__MethodistChurchInIreland s__MethodistChurchInIreland__t s__MethodistChurch__t 'The &%Class of Methodist Church In Ireland congregations.' s__Metodistsamfundet s__Metodistsamfundet__t 'The &%Class of Metodistsamfundet Church congregations.' s__MetodistkirkenNorge s__MetodistkirkenNorge__t 'The &%Class of Metodistkirken Norge congregations.' s__CharismaticChurch 'The &%Class of all &%Churches belonging to the charismatic tradition.' s__AssembliesOfGod s__AssembliesOfGod__t 'The &%Class of Assemblies of God &%Churches.' s__VineyardChurch s__VineyardChurch__t 'The &%Class of Vineyard &%Churches.' s__ChurchOfTheNazarene s__ChurchOfTheNazarene__t 'The &%Class of Church of the Nazarene &%Churches.' s__NewTestamentChurchOfGod s__NewTestamentChurchOfGod__t 'The &%Class of New Testament Church of God &%Churches.' s__ChurchOfGodOfProphecy s__ChurchOfGodOfProphecy__t 'The &%Class of Church of God of Prophecy &%Churches.' s__FellowshipOfChurchesOfChrist s__FellowshipOfChurchesOfChrist__t 'The &%Class of Fellowship of Churches of Christ congregations.' s__NewApostolicChurch s__NewApostolicChurch__t 'The &%Class of New Apostolic Church congregations.' s__JesusFellowship s__JesusFellowship__t 'The &%Class of Jesus Fellowship &%Churches.' s__NewFrontiersInternationalChurch s__NewFrontiersInternationalChurch__t 'The &%Class of New Frontiers International Church congregations.' s__HouseChurch s__HouseChurch__t 'The &%Class of those &%Churches (congregations) belonging to the house Church movement.' s__CommunityChurch s__CommunityChurch__t 'The &%Class of community &%Churches.' s__PentecostalChurch s__PentecostalChurch__t 'The &%Class of all Pentecostal Church congregations.' s__ApostolicChurch s__ApostolicChurch__t s__CharismaticChurch__t 'The &%Class of all &%Churches (congregations) belonging to the Apostolic Church.' s__ElimPentecostalChurch s__ElimPentecostalChurch__t 'The &%Class of all Elim Pentecostal Church congregations.' s__FGBMFI s__FGBMFI__t 'The &%Class of all Full Gospel Businessmens Fellowship International organizations.' s__RedeemedChristianChurchOfGod s__RedeemedChristianChurchOfGod__t 'The &%Class of all Redeemed Christian Church of God congregations.' s__ApostoliskChurch s__ApostoliskChurch__t 'The &%Class of all Apostolisk Church congregations.' s__Pinsebevegelsen s__Pinsebevegelsen__t s__Pinsemenighet s__Pinsemenighet__t s__ShaftesburySociety s__ShaftesburySociety__t s__CrusadersUnion s__CrusadersUnion__t s__UnionOfWelshIndependents s__UnionOfWelshIndependents__t s__SeventhDayAdventistChurch s__SeventhDayAdventistChurch__t s__ChristianUnion s__ChristianUnion__t s__EcumenicalProject s__EcumenicalProject__t s__MilitaryChapel s__MilitaryChapel__t 'The &%Class of all Military Chapel organizations.' s__CollegeChapel s__CollegeChapel__t 'The &%Class of all College Chapel congregations.' s__YWAM_BYFC s__YWAM_BYFC__t s__HospitalChapel s__HospitalChapel__t 'The &%Class of all Hospital Chapel organizations.' s__LocalChurchOfLatterDaySaints s__LocalChurchOfLatterDaySaints__t s__ChurchOfJesusChristOfLatterDaySaints s__Adventistsamfundet s__Adventistsamfundet__t s__Katolskakyrkan s__Katolskakyrkan__t s__MissionssaellskapetBibeltrognaVaenner s__MissionssaellskapetBibeltrognaVaenner__t s__Missionskyrkan s__Missionskyrkan__t s__Pingstroerelsen s__Pingstroerelsen__t s__SvenskaAlliansmissionen s__SvenskaAlliansmissionen__t s__SvenskaKyrkan s__SvenskaKyrkan__t s__Trosroerelsen s__Trosroerelsen__t s__Ovrigt s__Ovrigt__t s__PrisonChapel s__PrisonChapel__t s__IndependentChurch s__IndependentChurch__t s__PresbyterianChurch s__PresbyterianChurch__t s__Church__t s__PresbyterianChurchOfScotland s__PresbyterianChurchOfScotland__t s__PresbyterianChurchOfWales s__PresbyterianChurchOfWales__t s__PresbyterianChurchOfIreland s__PresbyterianChurchOfIreland__t s__FreePresbyterianChurchOfScotland s__FreePresbyterianChurchOfScotland__t s__ReformedPrebyterianChurchOfScotland s__ReformedPrebyterianChurchOfScotland__t s__UnitedFreeChurchOfScotland s__UnitedFreeChurchOfScotland__t s__AssociatedPresbyterianChurch s__AssociatedPresbyterianChurch__t s__CongregationalFederation s__CongregationalFederation__t s__LutheranChurch s__LutheranChurch__t s__UnitedReformedChurch s__UnitedReformedChurch__t s__CongregationalUnionOfIreland s__CongregationalUnionOfIreland__t s__CongregationalUnionOfScotland s__CongregationalUnionOfScotland__t s__DutchReformedChurch s__DutchReformedChurch__t s__Anglicanism '&%Anglicanism is version of &%Christianity promulgated by the &%ChurchOfEngland.' s__Anglican s__Anglican__t 'An &%Anglican is one who subscribes to the beliefs of &%Anglicanism.' 'The &%ChurchOfEngland is the &%ReligiousOrganization that promulgates &%Anglicanism.' s__EasternOrthodoxChristianity '&%EasternOrthodoxChristianity is one of the three major divisions of &%Christianity.' s__EasternOrthodoxChristian s__EasternOrthodoxChristian__t 'An &%EasternOrthodoxChristian is one who subscribes to the beliefs of &%EasternOrthodoxChristianity.' s__Protestantism '&%Protestantism is one of the three major divisions of &%Christianity.' s__Protestant s__Protestant__t s__Christian__t 'A &%Protestant is one who subscribes to the beliefs of &%Protestantism.' s__RomanCatholicism '&%RomanCathoicism is one of the three major divisions of &%Christianity.' s__RomanCatholic s__RomanCatholic__t 'A &%RomanCatholic is one who subscribes to the beliefs of &%RomanCatholicism.' 'The &%RomanCatholicChurch is the &%ReligiousOrganization that promulgates &%RomanCatholicism.' s__Pope 'The &%ReligiousPosition of head of the &%RomanCatholicChurch.' s__Confucianism '&%Confucianism is one of the major belief systems to emerge from China.' s__Confucianist 'One who subscribes to the beliefs fo Confucianism.' s__Hinduism '&%Hinduism is one of the major belief systems to emerge from India.' s__Hindu 'One who subscribes to the beliefs fo Hinduism.' s__Islam 'A &%BeliefGroup that includes worship of Allah as the sole diety and in Muhammad as his prophet.' 'A &%Muslim is one who subscribes to the beliefs of &%Islam.' s__AhmadiyyaSect 'The &%AhmadiyyaSect is one of four major divisions of &%Islam.' s__AhmadiyyaMuslim s__AhmadiyyaMuslim__t 'An &%AhmadiyyaMuslim is one who subscribes to the beliefs of the &%AhmadiyyaSect of &%Islam.' s__DruzeSect 'The &%DruzeSect is one of four major divisions of &%Islam.' s__DruzeMuslim s__DruzeMuslim__t 'A &%DruzeMuslim is one who subscribes to the beliefs of the &%DruzeSect of &%Islam.' s__ShiiteSect 'The &%ShiiteSect is one of four major divisions of &%Islam.' s__ShiaMuslim s__ShiaMuslim__t s__Muslim__t 'A &%ShiaMuslim is one who subscribes to the beliefs of the &%ShiaSect of &%Islam.' s__SunniSect 'The &%SunniSect is one of four major divisions of &%Islam.' s__SunniMuslim s__SunniMuslim__t 'A &%SunniMuslim is one who subscribes to the beliefs of the &%SunniSect of &%Islam.' s__Jainism '&%Jainism is one of the major religions to emerge from India.' s__Jain 'A &%Jain is one who subscribes to the beliefs of &%Jainism.' s__Judaism 'The religion developed among the ancient Hebrews and characterized by belief in one transcendent God who has revealed Himself to Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew prophets and by a religious life in accordance with Scriptures and rabbinic traditions.' 'A &%ReligiousJew is one who subscribes to the beliefs of &%Judaism.' s__Antisemitism 'The &%BeliefGroup that is characterized by a dislike for &%Judaism.' s__Neopaganism '&%Neopaganism is a modern day revival of ancient Pagan religions and practices.' s__Neopaganismist s__ReligiousAttribute__t 'A &%Neopagan is one who subscribes to the beliefs of &%Neopaganism.' s__Shinto '&%Shinto is one of the major religions to emerge from Japan.' s__Shintoist 'A &%Shintoist is one who subscribes to the beliefs of &%Shinto.' s__Sikhism '&%Sikhism is one of the major religions to emerge from India.' s__Sikh 'A &%Sikh is one who subscribes to the beliefs of &%Sikhism.' s__Taoism '&%Taoism is one of the major belief systems to emerge from China.' s__Taoist 'A &%Taoist is one who subscribes to the beliefs of &%Taoism.' s__Zoroastrianism '&%Zoroastrianism is one of the major religions to emerge from the ancient near east.' s__Zoroastrian 'A &%Zoroastrian is one who subscribes to the beliefs of &%Zoroastrianism.' 'The percentage of the population of a given &%GeographicArea that subscribes to a particular belief, typically a religion.' 'The percentage of the population of a given &%GeographicArea that belongs to a particular &%EthnicGroup.' 'The percentage of the population of a given &%GeographicArea that speaks the given &%Language.' '(productModel ?Model ?Product) means that ?Model represents the type of the Product ?Product' s__ComputationalSystem__t 'Instances of &%ComputationalSystems include instances of &%SoftwareSystems, &%HardwareSystems, and &%ComputerNetworks.' 'A general-purpose machine that processes data according to a set of instructions that are stored internally either temporarily or permanently.' 'The network includes the network operating system in the client and server machines, the cables connecting them and all supporting hardware in between such as bridges, routers and switches.' s__LAN s__ComputerNetwork__t s__BusNetwork s__StarNetwork s__RingNetwork 'A computer network that spans a relatively small area. Most LANs are confined to a single building or group of buildings. However, one LAN can be connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone lines and radio waves.' s__BusNetwork__t 'A network in which all nodes are connected to a single wire (the bus) that has two endpoints. Ethernet 10Base-2 and 10Base-5 networks, for example, are bus networks. Other common network types include &%StarNetworks and &%RingNetworks.' s__StarNetwork__t 'A local-area network (LAN) that uses a star topology in which all nodes are connected to a central computer.' s__RingNetwork__t s__LAN__t 'A local-area network (LAN) whose topology is a ring. That is, all of the nodes are connected in a closed loop. Messages travel around the ring, with each node reading those messages addressed to it.' s__ComputerHardware 'The hardware is the physical part of a computer system.' s__ComputerMemory s__ComputerMemory__t 'The computers workspace (physically, a collection of RAM chips). It is an important resource, since it determines the size and number of programs that can be run at the same time, as well as the amount of data that can be processed instantly.' s__HardDiskDrive s__HardDiskDrive__t 'The primary computer storage medium, which is made of one or more aluminum or glass platters, coated with a ferromagnetic material. Most hard disks are fixed disks, which are permanently sealed in the drive.' s__CPU s__CPU__t s__ComputerComponent__t 'CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the computing part of the computer.' s__InstructionsPerSecond s__DataTransfer s__DataTransfer__t 'A subclass of &%ComputerProcesses which send data over a computer channel or bus.' 'An instance of &%ComputerProcess is a process which manipulates data in the computer.' 'A collection of bytes stored as an individual entity. All data on disk is stored as a file with an assigned file name that is unique within the folder (directory) it resides in.' s__ComputerDirectory__t 'This is the class of catalogs that identify and locate instances of &%ComputerFiles. The catalogs entries consist of at least &%ComputerFile names and a physical address on a memory device of the &%ComputerFile or an index (e.g., file descriptor) into a table of &%ComputerFile physical addresses. &%ComputerDirectories are thus collections of data elements and must be named and stored on memory devices, hence, &%ComputerDirectory is a subset of &%ComputerFile.' '(runningOn ?Program ?Computer) holds if the &%ComputerProgram ?Program is being executed on ?Computer.' '(&%computerRunning ?Process ?Computer) means that the ComputerProcess ?Process is running on ?Computer.' '(&%programRunning ?Process ?Program) means that the &%ComputerProcess ?Process is executing the &%ComputerProgram ?Program.' s__PhysicalAddress s__PhysicalAddress__t 'The collection of all addresses which identify a location of a &%ComputerFile.' s__AddressFn__m '(&%AddressFn ?FILE) returns as its value the physical address of the &%ComputerFile ?FILE.' 'The measurement of the speed of data transfer in a communications system.' s__PacketsPerSecond 'The rate or speed of &%Packet-Networks transferred in a second.' 'The measure of the processing speed of a &%Computers &%CPU.' s__Packet s__Packet__t 'A block of &%DigitalData used for transmission in packet switched systems.' s__SoftwareSystem__t 'This is the class of mutually supportive groups of instances of &%ComputerProgram for a single general purpose. For example, a database management system is a collection of many instances of &%ComputerProgram that work together to store, retrieve, modify, and delete data.' s__HardwareSystem__t s__ComputerHardware__t 'The class of hardware systems is the connection of three types of physical modules: instances of &%ComputerProcessor(s), &%ComputerMemory, and &%ComputerNetwork. &%ComputerProcessors execute instructions from &%ComputerPrograms, which usually include instructions to read and write data from memory, and send data via instances of &%ComputerNetworks.' '(runsOn ?Program ?Computer) means that ?Program is capable of running on ?Computer.' s__StartupBlock__t 'A typically small instance of &%ComputerProgram (a sequence of instructions that will run on a computer) whose function is to load and initialize a typically larger instance of &%ComputerProgram and start it running.' '(&%startupOf ?STARTUP ?PROGRAM) holds just in case an instance of &%StartupBlock ?STARTUP specifies a set of instructions to start the ?PROGRAM.' s__StartupFn__m '(&%StartupFn ?Program) returns an instance of &%StartupBlock which contains the instructions to start the ?Program.' s__ShutdownBlock__t 'A typically small instance of &%ComputerProgram whose function is to end a typically larger instance of &%ComputerProgram.' '(&%shutdownOf ?SHUTDOWN ?PROGRAM) holds just in case an instance of &%ShutdownBlock ?SHUTDOWN specifies a set of instructions to end ?PROGRAM.' s__ShutdownFn__m '(&%ShutdownFn ?Program) returns an instance of &%ShutdownBlock which contains the instructions to end ?PROGRAM.' s__EnvironmentSoftwareAttribute__t 'The class of attributes which correspond to environment variables. Environment variables are defined outside of a &%ComputerProgram, unlike ordinary variables that are defined in the source code of the &%ComputerProgram. Typically, the environment variable stores some value that many if not all &%ComputerProgams will need when they execute. An example is the environment variable PATH under Unix-like operating systems that stores the &%ComputerDirectories where executable &%ComputerPrograms can be found. Another example is the environment variable CLASSPATH for Java programs, which stores the directory where Java class files can be found that will be needed by any &%ComputerProgram written in Java.' '(&%environmentAttributes ?Program ?Attribute) holds if ?Attribute is an &%EnvironmentSoftwareAttribute which describes the &%ComputerProgram ?Program.' s__ComputerInputDevice__t 'A peripheral device that generates input for the computer such as a keyboard, scanner, or mouse.' 'Any peripheral that presents output from the computer, such as a screen or printer.' s__ComputerTerminal s__ComputerTerminal__t 'A &%ComputerOutputDevice for displaying information on some sort of screen or other reusable output surface. This is contrasted with a &%Printer, which places a substance on a surface that is for practical purposes, permanent.' '(&%standardInputDevice ?PROCESS ?DEVICE) holds just in case the DEVICE is the predefined input channel with which the running version of the program PROCESS is initialised.' '(&%standardOutputDevice ?PROGRAM ?DEVICE) holds just in case the DEVICE is the predefined output channel with which the running version of this program is initialised.' '(&%standardErrorDevice ?PROGRAM ?DEVICE) holds just in case the DEVICE is the predefined error channel with which the running version of this program is initialised.' '(hostOf ?SYSTEM ?COMPUTER) means that ?COMPUTER is the host of the computational system ?SYSTEM.' s__ProcessState__t 'The class of all the information required for a &%ComputerProgram to run on a processor. It is a vector that contains a pointer to the next program instruction to be executed as well as the values of all intermediate and defined variables, the state of the processor executing the program, and the allocated address space among other data.' '(&%stateOfProcess ?PROCESS ?STATE) says that ?STATE is a state of the &%ComputerProcess ?PROCESS.' s__AutomaticApplication s__AutomaticApplication__t 'A program which is started automatically, as opposed to an application started in response to some condition becoming true.' s__RM_StartApplication s__RM_StartApplication__t 'A program started by a Resource Management program, which determines if and where to start the application.' s__ConsoleApplication s__ConsoleApplication__t 'A Program which is started inside an Xterm or other console.' s__ResourceManagementProgram__t 'The class of resource management programs.' '(&%rMProgram-of ?RM ?SYSTEM) means that ?RM is the resource management program of the &%SoftwareSystem ?SYSTEM.' '(&%programCopy ?File ?Program) means that the &%ComputerFile ?File is one of the copies of the &%ComputerProgram ?Program.' '(&%criticalityLevel ?PROGRAM ?INTEGER) holds just in case ?INTEGER indicates the relative priority of ?PROGRAM with respect to other applications within the &%SoftwareSystem.' '(&%startupTimeDelay ?PROGRAM ?TIME) says that ?TIME is the time to delay after the previous application was started before starting the application ?PROGRAM.' s__Feedback s__Feedback__t 'The class of all messages to a resource management program from one of its processes.' 'The arguments of this relation are data structures, each of which contains the information necessary for the process already loaded by the operating system to execute on a processor.' '(&%settlingTime ?PROGRAM ?TIME) says that ?TIME represents seconds to delay after an action was taken with respect to QoS.' '(&%minimumReplications ?PROGRAM ?INTEGER) means that ?INTEGER represents the minimum copies of the application ?PROGRAM required to be survivable, where a program is survivable if the failure of one or more resources does not result in the failure of the program. Either long MTTF for the system as a whole or short MTTR when failure occurs would improve the survivability of a program.' '(&%maximumReplications ?PROGRAM ?INTEGER) means that ?INTEGER represents the maximum number of copies of this application which can be run during a process.' s__IPAddress__t 'The Internet Protocol address, a numeric address such as 123.231.32.2 that the domain name server translates into a domain name.' '(&%ipAddressOf ?HOST ?ADDRESS) holds if ?ADDRESS is the &%IPAddress of the computer ?HOST.' '(&%portNumber ?PROGRAM ?NUMBER) holds if ?NUMBER identifies a protocol port, i.e. a TCP-IP software abstraction used to distinguish different applications providing services within a single destination computer. The different ports on a host are identified by a positive 16-bit number.' '(&%processID ?PROCESS ?NUMBER) holds if ?NUMBER is a unique number generated by the operating system and used to refer to the &%ComputerProcess ?PROCESS. There is usually no significance to the numbers as they are reused as old processes die and new processes are created.' 'A class of attributes. Each instance of &%ProcessStatus describes a status of a &%Process, such as &%ProcessFailure, &%ProcessSuccess, etc.' s__ProcessFailure s__ProcessStatus__t 'An attribute that denotes the failure of the &%Process to achieve its goal.' s__ProcessSuccess 'An attribute that denotes the success of the &%Process to achieve its goal.' '(&%status ?PROCESS ?STATUS) holds if ?STATUS is the current status of ?PROCESS.' 'An instance of &%ComputerComponent is a piece of computer hardware that has measurable performance characteristics in terms of different units. Components include hard drives, the performance of which can be measured in terms of &%BitsPerSecond required to transfer data to and from the drive, network adapters, the performance of which can be measured by &%PacketsPerSecond units of data transfered to and from the adapter, and other common components like &%ComputerMemory and &%CentralProcessingUnit.' s__NetworkAdapter s__NetworkAdapter__t 'A network adapter, also known as a Network Interface Card or NIC, is a physical device installed in a computer on its system bus. Its purpose is to connect to a specific type of network, usually an ethernet or a token ring network.' '(&%unitMeasuringPerformance ?COMPONENT ?UNIT) holds in case ?UNIT is an instance of &%UnitOfMeasure which is used to measure the performance of ?COMPONENT.' 'A program which monitors performance of an application, a component, etc.' '(&%systemMeasured ?Event ?System) means that ?Event is an event of measuring the performance of the &%ComputationalSystem ?System.' '(&%dataID ?PROGRAM ?NUMBER) holds if ?NUMBER is a small number associated with an instance of &%MonitoringProgram.' s__MeasuringPerformance__t 'Each element of &%MeasuringPerformance is an event of measuring the performance of an instance of &%ComputerComponent, performed by a &%MonitoringProgram.' '(&%componentDataID ?TIME ?COMPONENT ?INSTANCE ?UNIT ?NUMBER) holds if ?INSTANCE is an instance of ?COMPONENT, identified by &%IDNumber ?NUMBER, and whose performance is measured by a &%UnitOfMeasure-ComputerPerformance ?UNIT. The timestamp ?TIME identifies the time when this information was created.' '(&%heartBeatRate ?Program ?Period) holds if ?Period is the period at which the ComputerProgram ?Program sends its heartbeat to a monitoring process.' s__MonitorConnectivityCmd s__MonitorConnectivityCmd__t s__MonitoringProgram__t 'This is the command to get a list of applications periodically.' s__MonitorApplicationCmd s__MonitorApplicationCmd__t 'This command is to change the monitoring for any component for which a &%componentDataID was sent on initial connection.' s__MonitorComponentCmd s__MonitorComponentCmd__t 'This is the command to monitor any of the generic components - hard drive, network, cpu, memory, etc.' '(&%performanceResult ?EVENT ?COMPONENT ?NUMBER) holds if the performance of ?COMPONENT has a value ?NUMBER, measured by ?EVENT, an instance of &%MeasuringPerformance.' '(&%monitorComponentData ?TIME ?ID ?NUMBER) holds if at time ?TIME, a component with the &%IDNumber ?ID has a performance of a value ?NUMBER.' '(&%monitorConnectivityData ?TIME ?IPADDRESS) is a relation between a timestamp ?TIME and an ?IP address.' '(&%monitorApplicationData ?TIME ?APPLICATION) holds if the time stamp ?TIME specifies the time at which ?APPLICATION is running.' s__Executable 'Able to be run in its current format.' 'The master control program that runs the computer. It is the first program loaded when the computer is turned on, and its main part, called the kernel, resides in memory at all times. It may be developed by the vendor of the computer its running in or by a third party.' '(&%defaultNetwork ?SYSTEM ?NET) holds if ?NET is the default network of the &%HardwareSystem ?SYSTEM.' s__Solaris s__Solaris__t 'The class of all instances of Solaris , a unix-based operating system for Sun SPARC computers. It includes the Open Look and Motif graphical user interfaces, OpenWindows (the Sun version of X Windows), DOS and Windows Emulation, and ONC networking.' '(&%numberOfCPUs ?COMPUTER ?INTEGER) means that the number of CPUs for the host ?COMPUTER is equal to INTEGER.' '(&%hardwareType ?TYPE ?COMPUTER) means that TYPE represents the computer vendor model name, as well as the version of the product.' '(&%benchmarkPerformance ?SYSTEM ?TEST ?NUMBER) holds if ?NUMBER is a benchmark for measuring the performance of an instance of a &%ComputationalSystem.' '(&%bandwidthOf ?NET ?BANDWIDTH) holds if ?BANDWIDTH is the amount of data which can be sent through an instance of a &%ComputerNetwork ?NET, measured in bits per second.' '(&%priority ?SYSTEM ?QUANTITY) means that the priority of the ?SYSTEM is characterized by a &%PriorityAttribute, such as &%HighPriority or &%LowPriority.' 'A class of attributes which describe priorities of &%ComputationalSystems.' s__HighPriority s__PriorityAttribute__t 'Used to indicate that a &%ComputationalSystem has a high priority.' s__LowPriority 'Used to indicate that a &%ComputationalSystem has a low priority.' s__ComputerPath__t 'An instance of &%ComputerPath is a series of programs that connects input devices, typically sensors, to output devices, typically actuators.' '(&%softwarePath ?SYSTEM ?PATH) means that ?PATH is a computer path for the instance of &%SoftwareSystem ?SYSTEM.' s__SoftwareAttribute 'The class of all attributes that are specific to &%SoftwareSystems.' s__ComputerPathAttribute 'The class of all attributes that are specific to &%ComputerPaths.' s__PathImportanceFunction s__ComputerPathAttribute__t 'The attribute which denotes that the path importance is defined by the dynamic library procedure &%pathImportanceFunction. This functions passes arguments for priority and current time and returns an integer that represents importance.' s__Scalable s__Scalable__t 'The attribute which denotes that the path is scalable, i.e. the applications in the path can be replicated to meet realtime QoS requirements.' s__DynamicDataStream s__DynamicDataStream__t 'The attribute which denotes that the path data stream type is dynamic, i.e. the time changes but the data stream follows a pattern.' s__StochasticDataStream s__StochasticDataStream__t 'The attribute which denotes that the time between data or groups of data changes according to no discernible pattern.' s__DeterministicDataStream s__DeterministicDataStream__t 'The attribute which denotes that the data stream is conceived as a stream of one datum after another, and each datum or identifiable group of data is separated by a constant of time.' s__ContinuousPath s__ContinuousPath__t 'The attribute which denotes that the path type is continuous, as opposed to transient or quasicontinuous paths. A continuous path handles a stream of data arriving at a comment of rate.' s__TransientPath s__TransientPath__t 'An attribute which applies to computer paths which handle random events.' s__QuasicontinuousPath s__QuasicontinuousPath__t 'An attribute which applies to computer paths which handle random events, which initiate a bounded stream of data arriving at a comment of rate, which the path must process.' '(&%simpleDeadline ?PATH ?TIME)holds if ?TIME is the maximum end-to-end path latency during a cycle of a continuous or quasicontinuous path or during the activation of a transient path.' '(&%batchLatency ?PATH ?TIME)holds if ?TIME is the maximum allowed latency for all cycles of a quasicontinuous path.' '(&%batchInterArrival ?PATH ?TIME) holds if ?TIME is the maximum allowable time between processing of a particular element of a continuous or quasicontinuous paths data stream in successive cycles.' s__qoSSlack__m '(&%qoSSlack ?PATH ?MIN ?MAX) holds if ?PATH has a realtime QoS maximum slack percentage of ?MAX and minimum of ?MIN.' '(&%slidingWindowSize ?PATH ?N) holds if PATH has a realtime QoS sliding window size of ?N measured samples.' '(&%dataStreamSlack ?PATH ?N) means that a continuous or quasicontinuous path ?PATH should be able to process ?N additional data items at any time.' '(&%dependencyType ?PROGRAM ?TYPE) means that ?PROGRAM has a dependency type ?TYPE, where ?TYPE can be either &%StartupBlock or &%ShutdownBlock.' s__Restartable s__SoftwareAttribute__t 'The attribute which denotes that a program can be restarted.' '(&%hasDependency ?PROGRAM1 ?PROGRAM2) holds if ?PROGRAM1 is dependent on the application ?PROGRAM2.' 'if the dependency type is &%StartupBlock, then (&%dependencyDelay ?PROGRAM ?TIME) means that the application ?PROGRAM can only be started after a dependency delay of ?TIME after the startup of the application. If the dependency type is &%ShutdownBlock, then (&%dependencyDelay ?PROGRAM ?TIME) means that the application ?PROGRAM can only be stopped after a dependency delay of ?TIME after the application is stopped.' s__ReplicationsOnSameHostOK 'The attribute which denotes that a program can be restarted on the same host.' '(&%commandLineArguments ?PROGRAM ?LIST) means that the application ?PROGRAM requires command line arguments, as specified in ?LIST.' s__ScalabilityCombining 'The attribute which denotes that an application can combine its input stream from different preceding applications or devices for greater scalability.' s__ScalabilitySplitting 'The attribute which denotes that a program can split its output stream to different succeeding applications or devices for greater scalability.' s__InitialProfileFn__m 'The function which returns as its value the initial profile of the program, i.e. a report of its execution characteristics.' s__CPUUtilizationFn__m '(&%CPUUtilizationFn ?PROGRAM) refers to the percentage of time the CPU is used by an application ?PROGRAM.' s__RealtimeSystem__t 'An computer-controlled system, the correct operation of which depends on meeting specified timing constraints.' s__RealtimeSystemAttribute 'The class of &%Attributes which describe instances of the class &%RealtimeSystem.' 'A subclass of &%RealtimeSystemAttribute, which includes the following &%Attributes: &%Periodic-SystemBehavior, &%Transient-SystemBehavior, and &%Hybrid-SystemBehavior.' '(&%systemBehavior ?System ?Attribute) holds if ?Attribute is a SystemBehaviorAttribute which describes the &%RealtimeSystem ?System.' s__Periodic_SystemBehavior s__Periodic_SystemBehavior__t s__SystemBehaviorAttribute__t 'An instance of the class &%RealtimeSystem is described as a system with &%Periodic-SystemBehavior when it is activated at regular intervals.' s__Transient_SystemBehavior s__Transient_SystemBehavior__t 'An instance of the class &%RealtimeSystem shows &%Transient-SystemBehavior when it is activated by sporadic events.' s__Hybrid_SystemBehavior s__Hybrid_SystemBehavior__t 'An instance of the class &%RealtimeSystem shows &%Hybrid-SystemBehavior if it is activated by transient events, i.e. it is executed at regular intervals when activated, and is deactivated by action completion.' 'This is a subclass of &%RealtimeSystemAttribute, which includes &%Guidance-DesignPattern, &%Initiation-DesignPattern, and &%Assessment-DesignPattern.' '(&%designPattern ?System ?Attribute) holds if ?Attribute is a &%DesignPatternAttribute which describes the &%RealtimeSystem ?System.' s__Guidance_DesignPattern s__Guidance_DesignPattern__t 'Instances of &%RealtimeSystems are described as systems with &%Guidance-DesignPattern if they consist of sensors connected to a software module that filters data from the sensors and sends the filtered data to a software module that evaluates the filtered data and sends instructions to a software module that commands actuators. The design pattern is an event source that produces events and a data source that produces data, both executing in parallel and handled by a single event-driven periodic data handler. The two separate input streams have fundamentally different characteristics. The event stream is necessarily asychronous, or transient. Once an event is sensed, the handler accepts data from the data stream, which has an invariant cycle time. There are two deadlines for a real-time guidance system. The period deadline is the time to process all elements in the data stream once and generate an actuator command. The action completion deadline is the time to guide the actuator to completion of the action.' s__Initiation_DesignPattern s__Initiation_DesignPattern__t s__DesignPatternAttribute__t 'An instance of the class &%RealtimeSystem has &%Initiation-DesignPattern if it consists of one software module and the actuators it commands. The design pattern is an event source which produces events for an event handler. The event source is typically an evaluate-and-decide software module. The event stream is necessarily asychronous, or transient. The arrival rate of events may vary and is unbounded. Events may be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. The workload per event for homogeneous events is constant. The workload per event for heterogeneous events is a function of each event type. There is one deadline for real-time action initiation systems. It is the upper bound on the time to generate a command for the actuator.' s__Assessment_DesignPattern s__Assessment_DesignPattern__t 'An instance of the class &%RealtimeSystem has &%Initiation-DesignPattern if it consists of sensors connected to a software module that filters data from the sensors and sends the filtered data to another software module that evaluates the filtered data and sends decisions to a subsystem. The design pattern is a data source that produces a data stream for a data handler. The data source is typically a periodically sampled collection of sensors. The data streams size may vary and is unbounded. Data may be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. The workload per data element for homogeneous data is constant. The workload per data element for heterogeneous data is a function of each element type. There is one deadline for real-time situation assessment systems. It is the upper bound on the time to process all elements in the data stream once.' 'This is a subclass of &%RealtimeSystemAttribute, which includes &%Independent-TaskRelation and &%Dependent-TaskRelation.' '(&%taskRelation ?System ?Attribute) holds if ?Attribute is a &%TaskRelationAttribute which describes the &%RealtimeSystem ?System.' s__Independent_TaskRelation s__Independent_TaskRelation__t 'An instance of &%RealtimeSystem is described as &%Independent-TaskRelation if its correct execution does not depend on the inputs from any other function, the execution state of any other function, or the acceptance of its outputs by any other function.' s__Dependent_TaskRelation s__TaskRelationAttribute__t 'An instance of &%RealtimeSystem is described as &%Dependent-TaskRelation if it depends on at least one other function in the system, that is, its correct execution depends on the input from another function, the execution state of another function, or the acceptance of its outputs by another function.' 'A subclass of &%RealtimeSystemAttribute, which includes &%Precision-FormOfAdaptation, &%Slack-FormOfAdaptation, &%Concurrency-FormOfAdaptation, and &%ResourceAllocation-FormOfAdaptation.' '(&%formOfAdaptation ?System ?Attribute) holds if ?Attribute is a &%FormOfAdaptationAttribute which describes the &%RealtimeSystem ?System.' s__Precision_FormOfAdaptation s__Precision_FormOfAdaptation__t s__FormOfAdaptationAttribute__t s__Slack_FormOfAdaptation s__Slack_FormOfAdaptation__t 'The attribute &%Slack-FormOfAdaptation applies to real-time systems that are designed and implemented with enough resource overhead that the system can always adapt by utilizing the overhead without complicated decision making.' s__Concurrency_FormOfAdaptation s__Concurrency_FormOfAdaptation__t 'This attribute applies to real-time systems that are designed and implemented so that the system can adapt by replicating the system components and executing them concurrently.' s__ResourceAllocation_FormOfAdaptation s__ResourceAllocation_FormOfAdaptation__t 'This attribute applies to real-time systems that are designed and implemented so that the system can adapt under the control of a resource allocation manager like Desiderata.' s__RealtimeSystemAttribute__t 'A subclass of &%RealtimeSystemAttribute which includes &%ComplexityAttribute, &%StrictnessAttribute, and &%AbstractionLevelAttribute.' 'Granularity is a sub-property of the timing requirements property of real-time systems. Granularity is defined by how a timing requirement is specified in units of time.' s__ComplexityAttribute s__ComplexityAttribute__t s__TimingRequirementAttribute__t 'A subclass of &%TimingRequirementAttribute, which includes &%MultipleRequirement-Complexity and &%SingleRequirement-Complexity.' '(&%complexity ?System ?Attribute) holds if ?Attribute is a &%TimingRequirementAttribute which describes the &%RealtimeSystem ?System.' s__SingleRequirement_Complexity s__SingleRequirement_Complexity__t 'An attribute that describes instances of &%RealtimeSystems which require a single timing requirement, either a bound for completion time for systems with &%Transient-SystemBehavior or cycle deadline for systems with &%Periodic-SystemBehavior.' s__MultipleRequirement_Complexity s__MultipleRequirement_Complexity__t 'An attribute that describes instances of &%RealtimeSystems which require multiple timing requirements, both a bound for completion time for its transient behavior and a cycle deadline for its periodic behavior.' 'This is a subclass of &%TimingRequirementAttribute, which includes &%Hard-Strictness, &%Firm-Strictness, &%Soft-Strictness, &%Importance-Strictness, &%Utility-Strictness, and &%Hybrid-Strictness' '(&%strictness ?System ?Attribute) holds if the &%StrictnessAttribute ?Attribute describes the &%RealtimeSystem ?System.' s__Hard_Strictness s__Hard_Strictness__t 'An attribute that applies to a &%RealtimeSystem just in case all deadlines are met.' s__Firm_Strictness s__Firm_Strictness__t 'An attribute that applies to a &%RealtimeSystem just in case a fixed percentage of requirements is met.' s__Soft_Strictness s__Soft_Strictness__t 'An attribute that applies to a &%RealtimeSystem just in case it maximizes the number of timing requirements like deadlines that are met but does not guarantee that all such requirements will be met or any fixed percentage of requirements will be met.' s__Importance_Strictness s__Importance_Strictness__t 'An attribute that applies to a &%RealtimeSystem just in case it is designed and implemented to meet the more important requirements first.' s__Utility_Strictness s__Utility_Strictness__t 'An attribute that applies to a &%RealtimeSystem just in case it is designed and implemented to use a utility-computing function, which is applied to competing timing requirements to determine which should be met because meeting the requirement produces higher utility as defined by the function.' s__Hybrid_Strictness s__Hybrid_Strictness__t s__StrictnessAttribute__t 'An attribute that applies to a &%RealtimeSystem just in case the strictness of the system is a combination of &%Hard/Firm/Soft-Strictness with &%Importance-Strictness or a combination of &%Utility-Strictness with &%Importance-Strictness.' 'This is a subclass of &%TimingRequirementAttribute, which includes &%Instrument-AbstractionLevel, &%Method-AbstractionLevel, &%Object-AbstractionLevel, &%Task-AbstractionLevel, and &%TaskGroup-AbstractionLevel.' s__Instrument_AbstractionLevel s__Instrument_AbstractionLevel__t s__AbstractionLevelAttribute__t 'The attribute &%Instrument-AbstractionLevel is the lowest level of abstraction, which can be used to describe a real-time system or subsystem.' s__Method_AbstractionLevel s__Method_AbstractionLevel__t 'The attribute &%Method-AbstractionLevel is the next to the lowest level of abstraction that can be used to describe a real-time system or subsystem. This is at the level of describing every callable function (or method in an object-oriented language) implemented in software.' s__Object_AbstractionLevel s__Object_AbstractionLevel__t 'The attribute &%Object-AbstractionLevel is immediately above the attribute &%Method-AbstractionLevel and can be used to describe a real-time system or subsystem. This is at the level of describing every software object that can be created from a class together with its data structures and methods (which define the interface for manipulating the object).' s__Task_AbstractionLevel s__Task_AbstractionLevel__t 'The attribute &%Task-AbstractionLevel is immediately above the attribute &%Object-AbstractionLevel and can be used to describe a real-time system or subsystem. This is at the level of describing the major tasks that are carried out by the real-time systems and are typically executable as individual processes. The description of a task would consist of listing all the software objects used to perform the task.' s__TaskGroup_AbstractionLevel s__TaskGroup_AbstractionLevel__t 'The attribute &%TaskGroup-AbstractionLevel is immediately above the attribute &%Task-AbstractionLevel and can be used to describe a real-time system or subsystem This is at the level of describing groups of tasks which are related or connected by the real-time systems and are typically part of a concurrently executing path.' '(&%memorySize ?System ?Size) holds if ?Size is the required memory size for the &%ComputationalSystem ?System.' s__Sensor s__Sensor__t '&%Sensors include software that measures any attribute of executing computer programs or collections of executing programs, such as CPU utilization, aka load, memory utilization, I/O, overall task performance, network load and latency, etc.' s__UniformResourceIdentifier s__UniformResourceIdentifier__t s__UniformResourceLocator s__UniformResourceName 'A &%UniformResourceIdentifier (URI) is a compact string of characters for identifying an abstract or physical resource. A URI can be further classified as a locator, a name, or both (source: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt).' s__UniformResourceLocator__t 'The term &%UniformResourceLocator (URL) refers to the subset of URI that identify resources via a representation of their primary access mechanism (e.g., their network location), rather than identifying the resource by name or by some other attribute(s) of that resource (source: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt).' s__UniformResourceName__t 'The term UniformResourceName (URN) refers to the subset of URI that are required to remain globally unique and persistent even when the resource ceases to exist or becomes unavailable (source: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt).' s__DataSink s__DataSink__t 'A device or part of the computer that receives data.' s__ComputerUser__t 'Any individual who interacts with a computer.' s__UserRequest__t 'A request made by a &%ComputerUser, such as looking up a customer record.' s__ComputerResponse__t 'A &%ComputerProcess which attempts to comply with a users request.' '(&%computerResponseTo ?Response ?Request) means that ?Response is a &%ComputerResponse to the &%UserRequest ?Request.' 'The time it takes for the computer to comply with a users request, such as looking up a customer record.' '(&%responseRate ?Response ?Period) means that ?Period is the period at which the computer sends its ?Response.' '(&%requestRate ?Request ?Period) means that ?Period is the period at which the user sends its ?Request.' s__Multitasking s__Multitasking__t s__ComputerProcess__t 'The running of two or more programs in one computer at the same time. The number of programs that can be effectively multitasked depends on the type of multitasking performed (preemptive vs cooperative), CPU speed and memory and disk capacity.' s__ComputerTask s__ComputerTask__t 'In a multitasking environment, an independently running program or subprogram. Each task is assigned a task number.' s__ComputerResource__t 'One element of hardware, software or data that is part of a larger system. For example, network resources are the available servers and printers in the network. Software resources can be programs, utilities or even smaller elements within a program. Data resources are the files and databases that can be accessed.' s__NetworkResource s__NetworkResource__t 'Network resources are the available servers and printers in the network.' s__Server s__Printer__t s__ComputerOutputDevice__t 'A device that converts computer output into printed images.' s__Server__t 'A computer in a network shared by multiple users. The term may refer to both the hardware and software or just the software that performs the service.' 'In performance measurement, the current use of a system as a percentage of total capacity.' 'This term refers to any data that is recorded, displayed, or stored as a string of &%BinaryNumbers.' 'A picture (graphic) stored in a particular coding scheme and stored as a file. Note that this can include vector as well as raster images. Raster images will entail a particular number of horizontal and vertical pixels. Vector images will not entail a particular size or resolution.' s__Database s__Database__t 'A database is an organized collection of Data that is used for one or more purposes. It is usually managed by some sort of Database Management System (DBMS).' 'The data being processed during a &%ComputerProcess.' s__Abort__t 'To exit a function or application without saving any data that has been changed.' '(&%processAborted ?Abort ?Process) means that the &%ComputerProcess ?Process is aborted as the result of ?Abort.' s__DataSaving s__DataSaving__t 'A process of copying the document, record or image being worked on onto a storage medium. Saving updates the file by writing the data that currently resides in memory (RAM) onto disk or tape. Most applications prompt the user to save data upon exiting.' s__DataCompression s__DataCompression__t 'Encoding data to take up less storage space.' s__ProcessTask__t 'A function to be performed.' '(&%task ?Process ?Task) means that ?Task is a function to be performed by the &%ComputerProcess ?Process.' s__UsingAResource s__UsingAResource__t 'A &%ComputerProcess which requires access to a &%ComputerResource.' s__ReusingAResource s__ReusingAResource__t 'To use the same resource again.' '(&%resourceUsed ?Process ?Resource) means that the &%ComputerProcess ?Process has access to the &%ComputerResource ?Resource.' 'The degree of sharpness of a displayed or printed image.' s__Optimization s__Optimization__t s__SatisfyingRequirements 'Optimization means finding the best solution according to a set of criteria. For a computer program, an optimal solution would be the fastest program (according to some benchmark) or the smallest program.' s__SatisfyingRequirements__t '&%SatisfyingRequirements covers cases of finding a solution that satisfies necessary conditions.' s__Utility s__Utility__t 'A program that performs a specific task related to the management of computer functions, resources, or files. Utility programs range from the simple to the sophisticated, and many programmers specialize in producing and distributing them as shareware. There are utilities that perform file and directory management, data compression, disk defragmentation and repair, system diagnostics, graphics viewing, and system security, for example. Many utilities are written as memory-resident programs meant to serve as adjuncts to operating systems. Many operating systems incorporate such popular utility functions as undeleting, password protection, memory management, virus protection, and file compression.' s__UserAccount__t 'An established relationship between a user and a computer, network or information service. User accounts require a username and password, and new user accounts are given a default set of permissions.' s__UserName__t 'The name a person uses to identify himself or herself when logging onto a computer system or online service.' '(&%userName ?Name ?User) means that ?Name is the name the &%ComputerUser uses to identify himself or herself when logging onto a computer system.' '(&%hasAccount ?User ?Account) holds if ?User is assigned the &%UserAccount ?Account.' s__ComputerPassword__t 'A word or code used to serve as a security measure against unauthorized access to data. It is normally managed by the operating system or DBMS.' '(&%password ?Password ?User) means that ?Password is the password the &%ComputerUser uses while logging onto a computer system.' s__ComputerReport s__ComputerReport__t 'A collection of data, presented in a preformatted manner.' '(&%hostStatus ?Computer ?Status) means that ?Status describes the status of the Computer, such as &%HostDown, &%HostReady.' 'An attribute which describes status of the &%Computer, such as &%HostDown, &%HostReady.' s__HostDown s__ComputerStatus__t 'An attribute which applies to a computer that ceases to operate due to hardware or software failure.' s__HostReady 'An attribute which applies to a computer that is functional, operating properly, and ready to receive work requests.' 'Interference on an analog line caused by a variation of a signal from its reference timing slots. Jitter can cause problems in the receipt of data and any subsequent processing of that data.' s__Epoch 'An instant in time that is arbitrarily selected as a point of reference.' s__UnixEpoch s__Epoch__t 'The Unix epoch or point of reference is 00:00:00 UTC, January 1, 1970.' '(&%collectRate ?System ?Period) holds if ?Period is the period at which &%ComputationalSystem ?System collects data.' '(&%sendRate ?Program ?Period) holds if ?Period is the period at which the &%ComputationalSystem ?System sends data reports.' s__BerkeleySoftwareDistribution s__BerkeleySoftwareDistribution__t 'Berkeley Software Distribution (UNIX), a version of Unix distributed by the University of California at Berkeley. Widely used as a standard for early versions of Unix and Unix software libraries.' s__CodingScheme__t 'A &%Procedure for &%Encoding and/or &%Decoding information. A coding scheme is often implemented as a &%ComputerProgram. Some examples of coding schemes include MPEG, WAV, and pig-latin.' 'A relation between a &%ContentBearingObject and a &%CodingScheme that specifies how the content is expressed. Typically, this will be used either for encoded secret communications or computer files that might be coded simply for data compression instead of information security.' 'A relation between a &%SymbolicString and an instance of &%DigitalData that specified the filename of the data on a particular computer file system. This relation is for a fully qualified filename including a device specification such as a drive letter or name, a directory, and a name. This can include names that are aliases for a different physical file location. It does not include the specification of a particular machine on a network, such as an internet domain name, although it may reference a device specification that ultimately resolves to a storage device on a network.' '(directoryOf ?FILE ?DIRECTORY) means that the ComputerFile ?FILE is in the ComputerDirectory ?DIRECTORY. Note that the directory of a file is a component of the fully qualified name specification given to the relation &%filename. Note also that the directory does not include the specification of a machine location on the Internet. See &%filename for more information.' 'A coding scheme and designator for coding Internet messages, usually for consumption by web browsers. The scheme designator should conform to IETF RFC 2045.' s__MimeText s__MimeEnrichedText s__MimeEnrichedText__t s__MimeText__t s__MimeImage s__MimeImage__t s__MimeAudio s__MimeAudio__t s__MimeVideo s__MimeVideo__t s__MimeApplication s__MimeApplication__t s__MimeEncodingScheme__t s__MimeMessage s__MimeMessage__t s__MimeMultipart s__MimeMultipart__t 'A relation between &%ComputerData and the MIME type it is coded in, with respect to IETF RFC 2045.' s__EncodingProcedure s__EncodingProcedure__t 'A &%Procedure for performing an &%Encoding.' s__Archery s__Archery__t 'The &%Sport of shooting &%Arrows with a &%Bow.' s__Badminton s__Badminton__t 'A game played on a court with light long-handled rackets used to volley a shuttlecock over a net.' s__Cricket s__Cricket__t 'A game played with a ball and bat by two teams of 11 players; teams take turns trying to score runs.' s__Curling s__Curling__t 'A game played on ice in which heavy stones with handles are slid toward a target.' s__Cycling s__Cycling__t 'The &%Sport of traveling on a &%Bicycle or similar.' s__MountainBiking s__MountainBiking__t 'Mountain biking is a sport which consists of riding bicycles off-road, often over rough terrain, using specially adapted mountain bikes.' s__Diving 'An athletic competition that involves diving into water.' s__Snorkeling s__Snorkeling__t s__Diving__t 'Snorkeling is the practice of swimming on or through a body of water while equipped with a diving mask, a shaped tube called a snorkel, and usually swimfins.' s__IceSkating s__IceSkating__t 'Ice skating is moving on ice by using ice skates. It can can be done for leisure, traveling, and various sports.' s__Fencing s__Fencing__t 'The art or &%Sport of fighting with &%Swords, especially the use of foils or epees or sabres to score points under a set of rules.' s__FigureSkating s__FigureSkating__t 'Ice skating where the skates trace outlines of selected figures.' s__Hockey s__Hockey__t 'A game resembling ice hockey that is played on an open field; two opposing teams use curved sticks try to drive a ball into the opponents net.' s__IceHockey s__IceHockey__t 'A game played on an ice rink by two opposing teams of six skaters each who try to knock a flat round puck into the opponents goal with angled sticks.' s__Handball s__Handball__t 'A game played in a walled court or against a single wall by two or four players who strike a rubber ball with their hands.' s__Rugby s__Rugby__t 'A form of football played with an oval ball.' s__Lacrosse s__Lacrosse__t 'A game invented by American Indians; played by two teams who use long-handled rackets to catch and carry and throw the ball toward the opponents goal.' s__Dodgeball s__Dodgeball__t 'Dodgeball is any of a variety of games in which players try to hit other players on the opposing team with balls while avoiding being hit themselves.' s__MartialArts s__MartialArts__t 'Any of several Oriental arts of weaponless self-defense; usually practiced as a sport.' s__Judo s__Judo__t s__Karate s__Karate__t s__Aikido s__Aikido__t s__Taekwondo s__Taekwondo__t s__KungFu s__KungFu__t s__Capoeira s__Capoeira__t s__Netball s__Netball__t 'A team game that resembles basketball; a soccer ball is to be thrown so that it passes through a ring on the top of a post.' s__Soccer s__Soccer__t 'A football game in which two teams of 11 players try to kick or head a ball into the opponents goal.' s__SwimmingSport s__SwimmingSport__t 'Competitive swimming (the sport associated to &%Swimming) became popular in the nineteenth century. The goal of competitive swimming is to constantly improve upon ones time(s) in any given event.' s__SquashSport s__SquashSport__t 'A game played in an enclosed court by two or four players who strike the ball with long-handled rackets.' s__ShootingSport s__ShootingSport__t 'A competitive &%Sport involving tests of proficiency (accuracy and speed) using various types of guns such as firearms.' s__ClayTargetShooting s__ClayTargetShooting__t 'Clay pigeon shooting, also known as clay target shooting, and formally known as Inanimate Bird Shooting, is the art of shooting at special flying targets, known as clay pigeons or clay targets, with a shotgun or any type of firearm.' s__SailingSport s__SailingSport__t 'The &%Sport of riding in a sailboat.' s__Kayak 'A kayak is a small human-powered boat that traditionally has a covered deck and one or more cockpits, each seating one paddler who strokes a double-bladed paddle.' s__Keelboat s__Keelboat__t 'Keel boat is a classification for small- to mid-sized recreational sailing yachts.' s__Canoe 'A canoe is a small narrow boat, typically human-powered.' s__Surfing s__Surfing__t s__WaterSport 'The sport of riding a surfboard towards the shore on the crest of a wave.' s__Surfboard s__WaterBoard s__Surfboard__t 'A narrow buoyant board for riding surf.' s__SurfBoard '(? [V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__S,s__Surfing) & s__instrument(V__S,V__X)))' s__KiteSurfing s__KiteSurfing__t 'Kitesurfing or Kiteboarding is surface water sport that has been described as combining wakeboarding, windsurfing, surfing, paragliding, and gymnastics into one extreme sport.' s__Caving s__Caving__t 'Cavingxalso occasionally known as spelunking in the United States and potholing in the United Kingdomxis the recreational pastime of exploring wild cave systems.' s__Skateboarding s__Skateboarding__t 'Skateboarding is an action sport which involves riding and performing tricks using a skateboard.' s__Rafting s__Rafting__t 'Rafting or white water rafting is a challenging recreational outdoor activity using an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other bodies of water.' s__FishingSport s__FishingSport__t s__TableTennis s__TableTennis__t 'A game (trademark Ping-Pong) resembling tennis but played on a table with paddles and a light hollow ball.' s__Volleyball s__Volleyball__t 'a game in which two teams hit an inflated ball over a high net using their hands.' s__Wrestling s__Wrestling__t 'the sport of hand-to-hand struggle between unarmed contestants who try to throw each other down.' s__HorseRacing s__HorseRacing__t 'the sport of racing horses.' s__CarRacing 'Car racing is a motorsport involving the racing of cars for competition.' s__FormulaOneRacing s__FormulaOneRacing__t s__CarRacing__t 'Formula One is the highest class of single seater auto racing sanctioned by the Fxdxration Internationale de lAutomobile (FIA). ' s__KartRacing s__KartRacing__t 'Kart racing or karting is a variant of open-wheel motorsport with small, open, four-wheeled vehicles called karts.' s__MotorcycleRacing s__MotorcycleRacing__t 'Motorcycle racing (also called moto racing and bike racing) is a motorcycle sport of racing motorcycles.' s__SoccerBall s__SoccerBall__t s__RugbyBall s__RugbyBall__t s__GolfBall s__GolfBall__t s__FootBall s__FootBall__t s__VolleyBall s__VolleyBall__t s__BasketBall s__BasketBall__t s__TennisBall s__TennisBall__t s__BaseballPlayer s__ProfessionalAthlete 'An athlete who plays baseball.' s__BasketballPlayer 'An athlete who plays basketball.' s__Boxer 'An athlete who competes on the combat sport in which two people fight each other using their fists, &%Boxing.' s__CarRacingDriver 'An athlete who competes in the motorsport of &%CarRacing.' s__Cricketer 'An athlete who plays &%Cricket.' s__Cyclist s__FigureSkater s__FootballerUS s__ProfessionalAthlete__t 'An athlete who plays American football.' s__FootballerSoccer 'An athlete who plays soccer, called football in the United Kingdom.' s__Golfer 'An athlete who plays &%Golf.' s__Gymnast s__RugbyPlayer 'An athlete who plays &%Rugby in one of the several modalities.' s__LacrossePlayer 'An athlete who plays &%Lacrosse.' s__HockeyPlayer 'An athlete who plays &%Hockey.' s__IceHockeyPlayer 'An athlete who plays &%IceHockey.' s__MarksmanProfessional s__Swimmer 'An athlete who swims competitively.' s__FormulaOneDriver 'A driver of Formula One cars.' s__RacingCarDriver 'A driver of racing cars.' s__RockClimber 'A person who climbs rocks for sport and fun.' s__MotorcycleRider 'A person who rides &%Motorcycles for sport.' s__Baseball s__Basketball s__Boxing s__Football s__Gymnastics s__ProfessionalGamePlayer 'A person who earns a living playing a game.' s__ChessPlayer s__Chess s__ChessPlayer__t s__ProfessionalGamePlayer__t 'A person who plays &%Chess.' s__SnookerPlayer s__SnookerPlayer__t 'A person who plays &%Snooker.' s__DartsPlayer s__DartsPlayer__t 'A person who plays &%Darts.' s__PokerPlayer s__PokerPlayer__t 'A person who plays &%Poker.' s__GoPlayer s__GoPlayer__t 'A person who plays &%GoGame.' s__Chess__t 'A board game for two players who move their 16 pieces according to specific rules; the object is to checkmate the opponents king.' s__Darts s__Darts__t 'Darts is a form of throwing game where darts are thrown at a circular target (dartboard) fixed to a wall.' s__GoGame s__GoGame__t 'A board game for two players who place counters on a grid; the object is to surround and so capture the opponents counters.' s__Poker s__Poker__t 'any of various card games in which players bet that they hold the highest-ranking hand. ' s__Snooker s__Snooker__t 'a form of pool played with 15 red balls and six balls of other colors and a cue ball.' s__Blackjack s__Blackjack__t 'Blackjack is the most widely played &%Casino card banking game in the world.' s__RockClimbing s__RockClimbing__t 'Rock climbing is a sport in which participants climb up or across natural rock formations or artificial rock walls.' s__BasketballTeam s__BasketballTeam__t 'A team that plays &%Basketball.' s__VolleyballTeam s__VolleyballTeam__t 'A team that plays &%Volleyball.' s__SoccerTeam s__SoccerTeam__t 'A team that plays &%Soccer.' s__RugbyTeam s__RugbyTeam__t 'A team that plays &%Rugby.' s__LacrosseTeam s__LacrosseTeam__t 'A team that plays &%Lacrosse.' s__CarRacingTeam s__CarRacingTeam__t s__MotorcycleRacingTeam s__MotorcycleRacingTeam__t s__SportsManager s__Coach__t s__SportsManager__t s__Manager__t '(coaches ?COACH ?PLAYER) means that the &%Human ?COACH is the &%Coach of the &%Human ?PLAYER' coaches s__FitnessExercise s__FitnessExercise__t s__Yoga s__Yoga__t s__Aerobics s__Aerobics__t s__Zumba s__Zumba__t s__Pilates s__Pilates__t s__BurlesqueDance s__FitnessOrExercise s__BurlesqueDance__t s__PoleDancing s__PoleDancing__t s__FitnessOrExercise__t s__IceSkatingRing s__IceSkatingRing__t s__IceSkatingRink 'An ice skating rink is a frozen body of water and/or hardened chemicals where people can skate or play winter sports.' s__Boxing__t 'A sport which involves two participants who try to knock each other out in a limited number of rounds. Note that each instance of &%Boxing is a boxing match.' s__BoxingRing s__BoxingRing__t 'A boxing ring is the space in which a boxing match occurs.' '(? [V__B] : (s__instance(V__B,s__Process) & s__instance(V__B,s__Boxing) & s__eventLocated(V__B,V__BR)))' s__Gymnastics__t 'A sport which involves exercises of agility on a range of gymnastic equipment.' s__Baseball__t 'A &%TeamSport which involves two teams of 9 players each that take turns at bat and attempt to score runs. Note that each instance of &%Baseball is a baseball game.' s__BaseballBase 'Any of four regions which must each be successively touched after a &%BaseballHit in order to complete a &%BaseballRun.' '(? [V__G] : (s__instance(V__G,s__Process) & s__instance(V__G,s__Baseball) & s__patient(V__G,V__B)))' s__HomeBase s__HomeBase__t s__BaseballBase__t 'The final &%BaseballBase which must be touched by the batter in order to achieve a BaseballRun.' s__BaseballRun s__BaseballBat s__BaseballBat__t 'A bat which is used to hit the ball in &%Baseball.' '(? [V__H] : (s__instance(V__H,s__Process) & s__instance(V__H,s__BaseballHit) & s__instrument(V__H,V__B)))' s__BaseballDugout s__BaseballDugout__t 'A &%Building which is used to house the members of both &%Baseball teams while a game is being played.' s__BaseballField s__PitchersMound s__PitchersMound__t 'The place where the pitcher in &%Baseball stands when he is throwing balls to the batter.' s__BaseballField__t 'A &%SportsFacility which is dedicated to &%Baseball.' '(? [V__S] : (s__instance(V__S,s__Process) & s__instance(V__S,s__Baseball) & s__eventLocated(V__S,V__F)))' s__BaseballManeuver 'Any &%Maneuver in &%Baseball.' s__BaseballWalk s__BaseballWalk__t s__BaseballManeuver__t 'Taking first base after four balls have been called by the umpire.' s__BaseballHit s__BaseballHit__t 'Any base hit in &%Baseball.' 'A &%Score in &%Baseball. It consists of hitting the ball with the bat and then touching all four bases of the diamond before being tagged with the ball by a member of the opposite team.' s__HomeRun s__HomeRun__t s__BaseballRun__t 'A &%BaseballRun where the batter touches all four bases during his turn at bat.' s__BaseballSingle s__BaseballSingle__t 'Any &%BaseballHit where the batter makes it safely to first base by hitting the ball.' s__BaseballSteal s__BaseballSteal__t 'Any move from one base to another which is neither a &%BaseballWalk nor a &%BaseballHit.' s__BaseballStrike 'A baseball pitch that is in the strike zone and that is not hit by the batter.' s__BaseballTeam s__BaseballTeam__t 'The class of &%SportsTeams that play &%Baseball.' s__BaseballInning s__BaseballInning__t 'A division of a &%Baseball game. A normal game consists of 9 innings, and each inning involves a turn a bat for both teams.' s__Basketball__t 'A &%TeamSport which involves two teams of 5 players each. The object of the game is to put the ball through a hoop.' s__Bodybuilding s__Bodybuilding__t 'A sport which involves the development of ones &%Muscles and competition against other bodybuilders.' s__Football__t 'A &%TeamSport where each team tries to place the ball in the others goal. Note that each instance of Football is a football game.' s__FootballManeuver 'Any Maneuver in &%Football.' s__FootballPass s__FootballPass__t s__FootballManeuver__t 'Any &%FootballManeuver where the member of one team throws the ball to another member of the same team.' s__FootballTeam s__FootballTeam__t 'The class of &%SportsTeams that play &%Football.' s__FootballTouchdown s__FootballTouchdown__t 'Any &%FootballManeuver which is also a &%Score, i.e. any play in a &%Football game which results in one team being in possession of the ball on the inside of the opponents goal line.' s__Tennis s__Tennis__t '&%Tennis is a &%Sport played with rackets by two or four players who hit a ball back and forth over a net that divides the court' tennis s__TennisCourt s__TennisCourt__t '&%TennisCourt is a type of &%SportsFacility where the game &%Tennis is held' 'tennis court' '(? [V__TENNIS] : (s__instance(V__TENNIS,s__Process) & s__instance(V__TENNIS,s__Tennis) & s__eventLocated(V__TENNIS,V__COURT)))' s__Golf__t 'A &%Sport which has a course of 9 or 18 holes and where the object is to hit a ball with a club into each hole in turn with the fewest number of strokes.' s__GolfDrive s__GolfPutt s__GolfFacility s__GolfFacility__t '&%GolfFacility refers to the &%SportsFacility where &%Golf or some subprocess of &%Golf can be played' 'golf facility' '(? [V__GOLF] : (s__instance(V__GOLF,s__Process) & (s__instance(V__GOLF,s__Golf) | s__instance(V__GOLF,s__GolfManeuver)) & s__eventLocated(V__GOLF,V__X)))' s__GolfCourse s__GolfCourse__t '&%GolfCourse refers to the &%GolfFacility where an entire &%Golf game and all its subprocesses is played' 'golf course' '(? [V__GOLF] : (s__instance(V__GOLF,s__Process) & s__instance(V__GOLF,s__Golf) & s__eventLocated(V__GOLF,V__X)))' s__PuttingGreen s__GolfManeuver 'Any &%Maneuver in &%Golf.' s__GolfDrive__t s__GolfManeuver__t '&%GolfDrive refers to an initial &%GolfManeuver for a par-4 or par-5 hole where the golf ball is hit from a tee' 'golf drive' s__GolfPutt__t '&%GolfPutt refers to a &%GolfManeuver that involves hitting a ball with a golf club with the goal of placing it into a hole' 'golf put' s__GolfHole s__GolfHole__t '&%GolfHole refers to a type of &%Hole in the size of a &%GolfBall located in a &%PuttingGreen' 'golf hole' "4.25" s__DrivingRange s__DrivingRange__t '&%DrivingRange is a &%GolfFacility where people line up side-by-side performing &%GolfDrive for practice' 'driving range' '((? [V__DRIVE] : (s__instance(V__DRIVE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DRIVE,s__GolfDrive) & s__eventLocated(V__DRIVE,V__D))) & (~ (? [V__GOLF] : (s__instance(V__GOLF,s__Process) & s__eventLocated(V__GOLF,V__D) & s__instance(V__GOLF,s__GolfManeuver) & (~ s__instance(V__GOLF,s__GolfDrive))))))' '&%PuttingGreen refers to a &%GolfFacility that involves a short area of grass surrounding a hole where the object is to put the ball in the hole' 'putting green' '((? [V__PUT] : (s__instance(V__PUT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__PUT,s__GolfPutt) & s__eventLocated(V__PUT,V__P))) & (~ (? [V__GOLF] : (s__instance(V__GOLF,s__Process) & s__eventLocated(V__GOLF,V__D) & s__instance(V__GOLF,s__GolfManeuver) & (~ s__instance(V__GOLF,s__GolfPutt))))))' s__MiniatureGolf s__MiniatureGolf__t s__PuttingGreen__t '&%MiniatureGolf is a type of &%PuttingGreen used for a novelty type of &%Golf where &%GolfHoles have obstacles such as bridges, etc.' 'miniature golf' '(? [V__REC] : (s__instance(V__REC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__REC,s__RecreationOrExercise) & s__eventLocated(V__REC,V__G)))' s__SnowSki s__SnowSki__t '&%SnowSki is a type of &%TransportationDevice made of narrow metal, wood or plastic used to glide through snow' ski '(? [V__GLIDE,V__SNOW,V__ICE] : (s__instance(V__ICE,s__Object) & s__instance(V__SNOW,s__Process) & s__instance(V__GLIDE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__SNOW,s__Snowing) & s__result(V__SNOW,V__ICE) & s__instance(V__GLIDE,s__Transportation) & s__instrument(V__GLIDE,V__SKI) & s__eventLocated(V__GLIDE,V__ICE)))' s__Skiing '&%Skiing refers to a &%Sport where a person uses skis to glide through snow' skiing s__CrossCountrySkiing s__CrossCountrySkiing__t s__Skiing__t '&%CrossCountrySkiing refers to a type of &%Skiing that does not occur on a slope' 'cross country skiing' s__SkiingFacility s__SkiingFacility__t '&%SkiingFacility refers to a &%SportsFacility where &%Skiing takes place' 'skiing facility' s__Bowling s__Bowling__t '&%Bowling refers to a &%Sport with the main goal of knocking down bowling pins using a &%BowlingBall' bowling s__BowlingBall s__BowlingLane s__BowlingBall__t '&%BowlingBall refers to a type of &%Ball used in &%Bowling. It normally has 3 &%Hole where somebody would put his fingers to hold it' 'bowling ball' '(? [V__FINGER] : (s__instance(V__FINGER,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__HOLES,s__Collection) & s__member(V__FINGER,V__HOLES) & s__instance(V__FINGER,s__Finger) & s__partiallyFills(V__FINGER,V__HOLE)))' s__BowlingLane__t '&%BowlingLane is a &%StationaryArtifact that acts as a &%Transitway for a &%BowlingBall to knock down pins' 'bowling lane' '(? [V__TR,V__BALL] : (s__instance(V__TR,s__Motion) & s__instance(V__TR,s__Translocation) & s__instance(V__BALL,s__BowlingBall) & s__patient(V__TR,V__BALL) & s__path(V__TR,V__BL)))' s__BowlingFacility s__BowlingFacility__t '&%BowlingFacility refers to the &%SportsFacility where &%Bowling is played. It normally consists of a collection of &%BowlingLanes' 'bowling facility' '(? [V__B] : (s__instance(V__B,s__Process) & s__instance(V__B,s__Bowling) & s__eventLocated(V__B,V__BF)))' s__BowlingShoe s__BowlingShoe__t '&%Bowlingshoe is a special shoe worn when bowling.' s__Equitation s__Equitation__t '&%Equitation is the &%Sport of sitting on the back of a horse while controlling its movement' equitation s__SkeetShooting s__SkeetShooting__t '&%SkeetShooting is a type of &%Sport that involves &%Shooting clay pigeons that are hurled upward in such a way as to simulate the flight of a bird' 'skeet shooting' s__WaterSport__t '&%WaterSport is a type of &%Sport that is played on &%Water' 'water sport' s__WaterSki s__WaterSki__t '&%WaterSki is a type of &%TransportationDevice used to glide through water' 'water ski' '(? [V__GLIDE,V__WATER] : (s__instance(V__WATER,s__Object) & s__instance(V__GLIDE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__WATER,s__WaterArea) & s__instance(V__GLIDE,s__Transportation) & s__instrument(V__GLIDE,V__SKI) & s__eventLocated(V__GLIDE,V__WATER)))' s__WaterSkiing s__WaterSkiing__t '&%WaterSkiing is a type of &%WaterSport wherein &%WaterSki is used to glid across the &%surface of the &%Water while being towed by a motorboat' 'water skiing' s__WaterBoard__t '&%WaterBoard is a type of narrowly formed &%BoardOrBlock that is meant to float on water and is commonly used in &%WaterSport' 'water board' '(? [V__WS] : (s__instance(V__WS,s__Process) & s__instance(V__WS,s__WaterSport) & s__instrument(V__WS,V__X)))' s__WindSurfingBoard s__WindSurfingBoard__t '&%WindSurfingBoard is a &%WaterBoard with a &%Mast and &%Sail that uses the &%Wind to glide through &%Water' 'wind surfing board' '(? [V__SURF] : (s__instance(V__SURF,s__Process) & s__instance(V__SURF,s__WindSurfing) & s__instrument(V__SURF,V__X)))' s__WindSurfing s__WindSurfing__t '&%WindSurfing is a type of &$WaterSport that combines surfing and sailing' 'wind surfing' s__Racquetball s__Racquetball__t '&%Racquetball is a type of &%Sport where a ball is hit with short-handled rackets towards a wall' racquetball s__RacquetballCourt s__RacquetballCourt__t '&%RacquetballCourt is a type of &%SportsFacility where &%Racquetball is played' 'racquetball court' '(? [V__PLAY] : (s__instance(V__PLAY,s__Process) & s__instance(V__PLAY,s__Racquetball) & s__eventLocated(V__PLAY,V__X)))' s__OlympicGames s__OlympicGames__t 'A sports event where athletes from various countries compete against one another. The Olympics are now held every two years, either in the winter or the summer.' '&%ProfessionalAthlete is a person who is trained to compete in sports and makes his living from doing so.' 'professional athlete' '&%TennisProfessional is a &%ProfessionalAthlete that plays &%Tennis' 'tennis pro' s__InternationalDispute 'A &%Disagreeing between &%Nations.' s__MaritimeBoundaryDispute s__MaritimeBoundaryDispute__t s__TerritorialDispute s__TerritorialDispute__t s__InternationalDispute__t s__IslamicMilitancy s__IslamicMilitancy__t s__AfghanUnitedNationsStatusDetermination s__AfghanUnitedNationsStatusDetermination__t s__IllicitDrugMoneyLaunderingArea s__IllicitDrugMoneyLaunderingArea__t s__Cannabis s__Cannabis__t s__DepressantDrug s__DepressantDrug__t s__Hallucinogen s__Hallucinogen__t s__Hashish s__Hashish__t s__Heroin s__Heroin__t s__IllicitDrug__t s__IllicitSyntheticDrug s__IllicitSyntheticDrug__t s__Marijuana s__Marijuana__t s__Methamphetamine s__Methamphetamine__t s__StimulantDrug s__StimulantDrug__t s__ParkingRegion 'A &%ParkingRegion is a &%Region where &%TransportationDevice is kept temporarily' 'Parking' '(s__playsRoleInEvent(V__PARK,s__destination__m,V__EVENT) & s__playsRoleInEvent(V__TD,s__patient__m,V__EVENT) & s__instance(V__TD,s__TransportationDevice))' s__DisabledParking s__DisabledParking__t s__ParkingRegion__t '&%DisabledParking is a &%ParkingRegion that is reserved for people bearing the Disabled Placard' 'disabled parking' s__StreetParking s__StreetParking__t '&%StreetParking refers to &%ParkingRegion that is &%located on a &%Street' 'Street Parking' s__Street s__ParkingLot s__ParkingLot__t 'A &%ParkingLot is a &%GeographicArea that contains &%greaterThan one [1] &%ParkingRegion' 'Parking Lot' s__ParkingGarage 'a &%ParkingGarage is a type of &%Building with a &%ParkingLot located in it' s__Valet s__Valet__t 'a %&Valet is a person whose primary occupation it is to park cars for people' valet '(s__instance(V__VEHICLE,s__Vehicle) & s__instance(V__PUT,s__Putting) & s__destination(V__PUT,V__PARK) & s__instance(V__PARK,s__ParkingRegion) & s__patient(V__PUT,V__VEHICLE) & s__agent(V__PUT,V__H))' s__ValetParking s__ValetParking__t '&%ValetParking refers to the process of having a service employee of an establishment park a customers car for him or her' 'valet parking' '(? [V__VP] : (s__instance(V__VP,s__Process) & s__instance(V__VP,s__ValetParking) & s__agent(V__VP,V__VALET) & s__patient(V__VP,V__VEHICLE) & s__destination(V__VP,V__PARK) & s__instance(V__PARK,s__ParkingRegion)))' '(&%totalLengthOfRailwaySystem ?AREA ?LENGTH) means that the sum length of all railway routes in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA is the &%LengthMeasure ?LENGTH.' '(s__instance(V__RAILWAYS,s__Railway) & s__located(V__RAILWAYS,V__AREA))' '(&%lengthOfElectrifiedRailway ?AREA ?LENGTH) means that the sum length of all &%ElectrifiedRailway routes in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA is the &%LengthMeasure ?LENGTH.' '(s__instance(V__RAILWAYS,s__ElectrifiedRailway) & s__located(V__RAILWAYS,V__AREA))' s__ElectrifiedRailway '(&%lengthOfMultipleTrackRailway ?AREA ?LENGTH) means that the sum length of all &%MultipleTrackRailway route in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA is the &%LengthMeasure ?LENGTH.' '(s__instance(V__RAILWAYS,s__MultipleTrackRailway) & s__located(V__RAILWAYS,V__AREA))' s__MultipleTrackRailway '(&%lengthOfBroadGaugeRailway ?AREA ?LENGTH) means that the sum length of broad gauge railway routes in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA is the &%LengthMeasure ?LENGTH.' '(s__instance(V__RAILWAYS,s__BroadGaugeRailway) & s__located(V__RAILWAYS,V__AREA))' s__BroadGaugeRailway '(&%lengthOfDualGaugeRailway ?AREA ?LENGTH) means that the sum length of dual gauge railway routes in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA is the &%LengthMeasure ?LENGTH.' '(s__instance(V__RAILWAYS,s__DualGaugeRailway) & s__located(V__RAILWAYS,V__AREA))' s__DualGaugeRailway '(&%lengthOfNarrowGaugeRailway ?AREA ?LENGTH) means that the sum length of narrow gauge railway routes in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA is the &%LengthMeasure ?LENGTH.' '(s__instance(V__RAILWAYS,s__NarrowGaugeRailway) & s__located(V__RAILWAYS,V__AREA))' s__NarrowGaugeRailway '(&%lengthOfStandardGaugeRailway ?AREA ?LENGTH) means that the sum length of standard gauge railway routes in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA is the &%LengthMeasure ?LENGTH.' '(s__instance(V__RAILWAYS,s__StandardGaugeRailway) & s__located(V__RAILWAYS,V__AREA))' s__StandardGaugeRailway '(&%lengthOfUnclassifiedGaugeRailway ?AREA ?LENGTH) means that the sum length of railway routes in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA classified as something other than broad, dual, narrow, or standard gauge is the &%LengthMeasure ?LENGTH.' '(s__located(V__RAILWAYS,V__AREA) & (~ s__instance(V__RAILWAYS,s__UnionFn(s__StandardGaugeRailway,s__UnionFn(s__BroadGaugeRailway,s__UnionFn(s__DualGaugeRailway,s__NarrowGaugeRailway))))))' '&%Railway is the subclass of &%LandTransitways that have rails along which &%Trains may travel. A railway consists of the rail bed, sleepers, tracks, electric rails, switches, sensors, lights, crossing grades, and any other integral machinery or parts of a section of railway.' s__BroadGaugeRailway__t s__DualGaugeRailway__t s__NarrowGaugeRailway__t s__StandardGaugeRailway__t s__ElectrifiedRailway__t s__Railway__t '&%ElectrifiedRailway is the subclass of &%Railway representing electrified railways.' s__MultipleTrackRailway__t '&%MultipleTrackRailway is the subclass of &%Railway whose instances consists of two or more sets of tracks running in parallel, allowing motion in both directions along a route without the need for sidings and delays.' s__RailroadTrack s__RailroadTrack__t '&%RailroadTrack is the class of &%StationaryArtifacts consisting of rails laid on supports to form a track for railway vehicles.' s__TrackGauge '&%TrackGauge is the collection of attributes that characterize sections of railways, according to the set distances between the two tracks of the &%Railway. Precisely, the measurement of track gauge is the distance between the inner vertical surfaces of the heads of the rails. Track gauges include broad, dual, standard, and narrow gauges.' 'The distance between the two rails of a &%Railway.' s__BroadGauge s__TrackGauge__t '&%BroadGauge is the attribute of any &%Railway that has a &%TrackGauge wider than &%StandardGauge.' "1.44" s__StandardGauge '&%StandardGauge is the attribute of &%Railways having the standardized track width that is used in North America and most Western European countries. The standard is typically a distance of 4 ft., 8-1/2 inches (1.44 meters). There is some variation within which usage is compatible, e.g., 1.35 meters. Standard gauge originated in England and was mandated by the U.S. Federal government for the U.S. Transcontinental Railroad. It is also used in Canada, Great Britain, and most of Western Europe (but not in Ireland, or Spain and Portugal.' "1.435" s__NarrowGauge '&%NarrowGauge is the attribute of any &%Railway that has a &%TrackGauge narrower than &%StandardGauge. There are several common track widths among &%NarrowGauge railways.' s__DualGauge '&%DualGauge is the attribute of any &%Railway that has three parallel rails, thus allowing two different gauges of rolling stock to travel over it.' '(&%totalLengthOfHighwaySystem ?AREA ?LENGTH) means that the total length of the highway system in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA is ?LENGTH. The figure includes both paved and unpaved roads.' '(s__instance(V__HIGHWAYS,s__Roadway) & s__located(V__HIGHWAYS,V__AREA))' '(&%lengthOfPavedHighway ?AREA ?LENGTH) means that the total length of &%SurfacedRoadway in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA is ?LENGTH.' '(s__instance(V__HIGHWAYS,s__SurfacedRoadway) & s__located(V__HIGHWAYS,V__AREA))' s__SurfacedRoadway '(&%lengthOfExpresswaySystem ?AREA ?LENGTH) means that the total length of &%Expressway in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA is ?LENGTH.' '(s__instance(V__HIGHWAYS,s__Expressway) & s__located(V__HIGHWAYS,V__AREA))' s__Expressway '(&%lengthOfUnpavedHighway ?AREA ?LENGTH) means that the total length of &%UnsurfacedRoadway in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA is ?LENGTH.' '(s__instance(V__HIGHWAYS,s__UnsurfacedRoadway) & s__located(V__HIGHWAYS,V__AREA))' s__UnsurfacedRoadway s__Expressway__t '&%Expressway is the subclass of &%SurfacedRoadways that are multiple-lane, limited-access highways designed for rapid travel by &%MotorVehicles.' s__SurfacedRoadway__t '&%SurfacedRoadway is the subclass of &%Roadways that have been improved by covering them with a substance to increase the hardness and smoothness of the surface. Covering materials include pavement, concrete, asphalt, macadam, and gravel.' s__UnsurfacedRoadway__t '&%UnsurfacedRoadway is the subclass of &%Roadways that have natural, unimproved surfaces of dirt or sand.' '(&%totalLengthOfWaterways ?AREA ?LENGTH) means that the total length of navigable &%Waterways in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA is the &%LengthMeasure ?LENGTH.' '(s__instance(V__WATERWAY,s__Waterway) & s__partlyLocated(V__WATERWAY,V__AREA))' '&%Waterway is the class of navigable waters, including &%Oceans, &%SeaLanes, &%Rivers, &%Canals, &%Lakes, and inland bodies of water.' '(s__instance(V__T,s__WaterTransportation) & s__path(V__T,V__P))' '(&%totalPipelineInArea ?AREA ?LENGTH) means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA has ?LENGTH of &%Pipelines.' '(s__instance(V__PIPE,s__Pipeline) & s__located(V__PIPE,V__AREA))' s__Pipeline '(&%lengthOfCrudeOilPipeline ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that in the &%GeograpicArea ?AREA there is the &%LengthMeasure ?AMOUNT of &%CrudeOilPipeline.' '(s__instance(V__PIPELINE,s__CrudeOilPipeline) & s__located(V__PIPELINE,V__AREA))' '(&%lengthOfNaturalGasPipeline ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that in the &%GeograpicArea ?AREA there is the &%LengthMeasure ?AMOUNT of &%NaturalGasPipeline.' '(s__instance(V__PIPELINE,s__NaturalGasPipeline) & s__located(V__PIPELINE,V__AREA))' '(&%lengthOfPetroleumProductPipeline ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that in the &%GeograpicArea ?AREA there is the &%LengthMeasure ?AMOUNT of &%PetroleumProductPipeline.' '(s__instance(V__PIPELINE,s__PetroleumProductPipeline) & s__located(V__PIPELINE,V__AREA))' '&%Pipeline is the class of pipelines used to transport various kinds of fluids.' s__SewageSystem s__SewageSystem__t s__Pipeline__t 'A &%Pipline which is used to transport human waste to an area where it can be treated and/or disposed of.' s__CrudeOilPipeline s__CrudeOilPipeline__t '&%CrudeOilPipeline is the subclass of &%Pipelines that are used to carry &%CrudeOil.' s__NaturalGasPipeline s__NaturalGasPipeline__t '&%NaturalGasPipeline is the subclass of &%Pipelines that are used to carry &%NaturalGas.' s__PetroleumProductPipeline s__PetroleumProductPipeline__t '&%PetroleumProductPipeline is the subclass of &%Pipelines that are used to carry &%PetroleumProducts.' '&%PortCity is the subclass of &%City whose instances are cities or towns located adjacent to a &%Harbor, which is included in the administrative area of the city.' s__Harbor s__RiverPort s__RiverPort__t '&%RiverPort is the subclass of &%PortCity whose instances are port cities &%Adjacent to a navigable &%River.' s__SeaPort s__SeaPort__t '&%SeaPort is the subclass of &%PortCity whose instances are port cities on or closely linked to a &%Sea or &%Ocean.' s__ContainerPort s__ContainerPort__t s__ContainerShip s__DeepDraftPort s__DeepDraftPort__t s__DeepDraftHarbor s__DeepDraftHarbor__t s__Harbor__t '&%DeepDraftHarbor is the subclass of &%Harbors that have a &%waterDepth sufficient to accommodate vessels of a &%ladenDraft of 45 feet (13.7 meters) or greater.' "13.7" s__DeepwaterPort s__PortFacility s__DeepwaterPort__t s__PortFacility__t '&%DeepwaterPort is the subclass of &%PortFacility whose instances meet the criteria defined under 33 U.S.C. section 1502(1) as any fixed or floating man-made structures other than a vessel, or any group of such structures, located beyond the territorial sea and off the coast of the United States and which are used or intended for use as a port or terminal for the loading or unloading and further handling of oil for transportation to any State.... The term includes all associated components and equipment including pipelines, pumping stations, service platforms, mooring buoys, and similar appurtenances to the extent they are located seaward of the high water mark.' '&%Harbor is the subclass of &%WaterAreas that provide shelter and anchorage for &%WaterVehicle.' s__Anchorage '&%Anchorage is the subclass of &%WaterAreas where &%WaterVehicle may anchor with some shelter or safety. Anchorages may be inside a &%Harbor or offshore.' s__OffshoreAnchorage s__OffshoreAnchorage__t s__Anchorage__t '&%OffshoreAnchorage is the subclass of &%Anchorages that are located offshore and not within a &%Harbor.' '&%PortFacility is the class of port complexes, including piers and docking space, moorings, cargo-handling and other support facilities for marine traffic. Ships are loaded and unloaded at a &%PortFacility.' s__PortFacilityFn__m '(&%PortFacilityFn ?CITY) denotes the &%PortFacility, including mooring areas, docking space, and on-land support facilities for marine traffic, of the &%Port ?CITY, considered as a whole.' s__MerchantMarine__t '&%MerchantMarine is a class of &%Collections of &%Ships, each collection belonging to a particular &%Nation or &%GeopoliticalArea, in whose &%ShipRegister the member ships are enrolled. For example, the merchant marine of &%France.' s__MerchantMarineFn__m '(&%MerchantMarineFn ?AREA) denotes the &%Collection of all commercial ships registered in the &%ShipRegister of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.' s__MerchantMarineShip '(&%fleetGrossRegisteredTonnage ?FLEET ?AMOUNT) means that the &%Collection of &%Ships ?FLEET has a total carrying capacity of ?AMOUNT in &%RegistryTons. This is the total &%vesselGrossRegisteredTonnage of all the vessels combined. Gross Registered Tonnage, or GRT, is the capacity of a vessel calculated on an equivalence of 100 cubic feet of sheltered area per ton.' '(&%fleetDeadWeightTonnage ?FLEET ?AMOUNT) means that the &%Collection of &%Ships ?FLEET has a total carrying capacity of ?AMOUNT in &%LongTons. This is the total &%vesselDeadWeightTonnage of all the vessels combined. Dead Weight Tonnage, or DWT, is the weight of cargo plus stores that a vessel can carry when immersed to the proper load line.' s__MerchantMarineShip__t 'merchant ship' 'commercial vessel' '&%MerchantMarineShip is the class of &%Ships that carry goods or passengers in exchange for payment. This excludes military ships, as well as working ships such as tugboats and fishing vessels. Merchant Marine ships belong to the &%MerchantMarine of some country and are registered in the related &%ShipRegister.' '(&%cargoType ?DEVICE ?TYPE) means that the &%TransportationDevice ?DEVICE typically carries cargo of the kind ?TYPE.' 'A relation between a &%MerchantMarine and a &%ShipRegister which is a member of that &%MerchantMarine' '(&%fOCShipsByOrigin ?MM ?AREA ?COUNT) means that the &%MerchantMarine ?MM has ?COUNT number of ships from the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA in its &%ShipRegister, using it as a &%FlagOfConvenience, although the owner of the ships is in ?AREA.' s__FlagOfConvenienceRegister 'flag state' 'flag of registry' '(&%flagState ?SHIP ?AREA) means that the &%Ship ?SHIP is enrolled in the &%ShipRegister of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA and is subject to its maritime laws, regulations for operation of the ship, and rules of taxation.' s__ShipRegistration s__ShipRegistration__t 'ship registration' '&%ShipRegistration is the official document containing information about the ownership, size, and flag state (flag of registry) of an individual &%Ship, as registered in the &%ShipRegister maintained by the maritime authorities of a particular &%Nation or &%OverseasArea of a nation. A ship flies the flag of its registered nation or area, and the ship is subject to the maritime regulations and rules of taxation of its &%flagState.' 'A &%ShipRegister is a record of each &%Ship and owner registered with the maritime authorities of a country or possession, colony, or territory of a country. Ships on the &%ShipRegister of a given region fly the flag of that region and are subject to its maritime regulations and rules of taxation.' s__NationalShipRegister s__NationalShipRegister__t 'A &%NationalShipRegister is a record of the &%Ships that are officially registered with a particular &%Nation, including their tonnage and ownership.' s__ShipRegisterFn__m '(&%ShipRegisterFn ?AREA) denotes the &%ShipRegister of the &%Ships that fly the flag of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.' s__OffshoreShipRegister s__InternalShipRegister s__InternalShipRegister__t s__ShipRegister__t '&%InternalShipRegister is a subset of a &%NationalShipRegister. Ships on an internal register fly the same flag as on the national register but are subject to different taxation and crewing rules, which are typically more lenient. An internal register may function primarily as a &%FlagOfConvenienceRegister.' s__OffshoreShipRegister__t 'captive register' 'offshore ship register' '&%OffshoreShipRegister is the class of &%ShipRegisters maintained by a colony, territory, or possession (&%OffshoreArea) of a nation. Typically such a register has more lenient maritime regulations with respect to taxation and crewing of ships than does the national register associated with the country of which the offshore area is a dependency.' s__FlagOfConvenienceRegister__t 'flag of convenience' 'open register' '&%FlagOfConvenienceRegister is the subclass of &%ShipRegisters in which most of the registered ships are owned outside of the &%GeopoliticalArea to which the registry belongs. &%InternalShipRegisters and &%OffshoreShipRegisters both may act as &%FlagOfConvenienceRegisters, if permitted by the maritime regulations of the registry owner.' '(&%totalFacilityTypeInArea ?AREA ?TYPE ?COUNT) means that in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA there a total of ?COUNT number of facilities of type ?TYPE.' '(s__instance(V__ITEM,V__TYPE) & s__located(V__ITEM,V__AREA))' s__AirTransitway s__AirTransitway__t 'The subclass of &%Transitways that are through the &%EarthsAtmosphere.' '(? [V__TRANSPORT] : (s__instance(V__TRANSPORT,s__Motion) & s__instance(V__TRANSPORT,s__Transportation) & s__path(V__TRANSPORT,V__WAY) & s__partlyLocated(V__WAY,s__EarthsAtmosphere)))' s__TransitTerminal s__Airport__t s__TransitTerminal__t '&%Airport is the subclass of &%TransitTerminals for &%Airplanes (fixed-wing &%Aircraft).' s__AirportWithPavedRunway '(? [V__RUNWAY] : (s__instance(V__RUNWAY,s__Object) & s__instance(V__AIRPORT,s__Airport) & s__instance(V__RUNWAY,s__PavedRunway) & s__part(V__RUNWAY,V__AIRPORT) & s__located(V__AIRPORT,V__AREA)))' s__PavedRunway s__Runway '&%Runway is the class of &%Transitways that are used for the takeoff and landing of &%Airplanes. &%Runways are &%Transitways for an intermodal transit, which begins with a land transit and ends with air transit, or vice versa. The &%Airspace immediately above (and adjacent to) a &%Runway is an &%AirTransitway.' s__PavedRunway__t '&%PavedRunway is the subclass of &%Runways that are surfaced with concrete or asphalt.' s__AirportClassification '&%AirportClassification is a class of &%Attributes for representing systems that categorize &%Airports according to some criteria. There are several such systems, including the International Civil Aviation Organization categories A to E, based on runway lengths, the Federal Aviation Administration system associated with airport functions, and the airport categorization by runway length used in the CIA World Fact Book.' s__AirportByRunwaySurface s__AirportByRunwaySurface__t s__AirportClassification__t '&%AirportByRunwaySurface is a subclass of &%AirportClassification attributes used to describe an airport according to the surface type of its longest runway.' '&%AirportWithPavedRunway is an &%AirportClassification attribute used to describe an airport whose longest runway is a &%PavedRunway.' s__AirportWithUnpavedRunway '&%AirportWithUnpavedRunway is an &%AirportClassification attribute used to describe an airport whose longest runway is an &%UnpavedRunway.' s__UnpavedRunway s__CIAAirportLengthClassification '&%CIAAirportLengthClassification is a class of &%Attributes used to characterize &%Airports according to the length of their longest usable runway.' s__VeryShortRunwayAirport s__CIAAirportLengthClassification__t '&%VeryShortRunwayAirport is a CIA category for &%Airports whose longest runway is less than 914 meters long.' s__ShortRunwayAirport '&%ShortRunwayAirport is a CIA category for &%Airports whose longest runway has a length between 914 meters and 1523 meters, inclusive.' "1523" s__MediumLengthRunwayAirport '&%MediumLengthRunwayAirport is a CIA category for &%Airports whose longest runway has a length between 1,524 meters and 2,437 meters, inclusive.' "1524" "2437" s__LongRunwayAirport '&%LongRunwayAirport is a CIA category for &%Airports whose longest runway has a length between 2,438 meters and 3,047 meters, inclusive.' "2438" "3047" s__VeryLongRunwayAirport '&%VeryLongRunwayAirport is a CIA category for &%Airports whose longest runway has a length greater than 3,047 meters.' s__UnpavedRunway__t s__Runway__t '&%UnpavedRunways include &%Runways with grass, dirt, sand, or gravel surfaces. Contrast with &%PavedRunway.' s__Heliport s__Heliport__t heliport helipad '&%Heliport is a &%TransitTerminal designed for the takeoff and landing of &%Helicopters.' s__TransportationFn__m '(&%TransportationFn ?TYPE) denotes the subclass of &%Transportation events in which a &%TransportationDevice of ?TYPE is the vehicle.' s__TripFn__m '(&%TripFn ?VEHICLE) denotes the subclass of &%Transportation events in which a particular &%TransportationDevice ?VEHICLE is the vehicle. Contrast this function with &%TransportationFn, which is used to denote transportation events by a specific kind of vehicle.' s__TransitFn__m '(&%TransitFn ?WAY) denotes the class of &%Translocations that consist of travelling along the &%Transitway ?WAY.' s__Bridge s__Bridge__t '&%Bridge is the subclass of &%LandTransitways that are artifacts used for crossing water or air-filled gaps that could not be transited over a natural surface.' s__FixedBridge s__FixedBridge__t s__MovableBridge s__MovableBridge__t s__Drawbridge s__Drawbridge__t s__PontoonBridge s__PontoonBridge__t s__Tunnel s__Tunnel__t '&%Tunnel is a subclass of &%Transitways that consist of a lengthwise enclosed &%Hole that allows for transit underground, as through mountains, below a body of water, or beneath a city.' s__SecondaryHighway s__SecondaryHighway__t s__Street__t s__Lane s__Lane__t s__Trail s__Trail__t s__RailGauge s__BroadGaugeRail s__RailGauge__t s__StandardGaugeRail s__NarrowGaugeRail s__DualGaugeRail s__NorthwestPassage 'Northwest Passage' '&%NorthwestPassage represents the seasonal waterway in the &%ArcticOcean adjacent to &%Canada and the &%UnitedStates.' s__NorthernSeaRoute 'Northern Sea Route' '&%NorthernSeaRoute represents the seasonal waterway in the &%ArcticOcean adjacent to &%Russia and &%Norway.' s__ShippingLane s__ShippingLane__t s__ShippingChannel s__ShippingChannel__t s__SeaLane s__SeaLane__t s__CanalLock s__CanalLock__t '(&%powerComponent ?GENERATOR ?THING) means that the &%Device ?THING is the power source for the &%Artifact ?THING.' 'The maximum speed under normal conditions for a vehicle. For a &%RoadVehicle this would be on level ground, no headwind or tailwind, 70 degrees F, standard recommended fuel etc. For an Aircraft this would mean level flight out of ground effect. Because of the number of external factors on top speed, all that can be said formally is that higher speeds are unlikely.' 'A &%Vehicle that is designed to carry &%Humans. Note that &%Vehicles that are not designed to carry people may still do so. For example, a boxcar might still transport homeless people, but was not built to do so.' s__CargoVehicle 'A &%Vehicle that is designed to carry &%Objects. Note that &%Vehicles that are primarily designed to carry people rather than cargo may still carry cargo. For example, a passenger sedan might be capable of carrying lumber strapped to the roof. For this reason, &%PassengerVehicle and &%CargoVehicle are not disjoint.' '(~ s__instance(V__O,s__Human))' s__UnpoweredVehicle 'A &%Vehicle that lacks a &%powerComponent. It coasts like a glider or skateboard, thus deriving its power from the potential energy of gravity, or by the power of its agent, as in a bicycle.' 'A &%Vehicle that has a &%powerComponent. Note that &%PoweredVehicles include those vehicles that have a &%powerComponent where the user can and does often choose not to use it, such as a moped with pedals.' s__SelfPoweredRoadVehicle '&%SelfPoweredRoadVehicle is the class of &%RoadVehicles that are also &%PoweredVehicles. &%SelfPoweredRoadVehicle covers motorcycles, semi-trailers, RVs, etc., as well as Automobiles. This class includes vehicles powered by electricity, gasoline, diesel, and other fuels.' s__AgentPoweredVehicle 'A &%Vehicle which is powered by one or more of its passengers or driver, for example, a &%Bicycle.' s__Trailer s__Trailer__t 'Any &%RoadVehicle that is also an &%UnpoweredVehicle, and intended to be towed by a &%PoweredVehicle.' s__TractorTrailer s__TractorTrailer__t '&%TractorTrailer is the subclass of &%RoadVehicles that are truck tractor- truck trailer combinations.' s__TruckTrailer s__TruckTrailer__t '&%TruckTrailer is the subclass of &%Wagons that are towed by &%TruckTractors. These are the trailers used in tractor-trailer (semi-trailer) rigs.' s__Wagon__t s__UnpoweredVehicle__t 'A &%Landcraft that is not self-propelled, but must be pulled by either an &%Animal or a self-propelled &%Vehicle to move along the ground.' s__StageCoach s__StageCoach__t 'A &%Wagon that is pulled by &%Horses and whose purpose was to transport Humans and their luggage from one &%City to the next, especially in areas which did not have an established transportation system, e.g. the old west.' s__LightTruck s__LightTruck__t s__Motorcycle s__Motorcycle__t s__SelfPoweredRoadVehicle__t 'Motorcycle is the subclass of &%RoadVehicles that have two wheels one behind the other in the frame, upon which the rider sits on a seat above the engine.' s__MotorScooter s__MotorScooter__t s__EmergencyVehicle s__EmergencyVehicle__t 'EmergencyVehicle is the subclass of Vehicles that are used for special-purpose emergency response.' s__EmergencyRoadVehicle s__EmergencyRoadVehicle__t 'EmergencyRoadVehicle is the subclass of EmergencyVehicle that includes RoadVehicles designed for special use in emergencies, e.g., Ambulances, FireEngines.' s__FireEngine s__FireEngine__t 'FireEngine is the subclass of EmergencyRoadVehicles that represents the various vehicles used by a fire department in fighting fires.' s__Ambulance s__Ambulance__t '&%Ambulance is the subclass of &%EmergencyRoadVehicles that represents ambulances.' '(? [V__P,V__T] : (s__instance(V__T,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__Human) & (s__attribute(V__P,s__DiseaseOrSyndrome) | (? [V__I] : (s__instance(V__I,s__Process) & s__instance(V__I,s__TimePoint) & s__instance(V__T,s__TimePoint) & s__instance(V__P,s__Object) & s__instance(V__I,s__Injuring) & s__experiencer(V__I,V__H) & s__before(V__I,V__T)))) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transportation) & s__instrument(V__T,V__A) & s__patient(V__T,V__H)))' s__Cycle s__Cycle__t 'Cycle is a class of wheeled, pedal-driven UserPoweredVehicles that are designed to be ridden on roads or trails.' s__Bicycle 'Bicycle is a class of two-wheeled, &%UserPoweredVehicles.' s__Bicycle__t '&%Cycling is a type of &%LandTransportation that uses a &%Cycle as an &%instrument' cycling s__Scooter s__Scooter__t s__AgentPoweredVehicle__t 'Automobile is a subclass of &%SelfPoweredRoadVehicles including passenger cars, family vans, light trucks, and sport utility vehicles. In general, this class covers four-wheeled passenger road vehicles.' s__Taxicab s__Taxicab__t 'An &%Automobile which is used to transport people on short trips in exchange for a fare.' s__Bus s__Bus__t 'Bus is the subclass of &%SelfPoweredRoadVehicles that can transport large numbers of passengers (i.e., dozens) at one time. It can be distinguished from a van which is designed to carry less than a dozen people.' '(? [V__C,V__T,V__N] : (s__instance(V__N,s__Integer) & s__instance(V__T,s__Process) & s__instance(V__C,s__Collection) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transportation) & s__memberCount(V__C,V__N) & greater(V__N,11) & (s__member(V__P,V__C) => s__patient(V__T,V__P))))' s__BusStop s__BusStop__t 'An area, often, though not necessarily with seats or some kind of minimal shelter, where people gather to meet and board a bus. It must border a road.' '(? [V__B,V__BO,V__D] : (s__instance(V__D,s__Process) & s__instance(V__BO,s__Process) & s__instance(V__B,s__Bus) & s__instance(V__BO,s__Boarding) & s__instance(V__D,s__Deboarding) & s__eventLocated(V__BO,V__X) & s__eventLocated(V__D,V__X) & s__patient(V__BO,V__B) & s__patient(V__D,V__B)))' s__CargoVehicle__t 'Any &%Vehicle that is intended to carry substantial amounts of cargo, in addition to passengers. This includes 18-wheelers, pickup trucks, tanker trucks etc. Consumer vehicles with trunks or enclosed rear areas that can carry cargo are not defined as trucks. Truck is the subclass of &%RoadVehicles that are designed primarily for transporting various kinds of non-passenger loads. Truck is the class of single-bodied trucks or &%TruckTractors. Note: TractorTrailer combinations are a distinct class.' '&%TruckTractor is the subclass of &%Trucks that are used to tow truck trailers. Truck tractors are the cab portions of tractor-trailers. See also &%TruckTrailer.' s__RailVehicle s__RailVehicle__t 'A Vehicle designed to move on &%Railways.' '(? [V__EV,V__RAIL] : (s__instance(V__RAIL,s__Object) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__RAIL,s__Railway) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Transportation) & s__holdsDuring(s__WhenFn(V__EV),s__meetsSpatially(V__X,V__RAIL))))' s__Train s__Train__t '&%Train is the subclass of &%TransportationDevice whose instances are linked sequences of &%RollingStock.' s__RollingStock s__TrainStation s__TerminalBuilding s__TrainStation__t s__TerminalBuilding__t 'TrainStation is the subclass of &%Buildings that are located at a &%RailwayTerminal and used in support of its functions, especially for the handling of passengers and freight.' s__RailTransportationSystem s__RailTransportationSystem__t 'RailTransportationSystem is the subclass of &%TransitSystems whose routes are &%Railways.' s__Railcar s__Railcar__t 'Railcar is the subclass of &%RollingStock that includes all non-locomotive, non-self-powered &%RailVehicles.' s__RailwayTerminal s__RailwayTerminal__t 'RailwayTerminal is the subclass of &%TransitTerminals designed for &%Trains. A RailwayTerminal includes all the &%RailroadTrack and any outbuildings or other related structure in the terminal, as well as the &%TrainStation (if there is one).' s__RoadTransportationSystem s__RoadTransportationSystem__t '&%RoadTransportationSystem is the subclass of &%TransportationSystems whose routes are &%Roadways.' s__SubwaySystem s__SubwaySystem__t 'Any &%RailTransportationSystem that runs exclusively through &%Tunnels.' 'A single rail car. Any &%RailVehicle that is not composed of other &%RailVehicles.' s__MotorizedRailwayCar s__MotorizedRailwayCar__t '&%MotorizedRailwayCar is the subclass of railway cars that carry their own power source.' s__Locomotive s__Locomotive__t 'An individual rail vehicle, i.e. a &%RollingStock which is also a &%PoweredVehicle. Modern locomotives are typically diesel or electric powered, while older locomotives ran on &%Coal.' s__PassengerRailcar s__PassengerRailcar__t 'A train car that is designed to carry &%Humans.' '(s__instance(V__CARRY,s__Transportation) & (? [V__HUMAN] : (s__instance(V__HUMAN,s__Human) & s__patient(V__CARRY,V__HUMAN))))' s__FreightCar 'A train car that is designed to carry freight, and not &%Humans.' s__Boxcar s__Boxcar__t 'Boxcar is the subclass of Railcars that are general-purpose closed cars for hauling freight.' s__BusinessRailcar s__BusinessRailcar__t s__CabCar s__CabCar__t '&%CabCar is the class of passenger railcars that have an operating cab in one end of the from which train motion can be controlled in push mode. A &%CabCar is placed on the opposite end of the train from the locomotive.' s__OutfitCar s__OutfitCar__t '&%OutfitCars are &%Railcars used for housing railway construction or maintenance workers in the field. Also called Camp Cars.' s__CrewDormCar s__CrewDormCar__t '&%CrewDormCars are &%Railcars used for housing the employee staff on long-distance trains.' s__ElectrifiedRailwayCar s__ElectrifiedRailwayCar__t 'ElectrifiedRailwayCar is the subclass of railway cars that are powered by electricity, which is provided to the car through an overhead link or electrified third rail.' s__FiveWellStackCar s__FiveWellStackCar__t s__FreightCar__t '&%FiveWellStackCars are five-unit that carry double-stacked containers.' s__Flatcar s__Flatcar__t s__OpenTopRailcar '&%Flatcars are &%Freightcars without sides or roofs.' s__GalleryCar s__GalleryCar__t '&%GalleryCars are double-decked passenger cars that have a viewing area on the second floor.' s__HeadEndCar s__HeadEndCar__t s__RollingStock__t '&%HeadEndCars are &%Railcars that were typically placed at the front of the train, including mail and baggage cars.' s__HydraCushionFreightCar s__HydraCushionFreightCar__t '&%HydraCushionFreightCars are &%FreightCars with hydraulic underframes to cushion their loads.' s__LocomotiveCoalCar s__LocomotiveCoalCar__t '&%LocomotiveCoalCars are &%Railcars put directly behind the &%Locomotive and used for carrying fuel coal for the engine.' '&%OpenTopRailcars are &%FreightCars that have no roof. They may have sides or not.' s__MotorRailcar s__MotorRailcar__t '&%MotorRailcars are &%PassengerRailcars that carry their own power source.' s__Streetcar s__Streetcar__t 'Streetcar is the subclass of &%ElectrifiedRailwayCars that run on tracks laid into, along, or beside city &%Streets.' s__PCCCar s__PCCCar__t s__PrivateRailcar s__PrivateRailcar__t s__RefrigeratorCar s__RefrigeratorCar__t s__RotaryDumpCar s__RotaryDumpCar__t s__OpenTopRailcar__t '&%RotaryDumpCars are open-top cargo carriers that have a rotating coupler allowing them to be emptied by dumping while still coupled.' s__ScaleTestCar s__ScaleTestCar__t '&%ScaleTestCars are &%Railcars of known weight used to test or calibrate track scales used for weighing freight.' s__SpineCar s__SpineCar__t '&%SpineCars are articulated &%Flatcars used to carry trailers or containers.' s__TankCar s__TankCar__t '&%TankCars are enclosed &%FreightCars used to carry fluids.' '(? [V__L] : (s__instance(V__L,s__Liquid) & s__instance(V__TRANS,s__Transportation) & s__patient(V__TRANS,V__L)))' s__CarDistributionSystem s__CarDistributionSystem__t '&%CarDistributionSystem is the process of composing trains according to instructions or data.' s__RailCarrierControl s__RailCarrierControl__t '&%RailCarrierControl is the process of controlling the speed or direction of a train by sending high or low frequency currents on the rails.' s__MultihullWaterVehicle s__Catamaran s__Catamaran__t s__MultihullWaterVehicle__t s__DisplacementHullWaterVehicle s__DisplacementHullWaterVehicle__t s__PlaningHullWaterVehicle 'DisplacementHullWaterVehicle is a subclass of &%WaterVehicle with hulls designed to move water aside as they move through the water. Contrast with &%PlaningHullWaterVehicle.' '&%Ship is the class of large &%WaterVehicle used for travel on oceans, seas, or large lakes.' s__PassengerShip '&%PassengerShip is the subclass of &%WaterVehicle designed for the purpose of carrying passengers.' s__CargoShip 'CargoShip is the subclass of Ships that transport goods in exchange for payment. CargoShip includes ships that carry all kinds of cargo, including oil and bulk products as well as packaged, palletized, or containerized goods.' s__GeneralCargoShip s__GeneralCargoShip__t s__CargoShip__t freighter s__PalletizedCargoShip s__PalletizedCargoShip__t s__DeckCargoShip s__DeckCargoShip__t s__BargeCarrierShip s__BargeCarrierShip__t s__LivestockCarrierShip s__LivestockCarrierShip__t s__ContainerShip__t s__ShipContainer s__RefrigeratedCargoShip s__RefrigeratedCargoShip__t 'refrigerated carrier' s__RollOnRollOffCargoShip 'roll-on roll-off' 'Ro-Ro' s__Container_RoRoCargoShip s__Container_RoRoCargoShip__t s__RollOnRollOffCargoShip__t s__VehicleCarrierShip s__VehicleCarrierShip__t s__Passenger_LandingCraft s__PassengerAndCargoShip s__Passenger_LandingCraft__t s__RailcarCarrierShip s__RailcarCarrierShip__t s__MultifunctionalLargeLoadCarrierShip s__MultifunctionalLargeLoadCarrierShip__t 'heavy lift carrier' 'heavy cargo carrier' s__PetroleumTankerShip s__PetroleumTankerShip__t 'petroleum tanker' 'oil tanker' s__ChemicalTankerShip s__ChemicalTankerShip__t 'chemical carrier' '&%ChemicalTankerShip is the subclass of ships that carry &%ChemicalProducts.' s__Chemical_OilTankerShip s__Chemical_OilTankerShip__t s__LiquefiedGasTankerShip s__LiquefiedGasTankerShip__t 'Liquefied gas carrier' s__LiquefiedGas_ChemicalTankerShip s__LiquefiedGas_ChemicalTankerShip__t s__CombinationBulkCarrierShip s__CombinationBulkCarrierShip__t 'combination carrier' s__CombinationBulk_OilCarrierShip s__CombinationBulk_OilCarrierShip__t s__CombinationOre_OilCarrierShip s__CombinationOre_OilCarrierShip__t s__DryBulkCarrierShip s__DryBulkCarrierShip__t s__BulkCargoShip s__BulkCargoShip__t s__OreCarrierShip s__OreCarrierShip__t s__SelfDischargingBulkCarrierShip s__SelfDischargingBulkCarrierShip__t s__CementCarrierShip s__CementCarrierShip__t s__WoodChipsCarrierShip s__WoodChipsCarrierShip__t s__UreaCarrierShip s__UreaCarrierShip__t s__SpecializedTankerShip s__SpecializedTankerShip__t s__PassengerAndCargoShip__t s__ShortSeaPassengerShip s__ShortSeaPassengerShip__t s__FishingShip s__Trawler s__Trawler__t s__FishFactoryShip s__FishFactoryShip__t s__FishingShip__t s__FishCarrierShip s__FishCarrierShip__t s__FishingVessel s__FishingVessel__t s__OffshoreSupplyShip s__OffshoreSupplyShip__t s__OffshoreSupportShip s__OffshoreSupportShip__t s__OffshoreWellProductionShip s__OffshoreWellProductionShip__t s__DrillingShip s__DrillingShip__t s__ResearchShip s__ResearchShip__t s__PusherTug s__TugBoat s__PusherTug__t s__TugBoat__t s__Dredger s__Dredger__t s__HopperDredger s__HopperDredger__t s__MotorHopper s__MotorHopper__t s__SludgeDisposalVessel s__SludgeDisposalVessel__t s__CraneShip s__CraneShip__t s__CableShip s__CableShip__t s__IceBreakerShip s__IceBreakerShip__t s__AircraftCarrier s__AircraftCarrier__t 'A MilitaryShip on which MilitaryAircraft can land and take off.' s__PlaningHullWaterVehicle__t 'PlaningHullWaterVehicle is a subclass of &%WaterVehicle with hulls designed for a position partially on or above the water surface when they are in motion, in order to reduce drag. See also &%DisplacementHullWaterVehicle.' s__CruiseShip s__CruiseShip__t '&%CruiseShip is the subclass of &%PassengerShips designed for the purpose of carrying passengers on extended trips.' s__OceanLiner s__PassengerShip__t s__OceanLiner__t '&%OceanLiner is the subclass of &%Ships that make regularly scheduled voyages to transport people and goods from one place to another.' s__Barge s__Barge__t s__FireBoat s__FireBoat__t s__FerryBoat s__FerryBoat__t s__Runabout s__Runabout__t s__Sailboat s__Sailboat__t s__Canoe__t s__Kayak__t s__PersonalWatercraft s__PersonalWatercraft__t 'Jet Ski' '&%PersonalWatercraft is the class of motor-driven &%WaterVehicle ridden by one or more passengers, e.g., a JetSki.' '(&%vesselDisplacement ?VESSEL ?AMOUNT) means that the displacement of &%WaterVehicle ?VESSEL is the &%PhysicalQuantity ?AMOUNT. The displacement of a vessel may be measured in &%LongTons (Dead Weight Tonnage, or DWT) or by volume (Gross Registered Tonnage, or GRT).' '(&%vesselDeadWeightTonnage ?VESSEL ?AMOUNT) means that the &%WaterVehicle ?VESSEL has a carrying capacity when fully loaded of ?AMOUNT in &%LongTons. This is the Dead Weight Tonnage, or DWT, of the vessel, which is the total weight of cargo plus stores that the vessel can carry when immersed to the proper load line.' '(&%vesselGrossRegisteredTonnage ?VESSEL ?AMOUNT) means that the &%WaterVehicle ?VESSEL has a carrying capacity when fully loaded of ?AMOUNT, where ?AMOUNT is the Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT) of the vessel, which is based on the total sheltered volume of the vessel measured in hundreds of cubic feet, and converted to gross tons at an equivalence of 100 cubic feet per ton.' s__ShipDeck s__ShipDeck__t '&%ShipDeck is the class of decks on a ship, considered as spaces or &%Regions in which passengers and crew work, live, or ride, and/or in which machinery and cargo are stored on a &%Ship.' s__ShipCompartment 'A &%ShipCompartment is any fully or partly bounded section of a &%Ship.' s__ShipCabin s__ShipCabin__t s__ShipCompartment__t '&%ShipCabin is the subclass of all &%ShipCompartments for accommodating &%Humans aboard a ship.' s__ShipContainer__t '&%ShipContainer is the class of specialized large containers designed for shipping goods aboard &%ContainerShips.' '&%Airplane is the subclass of &%Aircraft that are fixed-wing aircraft which carry their own power sources. &%Airplane includes jet airplanes and propeller planes, but not gliders.' s__PropellerPlane s__PropellerPlane__t s__PropellerJet s__PropellerJet__t s__GliderPlane s__GliderPlane__t '(&%trafficableForTrafficType ?WAY ?TYPE) means that &%Objects of ?TYPE can move along the &%Transitway ?WAY.' '(&%navigableForShippingTonnage ?WATERWAY ?TONNAGE) means that the &%Waterway ?WATERWAY can be transited by vessels up to the tonnage ?TONNAGE (in Dead Weight Tonnage).' '(&%navigableForDraft ?WATERWAY ?DRAFT) means that the &%Waterway ?WATERWAY can be transited by vessels up to the draft ?DRAFT.' '(&%ladenDraft ?SHIP ?AMOUNT) means that the &%WaterVehicle ?SHIP requires a &%waterDepth of at least ?AMOUNT to sail without running aground, when she is loaded at capacity.' '(&%capableAtLocation ?TYPE ?ROLE ?OBJECT ?PLACE) means that ?OBJECT has the ability to play the &%CaseRole ?ROLE in &%Processes of ?EVENTTYPE that occur at ?PLACE.' '(pathInSystem ?PATH ?SYSTEM) means that the &%Physical thing ?PATH consists of one or more connected routes in the &%PhysicalSystem ?SYSTEM.' '(routeInSystem ?PART ?SYSTEM) means that the &%Transitway ?PART is an established route of the &%TransportationSystem ?SYSTEM.' '(routeStart ?REGION ?SYSTEM) means that within the given ?SYSTEM the given ?REGION is connected to only one other &%Region.' '(routeEnd ?REGION ?SYSTEM) means that within the given ?SYSTEM the given ?REGION is connected to only one other &%Region.' 'A &%TransitSystem is a system of interconnected &%Transitways over which some type(s) of vehicles or travellers may pass. In addition to &%Transitways, &%TransitSystems may also include &%TransitJunctions and &%TransitTerminals. Transit systems may be demarcated by where they are located (e.g., the rail system of &%Afghanistan), who owns or manages them (e.g., American Airlines &%TransitSystem of &%AirRoutes, or state highways managed by TexDOT), or the type of vehicles or travellers accommodated (e.g., the system of Santa Clara county bike trails.' s__TransitwayJunction s__WaterTransportationSystem s__CanalSystem s__CanalSystem__t s__WaterTransportationSystem__t s__UniModalTransitSystem s__UniModalTransitSystem__t '&%UniModalTransitSystem is the class of &%TransitSystems that accommodate a single type of transportation device or method.' s__MultiModalTransitSystem s__MultiModalTransitSystem__t s__TransitSystem__t '&%MultiModalTransitSystem is the class of &%TransitSystems that accommodate more than one type of transportation device or method.' '(&%routeBetween ?ROUTE ?FROM ?TO) means that the &%Transitway ?ROUTE is a route between the place ?FROM and the place ?TO.' 'A &%TransitTerminal is a place where travellers or transportation devices begin or end their journeys, or where passengers and/or goods may be transferred. At a terminal, &%TransportationDevices may be received, assigned, sent out, or stored.' 'A &%TerminalBuilding is a &%Building located at a &%TransitTerminal and used in connection with its functions.' s__TransitStop s__TransitStop__t '&%TransitStop is the subclass of places where a vehicle of a scheduled or common carrier makes a stop to discharge or take on passengers or goods.' s__TransitShelter s__TransitShelter__t '&%TransitShelter is the class of structures that provide shelter for passengers waiting at a &%TransitStop.' s__HomeGarage s__HomeGarage__t s__ParkingGarage__t s__ShipBerth s__ShipBerth__t '&%ShipBerth is the class of areas where a &%Ship may be moored, whether at an &%Anchorage or dock.' s__ShipBerthing s__TransitwayJunction__t intersection junction '&%TransitwayJunction is the class of regions where two or more &%Transitways meet and traffic may transfer from one transitway to another.' s__RoadJunction s__RoadJunction__t '&%RoadJunction is the subclass of &%TransitwayJunctions where two or more &%Roadways come together.' s__RailJunction s__RailJunction__t '&%RailJunction is the subclass of &%TransitwayJunctions where two or more &%Railway lines come together.' s__WaterJunction s__WaterJunction__t '&%WaterJunction is the subclass of &%TransitwayJunctions where two or more &%Waterways come together.' s__TransitRoute '&%TransitRoute is the class of &%Regions that are paths for &%Motion from one place to another.' s__AirRoute s__AirRoute__t s__TransitRoute__t 'An &%AirRoute is a region of air space that can be travelled between points by an air &%TransportationDevice.' s__Trip '&%Trip is the subclass of &%Motions along a &%TransitRoute or &%Transitway.' s__IntermodalTrip s__IntermodalTrip__t s__Trip__t '&%IntermodalTrip is the class of trips in which more than one mode (road, rail, sea, or air) of &%Transportation is used. That is, there are at least two &%subProcesses of the trip that use different modes of &%TransportationDevice. ' s__ShipBerthing__t '&%ShipBerthing is the class of &%Translocation processes in which a vessel is brought to a mooring, at dockside or anchorage.' s__ShipBerthingFn__m '(ShipBerthingFn ?SHIP) denotes the class of &%ShipBerthings of an individual &%WaterVehicle ?SHIP.' '(&%transitwayCapacityCount ?WAY ?TYPE ?NUMBER) means that the &%Transitway ?WAY can accommodate a maximum of ?NUMBER items of ?TYPE at any one time.' '(&%transitwayCapacityRate ?WAY ?TYPE ?RATE) means that the &%Transitway WAY can transit items of ?TYPE at the maximum &%FunctionQuantity ?RATE. For example, (&%transitwayCapacityRate &%SFBayBridgeWestbound &%Automobile 500).' s__CanalLockGate s__CanalLockGate__t s__TrafficLight s__TrafficLight__t s__TollBooth s__TollBooth__t s__TransportationAuthority '&%TransportationAuthority is the class of &%Organizations that are responsible for one or more systems of transportation, usually within a particular &%GeopoliticalArea.' s__VehicleRegistration s__VehicleRegistration__t '&%VehicleRegistration is the class of official documents containing information about a vehicles ownership and identifying characteristics, as required by the appropriate authority for the type and location of individual vehicles.' s__FederalAviationAdministration s__TransportationAuthority__t 'FAA' 'Federal Aviation Administration' s__InternationalAirTransportAssociation 'IATA' 'International Air Transport Association' s__AirlineCodeMap s__AirlineCodeMap__t '&%AirlineCodeMap denotes the &%SymbolicString used by different aviation organizations to identify &%Airline' 'airline code map' s__Airline s__IATAAirlineCode 'The 2-character tag given to an &%Airline by the &%InternationalAirTransportAssociation to represent that &%Airline at any &%Airport' 'IATA airline code' s__IACOAirlineCode 'The 3-character tag given to an &%Airline by the &%InternationalCivilAviationOrganization to represent that &%Airline at any &%Airport' 'IACO airline code' s__AOCnumber s__AOCnumber__t 'The certification number that signifies an &%Airline has recieved an Air Operator Certification, allowing the airline to use aircraft for commercial purposes.' 'AOC number' '(? [V__AIR] : (s__instance(V__AIR,s__ServiceProcess) & s__instance(V__AIR,s__AirTransportationService) & s__serviceProvider(V__AIR,V__AIRLINE)))' s__CommonCarrier s__CommonCarrier__t '&%CommonCarrier is the subclass of &%TransportationCompany whose instances must offer services to all customers. Contrast with &%ContractCarrier.' s__ContractCarrier s__ContractCarrier__t '&%ContractCarrier is the subclass of &%TransportationCompany whose instances offer services to only one customer, under contract. Contrast with &%CommonCarrier.' s__RailroadCompany 'Any &%TransportationCompany whose services include &%Transportation by &%Train.' s__ClassIRailroad s__ClassIRailroad__t s__RailroadCompany__t '&%ClassIRailroad is the subclass of &%RailroadCompany whose instances have an average annual gross revenue above $256.4 million &%UnitedStatesDollars.' s__ClassIIRailroad s__ClassIIRailroad__t '&%ClassIIRailroad is the subclass of &%RailroadCompany whose instances have an average annual gross revenue between $20.5 and $256.4 million &%UnitedStatesDollars.' s__ClassIIIRailroad s__ClassIIIRailroad__t '&%ClassIIIRailroad is the subclass of &%RailroadCompany whose instances have an average annual gross revenue below $20.5 million &%UnitedStatesDollars.' '(&%passengerCapacityMaxNumber ?TRANSPORT ?NUMBER) means that the &%TransportationDevice ?TRANSPORT has a safe carrying capacity for ?NUMBER of passengers.' s__ShipCrew s__ShipCrew__t 'A &%ShipCrew is an &%Organization of people who operate a &%Ship, &%Plane, &%Train, or other transportation vehicle.' s__ShipCrewFn__m '(&%ShipCrewFn ?BOAT) denotes the &%Organization consisting of the people charged with operating the &%WaterVehicle ?BOAT.' s__FirstMate s__ChiefSteward s__RadioOperator s__Airline__t 'An Airline is a &%TransportationCompany that specializes in providing &%AirTransportation' 'Airline' s__AirTransportationIndustry '&%TransportationService refers to how an agent that possesses some kind of vehicle transports people around' 'transportation service' s__AirTransportationService s__AirTransportationService__t 'A &%TransportationService provided by an &%Agent that involves flying a customer from one &%Airport to another &%Airport.' 'Air Transportation Service' s__LandTransportationService s__LandTransportationService__t 'A &%TransportationService provided by an &%Agent that involves &%LandTransportation' 'Land Transportation Service' s__WaterTransportationService s__WaterTransportationService__t 'A &%TransportationService that involves &%WaterTransportation' 'Water Transportation Service' '(providesDestination ?TC ?REG) means &%TransportationCompany, ?TC, provides possible &%Transportation to &%Region ?REG.' 'provides destination' '(? [V__SVC] : (s__instance(V__SVC,s__ServiceProcess) & s__instance(V__SVC,s__TransportationService) & s__serviceProvider(V__SVC,V__TC) & s__destination(V__SVC,V__REG)))' s__ViralCellInvasion__t 'The Class of events in which a cell is penetrated by a virus and in which a virus enters the cell to be, or perhaps not be, further processed within the cell.' '(&%invadingVirus ?CELLINV ?VIRUS) means that ?VIRUS is a virus that invades a host cell in the cell invasion ?CELLINV. If the invasion results in a replication, it is the genome of the invading virus that is replicated. The original virus is destroyed but replicated in the process.' '(&%geneticSubstrateOfVirus ?VIRUS ?MOL) relates the virus ?VIRUS to the molecule ?MOL that contains its genetic information.' s__DNAVirus s__RNAVirus s__VirusDoubleStranded s__VirusSingleStranded s__UnenvelopedVirus s__EnvelopedVirus s__DNAMolecule s__DNAMolecule__t 'Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid which carries genetic instructions for the biological development of all cellular forms of life and many viruses. DNA is sometimes referred to as the molecule of heredity as it is inherited and used to propagate traits. During reproduction, it is replicated and transmitted to offspring. In bacteria and other simple cell organisms, DNA is distributed more or less throughout the cell. In the complex cells that make up plants, animals and in other multi-celled organisms, most of the DNA is found in the chromosomes, which are located in the cell nucleus. (from Wikipedia)' 'The class of viruses whose genetic material is made of DNA.' s__RNAMolecule s__RNAMolecule__t 'Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid consisting of a string of covalently-bound nucleotides. It is biochemically distinguished from DNA by the presence of an additional hydroxyl group, attached to each pentose ring, as well as by the use of uracil, instead of thymine. RNA transmits genetic information from DNA (via transcription) into proteins (by translation).' s__RNAVirus__t 'The class of viruses whose genetic material is made up of RNA.' s__UnenvelopedVirus__t 'The class of viruses whose nucleocapsid does not have a lipid bilayer while it is in the virion stage.' s__EnvelopedVirus__t 'The class of viruses whose virions have a lipid bilayer formed when the nucleocapsid buds through the cell membrane upon formation.' s__VirusDoubleStranded__t 'The class of viruses whose DNA or RNA is doublestranded.' s__VirusSingleStranded__t 'The class of viruses whose DNA or RNA is singlestranded.' s__MoleculeStructuralAttribute__t 'A &%MoleculeStructuralAttribute applies to a &%Molecule in virtue of the way the &%Molecule is configured.' s__DoubleStrandedMolecularStructure 'The attribute, held by molecules, of being double stranded.' '(&%hasMolecularStructuralAttribute ?MOL ?ATT) means that ?MOL has the attribute ?ATT.' s__Poxviridae s__DNAVirus__t 'The class of viruses that are in the poxviridae family.' s__Chordopoxvirinae s__Chordopoxvirinae__t s__Poxviridae__t 'The class of viruses in the chordopoxvirinae subfamily.' s__Orthopoxvirus 'The class of viruses in the orthopoxvirus genus.' s__VacciniaVirus s__Orthopoxvirus__t 'The class of vaccinia viruses.' s__Virion 'The class of viruses in the virion stage, i.e., viruses that are mature and capable of exiting cells or invading other viruses.' s__VacciniaVirion s__VacciniaVirion__t s__VacciniaVirus__t s__IntracellularMatureVirionVaccinia s__IntracellularEnvelopedVirionVaccinia s__ExtracellularEnvelopedVirionVaccinia s__ProgenyVacciniaVirusImmature 'The class of vaccinia viruses in virion stage. These can be subdivided into &%IntracellularMatureVirionVaccinia, &%IntracellularEnvelopedVirionVaccinia, &%ExtracellularEnvelopedVirionVaccinia, and &%ProgenyVacciniaVirusImmature.' s__IntracellularMatureVirionVaccinia__t 'The class of viruses that are at the stage of development of being mature but lacking an extra coat.' s__IntracellularEnvelopedVirionVaccinia__t 'The class of virions that result from a second virion wrapping.' s__ExtracellularEnvelopedVirionVaccinia__t 'The class of viruses that have an extra envelope and move outside the cell that they have invaded before invading another cell.' s__ProgenyVacciniaVirusImmature__t 'The class of viruses that are at the immature stage after being produced.' '(&%lifeStageAchieved ?BDE ?ATTR) relates the &%BiologicalProcess ?BDE to the &%DevelopmentalAttribute that is realized as a result of ?BDE.' '(~ s__instance(V__OBJ,V__LST))' 'A relation between a &%ChemicalProcess and a &%Substance that acts to acelerate or enable the &%ChemicalProcess.' s__InitiatorProtein s__InitiatorProtein__t 'The class of proteins that are necessary to initiate protein synthesis.' s__DNAPolymerase s__DNAPolymerase__t 'The class of DNA polymerase molecules. Each one plays the role of catalyzing the production of DNA.' s__StructuralProtein s__StructuralProtein__t 'The class of proteins whose role it is to provide mechanical support to cells and tissues.' s__TransportProtein s__TransportProtein__t 'The class of protein molecules whose role it is to carry small molecules or ions.' s__MotorProtein s__MotorProtein__t 'The class of protein molecules whose role it is to generate movement in cells and tissues.' s__StorageProtein s__StorageProtein__t 'The class of protein molecules whose role it is to store small molecules or ions.' s__SignalingProtein s__SignalingProtein__t 'The class of protein molecules whose role is to carry signals from cell to cell.' s__ReceptorProtein s__ReceptorProtein__t 'The class of protein molecules that play the role of signal detection and transmission to cell response machinery.' s__GeneRegulatoryProtein s__GeneRegulatoryProtein__t 'The class of proteins that play the role of binding to DNA in order to turn genes on or off.' s__SpecialPurposeProtein s__SpecialPurposeProtein__t 'The class of proteins whose role very specific.' s__VitF2Protein s__VitF2Protein__t 'The class of VitF2 proteins, typically found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.' s__RNAProcessingEnzyme s__RNAProcessingEnzyme__t 'The class of RNA processing enzymes.' s__ProteinStructuralAttribute__t s__ProteinStructuralAttributeComposite s__ProteinStructuralAttributePrimitive 'The class of structural attributes held by proteins. Note that these could be composite structural attributes, see &%ProteinStructuralAttributeComposite, or simple ones, see &%ProteinStructuralAttributePrimitive.' s__ProteinStructuralAttributeComposite__t 'The class of kinds of physical structural attributes associated with proteins. A number of organizational levels would be reflected in each instance of this class, i.e., each instance is defined, at least vaguely, in terms of the different organizational strata of a protein. For instance, each instance might be thought of as a vector with dimensions determined by primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure, etc. See comment on &%ProteinStructuralAttributePrimitive.' s__ProteinStructuralAttributePrimitive__t 'The class of primitive structural attributes associated with proteins, i.e., structural attributes that form the most basic strata along which we discuss the structural organization of a protein. Of course, any given protein will simultaneously hold several different instances of this class, but it will only hold one instance of &%ProteinStructuralAttributeComposite.' '(&%associatedFunctionality ?PSA ?PMBFR) means that holding the structural attribute ?PSA increases the likelihood that the holder of that attribute plays the role that defines members of ?PMBFR, i.e., there is at least some correlation between the structural attribute and the salient role.' s__PlasmaMembrane s__PlasmaMembrane__t 'The class of plasma membranes that surround cells made up of a lipid bilayer and other associated proteins and other molecules.' s__EukaryoticCell s__EukaryoticCell__t 'The &%Class of &%Cells that have a &%CellNucleus.' s__ProkaryoticCell s__ProkaryoticCell__t 'The &%Class of &%Cells that do not have a &%CellNucleus.' s__Cytoplasm s__Cytoplasm__t 'The material in a cell that is outside of the nucleus and inside the cells outer membrane.' s__ProteinSynthesisTool s__ProteinSynthesisTool__t 'The class of parts in a cell that are used in the translation and transcription of the cells genetic information.' s__CellMembrane 'The class of cell membranes, internal and external.' s__CellMembraneInternal s__CellMembraneInternal__t s__CellMembrane__t 'The class of cell membranes that are found inside the cell, i.e., ones that are not on the outermost surface.' s__LipidBilayer s__LipidBilayer__t 'This is the class of lipid bilayers that surround cells and make up a substantial portion of a cell membrane.' s__AmphipathicMolecule s__AmphipathicMolecule__t 'The class of molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydorophobic properties.' s__LipidMembraneMolecule s__LipidMembraneMolecule__t 'The class of molecules, composed of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Lipid Bilayers are composed of these molecules.' s__HydrophilicLipidHead s__HydrophilicLipidHead__t 'The class of heads of molecules that have hydrophilic heads.' s__HydrophobicLipidTail s__HydrophobicLipidTail__t 'The class of tails of molecules that have hydrophobic tails.' s__HydrophobicSide s__HydrophobicSide__t 'The class of hydrophobic sides of lipid bilayers.' s__HydrophilicSide s__HydrophilicSide__t 'The class of hydrophilic sides of lipid bilayers.' s__Chromotin s__Chromotin__t 'The class of chromotin found in cell nucleuses.' s__Cytoskeleton s__Cytoskeleton__t 'The class of cytoskeletons found in cells.' s__Endomembrane s__Endomembrane__t 'The class of cellular endomembranes.' s__GolgiApparatus s__GolgiApparatus__t 'The stack of flattened vesicles that functions in the posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins.' s__CellEnvelope s__CellEnvelope__t 'The class of cellular envelopes.' s__Lipoprotein s__Lipoprotein__t 'The class of lipoproteins.' s__CellInternalMembraneGroup s__CellInternalMembraneGroup__t 'The class of groups of internal cell membranes contained within each cell.' s__VirusPart 'The class of structures which are typically found or may be found in viruses.' s__ViralGenome s__ViralGenome__t 'The class of molecules that constitute virus genomes.' s__VirusCoreEnvelope s__VirusCoreEnvelope__t 'The class of core envelopes inside of which the genetic material of the virus and virion enzymes are contained.' s__VirusOuterMembrane s__VirusOuterMembrane__t s__VirusPart__t 'The class of virus membranes.' s__Palisade s__Palisade__t 'The class of palisades.' s__VirionEnzyme s__VirionEnzyme__t 'The class of enzymes that are found inside of viruses when they are in a virion stage.' s__ViralCore s__ViralCore__t 'The class of viral cores. The &%ViralCore of a virus is the virus less its envelope.' s__ViralPartFn__m '(&%ViralPartFn ?VIR ?PARTTYPE) denotes the object of type ?PARTTYPE that is part of ?VIR.' s__CellPartFn__m '(&%CellPartFn ?CELL ?PARTTYPE) denotes the object of type ?PARTTYPE that is part of ?CELL.' s__BiochemicalAttack s__BiochemicalAttack__t '&%Attacks in which a &%BiochemicalWeapon is used against an &%Organism.' s__BiochemicalWeapon '(? [V__DAMAGE,V__ORGANISM] : (s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Damaging) & s__patient(V__DAMAGE,V__ORGANISM) & s__causes(V__ATTACK,V__DAMAGE) & s__instance(V__Organism,s__Organism)))' 'A &%BiologicalAgent or a &%ChemicalAgent.' s__ChemicalAgent s__AgentOfOrganismFn__m 'A &%Function that returns the &%BiologicalAgent composed of the given &%Organism in a &%Solution of &%Mixture.' s__AerosolizedAgent s__AerosolizedAgent__t 'A &%BiochemicalAgent that has been divided into particles so minute that they can be easily dispersed in the air and inhaled by &%Humans or &%Animals. &%AerosolizedAgents tend to be more lethal and to affect a larger area.' 'A &%WeaponOfMassDestruction that is either a &%BiologicalWeapon or a &%ChemicalWeapon, i.e. not a &%RadioactiveWeapon.' s__RadioactiveWeapon s__BiologicalWeapon s__ChemicalWeapon 'A &%WeaponOfMassDestruction which achieves its effect through radioactivity, either by an explosion resulting from nuclear fission or by a conventional explosive device that scatters radioactive debris.' s__RadiologicalWeapon '&%Weapons which are designed to spread radioactive particles over a large area by means of a conventional explosive device rather than a nuclear reaction. These weapons are often referred to as dirty bombs.' s__RadiologicalWeapon__t s__RadioactiveWeapon__t 'An &%ExplosiveDevice and &%RadioactiveWeapon which achieves its effect by means of a critical mass of a radioactive substance.' s__BiologicalWeapon__t '&%Weapons which contain a sample of &%ToxicOrganism or a &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance that is produced by a &%ToxicOrganism (or a synthetic analogue of the latter).' 'A naturally occurring &%Substance, or a synthetic analogue of such a substance or an &%Organism that is capable of inflicting severe harm on other &%Organisms. All &%BiologicalWeapons contain a &%BiologicalAgent.' s__ToxicOrganism '&%BiologicalAgents that are a toxic &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance produced by an &%Organism or that are the synthetic analogue of a toxic &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance produced by an &%Organism.' 'The &%Class of &%Organisms which are poisonous to other &%Organisms.' s__BacterialAgent '&%BiologicalAgents that are instances of &%Bacterium.' "0.000002" s__FungalAgent s__ToxicOrganism__t 'Any &%BiologicalAgent that is also a &%Fungus.' s__Mycotoxin s__Mycotoxin__t 'A &%Toxin that is produced by a &%FungalAgent.' s__ViralAgent '&%BiologicalAgents that are also a &%Virus.' s__GeneticallyEngineeredOrganism s__GeneticallyEngineeredOrganism__t 'The class of &%Organisms that are not found originally in nature, but are produced in a laboratory by manipulating the genes of naturally occurring organisms.' s__RickettsialAgent s__RickettsialAgent__t '&%BiologicalAgents that are rickettsial organisms, i.e. gram-negative bacteria that infect mammals and arthropods.' s__RickettsiaRickettsii s__RickettsiaRickettsii__t s__RockyMountainSpottedFever 'The &%Bacterium that causes &%RockyMountainSpottedFever.' s__LifeThreateningDisease "0.04" s__OralAntibiotic 'A very serious disease that is caused &%RickettsiaRickettsii, which is carried by ticks. The most distinctive symptom of the disease is a rash of black dots.' s__RickettsiaProwazekii s__RickettsiaProwazekii__t s__LouseBorneTyphus 'The &%Bacterium that causes &%LouseBorneTyphus.' 'The only rickettsial disease which is capable of causing widespread human epidemics. The initial symptoms of the disease are flu-like, but on the fifth or sixth day of infection a macular eruption appears on the upper trunk of the body and then spreads to the rest of the body.' s__BacillusAnthracis s__BacillusAnthracis__t s__Anthrax 'The &%Bacterium which causes the disease &%Anthrax. Humans may become infected with Anthrax via contamination of a wound or by inhaling the &%Bacterium. When it is inhaled, the disease is often fatal if not treated early (see &%InhalationalAnthrax).' s__AerosolizedBacillusAnthracis s__AerosolizedBacillusAnthracis__t s__InhalationalAnthrax 'Also known as weaponized anthrax. These are spores of &%BacillusAnthracis that have been separated to the point that they can be dispersed in the air and easily inhaled by crowds.' s__Vollum1B s__Vollum1B__t 'A highly lethal, weaponized form of &%BacillusAnthracis developed by the United States government.' s__Batrachotoxin s__Batrachotoxin__t 'A &%Toxin produced by some species of Frogs.' s__ClostridiumBotulinum s__ClostridiumBotulinum__t s__BotulinumToxin 'The &%Bacterium that produces &%BotulinumToxin.' s__BotulinumToxin__t s__LifeThreateningAgent s__Botulism 'A &%Toxin produced by the bacterium &%ClostridiumBotulinum. It paralyzes muscles if ingested, and one billionth of a pound is sufficient to cause death.' s__VaccinatableDisease s__VaccinatableDisease__t s__Paralysis 'A paralytic disease caused by &%BotulinumToxin, a &%Toxin produced by the bacterium &%ClostridiumBotulinum.' s__ClostridiumPerfringens s__ClostridiumPerfringens__t s__EpsilonToxin '&%Bacterium often found in the intestines of &%Animals. Ingesting this &%Bacterium can result in Perfringens food poisoning, which can attack internal organs and lead to gangrene.' s__EpsilonToxin__t s__Toxin__t 'A &%Toxin produced by the bacterium &%ClostridiumPerfringens that causes a mild form of food poisoning that lasts one to two days.' s__BurkholderiaMallei s__BurkholderiaMallei__t s__Glanders s__Ciprofloxacin 'The &%Bacterium that causes the disease &%Glanders. It is transmitted to humans by direct contact with infected animals. The bacteria enter the body through the skin and the mucosal surfaces of the eyes and nose.' 'A disease caused by &%BurkholderiaMallei. Primary symptoms of &%Glanders include fever, muscle aches, chest pain, muscle tightness, and headache. Additional symptoms include tearing of the eyes, light sensitivity, and diarrhea. There is no vaccine for this disease.' s__BurkholderiaPseudomallei s__BurkholderiaPseudomallei__t s__Melioidosis 'Formerly known as Pseudomonas Pseudomallei, this is the &%Bacterium that causes &%Melioidosis.' 'Also known as Whitmores disease, it is similar to &%Glanders. Unlike &%Glanders, however, the disease is found predominantly in Southeast Asia. The disease may be a localized infection or it may involve the bloodstream, the lungs or other organs of the body.' s__BrucellaBacterium s__BrucellaBacterium__t s__Brucellosis 'The &%Bacterium which is responsible for the disease &%Brucellosis. This class covers Brucella Abortus (which infects humans and cattle), Brucella Melitensis (which infects sheep, goats, and humans), and Brucella Suis (which infects pigs).' 'Infectious disease caused by &%BrucellaBacterium. It is also known as undulant fever and malta fever, depending on the strain of &%BrucellaBacterium that is reponsible for the infection.' s__YersiniaPestis s__YersiniaPestis__t s__Plague 'The &%Bacterium that causes &%Plague.' 'The disease caused by the &%Bacterium &%YersiniaPestis. &%Plague has two forms depending on the location of the infection within the body, &%BubonicPlague and &%PneumonicPlague.' s__BubonicPlague 'A variant of the &%Plague which results in large swellings, called buboes.' s__PneumonicPlague 'Also known as pulmonary plague, a variant of the &%Plague which attacks the lungs and is spread between humans by oral bodily fluids.' s__RicinToxin s__RicinToxin__t "3.0" 'An extremely toxic protein found in the castor bean plant (ricinus communis). It is 200 times more toxic than cyanide, and it has no known antidote, and it causes vomiting, high fever, weakness, and death.' s__AbrinToxin s__AbrinToxin__t 'An extremely toxic protein found in the seeds of the rosary pea. Its mechanism, symptoms, and treatment are very similar to those of &%RicinToxin. However, &%AbrinToxin is roughly 75 times more toxic than &%RicinToxin.' s__ChemicalAgent__t 'Synthetic compounds that are not an analogue of anything occurring naturally and that can result in serious burns, paralysis, and death to &%Organisms.' s__ChemicalWeapon__t s__BiochemicalWeapon__t '&%Weapons that damage or destroy &%Organisms by means of a &%ChemicalAgent.' s__BlisterAgent '&%ChemicalAgents that affect eyes, lungs, and skin. &%BlisterAgents are so named because they cause blistering of the skin. They may also cause blindness and respiratory damage.' '(? [V__DAMAGE,V__TISSUE] : (s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__DAMAGE,s__Damaging) & s__instance(V__TISSUE,s__Tissue) & s__patient(V__DAMAGE,V__TISSUE)))' s__MustardGas s__MustardGas__t s__BlisterAgent__t 'A &%BlisterAgent that was commonly used in World War I to incapacitate troops. It is chemically stable, persistent, and is capable of attacking the eyes, the skin, and the respiratory tract. There is no accepted treatment or preventive measure for &%MustardGas.' s__SulphurMustardGas s__SulphurMustardGas__t 'A kind of mustard gas. Also known as Yperite and HD. This is regarded b some as the most effective &%BlisterAgent because it is persistent.' s__NitrogenMustardGas s__NitrogenMustardGas__t 'A kind of mustard gas. Also known as HN.' s__Lewisite s__Lewisite__t s__Dimercaprol 'Besides being a &%BlisterAgent, &%Lewisite causes systemic poisoning. Its symptoms include pulmonary edema, diarrhea, reduced body temperature and blood pressure. When large quantities of &%Lewisite are inhaled, it can cause death in as little as 10 minutes.' s__Dimercaprol__t 'A chelating agent often used to treat &%Lewisite, as well as &%Lead &%Poisoning.' s__PhosgeneOxime s__PhosgeneOxime__t 'One of the most painful and destructive chemical compounds in existence. Recovery from this &%ChemicalAgent requires one to three months.' s__BloodAgent s__BloodAgent__t 'A &%CompoundSubstance that prevents the normal use of oxygen by bodily tissues. &%BloodAgents are highly volatile and disperse easily in the open air.' s__HydrogenCyanide s__HydrogenCyanide__t 'A &%ChemicalAgent that was widely used by the Nazis in extermination camps. A low dose can cause headache, disorientation, and vomiting, while a high dose can rapidly result in respiratory and/or cardiac arrest.' s__CyanogenChloride s__CyanogenChloride__t 'Used in mining and metalurgy, it is very similar to &%HydrogenCyanide. However, it is less volatile than &%HydrogenCyanide, and its effects on the eyes, respiratory tract, and lungs is similar to &%Phosgene and &%ChorineGas.' s__Arsine s__Arsine__t 'A very toxic form of arsenic that is 2 and a half times denser than air. Victims who die after exposure to &%Arsine generally die from renal failure.' s__IncapacitatingAgent '&%ChemicalAgents that are designed to cause temporary disability in victims.' s__IncapacitatingAgent__t s__BZGas s__BZGas__t 'Stockpiled for a time by both NATO and the Warsaw Pact countries, &%BZGas is a psychoactive agent that is heaver than air and reputedly ten times more powerful than LSD. Effects of the gas are not well understood, but they include vomiting, lethargy, loss of motor co-ordination, and cognitive incapacity.' s__NerveAgent s__Atropine 'These &%ChemicalAgents are easily absorbed into the mucous membranes of humans and inactivate the essential enzyme acetylcholinesterase, bringing about paralysis of the respiratory and central nervous systems.' s__GSeriesNerveAgent s__VSeriesNerveAgent 'Earliest sort of &%NerveAgent (developed in the 1930s). This &%subclass of &%NerveAgents tends to be less persistent, more volatile, and less toxic than &%VSeriesNerveAgents, which were developed later. &%GSeriesNerveAgents include &%Tabun, &%Sarin, and &%Soman.' s__Tabun s__Tabun__t 'Also known as GA, one of the G-series nerve agents. It is about half as toxic as &%Sarin, but it is more irritating to the eyes than &%Sarin.' s__Soman s__Soman__t s__PyridostigmineBromide "64.0" 'Also known as GD, one of the G-series nerve agents.' s__Sarin s__Sarin__t "100.0" 'Also known as GB, one of the G-series nerve agents.' s__GF s__GF__t s__GSeriesNerveAgent__t 'One of the G-series nerve agents.' s__VSeriesNerveAgent__t s__NerveAgent__t 'More advanced sort of &%NerveAgent (developed in the 1950s). This &%subclass of &%NerveAgents tends to be more persistent and toxic than &%GSeriesNerveAgents, which were developed earlier. &%VSeriesNerveAgents include VE, VG, VM, VS, and VX.' s__VX s__VX__t "15.0" 'One of the V-series nerve agents.' s__ChokingAgent '&%ChemicalAgents designed to cause the lungs to fill with fluid, which can result in the victim choking to death. &%ChokingAgents are heavy gases that are less effective than other &%ChemicalAgents because they can be easily dissipated by a slight wind.' s__Diphosgene s__Diphosgene__t s__ChokingAgent__t 'A poisonous gas that irritates the lungs and that is similar to &%Phosgene.' s__Chloropicrin s__Chloropicrin__t s__Gastroenteritis 'Poisonous gas which has effects similar to tear gas. If ingested, the gas causes gastroenteritis.' s__Phosgene s__Phosgene__t 'A colorless, extremely toxic gas. It is regarded as the most dangerous of the &%ChemicalAgents. Deaths resulting from exposure to this &%ChemicalAgent generally occur in 24 to 48 hours.' s__ChlorineGas s__ChlorineGas__t 'A poisonous gas.' s__WMDWeaponsProductionFacility 'Facilities where instances of &%WeaponOfMassDestruction are built.' s__DevelopingWeaponOfMassDestruction s__WMDWeaponsResearchFacility 'Facilities where research on instances of &%WeaponOfMassDestruction is performed.' s__ResearchingWeaponOfMassDestruction s__NuclearWeaponProductionFacility s__NuclearWeaponProductionFacility__t s__WMDWeaponsProductionFacility__t 'Facilities where &%NuclearWeapons are built.' s__NuclearWeaponResearchFacility 'Research facilities that perform research on technology related to &%NuclearWeapons.' s__NuclearWeaponResearchFacility__t s__WMDWeaponsResearchFacility__t s__DeployingWeaponOfMassDestruction s__DeployingWeaponOfMassDestruction__t 'Positioning a chemical, biological or radioactive weapon for the purpose of bringing about harm of some kind.' s__DevelopingWeaponOfMassDestruction__t '&%Making instances of &%WeaponOfMassDestruction.' s__StockpilingWeaponOfMassDestruction s__StockpilingWeaponOfMassDestruction__t 'Manufacturing a significant quantity of instances of a &%WeaponOfMassDestruction, i.e. the weapons are not produced at the scale of a single laboratory or a pilot program. These weapons may or may not be deployed (see &%DeployingWeaponOfMassDestruction).' s__DeliveringWeaponOfMassDestruction s__DeliveringWeaponOfMassDestruction__t 'Integrating a &%WeaponOfMassDestruction with a conventional weapon, so that the former can be delivered to its target.' s__ResearchingWeaponOfMassDestruction__t 'Conducting research on the development of Weapons of Mass Destruction.' s__DismantlingWeaponOfMassDestruction s__DismantlingWeaponOfMassDestruction__t 'Dismantling a Weapon of Mass Destruction, i.e. destroying the weapon or removing it from active deployment.' 'Relates a &%subclass of &%BiochemicalAgent to a &%DiseaseOrSyndrome that is caused by or often associated with the &%BiochemicalAgent.' '(&%biochemicalAgentDelivery ?AGENT ?PROCESS) means that the &%Process ?PROCESS is capable of infecting an organism with the &%BiochemicalAgent ?AGENT when the organism is the &%experiencer and the ?AGENT the &%patient of an instance of ?PROCESS.' '(&%effectiveDose ?AGENT ?QUANTITY) means that ?QUANTITY is the effective dose, or ED50, for the &%BiochemicalAgent ?AGENT. This is the dose that would incapacitate 50% of the exposed human population. Note that ?QUANTITY is generally expressed in micrograms per kilogram (mcg/kg).' '(&%lethalDose ?AGENT ?QUANTITY) means that ?QUANTITY is the lethal dose, or LD50, for the &%BiochemicalAgent ?AGENT. This is the dose that would result in death for 50% of the exposed human population. Note that ?QUANTITY is generally expressed in micrograms per kilogram (mcg/kg).' '(&%diseaseSymptom ?DISEASE ?SYMPTOM) means that &%DiseaseOrSyndrome ?DISEASE is often associated with the &%DiseaseOrSyndrome ?SYMPTOM, i.e. an &%Organism which suffers from ?DISEASE is more likely to suffer from ?SYMPTOM than one which does not.' '(&%diseaseMortality ?DISEASE ?NUMBER) means that &%DiseaseOrSyndrome ?DISEASE has a Mortality rate of ?NUMBER.' '(&%biochemicalAgentAntidote ?AGENT ?SUBSTANCE ?PROCESS) means that the &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance ?SUBSTANCE has been shown to be effective in treating someone who has been exposed to the &%BiochemicalAgent ?AGENT when the ?SUBSTANCE is administered via the &%Process ?PROCESS.' '(&%diseaseTreatment ?DISEASE ?SUBSTANCE ?PROCESS) means that the &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance ?SUBSTANCE is effective in the treatment of the &%DiseaseOrSyndrome ?DISEASE when administered via the &%Process ?PROCESS, i.e. it has been demonstrated (in a significant sample of patients) to cure the ?DISEASE or at least reduce the severity of symptoms associated with the ?DISEASE.' '(&%biologicalAgentCarrier ?AGENT ?ORGANISM) means that the &%subclass of &%Organism ?ORGANISM is a carrier of the &%subclass of &%BiologicalAgent ?AGENT.' '(&%secretesToxin ?ORGANISM ?TOXIN) means that the &%subclass of &%Organism ?ORGANISM produces the &%subclass of &%Toxin ?TOXIN.' s__SalmonellaTyphimurium s__SalmonellaTyphimurium__t 'A bacterium that can cause death in young, elderly or immunodeficient people. It appears in the stool of infected people.' s__SalmonellaPartyphi s__SalmonellaPartyphi__t 'Causes a less severe illness than &%SalmonellaTyphimurium.' s__LifeThreateningAgent__t s__BiochemicalAgent__t 'A &%BiochemicalAgent that has been observed to cause the death of &%Humans.' 'A &%DiseaseOrSyndrome that has been observed to cause the death of &%Humans.' 'A disease for which there is an effective vaccine for &%Humans.' '(~ s__attribute(V__HUMAN,V__DISEASE))' 'Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, i.e. the stomach and small and large intestines. The symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.' 'The syndrome where some or all of an &%Animals muscles cannot be moved voluntarily.' s__HemorrhagicFever 'A severe syndrome that affects multiple organs of the body. Typically, the vascular system is damaged, and the bodys ability to regulate itself is impaired.' s__Doxycycline 'The disease caused by &%BacillusAnthracis. Victims of the disease may experience a brief, apparent recovery before death.' s__LifeThreateningDisease__t 'Almost 100% fatal if left untreated for more than 24 hours.' s__Gonorrhea 'A disease caused by the bacterium &%NeisseriaGonorrhoeae.' s__QFever 'A disease caused by the rickettsia &%CoxiellaBurnetii. Causes headache, chills, coughing, hallucinations, fever up to 104 degrees, facial pain, speech impairment, heart inflammation and congestive heart failure.' s__YellowSkin 'Is caused by liver failure, which results in an accumulation of bile. It is caused by &%YellowFeverVirus.' s__YellowFeverVirus s__YellowFeverVirus__t 'A &%Virus that can result in chills, fever, stomach bleeding, and &%YellowSkin.' "0.00000002" s__FootAndMouthVirus s__FootAndMouthVirus__t s__ViralAgent__t 'A &%Virus that is smaller than &%YellowFeverVirus.' s__EbolaVirus s__EbolaVirus__t s__EbolaHemorrhagicFever 'A &%Virus that causes a form of hemorrhagic fever.' s__HemorrhagicFever__t 'A very serious &%HemorrhagicFever, which often results in death.' s__FrancisellaTularensis s__FrancisellaTularensis__t s__Tularemia 'The &%Bacterium that causes the disease &%Tularemia. Also known as Pasturella Tularensis. The &%Bacterium has two strains, Jellison type A (F. tularensis biovar tularensis) and type B strains (F tularensis biovar palaearctica), and it is infectious with a dose as small as 50 cells per milliliter.' "0.05" 'A disease associated with fever, chills, coughing and Tularemia skin lesions (ulcers up to an inch wide).' s__Smallpox "0.33" 'A highly contagious and dangerous disease. It causes blood loss, cardiovascular collapse, secondary infections, skin pustules, and often leaves survivors scarred and blinded. Approximately 500 million people died from &%Smallpox in the nineteenth century. The disease can live on objects for several days, and it incubates for twelve days before showing symptoms.' s__Monkeypox 'A viral disease that is very similar to &%Smallpox. It is seen sporadically in parts of Africa.' s__MonkeypoxVirus s__MonkeypoxVirus__t 'The &%Virus that causes &%Monkeypox.' s__NeisseriaGonorrhoeae s__NeisseriaGonorrhoeae__t 'The &%Bacterium that causes &%Gonorrhea.' s__CoxiellaBurnetii s__CoxiellaBurnetii__t 'The &%Bacterium that causes &%QFever.' s__VariolaMajor s__VariolaMajor__t 'A &%Virus that causes &%Smallpox. Also known as the smallpox virus.' s__VariolaMinor s__VariolaMinor__t 'A &%Virus that causes &%Smallpox. Also known as Alastrim.' '(s__instance(V__KILL,s__Killing) & s__patient(V__KILL,V__BACTERIUM) & s__instance(V__BACTERIUM,s__Bacterium))' 'An &%Antibiotic that is administered orally, e.g. &%Penicillin.' s__Penicillin s__Penicillin__t s__OralAntibiotic__t 'An ingestible antibiotic which kills many kinds of bacteria.' s__Doxycycline__t 'An &%OralAntibiotic that is used to treat a wide variety of &%BacterialDiseases, including travelers diarrhea. Recommended for prevention of inhalational &%Anthrax in subjects who may have been exposed to aeresolized &%BacillusAnthracis.' s__Ciprofloxacin__t 'An &%OralAntibiotic that is often used to prevent complications from &%AquiredImmunoDeficiencySyndrome. Recommended for prevention of inhalational &%Anthrax in subjects who may have been exposed to aeresolized &%BacillusAnthracis.' s__Keflex s__Keflex__t 'A cephalosporin for treating bacterial infections.' s__TopicalAntibiotic s__TopicalAntibiotic__t 'An &%Antibiotic that is administered topically, e.g. &%Bacitracin.' s__Bacitracin s__Bacitracin__t 'A common topical antibiotic.' s__Atropine__t 'An anticholinergic agent.' s__ShigellaDysenteriae s__ShigellaDysenteriae__t s__ShigaToxin 'Causes severe dysentery (even when as little as 100 bacteria are ingested). This form of dysentery results in death in 10-20 percent of infections.' s__ShigaToxin__t "0.002" 'The &%Toxin produced by the &%Bacterium &%ShigellaDysenteriae.' s__AquiredImmunoDeficiencySyndrome s__AquiredImmunoDeficiencySyndrome__t 'A disease that attacks the immune system and that is caused by the &%HIVVirus. Patients are usually infected through blood or semen.' s__HIVVirus s__HIVVirus__t 'The &%Virus that causes &%AquiredImmunoDeficiencySyndrome.' s__SalmonellaTyphi s__SalmonellaTyphi__t s__TyphoidFever 'The &%Bacterium that causes &%TyphoidFever.' s__TyphoidFever__t 'A life-threatening disease that is caused by &%SalmonellaTyphi.' s__GiardiaLamblia s__GiardiaLamblia__t 'A &%Bacterium that causes &%Gastroenteritis. It is present in many streams and lakes, and it is carried by beavers and other animals.' s__SerratiaMarcenscens s__SerratiaMarcenscens__t 'A &%Bacterium that can cause death in infected &%Humans.' s__CoccidioidesImmitis s__CoccidioidesImmitis__t s__FungalAgent__t s__RiftValleyFever 'A &%Fungus that causes &%RiftValleyFever, an illness whose symptoms include fever, chills, and coughing and which may result in death.' s__CoccidiodesPosadasii s__CoccidiodesPosadasii__t 'A recently discovered &%Fungus that is related to &%CoccidioidesImmitis and that also causes &%RiftValleyFever.' s__Mixomatosis s__Mixomatosis__t 'A &%Virus that is infectious to rabbits and may cause blindness and death in these &%Rodents.' s__VenezuelanEquineEncephalitis s__VenezuelanEquineEncephalitis__t 'Also known as Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Caused by any one of eight distinct &%Viruses. Symptoms of the disease include severe headache, high fever (up to 105 degrees), sensitivity to light (photophobia), nausea, coughing, and diarrhea. The disease results in central nervous system infection in 1 of 25 children.' s__VenezuelanEquineEncephalitisVirus s__VenezuelanEquineEncephalitisVirus__t 'The &%Virus that causes &%VenezuelanEquineEncephalitis.' s__RiftValleyFever__t 'A &%ViralDisease that causes chills, bleeding, and stupor.' s__StaphyylococcusAureus s__StaphyylococcusAureus__t s__StaphylococcalEnterotoxinB 'A bacterium that secretes &%StaphylococcalEnterotoxicB. It causes chills, headache, muscle pain, coughing (which may last for weeks), and sudden fever of up to 106 degrees (which may last for days). It occasionally causes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.' s__StaphylococcalEnterotoxinB__t "0.0004" "0.02" 'A common cause of food poisoning. It has been studied as a &%BiologicalAgent, because it is stable, can be converted to aerosol form, and can be lethal when inhaled.' s__Influenza s__Influenza__t 'A contagious disease caused by a large number of &%Viruses.' s__Saxitoxin s__Saxitoxin__t s__ParalyticShellfishPoisoning 'A class of chemically related neurotoxins that are produced by marine dinoflagellates and carried by &%Mollusks.' 'A very serious disease requiring immediate medical attention. There is no vaccine for this disease.' s__Conotoxin s__Conotoxin__t 'A class of neurotoxins that are produced by the Pacific cone snails. The lethality of these toxins varies widely, and it would be impractical to manufacture them on a large scale.' s__Tetrodotoxin s__Tetrodotoxin__t 'A &%Toxin produced by the pufferfish and several other (widely varying) species. The initial symptoms include numbness in the lips and tongue, which spreads throughout the body. The next phase of the poisoning is paralysis, which again spreads throughout the body.' s__Cholera 'A diarrheal disease that is caused by a &%Toxin secreted by the &%Bacterium &%VibrioCholera. Death may result from severe dehydration caused by the disease. There is little if any fever and abdominal pain with this illness.' s__VibrioCholera s__VibrioCholera__t 'The &%Bacterium that is responsible for &%Cholera.' s__Tetanus 'Also known as lockjaw, a &%BacterialDisease that affects the nervous system. A subject is infected with the disease by a puncture of the skin that becomes infected with the &%ClostridiumTetani bacterium. Symptoms of the disease include muscular stiffness (especially in the jaw and neck), difficulty swallowing, spasms, sweating, and fever.' s__ClostridiumTetani s__ClostridiumTetani__t 'The &%Bacterium that causes the disease &%Tetanus.' s__HerpesB 'The disease caused by &%HerpesBVirus.' s__HerpesBVirus s__HerpesBVirus__t 'A virus which is carried by Macaque monkeys and which does not harm these primates, but which causes the very serious &%HerpesB disease in humans.' 'A predicate that specifies the time frame for the incubation of a &%DiseaseOrSyndrome. (&%diseaseIncubation ?DISEASE ?TIME1 ?TIME2) means that the &%DiseaseOrSyndrome ?DISEASE will appear between ?TIME1 and ?TIME2 after the subject has been infected with the &%BiologicalAgent causing ?DISEASE.' 'A predicate that is used to specify a side effect of a substance used in a medical treatment. (&%sideEffect ?SUBSTANCE ?SYNDROME) means that the &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance ?SUBSTANCE has the side effect ?SYNDROME.' s__Pertussis 'The &%BacterialDisease caused by &%BordetellaPertussis. Its symptoms include severe coughing (hence the colloquial name of whooping cough) and flu-like symptoms.' s__BordetellaPertussis s__BordetellaPertussis__t 'The &%Bacterium that causes &%Pertussis.' s__YersiniaPseudotuberculosis s__YersiniaPseudotuberculosis__t s__BacterialAgent__t 'Causes a disease whose symptoms include diarrhea, fever, headache, skin ulcers, and post-infectious arthritis.' s__ChlamydiaPsittaci s__ChlamydiaPsittaci__t s__Psittacosis 'The &%Bacterium that causes &%Psittacosis.' 'A serious disease caused by &%ChlamydiaPsittaci that affects both birds and humans. In humans the symptoms include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and a dry cough. The disease may give rise to pneumonia in extreme cases.' s__Malaria 'A disease that destroys red blood cells. It is caused by a &%Microorganism (see &%MalarialPlasmodium) that is carried by the Anopheles Gambiae mosquito.' s__MalarialPlasmodium s__BiologicalAgent__t 'Any of four strains of Plasmodium that are known to cause &%Malaria.' s__PlasmodiumFalciparum s__PlasmodiumFalciparum__t s__MalarialPlasmodium__t 'One of four strains of Plasmodium that are known to cause &%Malaria. It can cause severe anemia and kidney failure or it can constrict small blood vessels and cause cerebral malaria.' s__WestNileVirus s__WestNileVirus__t s__WestNileFever 'A flavivirus that causes &%WestNileFever.' 'A flu-like disease that is caused by the &%WestNileVirus. The disease is generally not life-threatening. However, it can be very serious if it progresses to West Nile Encephalitis, West Nile Meningitis or West Nile Meningoencephalitis, all of which are inflammations of the brain and/or spinal cord.' s__DengueFeverVirus s__DengueFeverVirus__t s__DengueFever s__DengueHemorrhagicFever 'Any of four related but distinct virus serotypes that are carried by the Aedes Aegypti mosquito and that can cause &%DengueFever and &%DengueHemorrhagicFever.' 'The less serious disease caused by the &%DengueFeverVirus. Symptoms include fever and severe headache.' 'The more serious disease caused by the & %DengueFeverVirus. Symptoms include bleeding from the nose, mouth, and gums, and excessive thirst and difficulty breathing.' s__LaCrosseVirus s__LaCrosseVirus__t s__LaCrosseEncephalitis 'The &%Virus that causes &%LaCrossEncephalitis. It is carried by the Aedes Triseriatus mosquito, as well as various woodlands rodents.' 'Encephalitis caused by the &%LaCrosseVirus. In its most severe cases, the disease may result in seizure and/or coma, but most infections are relatively mild.' s__SaintLouisEncephalitisVirus s__SaintLouisEncephalitisVirus__t s__SaintLouisEncephalitis 'The &%Virus that causes &%SaintLouisEncephalitis. Mosquitoes carry this virus, which is then transmitted to humans, when the insects bite them.' 'In mild cases, symptoms are flu-like. In more severe cases, symptoms may include disorientation, coma, tremors, hemorrhage, and convulsions.' s__EasternEquineEncephalitisVirus s__EasternEquineEncephalitisVirus__t s__EasternEquineEncephalitis 'The &%Virus that causes &%EasternEquineEncephalitis. Mosquitoes carry this virus, which is then transmitted to humans, when the insects bite them.' 'In mile cases, symptoms are flu-like. In more severe cases, the disease may result in encephalitis, coma, and death.' s__JapaneseEncephalitisVirus s__JapaneseEncephalitisVirus__t s__JapaneseEncephalitis 'The &%Virus that causes &%JapaneseEncephalitis. Mosquitoes in agricultural areas of Asia carry this virus, which is then transmitted to humans, when the insects bite them.' "0.30" 'Most people who are infected with this disease will suffer only mild symptoms. However, in severe cases, the disease attacks the central nervous system and may result in death.' s__EscherichiaColi0157H7 s__EscherichiaColi0157H7__t 'One of hundreds of strains of the Escherichia Coli &%Bacterium. This strain lives in the intestines of healthy cattle, but it can cause severe illness when ingested by humans.' s__MycobacteriumTuberculosis s__MycobacteriumTuberculosis__t 'The &%Bacterium that causes &%Tuberculosis.' s__MarburgVirus s__MarburgVirus__t s__MarburgDisease 'The &%Virus that causes &%MarburgDisease.' "0.25" 'Extremely serious disease caused by the &%MarburgVirus. Symptoms include high fever, myalgias, vomiting, and diarrhea. Typically involves major organs, including the central nervous system.' s__StreptococcusA s__StreptococcusA__t s__StrepThroat s__ScarletFever s__NecrotizingFaciitis 'The &%Bacterium that causes strep throat, scarlet fever, and necrotizing faciitis (flesh-eating bacteria).' 'A &%BacterialDisease whose symptoms include a very sore throat, difficulty swallowing, high fever, white spots and/or pus on or near the tonsils, and swollen lymph nodes. If left untreated, &%StrepThroat can progress to &%ScarletFever.' 'A serious disease that may arise if &%StrepThroat is left untreated.' 'A &%BacterialDisease caused by &%StreptococcusA where the &%Bacterium rapidly attacks soft tissue.' s__HepatitisVirus '&%Viruses that cause &%Hepatitis.' s__Hepatitis 'A class of &%ViralDiseases that attack the liver.' s__HepatitisAVirus s__HepatitisAVirus__t s__HepatitisA 'The &%Virus that causes &%HepatitisA.' s__Hepatitis__t 'A disease that attacks the liver and causes jaundice as well as flu-like symptoms. There is no chronic infection with this disease, and anyone who has recovered from it will have life-time immunity to the disease.' s__HepatitisBVirus s__HepatitisBVirus__t s__HepatitisB 'The &%Virus that causes &%HepatitisB.' 'Like other forms of hepatitis, &%HepatitisB attacks the liver of the victim. The disease may result in death from chronic liver disease.' s__HepatitisCVirus s__HepatitisCVirus__t s__HepatitisVirus__t s__HepatitisC 'The &%Virus that causes &%HepatitisC.' 'Like other forms of hepatitis, &%HepatitisC attacks the liver of the victim. The disease often results in chronic infection and chronic liver disease, although the mortality rate of this disease is lower than that of &%HepatitisB. Most cases of &%HepatitisC are due to injections of illegal drugs.' s__Rotavirus s__Rotavirus__t s__RotavirusGastroenteritis 'There are three types of &%Rotavirus: Group A, Group B, and Group C. They cause an acute form of gastroenteritis, known as &%RotavirusGastroenteritis.' 'A disease caused by instances of &%Rotavirus, and characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, and fever.' s__Aflatoxin s__Aflatoxin__t s__Aflatoxicosis '&%Toxins produced by fungi of the strains Aspergillus Flavus and Aspergillus Parasiticus. There are four varieties of &%Aflatoxin, viz. B1, B2, G1, and G2. B1 is most common and most toxic.' 'The disease has rarely been observed in humans, but it can cause severe damage to the liver, including cirrhosis and liver cancer, in a large number of animal species.' s__Diacetoxyscirpenol s__Diacetoxyscirpenol__t 'A &%Micotoxin that is found in grains and products made from grains. Symptoms include diarrhea, necrotic lesions, and hemorrhaging.' s__T2Toxin s__T2Toxin__t "5.2" s__BacillusCereus s__BacillusCereus__t 'A &%Bacterium that is closely related to and often found near &%BacillusAnthracis, the &%Bacterium that causes &%Anthrax. &%BacillusCereus causes two forms of food poisoning, one characterized by diarrhea and the other by vomiting. In most cases the disease is not life-threatening.' s__LassaVirus s__LassaVirus__t s__LassaFever 'The &%Virus that causes &%LassaFever.' 'A viral, rodent-carried disease found in West Africa. The symptoms of the disease are wide-ranging and can be life-threatening. The disease can lead to permanent neurological problems, including deafness.' s__PyridostigmineBromide__t 'A substance that has been shown to protect lower primates from the lethal effects of &%Soman. Although there is no proof that it does the same for humans, it was administered to soldiers in the Gulf War.' s__Legionella s__Legionella__t s__Legionellosis 'The &%Bacterium that causes &%Legionellosis, which is known as &%LegionnairesDisease (when it infects the lungs) and &%PontiacFever (when it doesnt affect the lungs).' 'The disease caused by the &%Bacterium &%Legionella.' s__LegionnairesDisease "0.125" 'The most severe form of &%Legionellosis. It is characterized by pneumonia.' s__PontiacFever 'A flu-like illness which is caused by &%Legionella, but which does not involve pneumonia.' s__CorynebacteriumDiphtheriae s__CorynebacteriumDiphtheriae__t s__Diphtheria 'The &%Bacterium that secretes a &%Toxin that causes &%Diphtheria.' 'The disease can infect almost any mucous membrane. It causes fever, chills, headache, and nausea. In severe cases it may affect heart rhythm and motor coordination.' s__CrimeanCongoHemorrhagicFever 'A widespread disease which was initially identified in the Crimea and the Congo, which accounts for its name. The disease has a high mortality rate for humans, but infection of humans occurs infrequently.' s__CrimeanCongoHemorrhagicFeverVirus s__CrimeanCongoHemorrhagicFeverVirus__t 'The &%Virus that causes &%CrimeanCongoHemorrhagicFever.' s__JuninVirus s__JuninVirus__t s__ArgentinianHemorrhagicFever 'This &%Virus derives its name from the Junin area of Argentina, where occurrences have so far been restricted.' 'Symptoms of the disease are flu-like in the initial stages. As the disease progresses, symptoms include bleeding from the nose and gums and blood spots.' s__MachupoVirus s__MachupoVirus__t s__BolivianHemorrhagicFever 'The &%Virus that causes &%BolivianHemorrhagicFever.' s__GuanaritoVirus s__GuanaritoVirus__t s__VenezuelanHemorrhagicFever 'The &%Virus that causes &%VenezuelanHemorrhagicFever.' s__SabiaVirus s__SabiaVirus__t s__BrazilianHemorrhagicFever 'The &%Virus that causes &%BrazilianHemorrhagicFever.' s__FlexalVirus s__FlexalVirus__t 'A &%Virus that that is responsible for a hemorrhagic fever found in South America.' s__TickBorneEncephalitisVirus s__TickBorneEncephalitisVirus__t 'Any &%Virus whose host is a tick and which carries an instance of &%TickBorneEncephalitis.' s__TickBorneEncephalitis 'Any of various forms of encephalitis that are carried by ticks. The diseases have three phases. The first consists of flu-like symptoms, the second is asymptomatic, and the third involves the central nervous system.' s__KyasanurForestDiseaseVirus s__KyasanurForestDiseaseVirus__t 'The &%Virus that carries &%KyasanurForestDisease.' s__KyasanurForestDisease s__TickBorneEncephalitis__t 'A tick-borne encephalitis that is largely restricted to the Shimoga and Kanara district of Karnataka, India.' s__HendraVirus s__HendraVirus__t 'A &%Virus found in Australia and Papua New Guinea that infects humans and horses. The natural host of the virus appears to be fruit bats. Not much is known about the disease caused by the &%HendraVirus, but it seems to begin with fever and then progress to drowsiness and coma.' s__NipahVirus s__NipahVirus__t 'Closely related to &%HendraVirus. Like the &%HendraVirus, the natural host of &%NipahVirus appears to be fruit bats. Not much is known about the disease, but its symptoms include high fever, muscle pain, and eventually encephalitis, convulsions, and coma.' s__AttrFn__m 'For given class and for given attribute, return a subclass of the class of object having the attribute' 'associates a SUMO concept with a lexicon word' 'WordNet category: noun, verb, adjective or adverb' s__LexNoun noun s__LexiconCategory__t s__LexVerb verb s__LexAdjective adjective s__LexAdverb adverb 'A relation signaling that certain model is convenient for modeling of certain class of devices.' '%1 can be used as a model for %2' 'An abstract object that models certain aspect of a physical object, is subject to abstraction and idealization.' 'A relation similar to WordNet meronymy relation. If class A is a meronym of class B, it means that instances of A typically are parts of instances of B.' '%1 is %n a meronym of %2' s__PhysicalDimension 'A physical dimension such as length, mass, force etc.' 'physical dimension' s__Length '&%PhysicalDimension of length, [m].' s__PhysicalDimension__t s__Velocity '&%PhysicalDimension of velocity, [m/s].' s__Force '&%PhysicalDimension of force, [N].' s__AngularVelocity '&%PhysicalDimension of angular velocity, [s^-1].' s__Torque '&%PhysicalDimension of torque, [N/m].' s__Voltage '&%PhysicalDimension of voltage, [V].' s__Current '&%PhysicalDimension of electrical current, [A].' s__Pressure '&%PhysicalDimension of pressure, [Pa],[N.m^-2].' s__VolumeFlow '&%PhysicalDimension of volume flow, [m^-3].' s__Power '&%PhysicalDimension of power, [W].' s__Dimensionless 'Dimensionless &%PhysicalDimension.' 'dimensionless {physical dimension}' s__Modeling 'A creative process of creating a model.' modeling modelling model abs 'absolute value' sinus sin cosinus cos s__Equation 'a mathematical statement that two expressions are equal.' equation s__DifferentialEquation 'An &%Equation containing differentials of a function ' s__DifferentialAttribute s__LinearEquation 'A polynomial &%Equation of the first degree.' s__LinearEquation__t s__Equation__t s__NonlinearEquation 'An &%Equation that is not a &%LinearEquation.' s__NonlinearEquation__t s__AlgebraicEquation 'An &%Equation that is not a &%DifferentialEquation' s__AlgebraicEquation__t s__FirstOrderDifferentialEquation 'A &%DifferentialEquation where variables are differentiated only once.' 'first-order differential equation' s__FirstOrderDifferentialEquation__t s__HigherOrderDifferentialEquation 'A &%DifferentialEquation where variables are differentiated more than once.' 'higher-order differential equation' s__HigherOrderDifferentialEquation__t s__DifferentialEquation__t s__PartialDifferentialEquation 'A &%DifferentialEquation involving a functions of more than one variable.' s__PartialDifferentialEquation__t s__OrdinaryDifferentialEquation 'A &%DifferentialEquation that is not a &%PartialDifferentialEquation.' s__OrdinaryDifferentialEquation__t s__BesselsEquation 'Bessels equation' s__BesselsEquation__t s__VanderpolsEquation '{Van der Pols} equation' s__VanderpolsEquation__t s__SetOfEquations 'A &%Set of equations' 'set of equations' equations s__SetOfEquations__t s__EquationAttribute 'an attribute that applies to an equation or to a set of equations' 'differential equation or set of equations' s__EquationAttribute__t s__AlgebraicAttribute 'algebraic equation or set of equations' algebraic s__AlgebroDifferentialAttribute 'Set of both differential and algebraic equations' 'algebro-differential' s__MathematicalModel 'A model that uses the mathematical aparatus' s__MathematicalPendulum 'A model of a &%Pendulum consisting of a mass hanged on a stiff string.' s__MathematicalPendulum__t s__MathematicalModel__t s__PhysicalDomain 'An attribute of a multipole pole describing the kind of physical interaction the pole models.' '{physical domain}' s__Electrical 'Electrical energetic interaction' 'electrical {physical domain}' s__PhysicalDomain__t s__Translatory 'Mechanic translatory energetic interaction' 'translatory {physical domain}' s__Rotary 'Mechanic rotary energetic interaction' 'rotary {physical domain}' s__FluidPower 'Fluid power energetic interaction' '{fluid power} {physical domain}' s__physicalDomain__m 'Relation that holds for pairs of physical dimensions that multiply up into a physical dimension of Power. The first is considered for across variable, the second for through variable.' '%1 and %2 form physical domain %3' 'a variable that describes energetical interactions between multipoles.' s__MultipoleVariable__t s__MultipoleQuantity 'a multipole variable that have physical dimension and meaning.' s__MultipoleQuantity__t s__hasDimension__m 'multipole quantity has certain dimension' '%1 has %n dimension %2' s__hasVariable__m 'multipole quantity has certain variable' '%1 has %n variable %2' s__Multipole 'Basic element of a multipole diagram, a multipole is a model of a component of a dynamic system, it can model a real separable component, such as a motor of a vehicle, or just an attribute of the system, such as inertia or friction, multipole interacts with other multipoles through its poles.' multipole s__MultipoleAttribute 'a set of tags that can be associated with multipoles' s__IndependentMultipole 'Asserts that a constitutive relation of a multipole does not refer to other variables than terminal or inner.' s__MultipoleAttribute__t s__DynamicMultipole 'Asserts that the constitutive relation of a multipole does depend on time.' s__LinearMultipole 'Asserts that the constitutive relation of a multipole is linear.' s__MultipoleModel 'Model of a physical system consisting of mutually interconnected multipoles.' 'multipole model' s__MultipoleModel__t s__ElectricalMultipoleModel 'A &%MultipoleModel containing only electrical multipoles.' 'electrical circuit' s__NonlinearCircuit 'An &%ElectricalMultipoleModel containing nonlinear multipoles.' s__NonlinearCircuit__t s__ElectricalMultipoleModel__t s__RLCircuit 'An &%ElectricalMultipoleModel containing a &%ResistorElement and an &%InductorElement.' 'RL circuit' s__RLCircuit__t s__RLCCircuit 'An &%ElectricalMultipoleModel containing a &%ResistorElement, an &%InductorElement and a &%CapacitorElement.' 'RLC circuit' s__RLCCircuit__t s__RCCircuit 'An &%ElectricalMultipoleModel containing a &%ResistorElement and a &%CapacitorElement.' 'RC circuit' s__RCCircuit__t s__MultipoleModeling 'modeling of a dynamic system by means of its representation by a multipole diagram.' 'multipole modeling' 'multipole modelling' s__MultipoleModeling__t s__Modeling__t s__MultipoleDiagram 'Graphical representation of a &%MultipoleModel.' 'multipole diagram' s__MultipoleDiagram__t 'A part of multipole pole that models a single energetical interaction. If a pole belongs to a multipole, it also belongs to one of its sections.' 'multipole pole' pole '{pole of} multipole' s__MultipolePole__t s__Model__t s__MultipoleSection 'multipole pole has across variable' '%1 has %n %2 as an across variable' 'multipole pole has through variable' '%1 has %n %2 as a through variable' 'A set of poles that is subject to the postulate of continuity. A multipole may consist of one or more sections. Sections of a single multipole do not overlap and cover all its poles.' 'multipole section' section '{section of} multipole' s__MultipolePort '&%MultipoleSection that contains exactly two poles.' s__MultipolePort__t s__MultipoleSection__t 'multipole port' port '{port of} multipole' s__Twopole 'A &%Multipole with exactly two poles.' twopole oneport s__PureTwopole 'A &%Twopole that models single physical phenomenon, its constitutive relation has special structure.' 'pure twopole' 'physical element' s__Twopole__t s__IdealSwitch 'A &%PureTwopole that models an ideal switch.' s__IdealSwitch__t s__IdealTwopole 'A &%PureTwopole that is linear.' 'ideal twopole' 'ideal {physical element}' s__IdealTwopole__t s__Dissipator 'A &%PureTwopole that models a dissipation of energy.' s__Dissipator__t s__AcrossVariableAccumulator 'A &%PureTwopole that accumulates across variable.' '{across variable} accumulator' s__AcrossVariableAccumulator__t s__PureTwopole__t s__ThroughVariableAccumulator 'A &%PureTwopole that accumulates through variable.' '{through variable} accumulator' s__ThroughVariableAccumulator__t s__Source 'A &%PureTwopole that models a generator of either across or through variable.' s__AcrossVariableSource 'A &%Source that models a generator of across variable.' '{across variable} source' s__AcrossVariableSource__t s__Source__t s__ThroughVariableSource 'A &%Source that models a generator of through variable.' '{through variable} source' s__ThroughVariableSource__t s__ElectricalTwopole 'A &%PureTwopole from electrical energy domain.' s__ElectricalTwopole__t s__CapacitorElement 'An &%AcrossVariableAccumulator from electrical energy domain.' capacitor s__CapacitorElement__t s__InductorElement 'A &%ThroughVariableAccumulator from electrical energy domain.' inductor s__InductorElement__t s__TranslatoryTwopole 'A &%PureTwopole from translatory energy domain.' s__TranslatoryTwopole__t s__DamperElement 'A &%Dissipator from translatory energy domain.' s__DamperElement__t s__Inertor 'An &%AcrossVariableAccumulator from translatory energy domain.' inertor s__Inertor__t s__SpringElement 'A &%ThroughVariableAccumulator from translatory energy domain.' spring s__SpringElement__t s__Fourpole 'A &%Multipole with exactly four poles.' s__Fourpole__t s__Multipole__t s__Twoport 'A &%Multipole with exactly two sections.' s__Twoport__t s__IdealOperationalAmplifier 'A &%Fourpole modeling an &%OperationalAmplifier with ideal properties.' 'ideal operational amplifier' 'operational amplifier' s__IdealOperationalAmplifier__t transducer 'A &%Transducer for which the ratio of across variables and through variables respectively is equal.' transformer s__Gyrator 'A &%Transducer for which the ratio of across variable on one side and through variable on the other side is equal to the ratio of the remaining two variables.' gyrator s__Gyrator__t s__MechanicalProcess 'A &%Process in which mechanical interactions take place' s__MechanicalProcess__t s__ElectricalProcess 'A &%Process in which electrical interactions take place' s__ElectricalProcess__t 'A &%MechanicalProcess in which mechanical energy is converted into a heat' s__Friction__t s__Resonance 'a vibration of large amplitude produced by a relatively small vibration near the same frequency of vibration as the natural frequency of the resonating system.' s__MechanicalResonance 'a resonance of mechanical energy.' s__MechanicalResonance__t s__Resonance__t s__ElectricalResonance 'a resonance of electrical energy.' s__SeriesResonance 'Resonance taking place in a parallel RLC circuit, i.e. in a circuit where its elements are connected in-parallel.' s__SeriesResonance__t s__ElectricalResonance__t s__ParallelResonance 'Resonance taking place in a series RLC circuit, i.e. in a circuit where its elements are connected in-series.' s__ParallelResonance__t s__Conductivity 'the ability of a material to lead current' s__Resistivity 'A materials opposition to the flow of electric current.' resistivity s__Inductance 'A property of an electric circuit by which an electromotive force is induced in it by a variation of current.' s__MutualInductance 'Property whereby an electromotive force is induced in a circuit by variation of current in a neighboring circuit.' s__MutualInductance__t s__Inductance__t s__Stiffness 'The physical property of being inflexible and hard to stretch.' s__Compliance 'The ability of material to stretch or bend.' s__Nonlinear 'The description of the entity (e.g. a &%Model) involves nonlinear functions.' s__Nonlinear__t nonlinearity nonlinear s__Backlashless 'With no backlash.' backlashless s__Backlashless__t s__Brushless 'With no brushes (of electrical motors)' brushless s__Brushless__t s__Autonomous autonomous autonomously s__Autonomous__t 'An &%EngineeringComponent in function of which play role mechanical energetical interactions.' s__FluidPowerDevice 'An &%EngineeringComponent in function of which play role fluid-power energetical interactions.' '{fluid power} device' s__FluidPowerDevice__t s__UnknownDomainDevice 'An &%EngineeringComponent for which the principal physical domain is not specified.' '{unknown domain} device' 'An actuator intended to deliver mechanical power' motor engine s__Relay 'an electro-mechanical device used as a controlled switch' relay 'electrical relay' s__Relay__t s__Pendulum 'A &%MechanicalDevice of an object mounted so that it swings freely under the influence of gravity.' s__Pendulum__t 'a toothed wheel that engages another toothed mechanism in order to change the speed or direction of transmitted motion.' 'a pair of gears that are used to change speed or direction of an angular motion, ideal gear train can be modeled using a transformer.' 'A device composed of several gear-trains used to change speed and torque of transmitted motion.' 'A revolving rod that transmits power or motion.' 'a metal device that returns to its shape or position when pushed or pulled or pressed' s__Rotor s__Rotor__t 'The &%Rotating component of a motor, generator or similar &%Device.' s__Stator 'Stationary part of a motor or generator in or around which the rotor revolves.' s__Stator__t 'An electrical motor.' 'electrical motor' s__ElectricalMotor__t s__DcMotor 'A direct-current electrical motor.' 'DC motor' s__PermanentMagnetDcMotor 'A DC motor in which the auxiliary magnetic field is provided by a permanent magnet.' '{permanent magnet} DC motor' s__PermanentMagnetDcMotor__t s__SeparatelyExcitedDcMotor 'A DC motor in which the auxiliary magnetic field is provided an active circuit.' '{separately excited} DC motor' s__SeparatelyExcitedDcMotor__t s__DcMotor__t s__InductionMotor 'An electrical motor powered by a three-phase power suply.' 'induction motor' s__InductionMotor__t s__Terminal 'a point on an electrical device (such as a battery) at which electric current enters or leaves ' terminal electrode s__Terminal__t s__ElectricalConductor 'An &%ElectricalComponent designed to transmit electricity' s__ElectricalConductor__t s__ResistorElement resistor s__ResistorElement__t 'An &%ElectricalComponent that resists the flow of electrical current. A &%Dissipator from electrical energy domain.' s__InsulatorSubstance s__Capacitor 'An &%ElectricalComponent characterized by its capacitance.' s__Capacitor__t s__Inductor 'An &%ElectricalComponent that introduces inductance into a circuit.' s__Inductor__t s__TransformerDevice 'An &%ElectricalDevice by which alternating current of one voltage is changed to another voltage.' s__TransformerDevice__t 'A &%PowerSource of single phase alternating current.' 'single-phase {power source}' 'A &%PowerSource of three phase alternating current.' 'three-phase {power source}' s__FluidCylinder 'A &%FluidPowerDevice designed to transform fluid-power energy into mechanical translatory energy.' cylinder s__FluidCylinder__t 'A hydraulic valve.' valve s__DirectionalControlValve 'Valve that controls the direction of flow of a fluid' '{directional control} valve' s__DirectionalControlValve__t s__SpoolValve 'a directional control valve that uses a spool to control the direction of flow' s__SpoolValve__t 'valve that controls the pressure in a fluid' '{pressure control} valve' s__PressureControlValve__t s__ReliefValve 'Most common type of a presure control valve; it consists of a piston that is retained on its seat by a spring' 'relief valve' s__ReliefValve__t s__VolumeControlValve 'valve that controls the flow rate of a fluid' '{volume control} valve' s__VolumeControlValve__t 'A discrete &%ElectricDevice for general usage, such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors etc.' s__ElectricalCircuit 'A complex &%ElectricDevice consisting of several mutually interconnected electrical components.' s__Amplifier 'Electronic equipment that increases strength of signals passing through it, it can be modeled using a controlled source, or an operational amplifier.' amplifier s__ElectricalCircuit__t s__FrequencyFilter 'Alters the frequency spectrum of signals passing through it' 'frequency filter' s__FrequencyFilter__t s__InvertingAmplifier 'An &%Amplifier that changes the polarity of the input signal.' 'inverting amplifier' s__InvertingAmplifier__t s__Amplifier__t s__NoninvertingAmplifier 'An &%Amplifier that does not change the polarity of the input signal.' 'non-inverting amplifier' s__NoninvertingAmplifier__t s__Rectifier 'electrical device that transforms alternating into direct current.' rectifier s__Rectifier__t s__SinglePhaseRectifier 'A &%Rectifier of single phase AC voltage.' 'single-phase rectifier' s__HalfWaveSinglePhaseRectifier 'A &%SinglePhaseRectifier of that exploits only one polarity of the input power source.' 'half-wave single-phase rectifier' s__HalfWaveSinglePhaseRectifier__t s__SinglePhaseRectifier__t s__BridgeSinglePhaseRectifier 'A &%SinglePhaseRectifier of that exploits both polarities of the input power source.' 'bridge single-phase rectifier' s__BridgeSinglePhaseRectifier__t s__DoublerSinglePhaseRectifier 'doubler rectifier' s__DoublerSinglePhaseRectifier__t s__ThreePhaseRectifier 'three-phase rectifier' s__ThreePhaseRectifier__t s__SemiconductorComponent 'An electrical device that exploits properties of semiconductors.' s__OperationalAmplifier 'A complex semiconductor device with behaviour similar to the &%IdealOperationalAmplifier.' s__OperationalAmplifier__t s__Diode 'A semiconductor device that consists of a p-n junction, it is used e.g. in rectifiers or demodulators.' diode s__ZenerDiode ' ' s__ZenerDiode__t s__Diode__t 'zener diode' 'light emitted at a p-n junction is proportional to the bias current, color depends on the material used' 'light-emitting diode' s__Transistor 'A semiconductor device capable of amplification or switching.' transistor s__SemiconductorComponent__t s__Base 'the part of a transistor that separates the emitter from the collector' s__Base__t base s__BjtTransistor s__Collector 'the electrode in a transistor through which a primary flow of carriers leaves the inter-electrode region' s__Collector__t collector s__Emitter 'the electrode in a transistor where electrons originate' s__Emitter__t emitter 'Bipolar transistor' 'BJT transistor' s__FetTransistor 'Field-effect transistor.' 'FET transistor' s__Transistor__t s__JfetTransistor 'Junction field-effect transistor.' 'JFET transistor' s__JfetTransistor__t s__FetTransistor__t s__MosfetTransistor 'Metal-oxyde semiconductor field-effect transistor.' 'MOSFET transistor' s__MosfetTransistor__t s__NpnTransistor 'A &%BjtTransistor with N-P-N junctions.' 'NPN transistor' s__NpnTransistor__t s__BjtTransistor__t s__PnpTransistor 'A &%BjtTransistor with P-N-P junctions.' 'PNP transistor' s__PnpTransistor__t s__Thyristor 'a &%SemiconductorComponent that consists of three p-n junctions, it is used e.g. in controlled rectifiers.' thyristor thyrister s__Thyristor__t s__Controller 'a mechanism that controls the operation of some device' s__Controller__t s__UnknownDomainDevice__t '&%RemoteControl is &%Controller that does some &%ElectronicSignalling to communicate and control another &%Device' 'remote control' '(? [V__SIGNAL,V__DEVICE] : (s__instance(V__SIGNAL,s__Process) & s__instance(V__SIGNAL,s__ElectronicSignalling) & s__agent(V__SIGNAL,V__X) & s__destination(V__SIGNAL,V__DEVICE) & s__instance(V__DEVICE,s__Device) & (~ (V__X = V__DEVICE))))' s__TemperatureControl__t '&%TemperatureControl is a type of &%Controller that is used to set the ideal &%airTemperature in the room. It is normally a part of an &%ElectricDevice that conditions the room to reach that temperature' 'temperature control' '(? [V__PROC,V__AREA] : (s__instance(V__AREA,s__Object) & s__instance(V__TEMP,s__TemperatureMeasure) & s__instance(V__DEVICE,s__Object) & s__instance(V__AREA,s__Region) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instrument(V__PROC,V__X) & s__result(V__PROC,s__airTemperature(V__AREA,V__TEMP))))' s__Method 'a way of doing something, esp. a systematic one; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps).' s__MathematicalMethod 'A &%Method that involves using mathematical aparatus.' s__MathematicalMethod__t s__Method__t s__FourierAnalysis 'Computing a Fourier series for given periodic function' 'Fourier analysis' s__FourierAnalysis__t s__FourierSynthesis 'Reconstruction of a periodic function from its Fourier series representation.' 'Fourier synthesis' s__FourierSynthesis__t s__Discretization 'A method of converting continuous problem to a discrete one, loaded by some discretization error.' discretization discretize s__Discretization__t s__Technique 'A practical &%Method or art applied to some particular task' s__Technique__t s__ElectricalEngineeringMethod 'A &%Method used in electrical engineering for designing and constructing electrical devices.' '{electrical engineering} method' s__Pwm 'Pulse-width modulation technique' s__Pwm__t s__ElectricalEngineeringMethod__t s__EngineersSubprocess 'a class of subprocesses that are needed to design and operate an engineering system' s__EngineersSubprocess__t s__EngineersProcess 'a process of designing, manufacturing and operating of an engineering system involving all stages of the life cycle.' s__EngineersProcess__t '(engineers ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means the &%Agent ?AGENT engineered some &%Artifact ?OBJECT' engineers s__SystemSpecification 'a process of specifying requirements on a system' 'system specification' s__SystemSpecification__t s__SystemDesign 'a process of designing an engineering system' 'system design' '{design of} system' s__SystemDesign__t s__ControlDesignMethod 'A class of control design method' s__RootLocus 'Root-locus control design method' s__RootLocus__t s__ControlDesignMethod__t '{root locus}' s__ScientificLaw 'A generalization based on recurring facts or events (in science or mathematics etc)' s__ScientificLaw__t s__NewtonsLaw 'One of three basic laws of classical mechanics.' 'Newtons law' s__NewtonsFirstLaw 'A body remains at rest or in motion with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force' '{Newtons first} law' s__NewtonsFirstLaw__t s__NewtonsSecondLaw 'The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the imposed force and goes in the direction of the force' '{Newtons second} law' s__NewtonsSecondLaw__t s__NewtonsLaw__t s__NewtonsThirdLaw 'Action and reaction are equal and opposite.' '{Newtons third} law' s__NewtonsThirdLaw__t s__MultipolePostulate 'One of the postulates of the multipole modeling theory.' s__MultipolePostulate__t s__Law__t s__PostulateOfContinuity 'The sum of through variables of poles of multipole section is equal to zero.' s__PostulateOfContinuity__t 'postulate {of continuity}' 'A &%Substance that readily conducts electricity.' conductor 'a &%Substance such as glass or porcelain with negligible electrical conductivity.' insulator s__InsulatorSubstance__t computer '{computer program}' program s__ITAgent 'agent capable of performing ITProcess' s__ITAgent__t s__ITProcess 'A process performed on a computer by a human operator.' s__ITProcess__t s__Installation 'The process of deploying an application on a computer.' installation install s__Installation__t s__UnInstallation 'The process of removing of an installed application from a computer.' uninstallation uninstall s__UnInstallation__t 'operating system' s__FileSystem 'file system' s__FileSystem__t '{file system}' folder directory s__ComputerFile__t file s__ApplicationDomain 'set of application domains (medicine, physics, etc)' 'application domain' domain 'domain of interest' s__ScienceDomain 'science (natural sciences, engineering, medicine...)' s__ScienceDomain__t s__ApplicationDomain__t 'science domain' science s__EngineeringDomain 'engineering (mechanical, electrical)' s__EngineeringDomain__t engineering 'engineering domain' s__MechanicalEngineeringDomain 'domain involving mechanical engineering' 'mechanical engineering' s__FluidPowerDomain 'fluid power (hydraulic) systems' s__FluidPowerDomain__t 'fluid-power' 'fluid-power systems' s__ElectricalEngineeringDomain 'domain involving electrical engineering' 'electrical engineering' s__CircuitTheoryDomain 'circuit theory' s__PhysicsDomain s__CircuitTheoryDomain__t s__ControlDomain control s__ControlDomain__t s__ElectroMechanicalDevicesDomain 'electrical drives (motors)' s__ElectroMechanicalDevicesDomain__t s__MechanicalEngineeringDomain__t 'electro-mechanical devices' s__ElectricalDrivesDomain s__ElectricalDrivesDomain__t 'electrical drives' s__RelaysDomain relays s__RelaysDomain__t s__ElectronicsDomain 'electronic circuits - electrical circuits containing complex semiconductor components ' s__ElectricalEngineeringDomain__t electronics s__PowerElectronicsDomain 'power electronic circuits (power supplies etc.)' s__PowerElectronicsDomain__t s__ElectronicsDomain__t 'power electronics' s__NaturalSciencesDomain 'natural sciences (mathematics, physics)' s__NaturalSciencesDomain__t 'natural sciences' s__MathematicsDomain mathematics s__MathematicsDomain__t physics s__MechanicsDomain 'basic (theoretic) mechanics' s__MechanicsDomain__t s__PhysicsDomain__t mechanics s__AstronomyDomain astronomy s__AstronomyDomain__t s__WebDocument 'knowledge base document - a document in natural language representing one piece of knowledge in the knowledge base' s__WebDocument__t 'knowledge base document' document 'web document' s__WebDocumentAttribute 'knowledge base document attribute' s__WebDocumentAttribute__t s__DocumentCategory 'document category' s__SolvedExampleCategory 'solved example' s__DocumentCategory__t s__ArticleCategory article s__TutorialCategory tutorial s__LibraryModelCategory 'library model' '&%IndustryAttribute is a class of &%Attributes which identify an &%Organization as belonging to a particular industry type. For example, the company Hallmark has the attribute &%GreetingCardPublishers.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting.' s__CropProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Crop Production.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Oilseed and Grain Farming.' s__SoybeanFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Soybean Farming or Soybeans.' s__OilseedExceptSoybeanFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Oilseed (except Soybean) Farming or Cash Grains, NEC (oilseed, except soybean farming).' s__DryPeaAndBeanFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Dry Pea and Bean Farming or Cash Grains, NEC (dry pea and bean farms).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Wheat Farming or Wheat.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Corn Farming or Corn.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Rice Farming or Rice.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Grain Farming.' s__OilseedAndGrainCombinationFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Oilseed and Grain Combination Farming or Cash Grains, NEC (oilseed and grain combination farms).' s__AllOtherGrainFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Grain Farming or Cash Grains, NEC (except popcorn, soybean, and dry pea and bean, and oilseed and grain combination farms).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Vegetable and Melon Farming.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Potato Farming or Irish Potatoes.' s__OtherVegetableExceptPotatoAndMelonFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Vegetable (except Potato) and Melon Farming or Vegetables and Melons.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fruit and Tree Nut Farming.' s__OrangeGroves 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Orange Groves or Citrus Fruits (orange groves and farms).' s__CitrusExceptOrangeGroves 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Citrus (except Orange) Groves or Citrus Fruits (except orange groves and farms).' s__NoncitrusFruitAndTreeNutFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Noncitrus Fruit and Tree Nut Farming.' s__AppleOrchards 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Apple Orchards or Deciduous Tree Fruits (apple orchards and farms).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Grape Vineyards or Grapes.' s__StrawberryFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Strawberry Farming or Berry Crops (strawberry farms).' s__BerryExceptStrawberryFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Berry (except Strawberry) Farming or Berry Crops (except strawberry farms).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Tree Nut Farming or Tree Nuts.' s__FruitAndTreeNutCombinationFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fruit and Tree Nut Combination Farming or Fruits and Tree Nuts, NEC (combination farms).' s__OtherNoncitrusFruitFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Noncitrus Fruit Farming or Deciduous Tree Fruits (except apple orchards and farms).' s__GreenhouseNurseryAndFloricultureProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Greenhouse, Nursery, and Floriculture Production.' s__FoodCropsGrownUnderCover 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Food Crops Grown Under Cover.' s__MushroomProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mushroom Production or Food Crops Grown Under Cover (mushrooms, growing of).' s__OtherFoodCropsGrownUnderCover 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Food Crops Grown Under Cover or Food Crops Grown Under Cover (except mushroom, growing of).' s__NurseryAndFloricultureProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nursery and Floriculture Production.' s__NurseryAndTreeProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nursery and Tree Production or Ornamental Floriculture and Nursery Products (nursery farming).' s__FloricultureProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Floriculture Production or Ornamental Floriculture and Nursery Products (floriculture farming).' s__OtherCropFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Crop Farming.' s__TobaccoFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Tobacco Farming or Tobacco.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cotton Farming or Cotton.' s__SugarcaneFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sugarcane Farming or Sugarcane and Sugar Beets (sugarcane farms).' s__HayFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Hay Farming or Field Crops, Except Cash Grains, NEC (hay farms).' s__AllOtherCropFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Crop Farming.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sugar Beet Farming or Sugarcane and Sugar Beets (sugar beet farms).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Peanut Farming or Field Crops, Except Cash Grains, NEC (peanut farms).' s__AllOtherMiscellaneousCropFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Miscellaneous Crop Farming or Field Crops, Except Cash Grains, NEC (except peanut, sweet potato, yam and hay farms).' s__AnimalProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Animal Production.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cattle Ranching and Farming.' s__BeefCattleRanchingAndFarmingIncludingFeedlots 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Beef Cattle Ranching and Farming, including Feedlots.' s__BeefCattleRanchingAndFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Beef Cattle Ranching and Farming or Beef Cattle, Except Feedlots.' s__CattleFeedlots 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cattle Feedlots or Beef Cattle Feedlots.' s__DairyCattleAndMilkProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Dairy Cattle and Milk Production or Dairy Farms.' s__DualPurposeCattleRanchingAndFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Dual Purpose Cattle Ranching and Farming or Null Set for U.S..' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Hog and Pig Farming.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Poultry and Egg Production.' s__ChickenEggProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Chicken Egg Production or Chicken Eggs.' s__BroilersAndOtherMeatTypeChickenProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Broilers and Other Meat Type Chicken Production or Broiler, Fryers, and Roaster Chickens.' s__TurkeyProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Turkey Production or Turkey and Turkey Eggs.' s__PoultryHatcheries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Poultry Hatcheries or Poultry Hatcheries.' s__OtherPoultryProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Poultry Production or Poultry and Eggs, NEC.' s__SheepAndGoatFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sheep and Goat Farming.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sheep Farming or Sheep and Goats (sheep farms).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Goat Farming or Sheep and Goats (goat farms).' s__AnimalAquaculture 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Animal Aquaculture.' s__FinfishFarmingAndFishHatcheries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Finfish Farming and Fish Hatcheries or Animal Aquaculture (finfish farms).' s__ShellfishFarming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Shellfish Farming or Animal Aquaculture (shellfish farms).' s__OtherAnimalAquaculture 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Animal Aquaculture or Animal Aquaculture (except finfish and shellfish).' s__OtherAnimalProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Animal Production.' s__Apiculture 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Apiculture or Animal Specialties, NEC (apiculture).' s__HorseAndOtherEquineProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Horse and Other Equine Production or Horses and Other Equines.' s__FurBearingAnimalAndRabbitProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fur-Bearing Animal and Rabbit Production or Fur-Bearing Animals and Rabbits.' s__AllOtherAnimalProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Animal Production or General Livestock, Except Dairy and Poultry.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Forestry and Logging.' s__TimberTractOperations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Timber Tract Operations.' s__ForestNurseriesAndGatheringOfForestProducts 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Forest Nurseries and Gathering of Forest Products.' s__Logging 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Logging.' s__FishingHuntingAndTrapping 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fishing, Hunting and Trapping.' s__FishingIndustry 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fishing.' s__FinfishFishing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Finfish Fishing or Finfish.' s__ShellfishFishing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Shellfish Fishing or Shellfish.' s__OtherMarineFishing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Marine Fishing or Miscellaneous Marine Products (except plant aquaculture).' s__HuntingAndTrapping 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Hunting and Trapping.' s__SupportActivitiesForAgricultureAndForestry 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Support Activities for Agriculture and Forestry.' s__SupportActivitiesForCropProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Support Activities for Crop Production.' s__CottonGinning 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cotton Ginning or Cotton Ginning.' s__SoilPreparationPlantingAndCultivating 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Soil Preparation, Planting, and Cultivating or Soil Preparation Services.' s__CropHarvestingPrimarilyByMachine 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Crop Harvesting, Primarily by Machine or Crop Harvesting, Primarily by Machine.' s__PostharvestCropActivitiesExceptCottonGinning 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning) or Crop Preparation Services For Market, Except Cotton Ginning (except custom grain grinding).' s__FarmLaborContractorsAndCrewLeaders 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Farm Labor Contractors and Crew Leaders or Farm Labor Contractors and Crew Leaders.' s__FarmManagementServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Farm Management Services or Farm Management Services.' s__SupportActivitiesForAnimalProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Support Activities for Animal Production.' s__SupportActivitiesForForestry 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Support Activities for Forestry.' s__Mining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mining.' s__OilAndGasExtraction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Oil and Gas Extraction.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction or Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Natural Gas Liquid Extraction or Natural Gas Liquids.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mining (except Oil and Gas).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Coal Mining.' s__BituminousCoalAndLigniteSurfaceMining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Bituminous Coal and Lignite Surface Mining or Bituminous Coal and Lignite Surface Mining.' s__BituminousCoalUndergroundMining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Bituminous Coal Underground Mining or Bituminous Coal Underground Mining.' s__AnthraciteMining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Anthracite Mining or Anthracite Mining.' s__MetalOreMining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Metal Ore Mining.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Iron Ore Mining or Iron Ores.' s__GoldOreAndSilverOreMining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Gold Ore and Silver Ore Mining.' s__GoldOreMining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Gold Ore Mining or Gold Ores.' s__SilverOreMining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Silver Ore Mining or Silver Ores.' s__CopperNickelLeadAndZincMining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Copper, Nickel, Lead, and Zinc Mining.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining or Lead and Zinc Ores.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining or Copper Ores.' s__OtherMetalOreMining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Metal Ore Mining.' s__UraniumRadiumVanadiumOreMining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Uranium-Radium-Vanadium Ore Mining or Uranium-Radium-Vanadium Ores.' s__AllOtherMetalOreMining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Metal Ore Mining or Ferroalloy Ores, Except Vanadium (other ferroalloys except nickel).' s__NonmetallicMineralMiningAndQuarrying 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Stone Mining and Quarrying.' s__DimensionStoneMiningAndQuarrying 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Dimension Stone Mining and Quarrying or Dimension Stone.' s__CrushedAndBrokenLimestoneMiningAndQuarrying 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Crushed and Broken Limestone Mining and Quarrying or Crushed and Broken Limestone.' s__CrushedAndBrokenGraniteMiningAndQuarrying 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Crushed and Broken Granite Mining and Quarrying or Crushed and Broken Granite.' s__OtherCrushedAndBrokenStoneMiningAndQuarrying 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Crushed and Broken Stone Mining and Quarrying or Crushed and Broken Stone, NEC.' s__SandGravelClayAndCeramicAndRefractoryMineralsMiningAndQuarrying 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sand, Gravel, Clay, and Ceramic and Refractory Minerals Mining and Quarrying.' s__ConstructionSandAndGravelMining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Construction Sand and Gravel Mining or Construction Sand and Gravel.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Industrial Sand Mining or Industrial Sand.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining or Kaolin and Ball Clay.' s__ClayAndCeramicAndRefractoryMineralsMining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Clay and Ceramic and Refractory Minerals Mining or Clay, Ceramic, and Refractory Minerals, NEC.' s__OtherNonmetallicMineralMiningAndQuarrying 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying.' s__PotashSodaAndBorateMineralMining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining or Potash, Soda, and Borate Minerals.' s__PhosphateRockMining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Phosphate Rock Mining or Phosphate Rock.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Chemical and Fertilizer Mineral Mining or Chemical and Fertilizer Mineral Mining, NEC.' s__AllOtherNonmetallicMineralMining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining or Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Minerals, Except Fuels (except bituminous limestone and bituminous sandstone).' s__SupportActivitiesForMining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Support Activities for Mining.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Drilling Oil and Gas Wells or Drilling Oil and Gas Wells.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations or Oil and Gas Field Exploration Services (except geophysical mapping and surveying).' s__SupportActivitiesForCoalMining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Support Activities for Coal Mining or Coal Mining Services.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Support Activities for Metal Mining or Metal Mining Services (except geophysical surveying and mapping).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Support Activities for Nonmetallic Minerals (except Fuels) or Nonmetallic Minerals Services, Except Fuels (except geophysical surveying and mapping).' s__Utilities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Utilities.' s__ElectricPowerGenerationTransmissionAndDistribution 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution.' s__ElectricPowerGeneration 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electric Power Generation.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Hydroelectric Power Generation or Electric Services (hydroelectric power generation).' s__FossilFuelElectricPowerGeneration 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation or Electric Services (fossil fuel power generation).' s__NuclearElectricPowerGeneration 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nuclear Electric Power Generation or Electric Services (nuclear electric power generation).' s__OtherElectricPowerGeneration 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Electric Power Generation or Electric Services (other electric power generation).' s__ElectricPowerTransmissionControlAndDistribution 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electric Power Transmission, Control, and Distribution.' s__ElectricBulkPowerTransmissionAndControl 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electric Bulk Power Transmission and Control or Electric Services (electric power transmission and control).' s__ElectricPowerDistribution 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electric Power Distribution or Electric Services (electric power distribution).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Natural Gas Distribution.' s__WaterSewageAndOtherSystems 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Water, Sewage and Other Systems.' s__WaterSupplyAndIrrigationSystems 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Water Supply and Irrigation Systems or Water Supply.' s__SewageTreatmentFacilities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sewage Treatment Facilities or Sewerage Systems.' s__SteamAndAirConditioningSupply 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply or Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply.' s__Construction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Construction.' s__BuildingDevelopingAndGeneralContracting 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Building, Developing, and General Contracting.' s__LandSubdivisionAndLandDevelopment 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Land Subdivision and Land Development.' s__ResidentialBuildingConstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Residential Building Construction.' s__SingleFamilyHousingConstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Single Family Housing Construction or General Contractors-Single-Family Houses.' s__MultifamilyHousingConstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Multifamily Housing Construction or General Contractors-Residential Building, Other Than Single-Family (except hotel and motel construction).' s__NonresidentialBuildingConstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonresidential Building Construction.' s__ManufacturingAndIndustrialBuildingConstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Manufacturing and Industrial Building Construction or Operative Builders (manufacturing and light industrial building construction).' s__CommercialAndInstitutionalBuildingConstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Commercial and Institutional Building Construction or General Contractors-Residential Building Other than Single-Family (hotel and motel construction).' s__HeavyConstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Heavy Construction.' s__HighwayStreetBridgeAndTunnelConstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Highway, Street, Bridge, and Tunnel Construction.' s__HighwayAndStreetConstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Highway and Street Construction or Highway and Street Construction, Except Elevated Highways.' s__BridgeAndTunnelConstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Bridge and Tunnel Construction or Bridge, Tunnel, and Elevated Highway Construction.' s__OtherHeavyConstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Heavy Construction.' s__WaterSewerAndPipelineConstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Water, Sewer, and Pipeline Construction or Water, Sewer, Pipeline, and Communications and Power Line Construction (water, sewer, and pipeline construction).' s__PowerAndCommunicationTransmissionLineConstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Power and Communication Transmission Line Construction or Water, Sewer, Pipeline, and Communications and Power Line Construction (communications and power line construction).' s__IndustrialNonbuildingStructureConstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Industrial Nonbuilding Structure Construction or Heavy Construction, NEC (industrial nonbuilding structures construction).' s__AllOtherHeavyConstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Heavy Construction or Heavy Construction, NEC (nonbuilding structures except industrial construction).' s__SpecialTradeContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Special Trade Contractors.' s__PlumbingHeatingAndAirConditioningContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Contractors.' s__PaintingAndWallCoveringContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Painting and Wall Covering Contractors.' s__ElectricalContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electrical Contractors.' s__MasonryDrywallInsulationAndTileContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Masonry, Drywall, Insulation, and Tile Contractors.' s__MasonryAndStoneContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Masonry and Stone Contractors or Masonry, Stone Setting and Other Stone Work.' s__DrywallPlasteringAcousticalAndInsulationContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Drywall, Plastering, Acoustical, and Insulation Contractors or Plastering, Drywall, Acoustical, and Insulation Work.' s__TileMarbleTerrazzoAndMosaicContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Tile, Marble, Terrazzo, and Mosaic Contractors or Terrazzo, Tile, Marble, and Mosaic Work (except fresco work).' s__CarpentryAndFloorContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Carpentry and Floor Contractors.' s__CarpentryContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Carpentry Contractors or Carpentry Work.' s__FloorLayingAndOtherFloorContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Floor Laying and Other Floor Contractors or Floor Laying and Other Floor Work, NEC.' s__RoofingSidingAndSheetMetalContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Contractors.' s__ConcreteContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Concrete Contractors.' s__WaterWellDrillingContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Water Well Drilling Contractors.' s__OtherSpecialTradeContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Special Trade Contractors.' s__StructuralSteelErectionContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Structural Steel Erection Contractors or Structural Steel Erection.' s__GlassAndGlazingContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Glass and Glazing Contractors or Glass and Glazing Work.' s__ExcavationContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Excavation Contractors or Excavation Work.' s__WreckingAndDemolitionContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Wrecking and Demolition Contractors or Wrecking and Demolition Work.' s__BuildingEquipmentAndOtherMachineryInstallationContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Building Equipment and Other Machinery Installation Contractors or Installation or Erection of Building Equipment, NEC.' s__AllOtherSpecialTradeContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Special Trade Contractors or Special Trade Contractors, NEC (except paint and wallpaper stripping, wall paper removal contractors, and tinting glass work).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Food Manufacturing.' s__AnimalFoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Animal Food Manufacturing.' s__DogAndCatFoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Dog and Cat Food Manufacturing or Dog and Cat Food.' s__OtherAnimalFoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Animal Food Manufacturing or Prepared Feeds and Feed Ingredients for Animals and Fowls, Except Dogs and Cats (except slaughtering animals for pet food).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Grain and Oilseed Milling.' s__FlourMillingAndMaltManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Flour Milling and Malt Manufacturing.' s__FlourMilling 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Flour Milling or Dehydrated Fruits, Vegetables and Soup Mixes (vegetable flour).' s__RiceMilling 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Rice Milling or Rice Milling.' s__MaltManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Malt Manufacturing or Malt.' s__StarchAndVegetableFatsAndOilsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Starch and Vegetable Fats and Oils Manufacturing.' s__WetCornMilling 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Wet Corn Milling or Wet Corn Milling (except refining purchased oil).' s__SoybeanProcessing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Soybean Processing or Soybean Oil Mills (soybean processing).' s__OtherOilseedProcessing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Oilseed Processing or Cottonseed Oil Mills (cottonseed processing).' s__FatsAndOilsRefiningAndBlending 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fats and Oils Refining and Blending or Wet Corn Milling (refining purchased oil).' s__BreakfastCerealManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Breakfast Cereal Manufacturing or Cereal Breakfast Foods (breakfast cereal).' s__SugarAndConfectioneryProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sugar and Confectionery Product Manufacturing.' s__SugarManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sugar Manufacturing.' s__SugarcaneMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sugarcane Mills or Cane Sugar, Except Refining.' s__CaneSugarRefining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cane Sugar Refining or Cane Sugar Refining.' s__BeetSugarManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Beet Sugar Manufacturing or Beet Sugar.' s__ChocolateAndConfectioneryManufacturingFromCacaoBeans 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Chocolate and Confectionery Manufacturing from Cacao Beans or Chocolate and Cocoa Products (except chocolate products, made from purchased chocolate).' s__ConfectioneryManufacturingFromPurchasedChocolate 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Confectionery Manufacturing from Purchased Chocolate or Candy and Other Confectionery Products (chocolate confectionery).' s__NonchocolateConfectioneryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonchocolate Confectionery Manufacturing or Candy and Other Confectionery Products (nonchocolate confectionery ).' s__FruitAndVegetablePreservingAndSpecialtyFoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fruit and Vegetable Preserving and Specialty Food Manufacturing.' s__FrozenFoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Frozen Food Manufacturing.' s__FrozenFruitJuiceAndVegetableManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing or Frozen Fruits, Fruit Juices, and Vegetables.' s__FrozenSpecialtyFoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Frozen Specialty Food Manufacturing or Frozen Specialties, NEC.' s__FruitAndVegetableCanningPicklingAndDrying 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fruit and Vegetable Canning, Pickling, and Drying.' s__FruitAndVegetableCanning 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fruit and Vegetable Canning or Canned Fruits, Vegetables, Preserves, Jams, and Jellies.' s__SpecialtyCanning 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Specialty Canning or Canned Specialties (except canned puddings).' s__DriedAndDehydratedFoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Dried and Dehydrated Food Manufacturing or Dried and Dehydrated Fruits, Vegetables and Soup Mixes (except vegetable flour and soup mixes made from purchased dried and dehydrated ingredients made in dehydration plants).' s__DairyProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Dairy Product Manufacturing.' s__DairyProductExceptFrozenManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Dairy Product (except Frozen) Manufacturing.' s__FluidMilkManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fluid Milk Manufacturing or Fluid Milk (except ultra-high temperature).' s__CreameryButterManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Creamery Butter Manufacturing or Creamery Butter.' s__CheeseManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cheese Manufacturing or Natural, Processed, and Imitation Cheese.' s__DryCondensedAndEvaporatedDairyProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product Manufacturing or Dry, Condensed and Evaporated Dairy Products.' s__IceCreamAndFrozenDessertManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Ice Cream and Frozen Dessert Manufacturing or Ice Cream and Frozen Desserts.' s__AnimalSlaughteringAndProcessing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Animal Slaughtering and Processing.' s__AnimalExceptPoultrySlaughtering 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Animal (except Poultry) Slaughtering or Livestock Services, Except Veterinary (custom slaughtering).' s__MeatProcessedFromCarcasses 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Meat Processed from Carcasses or Sausages and Other Prepared Meats (except lard made from purchased materials).' s__RenderingAndMeatByproductProcessing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing or Animal and Marine Fats and Oils (animal fats and oils).' s__PoultryProcessing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Poultry Processing or Poultry Slaughtering and Processing (poultry processing).' s__SeafoodProductPreparationAndPackaging 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging.' s__SeafoodCanning 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Seafood Canning or Animal and Marine Fats and Oils (canned marine fats and oils).' s__FreshAndFrozenSeafoodProcessing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fresh and Frozen Seafood Processing or Animal and Marine Fats and Oils (fresh and frozen marine fats and oils).' s__BakeriesAndTortillaManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Bakeries and Tortilla Manufacturing.' s__BreadAndBakeryProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Bread and Bakery Product Manufacturing.' s__RetailBakeries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Retail Bakeries or Retail Bakeries (bread, cake and related products baked and sold on premise).' s__CommercialBakeries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Commercial Bakeries or Bread and Other Bakery Products, Except Cookies and Crackers.' s__FrozenCakesPiesAndOtherPastriesManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Frozen Cakes, Pies, and Other Pastries Manufacturing or Frozen Bakery Products, Except Bread.' s__CookieCrackerAndPastaManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cookie, Cracker, and Pasta Manufacturing.' s__CookieAndCrackerManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cookie and Cracker Manufacturing or Cookies and Crackers (except unleavened bread and pretzels).' s__FlourMixesAndDoughManufacturingFromPurchasedFlour 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Flour Mixes and Dough Manufacturing from Purchased Flour or Prepared Flour Mixes and Doughs.' s__DryPastaManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Dry Pasta Manufacturing or Macaroni, Spaghetti, Vermicelli and Noodles.' s__TortillaManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Tortilla Manufacturing or Food Preparations, NEC (tortillas).' s__OtherFoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Food Manufacturing.' s__SnackFoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Snack Food Manufacturing.' s__RoastedNutsAndPeanutButterManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Roasted Nuts and Peanut Butter Manufacturing or Salted and Roasted Nuts and Seeds.' s__OtherSnackFoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Snack Food Manufacturing or Cookies and Crackers (pretzel, except soft).' s__CoffeeAndTeaManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Coffee and Tea Manufacturing or Cereal Breakfast Foods (coffee substitute).' s__FlavoringSyrupAndConcentrateManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing or Flavoring Extracts and Flavoring Syrups (flavoring syrup and concentrate, except coffee).' s__SeasoningAndDressingManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Seasoning and Dressing Manufacturing.' s__MayonnaiseDressingAndOtherPreparedSauceManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mayonnaise, Dressing, and Other Prepared Sauce Manufacturing or Pickled Fruits and Vegetables, Vegetable Seasonings, and Sauces and Salad Dressings (sauces and salad dressing).' s__SpiceAndExtractManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Spice and Extract Manufacturing or Malt Beverages (malt extract).' s__AllOtherFoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Food Manufacturing.' s__PerishablePreparedFoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Perishable Prepared Food Manufacturing or Food Preparations, NEC (perishable prepared food).' s__AllOtherMiscellaneousFoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing or Poultry Slaughtering and Processing (egg processing).' s__BeverageAndTobaccoProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Beverage and Tobacco Product Manufacturing.' s__TobaccoProduct s__TobaccoProduct__t 'A product that contains tobacco leaves and has the delivery of the biologically active ingredients of the tobacco plant as its intended function. This includes cigars, cigarettes, packaged chewing tobacco etc.' s__BeverageManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Beverage Manufacturing.' s__SoftDrinkAndIceManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Soft Drink and Ice Manufacturing.' s__SoftDrinkManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Soft Drink Manufacturing or Bottled and Canned Soft Drinks and Carbonated Water (except bottled water).' s__BottledWaterManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Bottled Water Manufacturing or Bottled and Canned Soft Drinks and Carbonated Water (bottled water).' s__IceManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Ice Manufacturing or Manufactured Ice.' s__Breweries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Breweries or Malt Beverages (except malt extract).' s__Wineries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Wineries or Wines, Brandy, and Brandy Spirits.' s__Distilleries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Distilleries or Distilled and Blended Liquors (except applejack).' s__TobaccoManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Tobacco Manufacturing.' s__TobaccoStemmingAndRedrying 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Tobacco Stemming and Redrying or Tobacco Stemming and Redrying (redrying and stemming).' s__TobaccoProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Tobacco Product Manufacturing.' s__CigaretteManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cigarette Manufacturing or Cigarettes.' s__OtherTobaccoProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Tobacco Product Manufacturing or Cigars.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Textile Mills.' s__FiberYarnAndThreadMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fiber, Yarn, and Thread Mills.' s__YarnSpinningMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Yarn Spinning Mills or Yarn Spinning Mills.' s__YarnTexturizingThrowingAndTwistingMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Yarn Texturizing, Throwing, and Twisting Mills or Yarn Texturing, Throwing, Winding Mills.' s__ThreadMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Thread Mills or Thread Mills (except finishing).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fabric Mills.' s__BroadwovenFabricMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Broadwoven Fabric Mills or Broadwoven Fabric Mills, Cotton.' s__NarrowFabricMillsAndSchiffliMachineEmbroidery 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Narrow Fabric Mills and Schiffli Machine Embroidery.' s__NarrowFabricMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Narrow Fabric Mills or Narrow Fabric and Other Smallware Mills: Cotton, Wool, Silk and Manmade Fiber.' s__SchiffliMachineEmbroidery 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Schiffli Machine Embroidery or Schiffli Machine Embroideries.' s__NonwovenFabricMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonwoven Fabric Mills or Nonwoven Fabrics.' s__KnitFabricMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Knit Fabric Mills.' s__WeftKnitFabricMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Weft Knit Fabric Mills or Weft Knit Fabric Mills (except finishing).' s__OtherKnitFabricAndLaceMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Knit Fabric and Lace Mills or Lace and Warp Knit Fabric Mills (except finishing).' s__TextileAndFabricFinishingAndFabricCoatingMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Textile and Fabric Finishing and Fabric Coating Mills.' s__TextileAndFabricFinishingMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills.' s__BroadwovenFabricFinishingMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Broadwoven Fabric Finishing Mills or Broadwoven Fabric Mills, Wool (wool broadwoven fabric finishing only).' s__TextileAndFabricFinishingExceptBroadwovenFabricMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Textile and Fabric Finishing (except Broadwoven Fabric) Mills or Broadwoven Fabric Mills, Wool (wool finishing only, except broadwoven fabric).' s__FabricCoatingMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fabric Coating Mills or Coated Fabrics, Not Rubberized.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Textile Product Mills.' s__TextileFurnishingsMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Textile Furnishings Mills.' s__CarpetAndRugMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Carpet and Rug Mills or Carpets and Rugs.' s__CurtainAndLinenMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Curtain and Linen Mills.' s__CurtainAndDraperyMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Curtain and Drapery Mills or Curtains and Draperies.' s__OtherHouseholdTextileProductMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Household Textile Product Mills or Housefurnishings, Except Curtains and Draperies (except mops and bags).' s__OtherTextileProductMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Textile Product Mills.' s__TextileBagAndCanvasMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Textile Bag and Canvas Mills.' s__TextileBagMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Textile Bag Mills or Housefurnishings, Except Curtains and Draperies (blanket, laundry, and garment storage bags).' s__CanvasAndRelatedProductMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Canvas and Related Product Mills or Canvas and Related Products.' s__AllOtherTextileProductMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Textile Product Mills.' s__RopeCordageAndTwineMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Rope, Cordage, and Twine Mills or Cordage and Twine.' s__TireCordAndTireFabricMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Tire Cord and Tire Fabric Mills or Tire Cord and Fabrics.' s__AllOtherMiscellaneousTextileProductMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Miscellaneous Textile Product Mills or Textile Goods, NEC (recovery and processing of fibers and waste).' s__ApparelManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Apparel Manufacturing.' s__ApparelKnittingMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Apparel Knitting Mills.' s__HosieryAndSockMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Hosiery and Sock Mills.' s__SheerHosieryMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sheer Hosiery Mills or Womens Full-Length and Knee-Length Hosiery, (except dyeing and finishing only).' s__OtherHosieryAndSockMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Hosiery and Sock Mills or Hosiery, NEC (socks except dyeing and finishing only).' s__OtherApparelKnittingMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Apparel Knitting Mills.' s__OuterwearKnittingMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Outerwear Knitting Mills or Knit Outerwear Mills (except dyeing and finishing only, and bath robes and lounge robes).' s__UnderwearAndNightwearKnittingMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Underwear and Nightwear Knitting Mills or Knit Underwear and Nightwear Mills (except dyeing and finishing only).' s__CutAndSewApparelManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing.' s__CutAndSewApparelContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cut and Sew Apparel Contractors.' s__MensAndBoysCutAndSewApparelContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mens and Boys Cut and Sew Apparel Contractors or Mens and Boys Suits, Coats, and Overcoats (contractors).' s__WomensGirlsAndInfantsCutAndSewApparelContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Womens, Girls, and Infants Cut and Sew Apparel Contractors or Womens, Misses, and Juniors Blouses and Shirts (contractors).' s__MensAndBoysCutAndSewApparelManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mens and Boys Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing.' s__MensAndBoysCutAndSewUnderwearAndNightwearManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mens and Boys Cut and Sew Underwear and Nightwear Manufacturing or Mens and Boys Underwear and Nightwear (except contractors).' s__MensAndBoysCutAndSewSuitCoatAndOvercoatManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mens and Boys Cut and Sew Suit, Coat, and Overcoat Manufacturing or Mens and Boys Suits, Coats, and Overcoats (except contractors).' s__MensAndBoysCutAndSewShirtExceptWorkShirtManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mens and Boys Cut and Sew Shirt (except Work Shirt) Manufacturing or Mens and Boys Shirts, Except Work Shirts (except contractors).' s__MensAndBoysCutAndSewTrouserSlackAndJeanManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mens and Boys Cut and Sew Trouser, Slack, and Jean Manufacturing or Mens and Boys Trousers and Slacks (except contractors).' s__MensAndBoysCutAndSewWorkClothingManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mens and Boys Cut and Sew Work Clothing Manufacturing or Mens and Boys Work Clothing (except contractors).' s__MensAndBoysCutAndSewOtherOuterwearManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mens and Boys Cut and Sew Other Outerwear Manufacturing or Mens and Boys Clothing, NEC (mens and boys other outerwear except contractors).' s__WomensAndGirlsCutAndSewApparelManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Womens and Girls Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing.' s__WomensAndGirlsCutAndSewLingerieLoungewearAndNightwearManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Womens and Girls Cut and Sew Lingerie, Loungewear, and Nightwear Manufacturing or Womens, Misses, Childrens, and Infants Underwear and Nightwear (women and girls except contractors).' s__WomensAndGirlsCutAndSewBlouseAndShirtManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Womens and Girls Cut and Sew Blouse and Shirt Manufacturing or Womens, Misses, and Juniors Blouses and Shirts (except contractors).' s__WomensAndGirlsCutAndSewDressManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Womens and Girls Cut and Sew Dress Manufacturing or Womens, Misses, and Juniors Dresses (except contractors).' s__WomensAndGirlsCutAndSewSuitCoatTailoredJacketAndSkirtManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Womens and Girls Cut and Sew Suit, Coat, Tailored Jacket, and Skirt Manufacturing or Womens, Misses, and Juniors Suits, Skirts, and Coats (except contractors).' s__WomensAndGirlsCutAndSewOtherOuterwearManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Womens and Girls Cut and Sew Other Outerwear Manufacturing or Womens, Misses, and Juniors Outerwear, NEC (except contractors).' s__OtherCutAndSewApparelManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing.' s__InfantsCutAndSewApparelManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Infants Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing or Womens, Misses, Childrens, and Infants Underwear and Nightwear (infants except contractors).' s__FurAndLeatherApparelManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fur and Leather Apparel Manufacturing or Fur Goods (except contractors).' s__AllOtherCutAndSewApparelManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing or Mens and Boys Outerwear, NEC (athletic uniforms except contractors).' s__ApparelAccessoriesAndOtherApparelManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Apparel Accessories and Other Apparel Manufacturing.' s__HatCapAndMillineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Hat, Cap, and Millinery Manufacturing or Hats, Caps, and Millinery (except contractors).' s__GloveAndMittenManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Glove and Mitten Manufacturing or Dress and Work Gloves, Except Knit and All-Leather (except contractors).' s__MensAndBoysNeckwearManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mens and Boys Neckwear Manufacturing or Mens and Boys Neckwear (except contractors).' s__OtherApparelAccessoriesAndOtherApparelManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Apparel Accessories and Other Apparel Manufacturing or Womens, Misses, and Juniors Outerwear, NEC (scarves).' s__LeatherAndAlliedProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing.' s__LeatherAndHideTanningAndFinishing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Footwear Manufacturing.' s__RubberAndPlasticsFootwearManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Rubber and Plastics Footwear Manufacturing or Rubber and Plastics Footwear.' s__HouseSlipperManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves House Slipper Manufacturing or House Slippers.' s__MensFootwearExceptAthleticManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mens Footwear (except Athletic) Manufacturing or Mens Footwear, Except Athletic.' s__WomensFootwearExceptAthleticManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Womens Footwear (except Athletic) Manufacturing or Womens Footwear, Except Athletic.' s__OtherFootwearManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Footwear Manufacturing or Footwear Except Rubber, NEC.' s__OtherLeatherAndAlliedProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing.' s__LuggageManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Luggage Manufacturing or Luggage.' s__WomensHandbagAndPurseManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Womens Handbag and Purse Manufacturing or Womens Handbags and Purses.' s__PersonalLeatherGoodExceptWomensHandbagAndPurseManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Personal Leather Good (except Womens Handbag and Purse) Manufacturing or Personal Leather Goods, Except Womens Handbags and Purses.' s__AllOtherLeatherGoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Leather Good Manufacturing or Boot and Shoe Cut Stock and Findings (except wood heels and metal buckles).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Wood Product Manufacturing.' s__SawmillsAndWoodPreservation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sawmills and Wood Preservation.' s__Sawmills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sawmills or Sawmills and Planing Mills, General (sawmills).' s__WoodPreservation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Wood Preservation or Wood Preserving.' s__VeneerPlywoodAndEngineeredWoodProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Veneer, Plywood, and Engineered Wood Product Manufacturing.' s__HardwoodVeneerAndPlywoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Hardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing or Hardwood Veneer and Plywood.' s__SoftwoodVeneerAndPlywoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing or Softwood Veneer and Plywood.' s__EngineeredWoodMemberExceptTrussManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) Manufacturing or Structural Wood Members, NEC (except trusses).' s__TrussManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Truss Manufacturing or Structural Wood Members, NEC (trusses).' s__ReconstitutedWoodProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing or Reconstituted Wood Products.' s__OtherWoodProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Wood Product Manufacturing.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Millwork.' s__WoodWindowAndDoorManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Wood Window and Door Manufacturing or Millwork (wood windows and doors).' s__CutStockResawingLumberAndPlaning 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing or Sawmills and Planing Mills, General (lumber manufacturing from purchased lumber, softwood cut stock, wood lath, fence pickets, and planing mill products).' s__OtherMillworkIncludingFlooring 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Millwork (including Flooring) or Hardwood Dimension and Flooring Mills (hardwood flooring).' s__WoodContainerAndPalletManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Wood Container and Pallet Manufacturing or Special Product Sawmills, NEC (cooperage stock).' s__AllOtherWoodProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Wood Product Manufacturing.' s__ManufacturedHomeMobileHomeManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Manufactured Home (Mobile Home) Manufacturing or Mobile Homes.' s__PrefabricatedWoodBuildingManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Prefabricated Wood Building Manufacturing or Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Components.' s__AllOtherMiscellaneousWoodProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing or Sawmills and Planing Mills, General (kiln drying).' s__PaperManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Paper Manufacturing.' s__PulpPaperAndPaperboardMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills.' s__PulpMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Pulp Mills or Pulp Mills (pulp producing mills only).' s__PaperMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Paper Mills.' s__PaperExceptNewsprintMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Paper (except Newsprint) Mills or Pulp Mills (pulp mills producing paper).' s__NewsprintMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Newsprint Mills or Paper Mills (newsprint mills).' s__PaperboardMills 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Paperboard Mills or Pulp Mills (pulp mills producing paperboard).' s__ConvertedPaperProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Converted Paper Product Manufacturing.' s__PaperboardContainerManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Paperboard Container Manufacturing.' s__CorrugatedAndSolidFiberBoxManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing or Corrugated and Solid Fiber Boxes.' s__FoldingPaperboardBoxManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Folding Paperboard Box Manufacturing or Folding Paperboard Boxes, Including Sanitary.' s__SetupPaperboardBoxManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Setup Paperboard Box Manufacturing or Setup Paperboard Boxes.' s__FiberCanTubeDrumAndSimilarProductsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fiber Can, Tube, Drum, and Similar Products Manufacturing or Fiber Cans, Tubes, Drums, and Similar Products.' s__NonfoldingSanitaryFoodContainerManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonfolding Sanitary Food Container Manufacturing or Sanitary Food Containers, Except Folding.' s__PaperBagAndCoatedAndTreatedPaperManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing.' s__CoatedAndLaminatedPackagingPaperAndPlasticsFilmManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Coated and Laminated Packaging Paper and Plastics Film Manufacturing or Packaging Paper and Plastics Film, Coated and Laminated (single-web paper, paper multiweb laminated rolls and sheets for packaging uses).' s__CoatedAndLaminatedPaperManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Coated and Laminated Paper Manufacturing or Coated and Laminated Paper, NEC.' s__PlasticsFoilAndCoatedPaperBagManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Plastics, Foil, and Coated Paper Bag Manufacturing or Plastics, Foil, and Coated Paper Bags (except all plastics).' s__UncoatedPaperAndMultiwallBagManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Uncoated Paper and Multiwall Bag Manufacturing or Uncoated Paper and Multiwall Bags.' s__LaminatedAluminumFoilManufacturingForFlexiblePackagingUses 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Laminated Aluminum Foil Manufacturing for Flexible Packaging Uses or Metal Foil and Leaf (laminated aluminum foil rolls and sheets for flexible packaging uses).' s__SurfaceCoatedPaperboardManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Surface-Coated Paperboard Manufacturing or Die-Cut Paper and Paperboard and Cardboard (pasted, lined, laminated, or surface-coated paperboard).' s__StationeryProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Stationery Product Manufacturing.' s__DieCutPaperAndPaperboardOfficeSuppliesManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Die-Cut Paper and Paperboard Office Supplies Manufacturing or Die-Cut Paper and Paperboard and Cardboard (file folders, tabulating cards, and other paper and paperboard office supplies).' s__EnvelopeManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Envelope Manufacturing or Envelopes.' s__StationeryTabletAndRelatedProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Stationery, Tablet, and Related Product Manufacturing or Stationery, Tablets, and Related Products.' s__OtherConvertedPaperProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing.' s__SanitaryPaperProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing or Sanitary Paper Products.' s__AllOtherConvertedPaperProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing or Die-Cut Paper and Paperboard and Cardboard (die-cut paper and paperboard products, except office supplies and pasted, lined, laminated, or surface-coated paperboard).' s__PrintingAndRelatedSupportActivities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Printing and Related Support Activities.' s__Printing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Printing.' s__CommercialLithographicPrinting 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Commercial Lithographic Printing or Commercial Printing, Lithographic (except quick printing).' s__CommercialGravurePrinting 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Commercial Gravure Printing or Commercial Printing, Gravure.' s__CommercialFlexographicPrinting 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Commercial Flexographic Printing or Commercial Printing, NEC (flexographic printing).' s__CommercialScreenPrinting 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Commercial Screen Printing or Automotive Trimmings, Apparel Findings, and Related Products (printing and embossing on fabric articles).' s__QuickPrinting 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Quick Printing or Commercial Printing, Lithographic (quick printing).' s__DigitalPrinting 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Digital Printing or Commercial Printing, NEC (digital printing, except quick printing).' s__ManifoldBusinessFormsPrinting 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Manifold Business Forms Printing or Manifold Business Forms.' s__BooksPrinting 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Books Printing or Book Printing.' s__BlankbookLooseleafBindersAndDevicesManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Blankbook, Looseleaf Binders, and Devices Manufacturing or Blankbooks, Loose-leaf Binders and Devices (except checkbooks).' s__OtherCommercialPrinting 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Commercial Printing or Commercial Printing, NEC (other commercial printing except quick printing).' s__SupportActivitiesForPrinting 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Support Activities for Printing.' s__TradebindingAndRelatedWork 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Tradebinding and Related Work or Bookbinding and Related Work.' s__PrepressServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Prepress Services or Typesetting.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Petroleum Refineries or Petroleum Refining.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Asphalt Paving, Roofing, and Saturated Materials Manufacturing.' s__AsphaltPavingMixtureAndBlockManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Asphalt Paving Mixture and Block Manufacturing or Asphalt Paving Mixtures and Blocks.' s__AsphaltShingleAndCoatingMaterialsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing or Asphalt Felts and Coatings.' s__OtherPetroleumAndCoalProductsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Manufacturing or Lubricating Oils and Greases.' s__AllOtherPetroleumAndCoalProductsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing or Products of Petroleum and Coal, NEC.' s__ChemicalManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Chemical Manufacturing.' s__BasicChemicalManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Basic Chemical Manufacturing.' s__PetrochemicalManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Petrochemical Manufacturing or Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and Organic Dyes and Pigments (aromatics).' s__IndustrialGasManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Industrial Gas Manufacturing or Industrial Gases.' s__SyntheticDyeAndPigmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing.' s__InorganicDyeAndPigmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Inorganic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing or Inorganic Pigments (except bone and lamp black).' s__SyntheticOrganicDyeAndPigmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing or Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and Organic Dyes and Pigments (organic dyes and pigments).' s__OtherBasicInorganicChemicalManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing.' s__AlkaliesAndChlorineManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Alkalies and Chlorine Manufacturing or Alkalies and Chlorine.' s__CarbonBlackManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Carbon Black Manufacturing or Inorganic pigments (bone and lamp black).' s__AllOtherBasicInorganicChemicalManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing or Industrial Inorganic Chemicals, NEC (except activated carbon and charcoal, alumina, and inorganic industrial dyes).' s__OtherBasicOrganicChemicalManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing.' s__GumAndWoodChemicalManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing or Gum and Wood Chemicals.' s__CyclicCrudeAndIntermediateManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cyclic Crude and Intermediate Manufacturing or Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates and Organic Dyes and Pigments (except aromatics and organic dyes and pigments).' s__EthylAlcoholManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing or Industrial Organic Chemicals (ethyl alcohol).' s__AllOtherBasicOrganicChemicalManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing or Industrial Organic Chemicals, NEC (except aliphatics, carbon bisulfide, ethyl alcohol, and fluorocarbon gases).' s__ResinSyntheticRubberAndArtificialAndSyntheticFibersAndFilamentsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing.' s__ResinAndSyntheticRubberManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Resin and Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing.' s__PlasticsMaterialAndResinManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing or Plastics Materials, Synthetic and Resins, and Nonvulcanizable Elastomers.' s__SyntheticRubberManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing or Synthetic Rubber.' s__ArtificialAndSyntheticFibersAndFilamentsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing.' s__CellulosicOrganicFiberManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cellulosic Organic Fiber Manufacturing or Cellulosic Manmade Fibers.' s__NoncellulosicOrganicFiberManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Noncellulosic Organic Fiber Manufacturing or Manmade Organic Fibers, Except Cellulosic.' s__PesticideFertilizerAndOtherAgriculturalChemicalManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fertilizer Manufacturing.' s__NitrogenousFertilizerManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing or Nitrogenous Fertilizers.' s__PhosphaticFertilizerManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing or Phosphatic Fertilizers.' s__FertilizerMixingOnlyManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fertilizer (Mixing Only) Manufacturing or Fertilizers, Mixing Only.' s__PesticideAndOtherAgriculturalChemicalManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing or Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals, NEC.' s__PharmaceuticalAndMedicineManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing.' s__MedicinalAndBotanicalManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing or Medicinal Chemicals and Botanical Products.' s__PharmaceuticalPreparationManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing or Pharmaceutical Preparations.' s__InVitroDiagnosticSubstanceManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves In-Vitro Diagnostic Substance Manufacturing or In-Vitro and In-Vivo Diagnostic Substances (in-vitro diagnostic substances).' s__BiologicalProductExceptDiagnosticManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing or Biological Products, Except Diagnostic Substance.' s__PaintCoatingAndAdhesiveManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Paint, Coating, and Adhesive Manufacturing.' s__PaintAndCoatingManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Paint and Coating Manufacturing or Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers, Enamels and Allied Products.' s__AdhesiveManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Adhesive Manufacturing or Adhesives and Sealants.' s__SoapCleaningCompoundAndToiletPreparationManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing.' s__SoapAndCleaningCompoundManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Soap and Cleaning Compound Manufacturing.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Soap and Other Detergent Manufacturing or Soaps and Other Detergents, Except Specialty Cleaners.' s__PolishAndOtherSanitationGoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Polish and Other Sanitation Good Manufacturing or Specialty Cleaning, Polishing, and Sanitary Preparations.' s__SurfaceActiveAgentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Surface Active Agent Manufacturing or Surface Active Agents, Finishing Agents, Sulfonated Oils, and Assistants.' s__ToiletPreparationManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Toilet Preparation Manufacturing or Perfumes, Cosmetics, and Other Toilet Preparations (except toothpaste).' s__OtherChemicalProductAndPreparationManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing.' s__PrintingInkManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Printing Ink Manufacturing or Printing Ink.' s__ExplosivesManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Explosives Manufacturing or Explosives.' s__AllOtherChemicalProductAndPreparationManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing.' s__CustomCompoundingOfPurchasedResins 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins or Custom Compounding of Purchased Plastics Resin.' s__PhotographicFilmPaperPlateAndChemicalManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing or Photographic Equipment and Supplies (photographic films, paper, plates and chemicals).' s__AllOtherMiscellaneousChemicalProductAndPreparationManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing or Industrial Inorganic Chemicals, NEC (activated carbon and charcoal).' s__Plastic__t 'Any of a large set of hydrocarbon materials, in the form of polymers, which are usually derived from &%Petroleum products. Plastics have a tremendous variety of material properties including a wide range of values for opacity, density, ductility etc. and are pervasive in modern &%Manufacture (-ing).' s__PlasticsAndRubberProductsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Plastics and Rubber Products Manufacturing.' s__PlasticsProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Plastics Product Manufacturing.' s__UnsupportedPlasticsFilmSheetAndBagManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Unsupported Plastics Film, Sheet, and Bag Manufacturing.' s__UnsupportedPlasticsBagManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Unsupported Plastics Bag Manufacturing or Plastics, Foil, and Coated Paper Bags (plastics bags).' s__UnsupportedPlasticsPackagingFilmAndSheetManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Unsupported Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet Manufacturing or Packaging Paper and Plastics Film, Coated, and Laminated (plastics packaging film and sheet).' s__UnsupportedPlasticsFilmAndSheetExceptPackagingManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Unsupported Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing or Unsupported Plastics Film and Sheets.' s__PlasticsPipePipeFittingAndUnsupportedProfileShapeManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Plastics Pipe, Pipe Fitting, and Unsupported Profile Shape Manufacturing.' s__UnsupportedPlasticsProfileShapeManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Unsupported Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing or Unsupported Plastics Profile Shapes.' s__PlasticsPipeAndPipeFittingManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing or Plastics Pipe.' s__LaminatedPlasticsPlateSheetAndShapeManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet, and Shape Manufacturing or Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet, and Profile Shapes.' s__PolystyreneFoamProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing or Plastics Foam Products (polystyrene foam products).' s__UrethaneAndOtherFoamProductExceptPolystyreneManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing or Plastics Foam Products (urethane and other foam products).' s__PlasticsBottleManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Plastics Bottle Manufacturing or Plastics Bottles.' s__OtherPlasticsProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Plastics Product Manufacturing.' s__PlasticsPlumbingFixtureManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing or Plastics Plumbing Fixtures.' s__ResilientFloorCoveringManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Resilient Floor Covering Manufacturing or Fabricated Rubber Products, NEC (rubber resilient floor coverings).' s__AllOtherPlasticsProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing or Plastics Products, NEC (except plastics pipe fittings and plastics sausage casings).' s__RubberProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Rubber Product Manufacturing.' s__TireManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Tire Manufacturing.' s__TireManufacturingExceptRetreading 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) or Tires and Inner Tubes.' s__TireRetreading 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Tire Retreading or Tire Retreading and Repair Shops (rebuilding).' s__RubberAndPlasticsHosesAndBeltingManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Rubber and Plastics Hoses and Belting Manufacturing or Rubber and Plastics Hose and Belting.' s__OtherRubberProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Rubber Product Manufacturing.' s__RubberProductManufacturingForMechanicalUse 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use or Molded, Extruded, and Lathe-Cut Mechanical Rubber Goods.' s__AllOtherRubberProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing or Fabricated Rubber Products, NEC (except rubberized fabric and rubber resilient floor covering).' s__NonmetallicMineralProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing.' s__ClayProductAndRefractoryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing.' s__PotteryCeramicsAndPlumbingFixtureManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing.' s__VitreousChinaPlumbingFixtureAndChinaAndEarthenwareBathroomAccessoriesManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Vitreous China Plumbing Fixture and China and Earthenware Bathroom Accessories Manufacturing or Vitreous China Plumbing Fixtures and China and Earthenware Fittings and Bathroom Accessories.' s__VitreousChinaFineEarthenwareAndOtherPotteryProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Vitreous China, Fine Earthenware, and Other Pottery Product Manufacturing or Vitreous China Table and Kitchen Articles.' s__PorcelainElectricalSupplyManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Porcelain Electrical Supply Manufacturing or Porcelain Electrical Supplies.' s__ClayBuildingMaterialAndRefractoriesManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing.' s__BrickAndStructuralClayTileManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Brick and Structural Clay Tile Manufacturing or Brick and Structural Clay Tile (except slumped brick).' s__CeramicWallAndFloorTileManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Ceramic Wall and Floor Tile Manufacturing or Ceramic Wall and Floor Tile.' s__OtherStructuralClayProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Structural Clay Product Manufacturing or Structural Clay Products, NEC.' s__ClayRefractoryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Clay Refractory Manufacturing or Clay Refractories.' s__NonclayRefractoryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonclay Refractory Manufacturing or Nonclay Refractories.' s__GlassAndGlassProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Glass and Glass Product Manufacturing.' s__FlatGlassManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Flat Glass Manufacturing or Flat Glass.' s__OtherPressedAndBlownGlassAndGlasswareManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing or Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware, NEC.' s__GlassContainerManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Glass Container Manufacturing or Glass Containers.' s__GlassProductManufacturingMadeOfPurchasedGlass 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Glass Product Manufacturing Made of Purchased Glass or Glass Products Made of Purchased Glass.' s__CementAndConcreteProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cement Manufacturing or Cement, Hydraulic.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Ready-Mix Concrete Manufacturing or Ready-Mixed Concrete.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Concrete Pipe, Brick, and Block Manufacturing.' s__ConcreteBlockAndBrickManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Concrete Block and Brick Manufacturing or Brick and Structural Clay Tile (slumped brick).' s__ConcretePipeManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Concrete Pipe Manufacturing or Concrete Products, Except Block and Brick (concrete pipe).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Concrete Product Manufacturing or Concrete Products, Except Block and Brick (concrete products, except dry mix concrete and pipe).' s__LimeAndGypsumProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Lime and Gypsum Product Manufacturing.' s__LimeManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Lime Manufacturing or Lime.' s__GypsumProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Gypsum Product Manufacturing or Gypsum Products.' s__OtherNonmetallicMineralProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing.' s__AbrasiveProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Abrasive Product Manufacturing or Abrasive Products (except steel wool with or without soap).' s__AllOtherNonmetallicMineralProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing.' s__CutStoneAndStoneProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cut Stone and Stone Product Manufacturing or Cut Stone and Stone Products.' s__GroundOrTreatedMineralAndEarthManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Ground or Treated Mineral and Earth Manufacturing or Minerals and Earths, Ground or Otherwise Treated (except grinding, washing, separating, etc. of nonmetallic minerals).' s__MineralWoolManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mineral Wool Manufacturing or Mineral Wool.' s__AllOtherMiscellaneousNonmetallicMineralProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing or Concrete Products, Except Block and Brick (dry mixture concrete).' s__PrimaryMetalManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Primary Metal Manufacturing.' s__IronAndSteelMillsAndFerroalloyManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Iron and Steel Mills or Steel Works, Blast Furnaces (Including Coke Ovens), and Rolling Mills (except coke ovens not integrated with steel mills and hot rolling purchased steel).' s__ElectrometallurgicalFerroalloyProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product Manufacturing or Electrometallurgical Products, Except Steel.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Steel Product Manufacturing from Purchased Steel.' s__IronAndSteelPipeAndTubeManufacturingFromPurchasedSteel 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel or Steel Pipe and Tubes.' s__RollingAndDrawingOfPurchasedSteel 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Rolling and Drawing of Purchased Steel.' s__RolledSteelShapeManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing or Steel Works, Blast Furnaces (including coke ovens), and Rolling Mills (hot rolling purchased steel).' s__SteelWireDrawing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Steel Wire Drawing or Steel Wiredrawing and Steel Nails and Spikes (steel, wire drawing).' s__AluminaAndAluminumProductionAndProcessing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Alumina and Aluminum Production and Processing.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Alumina Refining or Industrial Inorganic Chemicals, NEC (alumina).' s__PrimaryAluminumProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Primary Aluminum Production or Primary Production of Aluminum.' s__SecondarySmeltingAndAlloyingOfAluminum 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum or Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals (aluminum).' s__AluminumSheetPlateAndFoilManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing or Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil.' s__AluminumExtrudedProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Aluminum Extruded Product Manufacturing or Aluminum Extruded Products.' s__OtherAluminumRollingAndDrawing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Aluminum Rolling and Drawing or Aluminum Rolling and Drawing, NEC.' s__NonferrousMetalExceptAluminumProductionAndProcessing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Production and Processing.' s__NonferrousMetalExceptAluminumSmeltingAndRefining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper or Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper.' s__PrimarySmeltingAndRefiningOfNonferrousMetalExceptCopperAndAluminum 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) or Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals, Except Copper and Aluminum.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying.' s__CopperRollingDrawingAndExtruding 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Copper Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding or Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding of Copper.' s__CopperWireExceptMechanicalDrawing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Copper Wire (except Mechanical) Drawing or Drawing and Insulating of Nonferrous Wire (copper wire drawing).' s__SecondarySmeltingRefiningAndAlloyingOfCopper 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Copper or Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals (copper).' s__NonferrousMetalExceptCopperAndAluminumRollingDrawingExtrudingAndAlloying 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying.' s__NonferrousMetalExceptCopperAndAluminumRollingDrawingAndExtruding 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding or Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding of Nonferrous Metals, Except Copper and Aluminum.' s__SecondarySmeltingRefiningAndAlloyingOfNonferrousMetalExceptCopperAndAluminum 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) or Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals (except copper and aluminum).' s__Foundries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Foundries.' s__FerrousMetalFoundries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Ferrous Metal Foundries.' s__IronFoundries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Iron Foundries or Gray and Ductile Iron Foundries.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Steel Investment Foundries or Steel Investment Foundries.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Steel Foundries (except Investment) or Steel Foundries, NEC.' s__NonferrousMetalFoundries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonferrous Metal Foundries.' s__AluminumDieCastingFoundries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries or Aluminum Die-Castings.' s__NonferrousExceptAluminumDieCastingFoundries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonferrous (except Aluminum) Die-Casting Foundries or Nonferrous Die-Castings, Except Aluminum.' s__AluminumFoundriesExceptDieCasting 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting) or Aluminum Foundries.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Copper Foundries (except Die-Casting) or Copper Foundries.' s__OtherNonferrousFoundriesExceptDieCasting 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Nonferrous Foundries (except Die-Casting) or Nonferrous Foundries, Except Aluminum and Copper.' s__FabricatedMetalProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing.' s__ForgingAndStamping 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Forging and Stamping.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Iron and Steel Forging or Iron and Steel Forgings.' s__NonferrousForging 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonferrous Forging or Nonferrous Forgings.' s__CustomRollForming 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Custom Roll Forming or Miscellaneous Structural Metal Work (custom roll forming).' s__CrownAndClosureManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Crown and Closure Manufacturing or Crowns and Closures.' s__MetalStamping 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Metal Stamping or Metal Stampings, NEC (except kitchen utensils, pots and pans for cooking, and coins).' s__PowderMetallurgyPartManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Powder Metallurgy Part Manufacturing or Fabricated Metal Products, NEC (powder metallurgy).' s__CutleryAndHandtoolManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cutlery and Handtool Manufacturing.' s__CutleryAndFlatwareExceptPreciousManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cutlery and Flatware (except Precious) Manufacturing or Cutlery (except tool-type shears).' s__HandAndEdgeToolManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Hand and Edge Tool Manufacturing or Cutlery (tool-type shears).' s__SawBladeAndHandsawManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Saw Blade and Handsaw Manufacturing or Saw Blades and Handsaws.' s__KitchenUtensilPotAndPanManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Kitchen Utensil, Pot, and Pan Manufacturing or Metal Stampings, NEC (kitchen utensils, pots, and pans for cooking).' s__ArchitecturalAndStructuralMetalsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Architectural and Structural Metals Manufacturing.' s__PlateWorkAndFabricatedStructuralProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Plate Work and Fabricated Structural Product Manufacturing.' s__PrefabricatedMetalBuildingAndComponentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing or Prefabricated Metal Buildings and Components.' s__FabricatedStructuralMetalManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing or Fabricated Structural Metal.' s__PlateWorkManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Plate Work Manufacturing or Fabricated Plate Work (Boiler Shops) (fabricated plate work and metal weldments).' s__OrnamentalAndArchitecturalMetalProductsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Ornamental and Architectural Metal Products Manufacturing.' s__MetalWindowAndDoorManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Metal Window and Door Manufacturing or Metal Doors, Sash, Frames, Molding and Trim.' s__SheetMetalWorkManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing or Sheet Metal Work (ducts, flumes, flooring, siding, dampers, etc.).' s__OrnamentalAndArchitecturalMetalWorkManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Ornamental and Architectural Metal Work Manufacturing or Architectural and Ornamental Metal Work.' s__BoilerTankAndShippingContainerManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Boiler, Tank, and Shipping Container Manufacturing.' s__PowerBoilerAndHeatExchangerManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Power Boiler and Heat Exchanger Manufacturing or Fabricated Plate Work (Boiler Shops) (power boilers and heat exchangers).' s__MetalTankHeavyGaugeManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Metal Tank (Heavy Gauge) Manufacturing or Fabricated Plate Work (Boiler Shops) (heavy gauge tanks).' s__MetalCanBoxAndOtherMetalContainerLightGaugeManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Metal Can, Box, and Other Metal Container (Light Gauge) Manufacturing.' s__MetalCanManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Metal Can Manufacturing or Metal Cans.' s__OtherMetalContainerManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Metal Container Manufacturing or Metal Shipping Barrels, Drums, Kegs, and Pails.' s__HardwareManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Hardware Manufacturing.' s__SpringAndWireProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Spring and Wire Product Manufacturing.' s__SpringHeavyGaugeManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Spring (Heavy Gauge) Manufacturing or Steel Springs, Except Wire.' s__SpringLightGaugeManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Spring (Light Gauge) Manufacturing or Wire Springs (except watch and clock springs).' s__OtherFabricatedWireProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Fabricated Wire Product Manufacturing or Steel Wiredrawing and Steel Nails and Spikes (nails, spikes, paper clips, and wire not made in wiredrawing plants).' s__MachineShopsTurnedProductAndScrewNutAndBoltManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Machine Shops, Turned Product, and Screw, Nut, and Bolt Manufacturing.' s__MachineShops 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Machine Shops or Industrial and Commercial Machinery and Equipment, NEC (machine shops).' s__TurnedProductAndScrewNutAndBoltManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Turned Product and Screw, Nut, and Bolt Manufacturing.' s__PrecisionTurnedProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Precision Turned Product Manufacturing or Screw Machine Products.' s__BoltNutScrewRivetAndWasherManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing or Bolts, Nuts, Screws, Rivets, and Washers.' s__CoatingEngravingHeatTreatingAndAlliedActivities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Coating, Engraving, Heat Treating, and Allied Activities.' s__MetalHeatTreating 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Metal Heat Treating or Metal Heat Treating.' s__MetalCoatingEngravingExceptJewelryAndSilverwareAndAlliedServicesToManufacturers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers or Coating, Engraving, and Allied Services, NEC (except jewelry, silverware, and flatware engraving and etching).' s__ElectroplatingPlatingPolishingAnodizingAndColoring 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring or Primary Metal Products, NEC (laminating steel).' s__OtherFabricatedMetalProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing.' s__MetalValveManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Metal Valve Manufacturing.' s__IndustrialValveManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Industrial Valve Manufacturing or Industrial Valves.' s__FluidPowerValveAndHoseFittingManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fluid Power Valve and Hose Fitting Manufacturing or Fluid Power Valves and Hose Fittings.' s__PlumbingFixtureFittingAndTrimManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Plumbing Fixture Fitting and Trim Manufacturing or Plumbing Fixture Fittings and Trim (except shower rods and lawn hose nozzles).' s__OtherMetalValveAndPipeFittingManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Metal Valve and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing or Hardware, NEC (fire hose nozzles and couplings).' s__AllOtherFabricatedMetalProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing.' s__BallAndRollerBearingManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Ball and Roller Bearing Manufacturing or Ball and Roller Bearings.' s__SmallArmsAmmunitionManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing or Small Arms Ammunition.' s__AmmunitionExceptSmallArmsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing or Ammunition, Except for Small Arms.' s__SmallArmsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Small Arms Manufacturing or Small Arms.' s__OtherOrdnanceAndAccessoriesManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Ordnance and Accessories Manufacturing or Ordnance and Accessories, NEC.' s__FabricatedPipeAndPipeFittingManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fabricated Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing or Fabricated Pipe and Pipe Fittings.' s__IndustrialPatternManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Industrial Pattern Manufacturing or Industrial Patterns.' s__EnameledIronAndMetalSanitaryWareManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Enameled Iron and Metal Sanitary Ware Manufacturing or Enameled Iron and Metal Sanitary Ware.' s__AllOtherMiscellaneousFabricatedMetalProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing or Abrasive Products (steel wool with or without soap).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Machinery Manufacturing.' s__AgricultureConstructionAndMiningMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Agriculture, Construction, and Mining Machinery Manufacturing.' s__AgriculturalImplementManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Agricultural Implement Manufacturing.' s__FarmMachineryAndEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing or Farm Machinery and Equipment (except corrals, stalls, holding gates, hand clippers for animals, and farm conveyors/elevators).' s__LawnAndGardenTractorAndHomeLawnAndGardenEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Lawn and Garden Tractor and Home Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing or Lawn and Garden Tractors and Home Lawn and Garden Equipment (except nonpowered lawnmowers).' s__ConstructionMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Construction Machinery Manufacturing or Construction Machinery and Equipment (except railway track maintenance equipment, winches, aerial work platforms, and automotive wrecker hoists).' s__MiningAndOilAndGasFieldMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mining and Oil and Gas Field Machinery Manufacturing.' s__MiningMachineryAndEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing or Mining Machinery and Equipment, Except Oil and Gas Field Machinery and Equipment.' s__OilAndGasFieldMachineryAndEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Oil and Gas Field Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing or Oil and Gas Field Machinery and Equipment.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Industrial Machinery Manufacturing.' s__SawmillAndWoodworkingMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sawmill and Woodworking Machinery Manufacturing or Woodworking Machinery.' s__PlasticsAndRubberIndustryMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Plastics and Rubber Industry Machinery Manufacturing or Special Industry Machinery, NEC (rubber and plastics manufacturing machinery).' s__OtherIndustrialMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Industrial Machinery Manufacturing.' s__PaperIndustryMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Paper Industry Machinery Manufacturing or Paper Industries Machinery.' s__TextileMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Textile Machinery Manufacturing or Textile Machinery.' s__PrintingMachineryAndEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Printing Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing or Printing Trades Machinery and Equipment.' s__FoodProductMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Food Product Machinery Manufacturing or Food Products Machinery.' s__SemiconductorMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Semiconductor Machinery Manufacturing or Special Industry Machinery, NEC (semiconductor machinery manufacturing).' s__AllOtherIndustrialMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Industrial Machinery Manufacturing or Special Industry Machinery, NEC (except rubber and plastics manufacturing machinery, semiconductor manufacturing machinery, and automotive maintenance equipment).' s__CommercialAndServiceIndustryMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Commercial and Service Industry Machinery Manufacturing.' s__AutomaticVendingMachineManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Automatic Vending Machine Manufacturing or Automatic Vending Machines.' s__CommercialLaundryDrycleaningAndPressingMachineManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Commercial Laundry, Drycleaning, and Pressing Machine Manufacturing or Commercial Laundry, Drycleaning and Pressing Machines.' s__OfficeMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Office Machinery Manufacturing or Calculating and Accounting Machinery, Except Electronic Computers (except point of sales terminals, change making machines and funds transfer devices).' s__OpticalInstrumentAndLensManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Optical Instrument and Lens Manufacturing or Optical Instruments and Lenses.' s__PhotographicAndPhotocopyingEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing or Photographic Equipment and Supplies (except photographic film, paper, plates, and chemicals).' s__OtherCommercialAndServiceIndustryMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Commercial and Service Industry Machinery Manufacturing or Special Industry Machinery, NEC (automotive maintenance equipment).' s__VentilationHeatingAirConditioningAndCommercialRefrigerationEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Ventilation, Heating, Air-Conditioning, and Commercial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing.' s__AirPurificationEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Air Purification Equipment Manufacturing or Industrial and Commercial Fans and Blowers and Air Purification Equipment (air purification equipment).' s__IndustrialAndCommercialFanAndBlowerManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Industrial and Commercial Fan and Blower Manufacturing or Industrial and Commercial Fans and Blowers and Air Purification Equipment (fans and blowers).' s__HeatingEquipmentExceptWarmAirFurnacesManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Heating Equipment (except Warm Air Furnaces) Manufacturing or Heating Equipment, Except Electric and Warm Air Furnaces.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing or Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment (except motor vehicle air-conditioning).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Metalworking Machinery Manufacturing.' s__IndustrialMoldManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Industrial Mold Manufacturing or Special Dies and Tools, Die Sets, Jigs and Fixtures, and Industrial Molds (industrial molds).' s__MachineToolMetalCuttingTypesManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) Manufacturing or Machine Tools, Metal Cutting Type.' s__MachineToolMetalFormingTypesManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) Manufacturing or Machine Tools, Metal Forming Type.' s__SpecialDieAndToolDieSetJigAndFixtureManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Special Die and Tool, Die Set, Jig, and Fixture Manufacturing or Special Dies and Tools, Die Sets, Jigs and Fixtures, and Industrial Molds (except molds).' s__CuttingToolAndMachineToolAccessoryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cutting Tool and Machine Tool Accessory Manufacturing or Cutting Tools, Machine Tool Accessories, and Machinists Precision Measuring Devices (except precision measuring devices).' s__RollingMillMachineryAndEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Rolling Mill Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing or Rolling Mill Machinery and Equipment.' s__OtherMetalworkingMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Metalworking Machinery Manufacturing or Metalworking Machinery, NEC.' s__EngineTurbineAndPowerTransmissionEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Engine, Turbine, and Power Transmission Equipment Manufacturing.' s__TurbineAndTurbineGeneratorSetUnitsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing or Steam, Gas, and Hydraulic Turbines, and Turbine Generator Set Units.' s__SpeedChangerIndustrialHighSpeedDriveAndGearManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Speed Changer, Industrial High-Speed Drive, and Gear Manufacturing or Speed Changers, Industrial High-Speed Drives, and Gears.' s__MechanicalPowerTransmissionEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mechanical Power Transmission Equipment Manufacturing or Mechanical Power Transmission Equipment, NEC.' s__OtherEngineEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing or Internal Combustion Engines, NEC (except stationary engine radiators).' s__OtherGeneralPurposeMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other General Purpose Machinery Manufacturing.' s__PumpAndCompressorManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Pump and Compressor Manufacturing.' s__PumpAndPumpingEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Pump and Pumping Equipment Manufacturing or Pumps and Pumping Equipment.' s__AirAndGasCompressorManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Air and Gas Compressor Manufacturing or Air and Gas Compressors.' s__MeasuringAndDispensingPumpManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Measuring and Dispensing Pump Manufacturing or Measuring and Dispensing Pumps.' s__MaterialHandlingEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Material Handling Equipment Manufacturing.' s__ElevatorAndMovingStairwayManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Elevator and Moving Stairway Manufacturing or Elevators and Moving Stairways.' s__ConveyorAndConveyingEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Conveyor and Conveying Equipment Manufacturing or Farm Machinery and Equipment (farm conveyors and elevators).' s__OverheadTravelingCraneHoistAndMonorailSystemManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail System Manufacturing or Overhead Traveling Cranes, Hoists, and Monorail Systems.' s__IndustrialTruckTractorTrailerAndStackerMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Industrial Truck, Tractor, Trailer, and Stacker Machinery Manufacturing or Miscellaneous Fabricated Wire Products (grocery carts).' s__AllOtherGeneralPurposeMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other General Purpose Machinery Manufacturing.' s__PowerDrivenHandtoolManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Power-Driven Handtool Manufacturing or Power-Driven Handtools.' s__WeldingAndSolderingEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing or Electric and Gas Welding and Soldering Equipment (except transformers for arc-welding).' s__PackagingMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Packaging Machinery Manufacturing or Packaging Machinery.' s__IndustrialProcessFurnaceAndOvenManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Industrial Process Furnace and Oven Manufacturing or Industrial Process Furnaces and Ovens.' s__FluidPowerCylinderAndActuatorManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fluid Power Cylinder and Actuator Manufacturing or Fluid Power Cylinders and Actuators.' s__FluidPowerPumpAndMotorManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fluid Power Pump and Motor Manufacturing or Fluid Power Pumps and Motors.' s__ScaleAndBalanceExceptLaboratoryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Scale and Balance (except Laboratory) Manufacturing or Scales and Balances, Except Laboratory.' s__AllOtherMiscellaneousGeneralPurposeMachineryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Miscellaneous General Purpose Machinery Manufacturing or Industrial and Commercial Machinery and Equipment, NEC (other industrial and commercial machinery and equipment).' s__ComputerAndElectronicProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing.' s__ComputerAndPeripheralEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Computer and Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing.' s__ElectronicComputerManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electronic Computer Manufacturing or Electronic Computers.' s__ComputerStorageDeviceManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Computer Storage Device Manufacturing or Computer Storage Devices.' s__ComputerTerminalManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Computer Terminal Manufacturing or Computer Terminals.' s__OtherComputerPeripheralEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Computer Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing or Computer Peripheral Equipment, NEC (except plotter controllers and magnetic tape cleaners).' s__CommunicationsEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Communications Equipment Manufacturing.' s__TelephoneApparatusManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Telephone Apparatus Manufacturing or Telephone and Telegraph Apparatus (except consumer external modems).' s__RadioAndTelevisionBroadcastingAndWirelessCommunicationsEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing or Radio and Television Broadcasting and Communications Equipment.' s__OtherCommunicationsEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing or Communications Equipment, NEC.' s__AudioAndVideoEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Audio and Video Equipment Manufacturing.' s__SemiconductorAndOtherElectronicComponentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Semiconductor and Other Electronic Component Manufacturing.' s__ElectronTubeManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electron Tube Manufacturing or Electron Tubes.' s__BarePrintedCircuitBoardManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing or Printed Circuit Boards.' s__SemiconductorAndRelatedDeviceManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing or Semiconductors and Related Devices.' s__ElectronicCapacitorManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electronic Capacitor Manufacturing or Electronic Capacitors.' s__ElectronicResistorManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electronic Resistor Manufacturing or Electronic Resistors.' s__ElectronicCoilTransformerAndOtherInductorManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electronic Coil, Transformer, and Other Inductor Manufacturing or Electronic Coils, Transformers, and Other Inductors.' s__ElectronicConnectorManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electronic Connector Manufacturing or Electronic Connectors.' s__PrintedCircuitAssemblyElectronicAssemblyManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Printed Circuit Assembly (Electronic Assembly) Manufacturing or Computer Peripheral Equipment, NEC (plotter controllers).' s__OtherElectronicComponentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Electronic Component Manufacturing or Electronic Components, NEC (other electronic components).' s__NavigationalMeasuringElectromedicalAndControlInstrumentsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Navigational, Measuring, Electromedical, and Control Instruments Manufacturing.' s__ElectromedicalAndElectrotherapeuticApparatusManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electromedical and Electrotherapeutic Apparatus Manufacturing or Orthopedic, Prosthetic and Surgical Appliances and Supplies (electronic hearing aids).' s__SearchDetectionNavigationGuidanceAeronauticalAndNauticalSystemAndInstrumentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Search, Detection, Navigation, Guidance, Aeronautical, and Nautical System and Instrument Manufacturing or Search, Detection, Navigation, Guidance, Aeronautical, and Nautical Systems and Instruments.' s__AutomaticEnvironmentalControlManufacturingForResidentialCommercialAndApplianceUse 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use or Automatic Controls for Regulating Residential and Commercial Environments and Appliances.' s__InstrumentsAndRelatedProductsManufacturingForMeasuringDisplayingAndControllingIndustrialProcessVariables 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Instruments and Related Products Manufacturing for Measuring, Displaying, and Controlling Industrial Process Variables or Industrial Instruments for Measurement, Display, and Control of Process Variables, and Related Products.' s__TotalizingFluidMeterAndCountingDeviceManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Totalizing Fluid Meter and Counting Device Manufacturing or Totalizing Fluid Meters and Counting Devices.' s__InstrumentManufacturingForMeasuringAndTestingElectricityAndElectricalSignals 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Instrument Manufacturing for Measuring and Testing Electricity and Electrical Signals or Instruments for Measuring and Testing of Electricity and Electrical Signals (except automotive ammeters and voltmeters).' s__AnalyticalLaboratoryInstrumentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Analytical Laboratory Instrument Manufacturing or Laboratory Analytical Instruments.' s__IrradiationApparatusManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Irradiation Apparatus Manufacturing or X-Ray Apparatus and Tubes and Related Irradiation Apparatus.' s__WatchClockAndPartManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Watch, Clock, and Part Manufacturing or Wire Springs (clock and watch springs).' s__OtherMeasuringAndControllingDeviceManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Measuring and Controlling Device Manufacturing or Measuring and Controlling Devices, NEC (except medical thermometers, electronic chronometers and motor vehicle gauges).' s__ManufacturingAndReproducingMagneticAndOpticalMedia 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Manufacturing and Reproducing Magnetic and Optical Media.' s__SoftwareReproducing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Software Reproducing or Prepackaged Software (reproduction of software).' s__PrerecordedCompactDiscExceptSoftwareTapeAndRecordReproducing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Prerecorded Compact Disc (except Software), Tape, and Record Reproducing or Phonograph Records and Prerecorded Audio Tapes and Disks (reproduction of all other media except video).' s__MagneticAndOpticalRecordingMediaManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Magnetic and Optical Recording Media Manufacturing or Magnetic and Optical Recording Media.' s__ElectricalEquipmentApplianceAndComponentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing.' s__ElectricLightingEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electric Lighting Equipment Manufacturing.' s__ElectricLampBulbAndPartManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing or Electric Lamp Bulbs and Tubes.' s__LightingFixtureManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Lighting Fixture Manufacturing.' s__ResidentialElectricLightingFixtureManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Residential Electric Lighting Fixture Manufacturing or Residential Electric Lighting Fixtures.' s__CommercialIndustrialAndInstitutionalElectricLightingFixtureManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional Electric Lighting Fixture Manufacturing or Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional Electric Lighting Fixtures.' s__OtherLightingEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Lighting Equipment Manufacturing or Lighting Equipment, NEC.' s__HouseholdApplianceManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Household Appliance Manufacturing.' s__SmallElectricalApplianceManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Small Electrical Appliance Manufacturing.' s__ElectricHousewaresAndHouseholdFanManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electric Housewares and Household Fan Manufacturing or Electric Housewares and Fans (except wall and baseboard heating units for permanent installation and electronic cigarette lighters).' s__HouseholdVacuumCleanerManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Household Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturing or Household Vacuum Cleaners.' s__MajorApplianceManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Major Appliance Manufacturing.' s__HouseholdCookingApplianceManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Household Cooking Appliance Manufacturing or Household Cooking Equipment.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Household Refrigerator and Home Freezer Manufacturing or Household Refrigerators and Home and Farm Freezers.' s__HouseholdLaundryEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing or Household Laundry Equipment.' s__OtherMajorHouseholdApplianceManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing or Household Appliances, NEC (except floor waxing and floor polishing machines, and household sewing machines).' s__ElectricalEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electrical Equipment Manufacturing.' s__PowerDistributionAndSpecialtyTransformerManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing or Electric and Gas Welding and Soldering Equipment (transformers for arc-welders).' s__MotorAndGeneratorManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor and Generator Manufacturing or Motors and Generators.' s__SwitchgearAndSwitchboardApparatusManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Switchgear and Switchboard Apparatus Manufacturing or Switchgear and Switchboard Apparatus.' s__RelayAndIndustrialControlManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Relay and Industrial Control Manufacturing or Relays and Industrial Controls.' s__OtherElectricalEquipmentAndComponentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Electrical Equipment and Component Manufacturing.' s__BatteryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Battery Manufacturing.' s__StorageBatteryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Storage Battery Manufacturing or Storage Batteries.' s__PrimaryBatteryManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Primary Battery Manufacturing or Primary Batteries, Dry and Wet.' s__CommunicationAndEnergyWireAndCableManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Communication and Energy Wire and Cable Manufacturing.' s__FiberOpticCableManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fiber Optic Cable Manufacturing or Drawing and Insulating of Nonferrous Wire (fiber optic cable-insulating only).' s__OtherCommunicationAndEnergyWireManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Communication and Energy Wire Manufacturing or Drawing and Insulating of Nonferrous Wire (communication and energy wire, except fiber optic-insulating only).' s__WiringDeviceManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Wiring Device Manufacturing.' s__CurrentCarryingWiringDeviceManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing or Current-Carrying Wiring Devices.' s__NoncurrentCarryingWiringDeviceManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing or Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Devices (except fishwire, electrical wiring tool).' s__AllOtherElectricalEquipmentAndComponentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Electrical Equipment and Component Manufacturing.' s__CarbonAndGraphiteProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing or Carbon and Graphite Products.' s__AllOtherMiscellaneousElectricalEquipmentAndComponentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Miscellaneous Electrical Equipment and Component Manufacturing or Electrical Industrial Apparatus, NEC.' s__TransportationEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Transportation Equipment Manufacturing.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor Vehicle Manufacturing.' s__AutomobileAndLightDutyMotorVehicleManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Automobile and Light Duty Motor Vehicle Manufacturing.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Automobile Manufacturing or Motor Vehicles and Passenger Car Bodies (automobiles).' s__LightTruckAndUtilityVehicleManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing or Motor Vehicles and Passenger Car Bodies (light trucks and utility vehicles).' s__HeavyDutyTruckManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing or Motor Vehicles and Passenger Car Bodies (heavy duty trucks).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor Vehicle Body and Trailer Manufacturing.' s__MotorVehicleBodyManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing or Motor Vehicles and Passenger Car Bodies (kit car and other passenger car bodies).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Truck Trailer Manufacturing or Truck Trailers.' s__MotorHomeManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor Home Manufacturing or Motor Homes.' s__TravelTrailerAndCamperManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Travel Trailer and Camper Manufacturing or Travel Trailers and Campers.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing.' s__MotorVehicleGasolineEngineAndEnginePartsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing.' s__CarburetorPistonPistonRingAndValveManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve Manufacturing or Carburetors, Pistons, Piston Rings, and Valves.' s__GasolineEngineAndEnginePartsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing or Motor Vehicle Parts and Accessories (gasoline engines and engine parts including rebuilt).' s__MotorVehicleElectricalAndElectronicEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor Vehicle Electrical and Electronic Equipment Manufacturing.' s__VehicularLightingEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Vehicular Lighting Equipment Manufacturing or Vehicular Lighting Equipment.' s__OtherMotorVehicleElectricalAndElectronicEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Motor Vehicle Electrical and Electronic Equipment Manufacturing or Electrical Equipment for Internal Combustion Engines.' s__MotorVehicleSteeringAndSuspensionComponentsExceptSpringManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing or Motor Vehicle Parts and Accessories (steering and suspension parts).' s__MotorVehicleBrakeSystemManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing or Asbestos Products (asbestos brake linings and pads).' s__MotorVehicleTransmissionAndPowerTrainPartsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing or Motor Vehicle Parts and Accessories (transmissions and power train parts, including rebuilding).' s__MotorVehicleSeatingAndInteriorTrimManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing or Automotive Trimmings, Apparel Findings, and Related Products (textile motor vehicle trimming).' s__MotorVehicleMetalStamping 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping or Automotive Stampings.' s__OtherMotorVehiclePartsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing.' s__MotorVehicleAirConditioningManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor Vehicle Air-Conditioning Manufacturing or Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment (motor vehicle air-conditioning).' s__AllOtherMotorVehiclePartsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing or Hardware, NEC (luggage and utility racks).' s__AerospaceProductAndPartsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Aircraft Manufacturing or Aircraft (except research and development).' s__AircraftEngineAndEnginePartsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing or Aircraft Engines and Engine Parts (except research and development).' s__OtherAircraftPartsAndAuxiliaryEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing or Guided Missiles and Space Vehicles (except research and development).' s__GuidedMissileAndSpaceVehicleManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Manufacturing or Guided Missiles and Space Vehicles (except research and development).' s__GuidedMissileAndSpaceVehiclePropulsionUnitAndPropulsionUnitPartsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing or Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Units and Propulsion Unit Parts (except research and development).' s__OtherGuidedMissileAndSpaceVehiclePartsAndAuxiliaryEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing or Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Parts and Auxiliary Equipment (except research and development).' s__RailroadRollingStockManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing.' s__ShipAndBoatBuilding 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Ship and Boat Building.' s__ShipBuildingAndRepairing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Ship Building and Repairing or Ship Building and Repairing (except floating dry docks not associated with shipyards).' s__BoatBuilding 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Boat Building or Boat Building and Repairing (boat building).' s__OtherTransportationEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing.' s__MotorcycleBicycleAndPartsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motorcycle, Bicycle, and Parts Manufacturing or Games, Toys, and Childrens Vehicles, Except Dolls and Bicycles (metal tricycles).' s__MilitaryArmoredVehicleTankAndTankComponentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing or Motor Vehicles and Passenger Car Bodies (military armored vehicles).' s__AllOtherTransportationEquipmentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing or Transportation Equipment, NEC (except automobile, boat, utility light truck trailers, trailer hitches, and wheelbarrows).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Furniture and Related Product Manufacturing.' s__HouseholdAndInstitutionalFurnitureAndKitchenCabinetManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Household and Institutional Furniture and Kitchen Cabinet Manufacturing.' s__WoodKitchenCabinetAndCountertopManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing or Wood Kitchen Cabinets.' s__HouseholdAndInstitutionalFurnitureManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Household and Institutional Furniture Manufacturing.' s__UpholsteredHouseholdFurnitureManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing or Wood Household Furniture, Upholstered.' s__NonupholsteredWoodHouseholdFurnitureManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing or Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered (except wood box spring frames).' s__MetalHouseholdFurnitureManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Metal Household Furniture Manufacturing or Metal Household Furniture (except upholstered and metal box spring frames).' s__HouseholdFurnitureExceptWoodAndMetalManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Household Furniture (except Wood and Metal) Manufacturing or Household Furniture, NEC.' s__InstitutionalFurnitureManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Institutional Furniture Manufacturing or Public Building and Related Furniture (furniture made for public buildings).' s__WoodTelevisionRadioAndSewingMachineCabinetManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Wood Television, Radio, and Sewing Machine Cabinet Manufacturing or Wood Television, Radio, Phonograph, and Sewing Machine Cabinets.' s__OfficeFurnitureIncludingFixturesManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Office Furniture (including Fixtures) Manufacturing.' s__WoodOfficeFurnitureManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing or Wood Office Furniture.' s__CustomArchitecturalWoodworkAndMillworkManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Custom Architectural Woodwork and Millwork Manufacturing or Wood Office and Store Fixtures, Partitions, Shelving, and Lockers (architectural woodwork, millwork, and fixtures).' s__OfficeFurnitureExceptWoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing or Office Furniture, Except Wood.' s__ShowcasePartitionShelvingAndLockerManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker Manufacturing or Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered (wood box spring frames).' s__OtherFurnitureRelatedProductManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Furniture Related Product Manufacturing.' s__MattressManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mattress Manufacturing or Mattresses, Foundations and Convertible Beds (mattresses and foundations).' s__BlindAndShadeManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Blind and Shade Manufacturing or Drapery Hardware and Window Blinds and Shades.' s__MiscellaneousManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Miscellaneous Manufacturing.' s__MedicalEquipmentAndSuppliesManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Medical Equipment and Supplies Manufacturing.' s__LaboratoryApparatusAndFurnitureManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Laboratory Apparatus and Furniture Manufacturing or Furniture and Fixtures, NEC (hospital beds).' s__SurgicalAndMedicalInstrumentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing or Surgical and Medical Instruments and Apparatus (except tranquilizer guns and operating tables).' s__SurgicalApplianceAndSuppliesManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing or Fabricated Rubber Products, NEC (rubber gloves and life jackets).' s__DentalEquipmentAndSuppliesManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Dental Equipment and Supplies Manufacturing or Dental Equipment and Supplies.' s__OphthalmicGoodsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Ophthalmic Goods Manufacturing or Ophthalmic Goods (except intra ocular lenses).' s__DentalLaboratories 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Dental Laboratories or Dental Laboratories.' s__OtherMiscellaneousManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing.' s__JewelryAndSilverwareManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing.' s__JewelryExceptCostumeManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Jewelry (except Costume) Manufacturing or Coating, Engraving, and Allied Services, NEC (jewelry engraving and etching, including precious metal).' s__SilverwareAndHollowwareManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Silverware and Hollowware Manufacturing or Coating, Engraving, and Allied Services, NEC (silver and plated ware engraving and etching).' s__JewelersMaterialAndLapidaryWorkManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Jewelers Material and Lapidary Work Manufacturing or Jewelers Findings and Materials, and Lapidary Work (except watch jewels).' s__CostumeJewelryAndNoveltyManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Costume Jewelry and Novelty Manufacturing or Coating, Engraving, and Allied Services, NEC (costume jewelry engraving and etching).' s__SportingAndAthleticGoodsManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing or Sporting and Athletic Goods, NEC.' s__DollToyAndGameManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Doll, Toy, and Game Manufacturing.' s__DollAndStuffedToyManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Doll and Stuffed Toy Manufacturing or Dolls and Stuffed Toys.' s__GameToyAndChildrensVehicleManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Game, Toy, and Childrens Vehicle Manufacturing or Fabricated Rubber Products, NEC (rubber toys, except dolls).' s__OfficeSuppliesExceptPaperManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing.' s__PenAndMechanicalPencilManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Pen and Mechanical Pencil Manufacturing or Pens, Mechanical Pencils, and Parts.' s__LeadPencilAndArtGoodManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Lead Pencil and Art Good Manufacturing or Public Buildings and Related Furniture (blackboards).' s__MarkingDeviceManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Marking Device Manufacturing or Marking Devices.' s__CarbonPaperAndInkedRibbonManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Carbon Paper and Inked Ribbon Manufacturing or Carbon Paper and Inked Ribbons.' s__SignManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sign Manufacturing or Signs and Advertising Specialties (signs).' s__AllOtherMiscellaneousManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing.' s__GasketPackingAndSealingDeviceManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing or Gaskets, Packing, and Sealing Devices.' s__MusicalInstrumentManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Musical Instrument Manufacturing or Musical Instruments.' s__FastenerButtonNeedleAndPinManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fastener, Button, Needle, and Pin Manufacturing or Fasteners, Buttons, Needles, and Pins.' s__BroomBrushAndMopManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Broom, Brush, and Mop Manufacturing or Brooms and Brushes.' s__BurialCasketManufacturing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Burial Casket Manufacturing or Burial Caskets.' s__WholesaleTrade 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Wholesale Trade.' s__WholesaleTradeDurableGoods 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Wholesale Trade, Durable Goods.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Parts and Supplies Wholesalers.' s__AutomobileAndOtherMotorVehicleWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Automobile and Other Motor Vehicle Wholesalers or Automobiles and Other Motor Vehicles.' s__MotorVehicleSuppliesAndNewPartsWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor Vehicle Supplies and New Parts Wholesalers or Motor Vehicle Supplies and New Parts (except parts sold via retail methods).' s__TireAndTubeWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Tire and Tube Wholesalers or Tires and Tubes (except tires sold via retail method).' s__MotorVehiclePartsUsedWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor Vehicle Parts (Used) Wholesalers or Motor Vehicle Parts, Used (except sold via retail method).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Furniture and Home Furnishing Wholesalers.' s__FurnitureWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Furniture Wholesalers or Furniture (except furniture sold via retail method).' s__HomeFurnishingWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Home Furnishing Wholesalers or Homefurnishings (except homefurnishings sold via retail method).' s__LumberAndOtherConstructionMaterialsWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Lumber and Other Construction Materials Wholesalers.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Lumber, Plywood, Millwork, and Wood Panel Wholesalers or Lumber, Plywood, Millwork, and Wood Panels.' s__BrickStoneAndRelatedConstructionMaterialWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Brick, Stone, and Related Construction Material Wholesalers or Brick, Stone, and Related Construction Materials (except construction materials sold via retail method).' s__RoofingSidingAndInsulationMaterialWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Roofing, Siding, and Insulation Material Wholesalers or Roofing, Siding, and Insulation Materials.' s__OtherConstructionMaterialWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Construction Material Wholesalers or Construction Materials, NEC (sold via wholesale method).' s__ProfessionalAndCommercialEquipmentAndSuppliesWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Professional and Commercial Equipment and Supplies Wholesalers.' s__PhotographicEquipmentAndSuppliesWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Photographic Equipment and Supplies Wholesalers or Photographic Equipment and Supplies.' s__OfficeEquipmentWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Office Equipment Wholesalers or Office Equipment (except sold via retail method).' s__ComputerAndComputerPeripheralEquipmentAndSoftwareWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Computer and Computer Peripheral Equipment and Software Wholesalers or Computers and Computer Peripherals Equipment and Software (except computers, equipment, and software sold via retail method).' s__OtherCommercialEquipmentWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Commercial Equipment Wholesalers or Commercial Equipment, NEC.' s__MedicalDentalAndHospitalEquipmentAndSuppliesWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Medical, Dental, and Hospital Equipment and Supplies Wholesalers or Medical, Dental and Hospital Equipment and Supplies (except medical, dental, and hospital equipment and supplies sold via retail method).' s__OphthalmicGoodsWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Ophthalmic Goods Wholesalers or Ophthalmic Goods.' s__OtherProfessionalEquipmentAndSuppliesWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Professional Equipment and Supplies Wholesalers or Professional Equipment and Supplies, NEC (except religious and school supplies sold via retail method).' s__MetalAndMineralExceptPetroleumWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Metal and Mineral (except Petroleum) Wholesalers.' s__MetalServiceCentersAndOffices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Metal Service Centers and Offices or Metals Service Centers and Offices.' s__CoalAndOtherMineralAndOreWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Coal and Other Mineral and Ore Wholesalers or Coal and Other Mineral and Ores.' s__ElectricalGoodsWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electrical Goods Wholesalers.' s__ElectricalApparatusAndEquipmentWiringSuppliesAndConstructionMaterialWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electrical Apparatus and Equipment, Wiring Supplies, and Construction Material Wholesalers or Electrical Apparatus and Equipment, Wiring Supplies and Construction Materials (except electrical supplies sold via retail method).' s__ElectricalApplianceTelevisionAndRadioSetWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electrical Appliance, Television, and Radio Set Wholesalers or Electrical Appliances, Television and Radio Sets.' s__OtherElectronicPartsAndEquipmentWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Electronic Parts and Equipment Wholesalers or Electronic Parts and Equipment, NEC.' s__HardwareAndPlumbingAndHeatingEquipmentAndSuppliesWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Hardware, and Plumbing and Heating Equipment and Supplies Wholesalers.' s__HardwareWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Hardware Wholesalers or Hardware (except sold via retail method).' s__PlumbingAndHeatingEquipmentAndSuppliesHydronicsWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Plumbing and Heating Equipment and Supplies (Hydronics) Wholesalers or Plumbing and Heating Equipment and Supplies (Hydronics) (except plumbing equipment sold via retail method).' s__WarmAirHeatingAndAirConditioningEquipmentAndSuppliesWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Warm Air Heating and Air-Conditioning Equipment and Supplies Wholesalers or Warm Air Heating and Air-Conditioning Equipment and Supplies.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Refrigeration Equipment and Supplies Wholesalers or Refrigeration Equipment and Supplies.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies Wholesalers.' s__ConstructionAndMiningExceptOilWellMachineryAndEquipmentWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Construction and Mining (except Oil Well) Machinery and Equipment Wholesalers or Construction and Mining (Except Petroleum) Machinery and Equipment.' s__FarmAndGardenMachineryAndEquipmentWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Farm and Garden Machinery and Equipment Wholesalers or Farm and Garden Machinery and Equipment (except lawn and garden equipment sold via retail method).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Industrial Machinery and Equipment Wholesalers or Industrial Machinery and Equipment.' s__IndustrialSuppliesWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Industrial Supplies Wholesalers or Industrial Supplies (except fluid power accessories).' s__ServiceEstablishmentEquipmentAndSuppliesWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Service Establishment Equipment and Supplies Wholesalers or Service Establishment Equipment and Supplies (except sales of the service establishment equipment and supplies sold via retail method).' s__TransportationEquipmentAndSuppliesExceptMotorVehicleWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Transportation Equipment and Supplies (except Motor Vehicle) Wholesalers or Transportation Equipment and Supplies, Except Motor Vehicles.' s__MiscellaneousDurableGoodsWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Miscellaneous Durable Goods Wholesalers.' s__SportingAndRecreationalGoodsAndSuppliesWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sporting and Recreational Goods and Supplies Wholesalers or Sporting and Recreational Goods and Supplies.' s__ToyAndHobbyGoodsAndSuppliesWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Toy and Hobby Goods and Supplies Wholesalers or Toys and Hobby Goods and Supplies.' s__RecyclableMaterialWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Recyclable Material Wholesalers or Scrap and Waste Materials.' s__JewelryWatchPreciousStoneAndPreciousMetalWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Jewelry, Watch, Precious Stone, and Precious Metal Wholesalers or Jewelry, Watches, Precious Stones, and Precious Metals.' s__OtherMiscellaneousDurableGoodsWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Miscellaneous Durable Goods Wholesalers or Durable Goods, NEC.' s__WholesaleTradeNondurableGoods 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Wholesale Trade, Nondurable Goods.' s__PaperAndPaperProductWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Paper and Paper Product Wholesalers.' s__PrintingAndWritingPaperWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Printing and Writing Paper Wholesalers or Printing and Writing Paper.' s__StationeryAndOfficeSuppliesWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Stationery and Office Supplies Wholesalers or Stationery and Office Supplies (except stationery and office supplies sold via retail method).' s__IndustrialAndPersonalServicePaperWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Industrial and Personal Service Paper Wholesalers or Industrial and Personal Service Paper.' s__DrugsAndDruggistsSundriesWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Drugs and Druggists Sundries Wholesalers.' s__ApparelPieceGoodsAndNotionsWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Apparel, Piece Goods, and Notions Wholesalers.' s__PieceGoodsNotionsAndOtherDryGoodsWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Piece Goods, Notions, and Other Dry Goods Wholesalers or Piece Goods, Notions, and Other Dry Goods (except piece goods converters).' s__MensAndBoysClothingAndFurnishingsWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mens and Boys Clothing and Furnishings Wholesalers or Mens and Boys Clothing and Furnishings.' s__WomensChildrensAndInfantsClothingAndAccessoriesWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Womens, Childrens, and Infants Clothing and Accessories Wholesalers or Womens, Childrens, and Infants Clothing and Accessories.' s__FootwearWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Footwear Wholesalers or Footwear.' s__GroceryAndRelatedProductWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Grocery and Related Product Wholesalers.' s__GeneralLineGroceryWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves General Line Grocery Wholesalers or Groceries, General Line.' s__PackagedFrozenFoodWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Packaged Frozen Food Wholesalers or Packaged Frozen Foods.' s__DairyProductExceptDriedOrCannedWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Dairy Product (except Dried or Canned) Wholesalers or Dairy Products, Except Dried or Canned.' s__PoultryAndPoultryProductWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Poultry and Poultry Product Wholesalers or Poultry and Poultry Products.' s__ConfectioneryWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Confectionery Wholesalers or Confectionery.' s__FishAndSeafoodWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fish and Seafood Wholesalers or Fish and Seafoods.' s__MeatAndMeatProductWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Meat and Meat Product Wholesalers or Meats and Meat Products (except boxed beef).' s__FreshFruitAndVegetableWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Wholesalers or Fresh Fruits and Vegetables.' s__OtherGroceryAndRelatedProductsWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Grocery and Related Products Wholesalers or Groceries and Related Products, NEC (except bottling mineral or spring water).' s__FarmProductRawMaterialWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Farm Product Raw Material Wholesalers.' s__GrainAndFieldBeanWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Grain and Field Bean Wholesalers or Grain and Field Beans.' s__LivestockWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Livestock Wholesalers or Livestock.' s__OtherFarmProductRawMaterialWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Farm Product Raw Material Wholesalers or Farm-Product Raw Materials, NEC.' s__ChemicalAndAlliedProductsWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Chemical and Allied Products Wholesalers.' s__PlasticsMaterialsAndBasicFormsAndShapesWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Plastics Materials and Basic Forms and Shapes Wholesalers or Plastics Materials and Basic Forms and Shapes.' s__OtherChemicalAndAlliedProductsWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Chemical and Allied Products Wholesalers or Chemicals and Allied Products, NEC.' s__PetroleumAndPetroleumProductsWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Petroleum and Petroleum Products Wholesalers.' s__PetroleumBulkStationsAndTerminals 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals or Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals (except petroleum sold via retail method).' s__PetroleumAndPetroleumProductsWholesalersExceptBulkStationsAndTerminals 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Petroleum and Petroleum Products Wholesalers (except Bulk Stations and Terminals) or Petroleum and Petroleum Products Wholesalers, Except Bulk Stations and Terminals.' s__BeerWineAndDistilledAlcoholicBeverageWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Beer, Wine, and Distilled Alcoholic Beverage Wholesalers.' s__BeerAndAleWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Beer and Ale Wholesalers or Beer and Ale.' s__WineAndDistilledAlcoholicBeverageWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Wine and Distilled Alcoholic Beverage Wholesalers or Wine and Distilled Alcoholic Beverages.' s__MiscellaneousNondurableGoodsWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods Wholesalers.' s__FarmSuppliesWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Farm Supplies Wholesalers or Farm Supplies (except lawn and garden supplies sold via retail method).' s__BookPeriodicalAndNewspaperWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Book, Periodical, and Newspaper Wholesalers or Books, Periodicals, and Newspapers.' s__FlowerNurseryStockAndFloristsSuppliesWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Flower, Nursery Stock, and Florists Supplies Wholesalers or Flowers, Nursery Stock, and Florists Supplies (except nursery stock sold via retail method).' s__TobaccoAndTobaccoProductWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Tobacco and Tobacco Product Wholesalers or Tobacco and Tobacco Products.' s__PaintVarnishAndSuppliesWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Paint, Varnish, and Supplies Wholesalers or Paints, Varnishes, and Supplies.' s__OtherMiscellaneousNondurableGoodsWholesalers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods Wholesalers or Nondurable Goods, NEC (except specialty advertising).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor Vehicle and Parts Dealers.' s__AutomobileDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Automobile Dealers.' s__NewCarDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves New Car Dealers or Motor Vehicle Dealers (New and Used).' s__UsedCarDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Used Car Dealers or Motor Vehicle Dealers (Used Only).' s__OtherMotorVehicleDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Motor Vehicle Dealers.' s__RecreationalVehicleDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Recreational Vehicle Dealers or Recreational Vehicle Dealers.' s__MotorcycleBoatAndOtherMotorVehicleDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motorcycle, Boat, and Other Motor Vehicle Dealers.' s__MotorcycleDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motorcycle Dealers or Motorcycle Dealers.' s__BoatDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Boat Dealers or Boat Dealers.' s__AllOtherMotorVehicleDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Motor Vehicle Dealers or Automotive Dealers, NEC.' s__AutomotivePartsAccessoriesAndTireStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Automotive Parts, Accessories, and Tire Stores.' s__AutomotivePartsAndAccessoriesStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Automotive Parts and Accessories Stores or Motor Vehicle Supplies and New Parts (Wholesale) (auto parts sold via retail method).' s__TireDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Tire Dealers or Tires and Tubes (Wholesale) (tires and tubes sold via retail method).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Furniture and Home Furnishings Stores.' s__FurnitureStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Furniture Stores.' s__HomeFurnishingsStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Home Furnishings Stores.' s__FloorCoveringStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Floor Covering Stores or Homefurnishings (Wholesale) (floor covering sold via retail method).' s__OtherHomeFurnishingsStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Home Furnishings Stores.' s__WindowTreatmentStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Window Treatment Stores or Drapery, Curtain, and Upholstery Stores (drapery and curtain stores).' s__AllOtherHomeFurnishingsStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Home Furnishings Stores or Miscellaneous Homefurnishings Stores (except pottery and crafts made and sold on site and window furnishings).' s__ElectronicsAndApplianceStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electronics and Appliance Stores.' s__ApplianceTelevisionAndOtherElectronicsStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Appliance, Television, and Other Electronics Stores.' s__HouseholdApplianceStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Household Appliance Stores or Household Appliance Stores.' s__RadioTelevisionAndOtherElectronicsStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Radio, Television, and Other Electronics Stores or Radio, Television, and Consumer Electronics Stores (except auto radios).' s__ComputerAndSoftwareStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Computer and Software Stores or Computers and Computer Peripheral Equipment and Software (sold via retail method).' s__CameraAndPhotographicSuppliesStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Camera and Photographic Supplies Stores or Camera and Photographic Supply Stores.' s__BuildingMaterialAndGardenEquipmentAndSuppliesDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Building Material and Garden Equipment and Supplies Dealers.' s__BuildingMaterialAndSuppliesDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Building Material and Supplies Dealers.' s__HomeCenters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Home Centers or Lumber and Other Building Materials Dealers (home center stores).' s__PaintAndWallpaperStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Paint and Wallpaper Stores or Paint, Glass, and Wallpaper Stores (paint and wallpaper).' s__HardwareStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Hardware Stores or Hardware (sold via retail method).' s__OtherBuildingMaterialDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Building Material Dealers or Brick, Stone, and Related Construction Materials (Wholesale) (sold via retail method).' s__LawnAndGardenEquipmentAndSuppliesStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Lawn and Garden Equipment and Supplies Stores.' s__OutdoorPowerEquipmentStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Outdoor Power Equipment Stores or Farm and Garden Machinery and Equipment (Wholesale) (sold via retail method).' s__NurseryAndGardenCenters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nursery and Garden Centers or Farm Supplies (sold via retail method).' s__FoodAndBeverageStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Food and Beverage Stores.' s__GroceryStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Grocery Stores.' s__SupermarketsAndOtherGroceryExceptConvenienceStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Supermarkets and Other Grocery (except Convenience) Stores or Grocery Stores (except convenience stores and grocery stores with substantial general merchandise).' s__ConvenienceStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Convenience Stores or Grocery Stores (convenience stores without gas).' s__SpecialtyFoodStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Specialty Food Stores.' s__MeatMarkets 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Meat Markets or Meat and Fish (Seafood) Markets, Including Freezer Provisioners (meat except freezer provisioners).' s__FishAndSeafoodMarkets 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fish and Seafood Markets or Meat and Fish (Seafood) Markets, Including Freezer Provisioners (seafood).' s__FruitAndVegetableMarkets 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fruit and Vegetable Markets or Fruit and Vegetable Markets.' s__OtherSpecialtyFoodStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Specialty Food Stores.' s__BakedGoodsStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Baked Goods Stores or Retail Bakeries (selling only).' s__ConfectioneryAndNutStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Confectionery and Nut Stores or Candy, Nut and Confectionery Stores.' s__AllOtherSpecialtyFoodStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Specialty Food Stores or Miscellaneous Food Stores (except food supplements, poultry stores, and stores with food for immediate consumption).' s__BeerWineAndLiquorStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Beer, Wine, and Liquor Stores.' s__HealthAndPersonalCareStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Health and Personal Care Stores.' s__PharmaciesAndDrugStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Pharmacies and Drug Stores or Drug Stores and Proprietary Stores.' s__CosmeticsBeautySuppliesAndPerfumeStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cosmetics, Beauty Supplies, and Perfume Stores or Service Establishment Equipment and Supplies (beauty and barber shop equipment and supplies sold via retail method).' s__OpticalGoodsStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Optical Goods Stores or Optical Goods Stores (except labs grinding prescription lenses).' s__OtherHealthAndPersonalCareStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Health and Personal Care Stores.' s__FoodHealthSupplementStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Food (Health) Supplement Stores or Miscellaneous Food Stores (food supplements).' s__AllOtherHealthAndPersonalCareStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Health and Personal Care Stores or Medical, Dental, and Hospital Equipment and Supplies (sold via retail method).' s__GasolineStations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Gasoline Stations.' s__GasolineStationsWithConvenienceStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Gasoline Stations with Convenience Stores or Gasoline Service Station (gasoline station with convenience store).' s__OtherGasolineStations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Gasoline Stations or Gasoline Service Station (gasoline station without convenience store).' s__ClothingAndClothingAccessoriesStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Clothing and Clothing Accessories Stores. Note that the current definition for this class is incomplete as it leaves out some of the subclasses of this industry type such as luggage that arent subclasses of clothing and resist a natural grouping.' s__ClothingStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Clothing Stores.' s__MensClothingStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mens Clothing Stores or Mens and Boys Clothing and Accessory Stores (clothing stores).' s__WomensClothingStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Womens Clothing Stores or Womens Clothing Stores.' s__ChildrensAndInfantsClothingStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Childrens and Infants Clothing Stores or Childrens and Infants Wear Stores.' s__FamilyClothingStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Family Clothing Stores or Family Clothing Stores.' s__ClothingAccessoriesStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Clothing Accessories Stores or Mens and Boys Clothing and Accessory Stores (accessories).' s__OtherClothingStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Clothing Stores or Miscellaneous Apparel and Accessory Stores (miscellaneous apparel).' s__ShoeStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Shoe Stores.' s__JewelryLuggageAndLeatherGoodsStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Jewelry, Luggage, and Leather Goods Stores.' s__JewelryStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Jewelry Stores or Jewelry Stores.' s__LuggageAndLeatherGoodsStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Luggage and Leather Goods Stores or Luggage and Leather Goods Stores.' s__SportingGoodsHobbyBookAndMusicStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sporting Goods, Hobby, Book, and Music Stores.' s__SportingGoodsHobbyAndMusicalInstrumentStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sporting Goods, Hobby, and Musical Instrument Stores.' s__SportingGoodsStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sporting Goods Stores or Sporting Goods Stores and Bicycle Shops.' s__HobbyToyAndGameStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Hobby, Toy, and Game Stores or Hobby, Toy, and Game Stores.' s__SewingNeedleworkAndPieceGoodsStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sewing, Needlework, and Piece Goods Stores or Drapery, Curtain, and Upholstery Stores (upholstery materials).' s__MusicalInstrumentAndSuppliesStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Musical Instrument and Supplies Stores or Musical Instruments Stores.' s__BookPeriodicalAndMusicStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Book, Periodical, and Music Stores.' s__BookStoresAndNewsDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Book Stores and News Dealers.' s__BookStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Book Stores or Book Stores.' s__NewsDealersAndNewsstands 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves News Dealers and Newsstands or News Dealers and Newsstands.' '(? [V__SELL,V__NEWS] : (s__instance(V__SELL,s__Process) & s__instance(V__NEWS,s__Newspaper) & s__instance(V__SELL,s__Selling) & s__patient(V__SELL,V__NEWS) & s__agent(V__SELL,V__X)))' s__PrerecordedTapeCompactDiscAndRecordStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Prerecorded Tape, Compact Disc, and Record Stores or Record and Prerecorded Tape Stores.' s__GeneralMerchandiseStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves General Merchandise Stores.' s__DepartmentStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Department Stores.' s__OtherGeneralMerchandiseStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other General Merchandise Stores.' s__WarehouseClubsAndSuperstores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Warehouse Clubs and Superstores or Miscellaneous General Merchandise Stores (warehouse clubs and supermarket/general merchandise combination).' s__AllOtherGeneralMerchandiseStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other General Merchandise Stores or Miscellaneous General Merchandise Stores (except warehouse club and supermarket/general merchandise combination).' s__MiscellaneousStoreRetailers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Miscellaneous Store Retailers.' s__Florists 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Florists.' '(? [V__FLOWER,V__PROC] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__Designing) & s__instance(V__FLOWER,s__Collection) & s__memberType(V__FLOWER,s__Flower) & s__patient(V__PROC,V__FLOWER) & s__agent(V__PROC,V__X)))' s__OfficeSuppliesStationeryAndGiftStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Office Supplies, Stationery, and Gift Stores.' s__OfficeSuppliesAndStationeryStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Office Supplies and Stationery Stores or Office Equipment (sold via retail method).' s__GiftNoveltyAndSouvenirStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Gift, Novelty, and Souvenir Stores or Gift, Novelty, and Souvenir Shops.' '(? [V__SELL,V__OBJ] : (s__instance(V__SELL,s__Process) & s__instance(V__SELL,s__Selling) & s__agent(V__SELL,V__X) & s__patient(V__SELL,V__OBJ) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Object)))' s__UsedMerchandiseStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Used Merchandise Stores.' s__OtherMiscellaneousStoreRetailers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers.' s__PetAndPetSuppliesStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Pet and Pet Supplies Stores or Miscellaneous Retail Stores, NEC (pet and pet supplies).' s__ArtDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Art Dealers or Miscellaneous Retail Stores, NEC (art dealer).' s__ManufacturedMobileHomeDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Manufactured (Mobile) Home Dealers or Mobile Home Dealers.' s__AllOtherMiscellaneousStoreRetailers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers.' s__TobaccoStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Tobacco Stores or Tobacco Stores and Stands.' s__AllOtherMiscellaneousStoreRetailersExceptTobaccoStores 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers (except Tobacco Stores) or Miscellaneous Retail Stores, NEC (except art, pet and pet supplies, hearing aids, artificial limbs, cosmetics, telephones, typewriters, personal appliances, and rough gems).' s__NonstoreRetailers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonstore Retailers.' s__ElectronicShoppingAndMailOrderHouses 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electronic Shopping and Mail-Order Houses.' s__VendingMachineOperators 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Vending Machine Operators.' s__DirectSellingEstablishments 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Direct Selling Establishments.' s__FuelDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fuel Dealers.' s__HeatingOilDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Heating Oil Dealers or Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals (heating oil sold to final consumer).' s__LiquefiedPetroleumGasBottledGasDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Bottled Gas) Dealers or Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals (LP gas sold to final consumer).' s__OtherFuelDealers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Fuel Dealers or Fuel Dealers, NEC.' s__OtherDirectSellingEstablishments 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Direct Selling Establishments or Meat and Fish (Seafood) Markets, Including Freezer Provisioners (freezer provisioners).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Air Transportation.' '(? [V__FLY,V__PLANE] : (s__instance(V__PLANE,s__Object) & s__instance(V__FLY,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__MEM,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__MEM,s__Process) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Process) & s__instance(V__FLY,s__Transportation) & (s__patient(V__FLY,V__P) | (s__possesses(V__P,V__OBJ) & s__patient(V__FLY,V__OBJ) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Object))) & s__possesses(V__ORG,V__PLANE) & s__instance(V__PLANE,s__Aircraft)))' s__ScheduledAirTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Scheduled Air Transportation.' s__ScheduledPassengerAirTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation or Air Transportation, Scheduled (passenger).' s__ScheduledFreightAirTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Scheduled Freight Air Transportation or Air Transportation, Scheduled (freight).' s__NonscheduledAirTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonscheduled Air Transportation.' s__NonscheduledCharteredPassengerAirTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonscheduled Chartered Passenger Air Transportation or Air Transportation, Nonscheduled (passenger).' s__NonscheduledCharteredFreightAirTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonscheduled Chartered Freight Air Transportation or Air Transportation, Nonscheduled (freight).' s__OtherNonscheduledAirTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Nonscheduled Air Transportation or Establishments that use general purpose aircraft to provide a variety of specialized flying services.' s__RailTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Rail Transportation.' '(? [V__MOVE,V__RR] : (s__instance(V__RR,s__Object) & s__instance(V__MOVE,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__MEM,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__MEM,s__Process) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Process) & s__instance(V__MOVE,s__Transportation) & (s__patient(V__MOVE,V__P) | (s__possesses(V__P,V__OBJ) & s__patient(V__MOVE,V__OBJ) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Object))) & s__possesses(V__ORG,V__RR) & s__instance(V__RR,s__RailVehicle)))' s__LineHaulRailroads 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Line-Haul Railroads or Railroads, Line-Haul Operating.' s__ShortLineRailroads 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Short Line Railroads or Railroad Switching and Terminal Establishments (belt line and logging railroads).' s__WaterTransportationIndustry 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Water Transportation.' '(? [V__T,V__V] : (s__instance(V__V,s__Object) & s__instance(V__T,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__MEM,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__MEM,s__Process) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Process) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transportation) & (s__patient(V__T,V__P) | (s__possesses(V__P,V__OBJ) & s__patient(V__T,V__OBJ) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Object))) & s__possesses(V__ORG,V__V) & s__instance(V__V,s__WaterVehicle)))' s__DeepSeaCoastalAndGreatLakesWaterTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Deep Sea, Coastal, and Great Lakes Water Transportation.' s__DeepSeaFreightTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Deep Sea Freight Transportation or Deep Sea Foreign Transportation of Freight.' s__DeepSeaPassengerTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Deep Sea Passenger Transportation or Deep Sea Transportation of Passengers, Except by Ferry (deep sea activities).' s__CoastalAndGreatLakesFreightTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Coastal and Great Lakes Freight Transportation or Deep Sea Domestic Transportation of Freight.' s__CoastalAndGreatLakesPassengerTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Coastal and Great Lakes Passenger Transportation or Deep Sea Transportation of Passengers, Except by Ferry (coastal activities).' s__InlandWaterTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Inland Water Transportation.' s__InlandWaterFreightTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Inland Water Freight Transportation or Water Transportation of Freight, NEC.' s__InlandWaterPassengerTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Inland Water Passenger Transportation or Ferries (inland).' s__TruckTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Truck Transportation.' '(? [V__T,V__V] : (s__instance(V__V,s__Object) & s__instance(V__T,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__MEM,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__MEM,s__Process) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Process) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transportation) & s__possesses(V__P,V__OBJ) & s__patient(V__T,V__OBJ) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Object) & s__possesses(V__ORG,V__V) & s__instance(V__V,s__LandVehicle)))' s__GeneralFreightTrucking 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves General Freight Trucking.' s__GeneralFreightTruckingLocal 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves General Freight Trucking, Local or Local Trucking without Storage (general freight).' s__GeneralFreightTruckingLongDistance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves General Freight Trucking, Long-Distance.' s__GeneralFreightTruckingLongDistanceTruckload 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves General Freight Trucking, Long-Distance, Truckload or Trucking, Except Local (general freight, truckload).' s__GeneralFreightTruckingLongDistanceLessThanTruckload 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves General Freight Trucking, Long-Distance, Less Than Truckload or Trucking, Except Local (general freight, less than truckload).' s__SpecializedFreightTrucking 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Specialized Freight Trucking.' s__UsedHouseholdAndOfficeGoodsMoving 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Used Household and Office Goods Moving or Local Trucking Without Storage (household goods moving).' s__SpecializedFreightExceptUsedGoodsTruckingLocal 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Specialized Freight (except Used Goods) Trucking, Local or Local Trucking without Storage (specialized freight).' s__SpecializedFreightExceptUsedGoodsTruckingLongDistance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Specialized Freight (except Used Goods) Trucking, Long-Distance or Trucking, Except Local (specialized freight).' s__TransitAndGroundPassengerTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Transit and Ground Passenger Transportation.' '(? [V__T,V__V] : (s__instance(V__V,s__Object) & s__instance(V__T,s__Process) & s__instance(V__MEM,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__MEM,s__Process) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Process) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transportation) & s__patient(V__T,V__P) & s__possesses(V__ORG,V__V) & s__instance(V__V,s__LandVehicle)))' s__UrbanTransitSystems 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Urban Transit Systems.' s__MixedModeTransitSystems 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mixed Mode Transit Systems or Local and Suburban Transit (mixed mode).' s__CommuterRailSystems 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Commuter Rail Systems or Local and Suburban Transit (commuter rail).' s__BusAndOtherMotorVehicleTransitSystems 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Bus and Other Motor Vehicle Transit Systems or Local and Suburban Transit (bus and motor vehicle).' s__OtherUrbanTransitSystems 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Urban Transit Systems or Local and Suburban Transit (other than mixed mode, commuter rail, and bus and motor vehicle).' s__InterurbanAndRuralBusTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Interurban and Rural Bus Transportation.' s__TaxiAndLimousineService 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Taxi and Limousine Service.' s__TaxiService 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Taxi Service or Taxicabs.' s__LimousineService 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Limousine Service or Local Passenger Transportation, NEC (limousine rental with driver and automobile rental with driver).' s__SchoolAndEmployeeBusTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves School and Employee Bus Transportation.' s__CharterBusIndustry 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Charter Bus Industry.' s__OtherTransitAndGroundPassengerTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Transit and Ground Passenger Transportation.' s__SpecialNeedsTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Special Needs Transportation or Local Passenger Transportation, NEC (special needs transportation).' s__AllOtherTransitAndGroundPassengerTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Transit and Ground Passenger Transportation or Local and Suburban Transit (airport transportation service).' s__PipelineTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Pipeline Transportation.' '(? [V__T,V__V] : (s__instance(V__V,s__Object) & s__instance(V__T,s__Process) & s__instance(V__P,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__MEM,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__MEM,s__Process) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Process) & s__instance(V__T,s__Transportation) & s__possesses(V__P,V__OBJ) & s__patient(V__T,V__OBJ) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Substance) & s__possesses(V__ORG,V__V) & s__instrument(V__T,V__PIPE) & s__instance(V__PIPE,s__Pipeline)))' s__PipelineTransportationOfCrudeOil 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas.' s__OtherPipelineTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Pipeline Transportation.' s__PipelineTransportationOfRefinedPetroleumProducts 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products or Refined Petroleum Pipelines.' s__AllOtherPipelineTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Pipeline Transportation or Pipelines, NEC.' s__ScenicAndSightseeingTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation.' '(? [V__TRANS,V__VEH] : (s__instance(V__VEH,s__Object) & s__instance(V__TRANS,s__Process) & s__instance(V__MEM,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__MEM,s__Process) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Process) & s__instance(V__TRANS,s__Transportation) & s__instance(V__TRANS,s__RecreationOrExercise) & s__patient(V__TRANS,V__P) & s__possesses(V__ORG,V__VEH) & s__instance(V__VEH,s__Vehicle)))' s__ScenicAndSightseeingTransportationLand 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Land.' s__ScenicAndSightseeingTransportationWater 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Water.' s__ScenicAndSightseeingTransportationOther 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Other.' s__SupportActivitiesForTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Support Activities for Transportation.' s__SupportActivitiesForAirTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Support Activities for Air Transportation.' s__AirportOperations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Airport Operations.' s__AirTrafficControl 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Air Traffic Control or Airports, Flying Fields, and Airport Terminal Services (private air traffic control).' s__OtherAirportOperations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Airport Operations or Airports, Flying Fields, and Airport Terminal Services (airfreight handling at airports, hangar operations, airport terminal services, aircraft storage, airports, and flying fields).' s__OtherSupportActivitiesForAirTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Support Activities for Air Transportation or Airports, Flying Fields, and Airport Terminal Services (aircraft servicing and repairing).' s__SupportActivitiesForRailTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Support Activities for Rail Transportation.' s__SupportActivitiesForWaterTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Support Activities for Water Transportation.' s__PortAndHarborOperations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Port and Harbor Operations or Marine Cargo Handling (dock and pier operations).' s__MarineCargoHandling 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Marine Cargo Handling or Marine Cargo Handling (all but dock and pier operations).' s__NavigationalServicesToShipping 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Navigational Services to Shipping or Towing and Tugboat Services.' s__OtherSupportActivitiesForWaterTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Support Activities for Water Transportation or Ship Building and Repairing (floating dry docks not associated with a shipyard).' s__SupportActivitiesForRoadTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Support Activities for Road Transportation.' s__MotorVehicleTowing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motor Vehicle Towing or Automotive Services, Except Repair and Carwashes (towing).' s__OtherSupportActivitiesForRoadTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Support Activities for Road Transportation or Terminal and Service Facilities for Motor Vehicle Passenger Transportation.' s__FreightTransportationArrangement 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Freight Transportation Arrangement.' s__OtherSupportActivitiesForTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Support Activities for Transportation.' s__PackingAndCrating 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Packing and Crating or Packing and Crating.' s__AllOtherSupportActivitiesForTransportation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Support Activities for Transportation or Arrangement of Passenger Transportation, NEC (arrangement of carpools and vanpools).' s__PostalService 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Postal Service.' '(? [V__TRANS] : (s__instance(V__TRANS,s__Process) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Object) & s__instance(V__P,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__MEM,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__MEM,s__Process) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Process) & s__instance(V__TRANS,s__Transportation) & s__possesses(V__P,V__OBJ) & s__patient(V__TRANS,V__OBJ)))' s__CouriersAndMessengers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Couriers and Messengers.' s__Couriers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Couriers.' s__LocalMessengersAndLocalDelivery 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Local Messengers and Local Delivery.' s__WarehousingAndStorage 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Warehousing and Storage.' '(? [V__B,V__T] : (s__instance(V__T,s__TimePosition) & s__instance(V__B,s__Physical) & s__instance(V__OBJ,s__Object) & s__instance(V__P,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__MEM,s__SelfConnectedObject) & s__instance(V__MEM,s__Process) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Agent) & s__instance(V__EV,s__Process) & s__instance(V__T,s__TimeInterval) & s__instance(V__B,s__Building) & s__possesses(V__P,V__OBJ) & s__holdsDuring(V__T,s__located(V__B,V__OBJ))))' s__GeneralWarehousingAndStorage 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves General Warehousing and Storage or General Warehousing and Storage (all but self-storage miniwarehouse warehousing).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Refrigerated Warehousing and Storage or Refrigerated Warehousing and Storage.' s__FarmProductWarehousingAndStorage 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Farm Product Warehousing and Storage or Farm Product Warehousing and Storage.' s__OtherWarehousingAndStorage 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Warehousing and Storage or Special Warehousing and Storage, NEC (all but fur storage and warehousing in foreign trade zones).' s__InformationIndustries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Information.' s__PublishingIndustries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Publishing Industries.' s__NewspaperPeriodicalBookAndDatabasePublishers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Newspaper, Periodical, Book, and Database Publishers.' s__NewspaperPublishers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Newspaper Publishers or Newspapers: Publishing, or Publishing and Printing.' s__PeriodicalPublishers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Periodical Publishers or Periodicals: Publishing, or Publishing and Printing.' s__BookPublishers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Book Publishers or Books: Publishing, or Publishing and Printing (except music books).' s__DatabaseAndDirectoryPublishers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Database and Directory Publishers or Miscellaneous Publishing (database publishers).' s__OtherPublishers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Publishers.' s__GreetingCardPublishers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Greeting Card Publishers or Greeting Cards (publishing greeting cards).' s__AllOtherPublishers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Publishers or Miscellaneous Publishing (except database, sheet music, shopping news, and technical manuals and book publishing).' s__SoftwarePublishers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Software Publishers.' s__MotionPictureAndSoundRecordingIndustries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motion Picture and Sound Recording Industries.' s__MotionPictureAndVideoIndustries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motion Picture and Video Industries.' s__MotionPictureAndVideoProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motion Picture and Video Production or Motion Picture and Video Tape Production.' s__MotionPictureAndVideoDistribution 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motion Picture and Video Distribution or Motion Picture and Video Tape Distribution (except video tape and cassette wholesalers).' s__MotionPictureAndVideoExhibition 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motion Picture and Video Exhibition.' s__MotionPictureTheatersExceptDriveIns 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Motion Picture Theaters (except Drive-Ins) or Motion Picture Theaters, Except Drive-In.' s__DriveInMotionPictureTheaters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Drive-In Motion Picture Theaters or Drive-In Motion Picture Theaters.' s__PostproductionServicesAndOtherMotionPictureAndVideoIndustries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Postproduction Services and Other Motion Picture and Video Industries.' s__TeleproductionAndOtherPostproductionServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Teleproduction and Other Postproduction Services or Services Allied to Motion Picture Production (teleproduction and postproduction services).' s__OtherMotionPictureAndVideoIndustries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Motion Picture and Video Industries or Services Allied to Motion Picture Production (except casting bureaus, wardrobe and equipment rental, talent payment services, teleproduction and other postproduction services, reproduction of videos, and film distributors and other related motion picture.' s__SoundRecordingIndustries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sound Recording Industries.' s__RecordProduction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Record Production or Services, NEC (record production).' s__IntegratedRecordProductionDistribution 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Integrated Record Production/Distribution or Phonograph Records and Prerecorded Audio Tapes and Disks (integrated record companies, except duplication only).' s__MusicPublishers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Music Publishers or Books: Publishing, or Publishing and Printing (music books).' s__SoundRecordingStudios 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sound Recording Studios or Business Services, NEC (recording studios).' s__OtherSoundRecordingIndustries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Sound Recording Industries or Business Services, NEC (audio taping services).' s__BroadcastingAndTelecommunications 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Broadcasting and Telecommunications.' s__RadioAndTelevisionBroadcasting 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Radio and Television Broadcasting.' s__RadioBroadcastingIndustry 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Radio Broadcasting.' s__RadioNetworks 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Radio Networks or Radio Broadcasting Stations (networks).' s__RadioStations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Radio Stations or Radio Broadcasting Stations (except networks).' s__TelevisionBroadcastingIndustry 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Television Broadcasting or Television Broadcasting Stations.' s__CableNetworksAndProgramDistribution 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cable Networks and Program Distribution.' s__CableNetworks 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cable Networks or Cable and Other Pay Television Services (cable networks).' s__CableAndOtherProgramDistribution 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cable and Other Program Distribution or Cable and Other Pay Television Services (except cable networks).' s__Telecommunications 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Telecommunications.' s__WiredTelecommunicationsCarriers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Wired Telecommunications Carriers or Telephone Communications, Except Radiotelephone (except resellers).' s__WirelessTelecommunicationsCarriersExceptSatellite 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Wireless Telecommunications Carriers (except Satellite).' s__Paging 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Paging or Radiotelephone Communications (paging carriers).' s__CellularAndOtherWirelessTelecommunications 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cellular and Other Wireless Telecommunications or Radiotelephone Communications (cellular carriers).' s__TelecommunicationsResellers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Telecommunications Resellers or Radio Communications (paging and cellular resellers).' s__SatelliteTelecommunications 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Satellite Telecommunications or Communications Services, NEC (satellite communications).' s__OtherTelecommunications 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Telecommunications or Communications Services, NEC (except radio dispatch, ship-to-shore, and satellite communications).' s__InformationServicesAndDataProcessingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Information Services and Data Processing Services.' s__InformationServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Information Services.' s__NewsSyndicates 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves News Syndicates or News Syndicates (except independent news correspondents).' s__LibrariesAndArchives 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Libraries and Archives or Libraries.' s__OtherInformationServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Information Services.' s__OnLineInformationServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves On-Line Information Services or Information Retrieval Services.' s__AllOtherInformationServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Information Services or Services, NEC (miscellaneous information providers).' s__DataProcessingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Data Processing Services.' s__FinanceAndInsurance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Finance and Insurance.' s__MonetaryAuthoritiesCentralBank 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Monetary Authorities - Central Bank.' s__CreditIntermediationAndRelatedActivities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Credit Intermediation and Related Activities.' s__DepositoryCreditIntermediation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Depository Credit Intermediation.' s__CommercialBanking 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Commercial Banking or National Commercial Banks (banking).' s__SavingsInstitutions 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Savings Institutions or Savings Institutions, Federally Chartered.' s__CreditUnions 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Credit Unions or Credit Unions, Federally Chartered.' s__OtherDepositoryCreditIntermediation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Depository Credit Intermediation or State Commercial Banks (private and industrial banking).' s__NondepositoryCreditIntermediation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nondepository Credit Intermediation.' s__CreditCardIssuing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Credit Card Issuing or National Commercial Banks (credit card issuing).' s__SalesFinancing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sales Financing or Personal Credit Institutions (installment sales finance).' s__OtherNondepositoryCreditIntermediation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Nondepository Credit Intermediation.' s__ConsumerLending 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Consumer Lending or Personal Credit Institutions (except installment sales finance and credit card issuing).' s__RealEstateCredit 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Real Estate Credit or Foreign Trade and International Banking Institutions (Federal Land Banks).' s__InternationalTradeFinancing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves International Trade Financing or Branches and Agencies of Foreign Banks (international trade financing).' s__SecondaryMarketFinancing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Secondary Market Financing or Federal and Federally Sponsored Credit Agencies (secondary market financing).' s__AllOtherNondepositoryCreditIntermediation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Nondepository Credit Intermediation or Used Merchandise Stores (pawnshops).' s__ActivitiesRelatedToCreditIntermediation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Activities Related to Credit Intermediation.' s__MortgageAndNonmortgageLoanBrokers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mortgage and Nonmortgage Loan Brokers or Loan Brokers.' s__FinancialTransactionsProcessingReserveAndClearinghouseActivities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Financial Transactions Processing, Reserve, and Clearinghouse Activities or Functions Related to Depository Banking, NEC (electronic funds transfer networks and clearinghouse associations).' s__OtherActivitiesRelatedToCreditIntermediation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Activities Related to Credit Intermediation or Functions Related to Depository Banking, NEC (except electronic funds transfer networks and clearinghouses, foreign currency exchanges, escrow and fiduciary agencies and deposit brokers).' s__SecuritiesCommodityContractsAndOtherFinancialInvestmentsAndRelatedActivities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Securities, Commodity Contracts, and Other Financial Investments and Related Activities.' s__SecuritiesAndCommodityContractsIntermediationAndBrokerage 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Securities and Commodity Contracts Intermediation and Brokerage.' s__InvestmentBankingAndSecuritiesDealing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Investment Banking and Securities Dealing or Security Brokers, Dealers, and Flotation Companies (security dealers and underwriters).' s__SecuritiesBrokerage 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Securities Brokerage or Security Brokers, Dealers, and Flotation Companies (security brokers).' s__CommodityContractsDealing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Commodity Contracts Dealing or Functions Related to Depository Banking, NEC (foreign currency exchange).' s__CommodityContractsBrokerage 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Commodity Contracts Brokerage or Commodity Contracts Brokers and Dealers (commodity brokers).' s__SecuritiesAndCommodityExchanges 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Securities and Commodity Exchanges.' s__OtherFinancialInvestmentActivities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Financial Investment Activities.' s__MiscellaneousIntermediation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Miscellaneous Intermediation or Security Brokers, Dealers, and Flotation Companies (except security and commodity dealers, security brokers and oil and gas lease brokers).' s__PortfolioManagement 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Portfolio Management or Investment Advice (portfolio managers).' s__InvestmentAdvice 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Investment Advice or Investment Advice (except portfolio managers).' s__AllOtherFinancialInvestmentActivities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Financial Investment Activities.' s__TrustFiduciaryAndCustodyActivities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Trust, Fiduciary, and Custody Activities or Nondeposit Trust Facilities.' s__MiscellaneousFinancialInvestmentActivities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Miscellaneous Financial Investment Activities or Security Brokers, Dealers, and Flotation Companies (oil and gas lease brokers officers).' s__InsuranceCarriersAndRelatedActivities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Insurance Carriers and Related Activities.' s__InsuranceCarriers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Insurance Carriers.' s__DirectLifeHealthAndMedicalInsuranceCarriers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Direct Life, Health, and Medical Insurance Carriers.' s__DirectLifeInsuranceCarriers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Direct Life Insurance Carriers or Life Insurance (life insurers-direct).' s__DirectHealthAndMedicalInsuranceCarriers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Direct Health and Medical Insurance Carriers or Hospital and Medical Service Plans (health and medical insurers-direct).' s__DirectInsuranceExceptLifeHealthAndMedicalCarriers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Direct Insurance (except Life, Health, and Medical) Carriers.' s__DirectPropertyAndCasualtyInsuranceCarriers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Direct Property and Casualty Insurance Carriers or Fire, Marine, and Casualty Insurance (fire, marine, and casualty insurers-direct, except contact lens insurance).' s__DirectTitleInsuranceCarriers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Direct Title Insurance Carriers or Title Insurance (title insurers-direct).' s__OtherDirectInsuranceExceptLifeHealthAndMedicalCarriers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Direct Insurance (except Life, Health, and Medical) Carriers or Fire, Marine, and Casualty Insurance (contact lens insurance).' s__ReinsuranceCarriers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Reinsurance Carriers or Life Insurance (reinsurers).' s__AgenciesBrokeragesAndOtherInsuranceRelatedActivities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Agencies, Brokerages, and Other Insurance Related Activities.' s__InsuranceAgenciesAndBrokerages 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Insurance Agencies and Brokerages or Insurance Agents, Brokers, and Service (insurance agents and brokers).' s__OtherInsuranceRelatedActivities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Insurance Related Activities.' s__ClaimsAdjusting 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Claims Adjusting or Insurance Agents, Brokers, and Service (insurance claims adjusters).' s__ThirdPartyAdministrationOfInsuranceAndPensionFunds 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Third Party Administration of Insurance and Pension Funds or Pension, Health, and Welfare Funds (administrators).' s__AllOtherInsuranceRelatedActivities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Insurance Related Activities or Insurance Agents, Brokers, and Service (except processors, agents and brokers, and claims adjusters).' s__FundsTrustsAndOtherFinancialVehicles 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Funds, Trusts, and Other Financial Vehicles.' s__InsuranceAndEmployeeBenefitFunds 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Insurance and Employee Benefit Funds.' s__PensionFunds 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Pension Funds or Pension, Health, and Welfare Funds (pension funds).' s__HealthAndWelfareFunds 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Health and Welfare Funds or Pension, Health, and Welfare Funds (health and welfare funds).' s__OtherInsuranceFunds 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Insurance Funds or Accident and Health Insurance (self insurers).' s__OtherInvestmentPoolsAndFunds 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Investment Pools and Funds.' s__OpenEndInvestmentFunds 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Open-End Investment Funds or Management Investment Offices, Open-End.' s__TrustsEstatesAndAgencyAccounts 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Trusts, Estates, and Agency Accounts or Trusts, Except Educational, Religious, and Charitable (personal trusts, estates, and agency accounts).' s__RealEstateInvestmentTrusts 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Real Estate Investment Trusts or Real Estate Investment Trusts.' s__OtherFinancialVehicles 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Financial Vehicles or Pension, Health, and Welfare Funds (profit sharing funds).' s__RealEstateAndRentalAndLeasing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Real Estate and Rental and Leasing.' s__RealEstateIndustry 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Real Estate.' s__LessorsOfRealEstate 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Lessors of Real Estate.' s__LessorsOfResidentialBuildingsAndDwellings 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Lessors of Residential Buildings and Dwellings or Operators of Apartment Buildings.' s__LessorsOfNonresidentialBuildingsExceptMiniwarehouses 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except Miniwarehouses) or Operators of Nonresidential Buildings (other except stadium and arena owners).' s__LessorsOfMiniwarehousesAndSelfStorageUnits 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Lessors of Miniwarehouses and Self-Storage Units or General Warehousing and Storage (miniwarehouses and self-storage units).' s__LessorsOfOtherRealEstateProperty 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Lessors of Other Real Estate Property or Operators of Residential Mobile Home Sites.' s__OfficesOfRealEstateAgentsAndBrokers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers.' s__ActivitiesRelatedToRealEstate 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Activities Related to Real Estate.' s__RealEstatePropertyManagers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Real Estate Property Managers.' s__ResidentialPropertyManagers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Residential Property Managers or Real Estate Agents and Managers (managers-residential, real estate).' s__NonresidentialPropertyManagers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nonresidential Property Managers or Real Estate Agents and Managers (managers-nonresidential, real estate).' s__OfficesOfRealEstateAppraisers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of Real Estate Appraisers or Real Estate Agents and Managers (appraisers).' s__OtherActivitiesRelatedToRealEstate 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Activities Related to Real Estate or Real Estate Agents and Managers (except real estate managers, condominium management, cemetery management, agents and brokers, and appraisers).' s__RentalAndLeasingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Rental and Leasing Services.' s__AutomotiveEquipmentRentalAndLeasing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Automotive Equipment Rental and Leasing.' s__PassengerCarRentalAndLeasing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Passenger Car Rental and Leasing.' s__PassengerCarRental 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Passenger Car Rental or Passenger Car Rental.' '(? [V__RENT,V__CAR,V__CUST] : (s__instance(V__CUST,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__instance(V__CAR,s__Object) & s__instance(V__RENT,s__Process) & s__customer(V__CUST,V__X) & s__instance(V__CAR,s__Automobile) & s__instance(V__RENT,s__Renting) & s__possesses(V__X,V__CAR) & s__agent(V__RENT,V__CUST)))' s__PassengerCarLeasing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Passenger Car Leasing or Passenger Car Leasing.' s__TruckUtilityTrailerAndRVRecreationalVehicleRentalAndLeasing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Truck, Utility Trailer, and RV (Recreational Vehicle) Rental and Leasing or Truck Rental and Leasing Without Drivers.' s__ConsumerGoodsRental 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Consumer Goods Rental.' s__ConsumerElectronicsAndAppliancesRental 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Consumer Electronics and Appliances Rental or Equipment Rental and Leasing, NEC (appliances, TV, VCR, and electronic equipment rental).' s__FormalWearAndCostumeRental 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Formal Wear and Costume Rental or Miscellaneous Personal Services, NEC (formal wear and costume rental).' s__VideoTapeAndDiscRental 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Video Tape and Disc Rental or Video Tape Rental.' s__OtherConsumerGoodsRental 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Consumer Goods Rental.' s__HomeHealthEquipmentRental 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Home Health Equipment Rental or Medical Equipment Rental and Leasing (home health furniture and equipment rental and leasing).' s__RecreationalGoodsRental 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Recreational Goods Rental or Amusement and Recreation Services, NEC (canoe, pleasure boats, bicycles, motorcycles, moped, go carts, etc. rental).' s__AllOtherConsumerGoodsRental 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Consumer Goods Rental or Equipment Rental and Leasing, NEC (except transportation equipment, industrial equipment, and consumer electronics, appliances, and home and garden equipment).' s__GeneralRentalCenters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves General Rental Centers.' s__CommercialAndIndustrialMachineryAndEquipmentRentalAndLeasing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment Rental and Leasing.' s__ConstructionTransportationMiningAndForestryMachineryAndEquipmentRentalAndLeasing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Construction, Transportation, Mining, and Forestry Machinery and Equipment Rental and Leasing.' s__CommercialAirRailAndWaterTransportationEquipmentRentalAndLeasing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Commercial Air, Rail, and Water Transportation Equipment Rental and Leasing or Water Transportation Services, NEC (boat and ship rental, commercial).' s__ConstructionMiningAndForestryMachineryAndEquipmentRentalAndLeasing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Construction, Mining, and Forestry Machinery and Equipment Rental and Leasing or Heavy Construction Equipment Rental and Leasing (without operators).' s__OfficeMachineryAndEquipmentRentalAndLeasing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Office Machinery and Equipment Rental and Leasing or Equipment Rental and Leasing (office machine rental and leasing).' s__OtherCommercialAndIndustrialMachineryAndEquipmentRentalAndLeasing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment Rental and Leasing or Medical Equipment Rental and Leasing (medical machinery and equipment).' s__LessorsOfNonfinancialIntangibleAssetsExceptCopyrightedWorks 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Lessors of Nonfinancial Intangible Assets (except Copyrighted Works).' s__ProfessionalScientificAndTechnicalServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services.' s__LegalServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Legal Services.' s__OfficesOfLawyers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of Lawyers or Legal Services.' s__OfficesOfNotaries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of Notaries or Null Set for U.S..' s__OtherLegalServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Legal Services.' s__TitleAbstractAndSettlementOffices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Title Abstract and Settlement Offices or Title Abstract Offices.' s__AllOtherLegalServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Legal Services or Business Services, NEC (process services, patent agents, notaries public, paralegal services ).' s__AccountingTaxPreparationBookkeepingAndPayrollServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Accounting, Tax Preparation, Bookkeeping, and Payroll Services.' s__OfficesOfCertifiedPublicAccountants 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of Certified Public Accountants or Accounting, Auditing, and Bookkeeping Services (auditing accountants).' s__TaxPreparationServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Tax Preparation Services or Tax Return Preparation Services.' s__PayrollServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Payroll Services or Services Allied to Motion Picture Production (talent payment services).' s__OtherAccountingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Accounting Services or Accounting, Auditing, and Bookkeeping Services (other accounting services).' s__ArchitecturalEngineeringAndRelatedServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Architectural, Engineering, and Related Services.' s__ArchitecturalServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Architectural Services or Architectural Services.' s__LandscapeArchitecturalServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Landscape Architectural Services or Landscape Counseling and Planning (except horticultural consulting).' s__EngineeringServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Engineering Services or Engineering Services.' s__DraftingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Drafting Services or Business Services, NEC (drafting service).' s__BuildingInspectionServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Building Inspection Services or Business Services, NEC (home and building inspection services).' s__GeophysicalSurveyingAndMappingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Geophysical Surveying and Mapping Services or Surveying Services (geophysical surveying ).' s__SurveyingAndMappingExceptGeophysicalServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Surveying and Mapping (except Geophysical) Services or Business Services, NEC (map making services).' s__TestingLaboratories 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Testing Laboratories or Testing Laboratories (except veterinary testing laboratories).' s__SpecializedDesignServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Specialized Design Services.' s__InteriorDesignServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Interior Design Services or Business Services, NEC (interior design).' s__IndustrialDesignServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Industrial Design Services or Business Services, NEC (industrial design).' s__GraphicDesignServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Graphic Design Services or Commercial Art and Graphic Design.' s__OtherSpecializedDesignServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Specialized Design Services or Business Services, NEC (fashion and other design services).' s__ComputerSystemsDesignAndRelatedServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Computer Systems Design and Related Services.' s__CustomComputerProgrammingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Custom Computer Programming Services or Computer Programming Services.' s__ComputerSystemsDesignServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Computer Systems Design Services or Computer Integrated Systems Design.' s__ComputerFacilitiesManagementServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Computer Facilities Management Services or Computer Facilities Management Services.' s__OtherComputerRelatedServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Computer Related Services or Computer Related Services, NEC (except computer systems consultants and disk and diskette conversion and recertification).' s__ManagementScientificAndTechnicalConsultingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Management, Scientific, and Technical Consulting Services.' s__ManagementConsultingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Management Consulting Services.' s__AdministrativeManagementAndGeneralManagementConsultingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Administrative Management and General Management Consulting Services or Management Consulting Services (administrative management and general management consulting).' s__HumanResourcesAndExecutiveSearchConsultingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Human Resources and Executive Search Consulting Services or Management Consulting Services (human resources and personnel management consulting).' s__MarketingConsultingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Marketing Consulting Services or Management Consulting Services (marketing consulting).' s__ProcessPhysicalDistributionAndLogisticsConsultingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Process, Physical Distribution, and Logistics Consulting Services or Management Consulting Services (manufacturing management, physical distribution, and site location consulting).' s__OtherManagementConsultingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Management Consulting Services or Business Consulting Services, NEC (except educational testing and consulting, economic consulting, safety and security, agriculture consulting, urban planning and industrial development organizations).' s__EnvironmentalConsultingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Environmental Consulting Services or Services, NEC (environmental consultants).' s__OtherScientificAndTechnicalConsultingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Scientific and Technical Consulting Services or Landscape Counseling and Planning (horticulture consulting).' s__ScientificResearchAndDevelopmentServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Scientific Research and Development Services.' s__ResearchAndDevelopmentInThePhysicalEngineeringAndLifeSciences 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering, and Life Sciences or Aircraft (research and development).' s__ResearchAndDevelopmentInTheSocialSciencesAndHumanities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Research and Development in the Social Sciences and Humanities or Commercial Economic, Sociological, and Educational Research (social sciences and humanities).' s__AdvertisingAndRelatedServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Advertising and Related Services.' s__AdvertisingAgencies 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Advertising Agencies or Advertising Agencies.' s__PublicRelationsAgencies 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Public Relations Agencies or Public Relations Services.' s__MediaBuyingAgencies 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Media Buying Agencies or Advertising, NEC (media buying services).' s__MediaRepresentatives 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Media Representatives or Radio, Television, and Publishers Advertising Representatives.' s__DisplayAdvertising 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Display Advertising or Outdoor Advertising Services.' s__DirectMailAdvertising 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Direct Mail Advertising or Direct Mail Advertising Services (except mailing list compilers).' s__AdvertisingMaterialDistributionServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Advertising Material Distribution Services or Advertising, NEC (advertising materials distributor).' s__OtherServicesRelatedToAdvertising 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Services Related to Advertising or Advertising, NEC (except media buying, display advertising, except outdoor, and advertising material distributors).' s__OtherProfessionalScientificAndTechnicalServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services.' s__MarketingResearchAndPublicOpinionPolling 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Marketing Research and Public Opinion Polling or Commercial Economic, Sociological, and Educational Research (market research and opinion research).' s__PhotographicServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Photographic Services.' s__PhotographyStudiosPortrait 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Photography Studios, Portrait or Photographic Studios, Portrait.' s__CommercialPhotography 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Commercial Photography or Commercial Photography (except when combined with a variety of aircraft based services).' s__TranslationAndInterpretationServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Translation and Interpretation Services or Business Services, NEC (translation and interpretation services).' s__VeterinaryServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Veterinary Services or Veterinary Services for Livestock.' s__AllOtherProfessionalScientificAndTechnicalServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services or Business Services (appraisers, except insurance and real estate, and miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services).' s__ManagementOfCompaniesAndEnterprises 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Management of Companies and Enterprises.' s__OfficesOfBankHoldingCompanies 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of Bank Holding Companies or Offices of Bank Holding Companies.' s__OfficesOfOtherHoldingCompanies 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of Other Holding Companies or Offices of Holding Companies, NEC.' s__CorporateSubsidiaryAndRegionalManagingOffices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Corporate, Subsidiary, and Regional Managing Offices or These establishments were included as auxiliaries in the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification.' s__AdministrativeAndSupportAndWasteManagementAndRemediationServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services.' s__AdministrativeAndSupportServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Administrative and Support Services.' s__OfficeAdministrativeServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Office Administrative Services.' s__FacilitiesSupportServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Facilities Support Services.' s__EmploymentServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Employment Services.' s__EmploymentPlacementAgencies 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Employment Placement Agencies or Miscellaneous Personal Services, NEC (babysitting bureaus).' s__TemporaryHelpServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Temporary Help Services or Help Supply Services (except employee leasing service).' s__EmployeeLeasingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Employee Leasing Services or Help Supply Services (except temporary help service).' s__BusinessSupportServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Business Support Services.' s__DocumentPreparationServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Document Preparation Services or Secretarial and Court Reporting (except court reporting).' s__TelephoneCallCenters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Telephone Call Centers.' s__TelephoneAnsweringServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Telephone Answering Services or Business Services, NEC (telephone answering).' s__TelemarketingBureaus 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Telemarketing Bureaus or Business Services, NEC (telemarketing bureaus and telephone soliciting).' s__BusinessServiceCenters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Business Service Centers.' s__PrivateMailCenters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Private Mail Centers or Business Services, NEC (private mail centers and mailbox rental).' s__OtherBusinessServiceCentersIncludingCopyShops 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Business Service Centers (including Copy Shops) or Photocopying and Duplicating Services (except instant printing).' s__CollectionAgencies 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Collection Agencies or Adjustment and Collection Services.' s__CreditBureaus 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Credit Bureaus or Credit Reporting Services.' s__OtherBusinessSupportServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Business Support Services.' s__RepossessionServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Repossession Services or Business Services, NEC (recovery and repossession services).' s__CourtReportingAndStenotypeServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Court Reporting and Stenotype Services or Secretarial and Court Reporting (except secretarial).' s__AllOtherBusinessSupportServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Business Support Services or Business Services, NEC (business support services except telephone answering, telemarketing bureaus, private mail centers and repossession services).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Travel Arrangement and Reservation Services.' '(? [V__PROC,V__RESERVE] : (s__instance(V__PROC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__RESERVE,s__TravelReservation) & s__instance(V__PROC,s__IntentionalProcess) & s__agent(V__PROC,V__X) & (s__result(V__PROC,V__RESERVE) | s__patient(V__PROC,V__RESERVE))))' s__TravelAgencies 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Travel Agencies or Travel Agencies.' s__TourOperators 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Tour Operators or Tour Operators.' s__OtherTravelArrangementAndReservationServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Travel Arrangement and Reservation Services.' s__ConventionAndVisitorsBureaus 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Convention and Visitors Bureaus or Business Services, NEC (convention and visitors bureaus, tourist information bureaus).' s__AllOtherTravelArrangementAndReservationServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Travel Arrangement and Reservation Services or Arrangement of Passenger Transportation, NEC (except arrangement of vanpools and carpools).' s__InvestigationAndSecurityServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Investigation and Security Services.' s__InvestigationGuardAndArmoredCarServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Investigation, Guard, and Armored Car Services.' s__InvestigationServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Investigation Services or Detective, Guard, and Armored Car Services (detective services).' s__SecurityGuardsAndPatrolServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Security Guards and Patrol Services or Detective, Guard, and Armored Car Services (guard services).' s__ArmoredCarServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Armored Car Services or Detective, Guard, and Armored Car Services (armored car services).' s__SecuritySystemsServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Security Systems Services.' s__SecuritySystemsServicesExceptLocksmiths 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Security Systems Services (except Locksmiths) or Security Systems Services.' s__Locksmiths 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Locksmiths or Repair Shops and Related Services, NEC (locksmith shops).' s__ServicesToBuildingsAndDwellings 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Services to Buildings and Dwellings.' s__ExterminatingAndPestControlServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Exterminating and Pest Control Services or Sanitary Services, NEC (mosquito eradication).' s__JanitorialServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Janitorial Services or Disinfecting and Pest Control Services (except exterminating).' s__LandscapingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Landscaping Services or Lawn and Garden Services.' s__CarpetAndUpholsteryCleaningServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Carpet and Upholstery Cleaning Services or Carpet and Upholstery Cleaning.' s__OtherServicesToBuildingsAndDwellings 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Services to Buildings and Dwellings or Business Services, NEC (swimming pool cleaning and maintenance).' s__OtherSupportServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Support Services.' s__PackagingAndLabelingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Packaging and Labeling Services or Business Services, NEC (packaging and labeling services).' s__ConventionAndTradeShowOrganizers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Convention and Trade Show Organizers or Business Services, NEC (convention and trade show services).' s__AllOtherSupportServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Support Services or Business Services, NEC (other support services except packaging and labeling, convention and trade shows services, convention and visitor bureaus, tourist information bureaus).' s__WasteManagementAndRemediationServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Waste Management and Remediation Services.' s__WasteCollection 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Waste Collection.' s__SolidWasteCollection 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Solid Waste Collection or Local Trucking Without Storage (solid waste collection without disposal).' s__HazardousWasteCollection 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Hazardous Waste Collection or Local Trucking Without Storage (hazardous waste collection without disposal).' s__OtherWasteCollection 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Waste Collection or Local Trucking Without Storage (other waste collection without disposal).' s__WasteTreatmentAndDisposal 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Waste Treatment and Disposal.' s__HazardousWasteTreatmentAndDisposal 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal or Refuse Systems (hazardous waste treatment and disposal).' s__SolidWasteLandfill 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Solid Waste Landfill or Refuse Systems (solid waste landfills).' s__SolidWasteCombustorsAndIncinerators 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators or Refuse Systems (solid waste combustors and incinerators).' s__OtherNonhazardousWasteTreatmentAndDisposal 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Nonhazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal or Refuse Systems (other nonhazardous waste treatment and disposal).' s__RemediationAndOtherWasteManagementServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Remediation and Other Waste Management Services.' s__RemediationServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Remediation Services or Special Trade Contractors, NEC (asbestos abatement and lead paint removal contractors).' s__MaterialsRecoveryFacilities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Materials Recovery Facilities or Refuse Systems (materials recovery facilities).' s__AllOtherWasteManagementServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Waste Management Services.' s__SepticTankAndRelatedServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Septic Tank and Related Services or Equipment Rental and Leasing, NEC (portable toilet rental).' s__AllOtherMiscellaneousWasteManagementServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Miscellaneous Waste Management Services or Sanitary Services, NEC (all but remediation services, malaria control, mosquito eradication, snowplowing, street sweeping, and airport runway vacuuming).' s__EducationalServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Educational Services.' s__ElementaryAndSecondarySchools 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Elementary and Secondary Schools.' s__JuniorCollegeIndustry 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Junior Colleges.' s__CollegesUniversitiesAndProfessionalSchools 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools.' s__BusinessSchoolsAndComputerAndManagementTraining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Business Schools and Computer and Management Training.' s__BusinessAndSecretarialSchools 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Business and Secretarial Schools or Business and Secretarial Schools.' s__ComputerTraining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Computer Training or Data Processing Schools (except computer repair training).' s__ProfessionalAndManagementDevelopmentTraining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Professional and Management Development Training or Schools and Educational Services, NEC (professional and management development training).' s__TechnicalAndTradeSchools 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Technical and Trade Schools.' s__CosmetologyAndBarberSchools 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cosmetology and Barber Schools or Beauty Shops (beauty and cosmetology schools).' s__FlightTraining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Flight Training or Vocational Schools, NEC (aviation schools, excluding flying instruction).' s__ApprenticeshipTraining 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Apprenticeship Training or Vocational Schools, NEC (vocational apprenticeship training).' s__OtherTechnicalAndTradeSchools 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Technical and Trade Schools or Vocational Schools, NEC (except aviation and flight training and apprenticeship training).' s__OtherSchoolsAndInstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Schools and Instruction.' s__FineArtsSchools 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fine Arts Schools or Schools and Educational Services, NEC (art, drama, and music schools).' s__SportsAndRecreationInstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sports and Recreation Instruction or Amusement and Recreation Services, NEC (baseball, basketball, bowling, gymnastic, judo, karate, parachute, scuba and skin diving, skating, ski, swimming, tennis, and other sports instruction, and sports instructional schools and camps).' s__LanguageSchools 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Language Schools or Schools and Educational Services, NEC (language schools).' s__AllOtherSchoolsAndInstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Schools and Instruction.' s__ExamPreparationAndTutoring 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Exam Preparation and Tutoring or Schools and Educational Services, NEC (exam preparation and tutoring).' s__AutomobileDrivingSchools 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Automobile Driving Schools or Schools and Educational Services, NEC (automobile driving instruction).' s__AllOtherMiscellaneousSchoolsAndInstruction 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Miscellaneous Schools and Instruction or Amusement and Recreation Services, NEC (nonathletic recreational instruction).' s__EducationalSupportServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Educational Support Services.' s__HealthCareAndSocialAssistance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Health Care and Social Assistance.' s__AmbulatoryHealthCareServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Ambulatory Health Care Services.' s__OfficesOfPhysicians 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of Physicians.' s__OfficesOfPhysiciansExceptMentalHealthSpecialists 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of Physicians (except Mental Health Specialists) or Offices and Clinics of Doctors of Medicine (except mental health specialists).' s__OfficesOfPhysiciansMentalHealthSpecialists 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of Physicians, Mental Health Specialists or Offices and Clinics of Doctors of Medicine (mental health specialists).' s__OfficesOfDentists 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of Dentists.' s__OfficesOfOtherHealthPractitioners 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of Other Health Practitioners.' s__OfficesOfChiropractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of Chiropractors or Offices and Clinics of Chiropractors.' s__OfficesOfOptometrists 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of Optometrists or Offices and Clinics of Optometrists.' s__OfficesOfMentalHealthPractitionersExceptPhysicians 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of Mental Health Practitioners (except Physicians) or Offices and Clinics of Health Practitioners, NEC (mental health practitioners except physicians).' s__OfficesOfPhysicalOccupationalAndSpeechTherapistsAndAudiologists 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of Physical, Occupational and Speech Therapists, and Audiologists or Offices and Clinics of Health Practitioners, NEC (physical, occupational, recreational and speech therapists, and audiologists).' s__OfficesOfAllOtherHealthPractitioners 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of All Other Health Practitioners.' s__OfficesOfPodiatrists 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of Podiatrists or Offices and Clinics of Podiatrists.' s__OfficesOfAllOtherMiscellaneousHealthPractitioners 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Offices of All Other Miscellaneous Health Practitioners or Offices and Clinics of Health Practitioners, NEC (except mental health practitioners, physical, occupational, speech therapists, and audiologists).' s__OutpatientCareCenters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Outpatient Care Centers.' s__FamilyPlanningCenters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Family Planning Centers or Speciality Outpatient Facilities, NEC (family planning centers).' s__OutpatientMentalHealthAndSubstanceAbuseCenters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Outpatient Mental Health and Substance Abuse Centers or Specialty Outpatient Facilities, NEC (mental health facilities).' s__OtherOutpatientCareCenters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Outpatient Care Centers.' s__HMOMedicalCenters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves HMO Medical Centers or Offices and Clinics of Doctors of Medicine (HMO Medical Centers).' s__KidneyDialysisCenters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Kidney Dialysis Centers or Kidney Dialysis Centers.' s__FreestandingAmbulatorySurgicalAndEmergencyCenters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Freestanding Ambulatory Surgical and Emergency Centers or Offices and Clinics of Doctors of Medicine (surgical and emergency centers).' s__AllOtherOutpatientCareCenters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Outpatient Care Centers or Specialty Outpatient Facilities, NEC (except family planning and mental health centers).' s__MedicalAndDiagnosticLaboratories 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories.' s__MedicalLaboratories 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Medical Laboratories or Medical Laboratories (except diagnostic imaging centers).' s__DiagnosticImagingCenters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Diagnostic Imaging Centers or Medical Laboratories (diagnostic imaging centers).' s__HomeHealthCareServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Home Health Care Services.' s__OtherAmbulatoryHealthCareServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Ambulatory Health Care Services.' s__AmbulanceServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Ambulance Services or Local Passenger Transportation, NEC (land ambulance).' s__AllOtherAmbulatoryHealthCareServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Ambulatory Health Care Services.' s__BloodAndOrganBanks 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Blood and Organ Banks or Health and Allied Services, NEC (blood and organ banks).' s__AllOtherMiscellaneousAmbulatoryHealthCareServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Miscellaneous Ambulatory Health Care Services or Health and Allied Services, NEC (except blood and organ banks, medical artists, medical photography, and childbirth preparation classes).' s__Hospitals 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Hospitals.' s__GeneralMedicalAndSurgicalHospitals 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves General Medical and Surgical Hospitals.' s__PsychiatricAndSubstanceAbuseHospitals 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Hospitals.' s__SpecialtyExceptPsychiatricAndSubstanceAbuseHospitals 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Specialty (except Psychiatric and Substance Abuse) Hospitals.' s__NursingAndResidentialCareFacilities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nursing and Residential Care Facilities.' s__NursingCareFacilities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nursing Care Facilities.' s__ResidentialMentalRetardationMentalHealthAndSubstanceAbuseFacilities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Residential Mental Retardation, Mental Health and Substance Abuse Facilities.' s__ResidentialMentalRetardationFacilities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Residential Mental Retardation Facilities or Intermediate Care Facilities (mental retardation facilities).' s__ResidentialMentalHealthAndSubstanceAbuseFacilities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Residential Mental Health and Substance Abuse Facilities or Residential Care (mental health and substance abuse facilities).' s__CommunityCareFacilitiesForTheElderly 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Community Care Facilities for the Elderly.' s__ContinuingCareRetirementCommunities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Continuing Care Retirement Communities or Skilled Nursing Care Facilities (continuing care retirement communities).' s__HomesForTheElderly 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Homes for the Elderly or Residential Care (homes for the elderly).' s__OtherResidentialCareFacilities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Residential Care Facilities.' s__SocialAssistance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Social Assistance.' s__IndividualAndFamilyServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Individual and Family Services.' s__ChildAndYouthServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Child and Youth Services or Individual and Family Social Services (child and youth services).' s__ServicesForTheElderlyAndPersonsWithDisabilities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Services for the Elderly and Persons with Disabilities or Individual and Family Social Services (services for the elderly and disabled).' s__OtherIndividualAndFamilyServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Individual and Family Services or Individual and Family Social Services (except services for children, youth, elderly, disabled, food, housing, emergency and relief).' s__CommunityFoodAndHousingAndEmergencyAndOtherReliefServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Community Food and Housing, and Emergency and Other Relief Services.' s__CommunityFoodServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Community Food Services or Individual and Family Social Services (food services).' s__CommunityHousingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Community Housing Services.' s__TemporaryShelters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Temporary Shelters or Individual and Family Social Services (temporary shelter).' s__OtherCommunityHousingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Community Housing Services or Individual and Family Social Services (housing services except temporary shelter).' s__EmergencyAndOtherReliefServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Emergency and Other Relief Services or Individual and Family Social Services (emergency and relief services).' s__VocationalRehabilitationServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Vocational Rehabilitation Services.' s__ChildDayCareServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Child Day Care Services.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Performing Arts, Spectator Sports, and Related Industries.' s__PerformingArtsCompanies 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Performing Arts Companies.' s__TheaterCompaniesAndDinnerTheaters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Theater Companies and Dinner Theaters or Eating Places (dinner theaters).' s__DanceCompanies 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Dance Companies or Theatrical Producers (Except Motion Pictures) and Miscellaneous Theatrical Services (ballet and dance companies).' s__MusicalGroupsAndArtists 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Musical Groups and Artists or Bands, Orchestras, Actors, and Entertainment Groups (musical groups and artists and orchestras).' s__OtherPerformingArtsCompanies 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Performing Arts Companies or Bands, Orchestras, Actors, and Entertainment Groups, (except musical groups, artists, actors, and actresses).' s__SpectatorSports 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Spectator Sports.' s__SportsTeamsAndClubs 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Sports Teams and Clubs or Professional Sports Clubs and Promoters (professional sports clubs).' s__Racetracks 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Racetracks or Racing, Including Track Operations (track operations).' s__OtherSpectatorSports 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Spectator Sports or Racing, Including Track Operations (except track operators).' s__PromotersOfPerformingArtsSportsAndSimilarEvents 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Promoters of Performing Arts, Sports, and Similar Events.' s__PromotersOfPerformingArtsSportsAndSimilarEventsWithFacilities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Promoters of Performing Arts, Sports, and Similar Events with Facilities or Operators of Nonresidential Buildings (stadium and arena owners).' s__PromotersOfPerformingArtsSportsAndSimilarEventsWithoutFacilities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Promoters of Performing Arts, Sports, and Similar Events without Facilities or Theatrical Producers (Except Motion Picture) and Miscellaneous Theatrical Services (theatrical promoters).' s__AgentsAndManagersForArtistsAthletesEntertainersAndOtherPublicFigures 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Agents and Managers for Artists, Athletes, Entertainers, and Other Public Figures.' s__IndependentArtistsWritersAndPerformers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Independent Artists, Writers, and Performers.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Museums, Historical Sites, and Similar Institutions.' s__Museums 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Museums or Museums and Art Galleries (except historic and heritage sites).' s__HistoricalSites 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Historical Sites or Museums and Art Galleries (historic and heritage sites).' s__ZoosAndBotanicalGardens 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Zoos and Botanical Gardens or Arboreta and Botanical or Zoological Gardens (except nature parks and reserves).' s__NatureParksAndOtherSimilarInstitutions 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nature Parks and Other Similar Institutions or Amusement and Recreation Services, NEC (caverns and miscellaneous commercial parks).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Amusement, Gambling, and Recreation Industries.' s__AmusementParksAndArcades 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Amusement Parks and Arcades.' s__AmusementAndThemeParks 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Amusement and Theme Parks or Amusement Parks.' s__WaterThemePark '&%WaterThemePark is an &%AmusementAndThemeParks that features waterplay areas, such as water slides, splash pads, spraygrounds, and swimming pools' 'water theme park' s__WaterParkTicket s__WaterParkTicket__t '&%WaterParkTicket is a type of &%Ticket that gains a person entry to a &%WaterThemePark' 'water park ticket' '(? [V__REC] : (s__instance(V__REC,s__Process) & s__instance(V__REC,s__RecreationOrExercise) & s__experiencer(V__REC,V__CUST) & s__eventLocated(V__REC,V__LOC)))' s__AmusementArcades 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Amusement Arcades or Coin-Operated Amusement Devices (amusement arcades).' s__GamblingIndustries '(? [V__GAME,V__BET] : (s__instance(V__BET,s__Process) & s__instance(V__GAME,s__Process) & s__instance(V__GAME,s__Game) & s__agent(V__GAME,V__X) & s__instance(V__BET,s__Betting) & s__destination(V__BET,V__X) & s__subProcess(V__BET,V__GAME)))' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Gambling Industries.' s__CasinosExceptCasinoHotels 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Casinos (except Casino Hotels) or Amusement and Recreation Services, NEC (casinos, except hotel casinos).' s__OtherGamblingIndustries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Gambling Industries or Coin-Operated Amusement Devices (slot machine operators).' s__OtherAmusementAndRecreationIndustries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Amusement and Recreation Industries.' s__GolfCoursesAndCountryClubs 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Golf Courses and Country Clubs or Public Golf Courses.' s__SkiingFacilities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Skiing Facilities or Amusement and Recreation Services, NEC (skiing facilities).' s__Marinas 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Marinas or Marinas.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fitness and Recreational Sports Centers or Physical Fitness Facilities.' s__BowlingCenters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Bowling Centers or Bowling Centers.' s__AllOtherAmusementAndRecreationIndustries 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Amusement and Recreation Industries or Dance Studios, Schools, and Halls (except instruction).' s__AccommodationAndFoodServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Accommodation and Food Services.' s__Accommodation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Accommodation.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Traveler Accommodation.' s__HotelsExceptCasinoHotelsAndMotels 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Hotels (except Casino Hotels) and Motels or Hotels and Motels (hotels and motels, except casino hotels).' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Casino Hotels or Hotels and Motels (casino hotels).' s__OtherTravelerAccommodation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Traveler Accommodation.' s__BedAndBreakfastInns 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Bed-and-Breakfast Inns or Hotels and Motels (bed and breakfast inns).' s__AllOtherTravelerAccommodation 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Traveler Accommodation or Hotels and Motels (except hotels, motels, and bed and breakfast inns).' s__RVRecreationalVehicleParksAndRecreationalCamps 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves RV (Recreational Vehicle) Parks and Recreational Camps.' s__RVRecreationalVehicleParksAndCampgrounds 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves RV (Recreational Vehicle) Parks and Campgrounds or Recreational Vehicle Parks and Campgrounds.' s__RecreationalAndVacationCampsExceptCampgrounds 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Recreational and Vacation Camps (except Campgrounds) or Sporting and Recreational Camps.' s__RoomingAndBoardingHouses 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Rooming and Boarding Houses.' s__FoodServicesAndDrinkingPlaces 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Food Services and Drinking Places.' s__FullServiceRestaurants 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Full-Service Restaurants.' s__LimitedServiceEatingPlaces 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Limited-Service Eating Places.' s__LimitedServiceRestaurants 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Limited-Service Restaurants or Eating Places (limited-service restaurants).' s__Cafeterias 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cafeterias or Eating Places (cafeterias).' s__SnackAndNonalcoholicBeverageBars 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Snack and Nonalcoholic Beverage Bars or Eating Places (snack and nonalcoholic beverage bars).' '(? [V__SELL,V__FOOD] : (s__instance(V__SELL,s__Process) & s__instance(V__FOOD,s__FoodForFn(s__Human)) & s__instance(V__SELL,s__Selling) & s__patient(V__SELL,V__FOOD) & s__agent(V__SELL,V__X)))' s__SpecialFoodServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Special Food Services.' s__FoodServiceContractors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Food Service Contractors or Transportation Services, NEC (dining car operations on a fee or contract basis).' s__Caterers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Caterers or Eating Places (caterers).' s__MobileFoodServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Mobile Food Services or Direct Selling Establishments (mobile food wagons).' s__DrinkingPlacesAlcoholicBeverages 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Drinking Places (Alcoholic Beverages).' s__OtherServicesExceptPublicAdministration 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Services (except Public Administration).' s__RepairAndMaintenance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Repair and Maintenance.' s__AutomotiveRepairAndMaintenance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Automotive Repair and Maintenance.' s__AutomotiveMechanicalAndElectricalRepairAndMaintenance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Automotive Mechanical and Electrical Repair and Maintenance.' s__GeneralAutomotiveRepair 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves General Automotive Repair or General Automotive Repair Shops.' s__AutomotiveExhaustSystemRepair 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Automotive Exhaust System Repair or Automotive Exhaust System Repair Shops.' s__AutomotiveTransmissionRepair 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Automotive Transmission Repair or Automotive Transmission Repair Shops.' s__OtherAutomotiveMechanicalAndElectricalRepairAndMaintenance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Automotive Mechanical and Electrical Repair and Maintenance or Automotive Repair Shops, NEC.' s__AutomotiveBodyPaintInteriorAndGlassRepair 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Automotive Body, Paint, Interior, and Glass Repair.' s__AutomotiveBodyPaintAndInteriorRepairAndMaintenance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Automotive Body, Paint, and Interior Repair and Maintenance or Top, Body, and Upholstery Repair Shops and Paint Shops.' s__AutomotiveGlassReplacementShops 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Automotive Glass Replacement Shops or Automotive Glass Replacement Shops.' s__OtherAutomotiveRepairAndMaintenance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Automotive Repair and Maintenance.' s__AutomotiveOilChangeAndLubricationShops 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Automotive Oil Change and Lubrication Shops or Automotive Services, Except Repair and Carwashes (lubricating service, automotive).' s__CarWashes 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Car Washes or Carwashes.' s__AllOtherAutomotiveRepairAndMaintenance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Automotive Repair and Maintenance or Tire Retreading and Repair Shops (repair).' s__ElectronicAndPrecisionEquipmentRepairAndMaintenance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Electronic and Precision Equipment Repair and Maintenance.' s__ConsumerElectronicsRepairAndMaintenance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Consumer Electronics Repair and Maintenance or Radio and Television Repair Shops (other stereo, TV, VCR, and radio).' s__ComputerAndOfficeMachineRepairAndMaintenance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Computer and Office Machine Repair and Maintenance or Computer Maintenance and Repair (except retailing new computers from a storefront and repairing).' s__CommunicationEquipmentRepairAndMaintenance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Communication Equipment Repair and Maintenance or Radio and Television Repair Shops (other telecommunication equipment repair).' s__OtherElectronicAndPrecisionEquipmentRepairAndMaintenance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Electronic and Precision Equipment Repair and Maintenance or Electrical and Electronic Repair Shops, NEC (electrical measuring instrument repair and calibration, medical electrical equipment repair).' s__CommercialAndIndustrialMachineryAndEquipmentExceptAutomotiveAndElectronicRepairAndMaintenance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment (except Automotive and Electronic) Repair and Maintenance.' s__PersonalAndHouseholdGoodsRepairAndMaintenance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Personal and Household Goods Repair and Maintenance.' s__HomeAndGardenEquipmentAndApplianceRepairAndMaintenance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Home and Garden Equipment and Appliance Repair and Maintenance.' s__HomeAndGardenEquipmentRepairAndMaintenance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Home and Garden Equipment Repair and Maintenance or Repair Shops and Related Services, NEC (lawnmower repair shops, sharpening and repairing knives, saws and tools).' s__ApplianceRepairAndMaintenance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Appliance Repair and Maintenance or Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Service and Repair Shops (except commercial and retailing new refrigerators from a storefront and repairing).' s__ReupholsteryAndFurnitureRepair 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Reupholstery and Furniture Repair or Reupholstery and Furniture Repair (except antique furniture restoration).' s__FootwearAndLeatherGoodsRepair 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Footwear and Leather Goods Repair or Shoe Repair and Shoeshine Parlors (shoe repair shops).' s__OtherPersonalAndHouseholdGoodsRepairAndMaintenance 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Personal and Household Goods Repair and Maintenance or Boat Building and Repairing (pleasure boat repair).' s__PersonalAndLaundryServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Personal and Laundry Services.' s__PersonalCareServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Personal Care Services.' s__HairNailAndSkinCareServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Hair, Nail, and Skin Care Services.' s__BarberShops 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Barber Shops or Barber Shops (except barber colleges).' '(? [V__HAIR,V__HUMAN,V__CUT,V__STYLIST] : (s__instance(V__STYLIST,s__CognitiveAgent) & s__instance(V__CUT,s__Process) & s__instance(V__HUMAN,s__Object) & s__instance(V__HAIR,s__Object) & s__instance(V__HAIR,s__Hair) & s__part(V__HAIR,V__HUMAN) & s__instance(V__HUMAN,s__Human) & s__instance(V__CUT,s__Cutting) & s__patient(V__CUT,V__HAIR) & s__eventLocated(V__CUT,V__X) & s__agent(V__CUT,V__STYLIST) & s__employs(V__X,V__STYLIST)))' s__BeautySalons 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Beauty Salons or Beauty Shops (except beauty and cosmetology schools and manicure and pedicure salons).' s__NailSalons 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Nail Salons or Beauty Shops (manicure and pedicure salons).' s__OtherPersonalCareServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Personal Care Services.' s__DietAndWeightReducingCenters 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Diet and Weight Reducing Centers or Miscellaneous Personal Services, NEC (diet and weight reducing services).' s__DeathCareServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Death Care Services.' s__FuneralHomesAndFuneralServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Funeral Homes and Funeral Services or Funeral Services and Crematories (funeral homes and services).' s__CemeteriesAndCrematories 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Cemeteries and Crematories or Real Estate Agents and Managers (cemetery management).' s__DrycleaningAndLaundryServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Drycleaning and Laundry Services.' s__CoinOperatedLaundriesAndDrycleaners 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Coin-Operated Laundries and Drycleaners or Coin-Operated Laundry and Drycleaning.' s__DrycleaningAndLaundryServicesExceptCoinOperated 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Drycleaning and Laundry Services (except Coin-Operated) or Power Laundries, Family and Commercial.' s__LinenAndUniformSupply 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Linen and Uniform Supply.' s__LinenSupply 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Linen Supply or Linen Supply.' s__IndustrialLaunderers 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Industrial Launderers or Industrial Launderers.' s__OtherPersonalServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Personal Services.' s__PetCareExceptVeterinaryServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Pet Care (except Veterinary) Services or Animal Speciality Services, Except Veterinary (pet care services, except veterinary).' s__Photofinishing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Photofinishing.' s__PhotofinishingLaboratoriesExceptOneHour 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Photofinishing Laboratories (except One-Hour) or Photofinishing Laboratories (except one-hour).' s__OneHourPhotofinishing 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves One-Hour Photofinishing or Photofinishing Laboratories (one-hour).' s__ParkingLotsAndGarages 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Parking Lots and Garages or Automobile Parking.' s__AllOtherPersonalServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves All Other Personal Services or Miscellaneous Personal Services, NEC (except diet and weight reducing services, personal care services, valet parking services, and formal wear and costume rental service).' s__ReligiousGrantmakingCivicProfessionalAndSimilarOrganizations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Religious, Grantmaking, Civic, Professional, and Similar Organizations.' s__ReligiousOrganizations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Religious Organizations.' s__GrantmakingAndGivingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Grantmaking and Giving Services.' s__GrantmakingFoundations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Grantmaking Foundations or Educational, Religious, and Charitable Trusts.' s__VoluntaryHealthOrganizations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Voluntary Health Organizations or Social Services, NEC (voluntary health organizations).' s__OtherGrantmakingAndGivingServices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Grantmaking and Giving Services or Social Services, NEC (grantmaking and giving).' s__SocialAdvocacyOrganizations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Social Advocacy Organizations.' s__HumanRightsOrganizations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Human Rights Organizations or Social Services, NEC (human rights organizations).' s__EnvironmentConservationAndWildlifeOrganizations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Environment, Conservation and Wildlife Organizations or Social Services, NEC (environment, conservation, and wildlife advocacy).' s__OtherSocialAdvocacyOrganizations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Social Advocacy Organizations or Social Services, NEC (except human rights, environment, conservation and wildlife organizations, grantmaking and giving, and voluntary health organizations).' s__CivicAndSocialOrganizations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Civic and Social Organizations.' s__BusinessProfessionalLaborPoliticalAndSimilarOrganizations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Business, Professional, Labor, Political, and Similar Organizations.' s__BusinessAssociations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Business Associations or Business Associations.' s__ProfessionalOrganizations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Professional Organizations or Professional Membership Organizations.' s__LaborUnionsAndSimilarLaborOrganizations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Labor Unions and Similar Labor Organizations or Labor Unions and Similar Labor Organizations.' s__PoliticalIndustryOrganizations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Political Organizations or Political Organizations.' s__OtherSimilarOrganizationsExceptBusinessProfessionalLaborAndPoliticalOrganizations 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Similar Organizations (except Business, Professional, Labor, and Political Organizations) or Real Estate Agents and Managers (condominium associations).' s__PrivateHouseholds 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Private Households.' s__PublicAdministration 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Public Administration or Public Administration.' s__ExecutiveLegislativeAndOtherGeneralGovernmentSupport 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Executive, Legislative, and Other General Government Support.' s__ExecutiveOffices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Executive Offices or Executive Offices.' s__LegislativeBodies 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Legislative Bodies or Legislative Bodies.' s__PublicFinanceActivities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Public Finance Activities or Public Finance, Taxation, and Monetary Policy.' s__ExecutiveAndLegislativeOfficesCombined 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Executive and Legislative Offices, Combined or Executive and Legislative Office, Combined.' s__AmericanIndianAndAlaskaNativeTribalGovernments 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves American Indian and Alaska Native Tribal Governments or Civic, Social, and Fraternal Organizations (Indian Tribal Councils).' s__OtherGeneralGovernmentSupport 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other General Government Support or General Government, NEC.' s__JusticePublicOrderAndSafetyActivities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Justice, Public Order, and Safety Activities.' s__Courts 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Courts or Courts.' s__PoliceProtection 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Police Protection or Police Protection.' s__LegalCounselAndProsecution 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Legal Counsel and Prosecution or Legal Counsel and Prosecution.' s__CorrectionalInstitutions 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Correctional Institutions or Correctional Institutions.' s__ParoleOfficesAndProbationOffices 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Parole Offices and Probation Offices or Individual and Family Social Services (parole and probation offices).' s__FireProtection 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Fire Protection or Fire Protection.' s__OtherJusticePublicOrderAndSafetyActivities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Other Justice, Public Order, and Safety Activities or Public Order and Safety, NEC.' s__AdministrationOfHumanResourcePrograms 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Administration of Human Resource Programs.' s__AdministrationOfEducationPrograms 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Administration of Education Programs or Administration of Educational Programs.' s__AdministrationOfPublicHealthPrograms 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Administration of Public Health Programs or Administration of Public Health Programs.' s__AdministrationOfHumanResourceProgramsExceptEducationPublicHealthAndVeteransAffairsPrograms 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Administration of Human Resource Programs (except Education, Public Health, and Veterans Affairs Programs) or Administration of Social, Human Resource and Income Maintenance Programs.' s__AdministrationOfVeteransAffairs 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Administration of Veterans Affairs or Administration of Veterans Affairs, Except Health and Insurance.' s__AdministrationOfEnvironmentalQualityPrograms 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Administration of Environmental Quality Programs.' s__AdministrationOfAirAndWaterResourceAndSolidWasteManagementPrograms 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Administration of Air and Water Resource and Solid Waste Management Programs or Air and Water Resource and Solid Waste Management.' s__AdministrationOfConservationPrograms 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Administration of Conservation Programs or Land, Mineral, Wildlife, and Forest Conservation.' s__AdministrationOfHousingProgramsUrbanPlanningAndCommunityDevelopment 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Administration of Housing Programs, Urban Planning, and Community Development.' s__AdministrationOfHousingPrograms 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Administration of Housing Programs or Administration of Housing Programs.' s__AdministrationOfUrbanPlanningAndCommunityAndRuralDevelopment 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Administration of Urban Planning and Community and Rural Development or Administration of Urban Planning and Community and Rural Development.' s__AdministrationOfEconomicPrograms 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Administration of Economic Programs.' s__AdministrationOfGeneralEconomicPrograms 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Administration of General Economic Programs or Administration of General Economic Programs.' s__RegulationAndAdministrationOfTransportationPrograms 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Regulation and Administration of Transportation Programs or Regulation and Administration of Transportation Programs (except air traffic control).' s__RegulationAndAdministrationOfCommunicationsElectricGasAndOtherUtilities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Regulation and Administration of Communications, Electric, Gas, and Other Utilities or Regulation and Administration of Communications, Electric, Gas, and Other Utilities.' s__RegulationOfAgriculturalMarketingAndCommodities 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Regulation of Agricultural Marketing and Commodities or Regulation of Agricultural Marketing and Commodities.' s__RegulationLicensingAndInspectionOfMiscellaneousCommercialSectors 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Regulation, Licensing, and Inspection of Miscellaneous Commercial Sectors or Regulation, Licensing, and Inspection of Miscellaneous Commercial Sectors.' 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves Space Research and Technology.' s__NationalSecurityAndInternationalAffairs 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves National Security and International Affairs.' s__NationalSecurity 'An &%Attribute of an &%Organization, that specifies that the primary business of the organization involves National Security or National Security.' s__Object6_1 s__Object6_2 s__Object6_3 skc165 skc166 skc167 skc168 skc1128 skc1129 skc1130 skc1140 skc1141 skc1142 skc1147 skc1330 skc1331 skc1337 skc1338 skc1398 skc1399 skc1400 skc1401 skc1402 skc1403 skc1404 skc1405 skc1406 skc1407 skc1408 skc1409 skc1410 skc1465 skc1466 skc1472 skc1556 skc1557 skc1604 skc1605 skc1804 skc1805 skc14361 skc15010 skc15059 skc15060 skc15096 skc15097 skc15195 skc15196 skc15215 skc15216 skc16198 skc16199 skc16200 skc16201 skc16202 skc16295 skc16296 skc16367 skc16368 skc16369 skc16538 skc16599 skc16603 skc16607
% 6.51/2.20 Fol Functions: s__WhenFn s__WealthFn s__HoleHostFn s__MeasureFn s__ImmediatePastFn s__ImmediateFutureFn s__ProbabilityFn divide s__CoveringFn s__PerFn s__KappaFn s__CardinalityFn s__BeginFn s__ResidentFn s__DirectionalSubregionFn s__FoodForFn s__OccupationFn s__ExtensionFn times s__MegaFn s__FiscalYearFn s__FiscalYearStartingFn s__DeadFn s__CurrencyFn minus plus s__FutureFn s__MagnitudeFn s__ExponentiationFn s__EndFn s__MereologicalSumFn s__AccountFn s__MealAttributeFn s__TimeIntervalFn s__HourFn s__JuiceOfFn s__GeographicCenterFn s__LatitudeFn_2 s__LatitudeFn_3 s__LatitudeFn_4 s__LatitudeFn_5 s__LatitudeFn_6 s__LatitudeFn_7 s__ListFn_1 s__ListOrderFn s__ListFn_2 s__ListFn_3 s__ListFn_4 s__ListFn_5 s__ListFn_6 s__LatitudeFn_8 s__ListFn_7 s__LongitudeFn_2 s__LongitudeFn_3 s__LongitudeFn_4 s__LongitudeFn_5 s__LongitudeFn_6 s__LongitudeFn_7 s__LongitudeFn_8 s__KiloFn s__IntersectionFn s__BorderFn s__PerimeterAreaFn s__MaritimeClaimsTerritorialSeaFn s__InnerBoundaryFn s__OuterBoundaryFn s__MaritimeContiguousZoneFn s__MaritimeShelfAreaFn s__MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZoneFn s__ExclusiveFishingZoneFn s__ExtendedFishingZoneFn s__TerritorialSeaFn s__MilliFn s__RecurrentTimeIntervalFn s__ElevationLowPointFn s__ElevationHighPointFn s__DocumentFn s__AgreementOrganizationFn s__YearFn s__MonthFn s__DayFn s__SpeedFn s__SquareUnitFn s__ShorelineFn s__FlowFn s__VelocityFn s__HoleSkinFn s__GeographicPartTypeFn s__GovernmentFn s__UnionFn s__OverseasAreaFn s__ConstitutionFn s__JudiciaryFn s__RegionalLawFn s__ElectionFn s__VotingFn s__ExecutiveBranchFn s__CabinetFn s__MemberFn s__MemberRoleFn s__LegislatureFn s__SupremeCourtFn s__PropertyFn s__StartFn s__ReceivingAnObjectFn s__SubstringFn s__StringLengthFn s__AssignmentFn_2 s__AssignmentFn_3 s__AssignmentFn_4 s__AssignmentFn_5 s__AssignmentFn_6 s__AssignmentFn_7 s__FrontFn s__BackFn s__SquareRootFn s__ListLengthFn s__SuccessorFn s__ListFn_8 s__PredecessorFn s__AbsoluteValueFn s__CeilingFn s__FloorFn s__GreatestCommonDivisorFn_1 s__RemainderFn s__GreatestCommonDivisorFn_2 s__GreatestCommonDivisorFn_3 s__GreatestCommonDivisorFn_4 s__GreatestCommonDivisorFn_5 s__GreatestCommonDivisorFn_6 s__GreatestCommonDivisorFn_7 s__RealNumberFn s__ImaginaryPartFn s__LeastCommonMultipleFn_1 s__LeastCommonMultipleFn_2 s__LeastCommonMultipleFn_3 s__LeastCommonMultipleFn_4 s__LeastCommonMultipleFn_5 s__LeastCommonMultipleFn_6 s__LeastCommonMultipleFn_7 s__MaxFn s__MinFn s__ReciprocalFn s__SignumFn s__RoundFn s__TangentFn s__SineFn s__CosineFn s__BeginNodeFn s__EndNodeFn s__InitialNodeFn s__TerminalNodeFn s__PathWeightFn s__MinimalWeightedPathFn s__GraphPathFn s__MaximalWeightedPathFn s__MinimalCutSetFn s__CutSetFn s__GigaFn s__NanoFn s__MicroFn s__TeraFn s__PicoFn s__IntervalFn s__UnitFn s__CenterOfCircleFn s__WhereFn s__PastFn s__MinuteFn s__SecondFn s__TemporalCompositionFn s__MereologicalProductFn s__MereologicalDifferenceFn s__EditionFn s__ImmediateFamilyFn s__PremisesFn s__RelativeTimeFn s__StopFn s__OperatingFn s__DiameterFn s__RadiusFn s__LastFn s__FirstFn s__StreetAddressFn s__DescendantsFn s__ComplementFn s__CitizenryFn s__PerCapitaFn s__TimePeriodFn s__SeriesVolumeFn s__PeriodicalIssueFn s__StringConcatenateFn s__AvailableForMilitaryServiceMaleFn s__FitForMilitaryServiceMaleFn s__ReachingMilitaryAgeAnnuallyMaleFn s__AbortedMissionFn s__AlbumCopiesFn s__PlayingInstrumentFn s__RemixFn s__MusicalInterpretationFn s__SongFn s__MusicalComponentFn s__LyricalComponentFn s__NationalAnthemFn s__ContestFn s__PopulationFn s__PopulationGrowthFn s__BirthsPerThousandFn s__DeathsPerThousandFn s__MigrantsPerThousandFn s__MaleToFemaleRatioFn s__DeathsPerThousandLiveBirthsFn s__LifeExpectancyAtBirthFn s__MaleLifeExpectancyAtBirthFn s__FemaleLifeExpectancyAtBirthFn s__ChildrenBornPerWomanFn s__BeliefGroupMemberFn s__AddressFn s__StartupFn s__MerchantMarineFn s__ShipRegisterFn s__TransportationFn s__TripFn s__TransitFn s__ViralPartFn s__CellPartFn s__AgentOfOrganismFn s__AttrFn skf11 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skf16504 skf16505 skf16506 skf16507 skf16508 skf16509 skf16510 skf16511 skf16512 skf16513 skf16514 skf16515 skf16516 skf16517 skf16518 skf16519 skf16520 skf16521 skf16522 skf16523 skf16524 skf16525 skf16526 skf16527 skf16528 skf16529 skf16530 skf16531 skf16532 skf16533 skf16534 skf16535 skf16536 skf16537 skf16539 skf16540 skf16541 skf16542 skf16543 skf16544 skf16545 skf16546 skf16547 skf16548 skf16549 skf16550 skf16551 skf16552 skf16553 skf16554 skf16555 skf16556 skf16557 skf16558 skf16559 skf16560 skf16561 skf16562 skf16563 skf16564 skf16565 skf16566 skf16567 skf16568 skf16569 skf16570 skf16571 skf16572 skf16573 skf16574 skf16575 skf16576 skf16577 skf16578 skf16579 skf16580 skf16581 skf16582 skf16583 skf16584 skf16585 skf16586 skf16587 skf16588 skf16589 skf16590 skf16591 skf16592 skf16593 skf16594 skf16595 skf16596 skf16597 skf16598 skf16600 skf16601 skf16602 skf16604 skf16605 skf16606 skf16608 skf16609 skf16610 skf16611
% 6.51/2.20 Problem Properties:
% 6.51/2.20 This is a full first-order problem with equality.
% 6.51/2.20 SZS status GaveUp
% 6.51/2.20 SPASS beiseite: SPASS does currently not support non-BS equality problems.
% 6.51/2.20
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